871:), was the central location where specialists in art, literature, and the scientists from all over the provinces would gather to present their work. Hence, many people were influenced here and would borrow from the masterpieces they came into contact with. Consequently, the Arabic language adopted several technical terms of Turkish origin as well as artistic influences.
182:
Although the term "köleoğlu" implied the term "son of", the
Turkish population in North Africa was not solely made up of men. Indeed, Ottoman women also migrated to the region, although in much lower numbers than men. There also existed Kouloughlis born of North African men, and Turkish women, such
137:
the number of janissaries progressively got lower. During the 17th century for example, more than 12,000 janissaries were stationed in
Algiers, but by 1800 only 4,000 janissaries were Turks, with the majority of the janissaries being Kouloughlis and renegades, with some Algerians. In the Regency of
302:
Ottoman rule left a profound influence on the cuisine of North Africa, the Middle East, and the
Balkans. Even today, many dishes produced in different countries throughout these regions are derived from the same name, usually a variation of a Turkish word (such as
1385:
1191:
59:
context, it referred to one's special status as being in the special service of the sultan) was a term used during the period of
Ottoman influence in North Africa that usually designated the mixed offspring of Ottoman officials and
3365:
901:
puppet show, which concerns the adventures of two stock characters: Karagöz (meaning "black-eyed" in
Turkish) and Hacivat (meaning "İvaz the Pilgrim"). Evening performances of the show are particularly popular during
3455:
187:, an Algerian mathematician. Moreover, the offspring of Turkish men and North African women would have included females too. Up until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, many upper-class women in
1165:
1030:
Dynamiques langagières en
Arabophonies: Variations, contacts, migrations et créations artistique. Hommage offert à Dominique Caubet par ses élèves et collègues. Zaragoza-Paris (2012): 201-222. p.216.
72:
The word
Kouloughli or Kuloglu referred to children of janissaries and local women. Some sources refer to Kouloughlis as children of any Ottoman man and a North African woman. It was only those from
2652:
101:
was the son of a
Kouloughli, and thus he himself was a Kouloughli. Because of this, many Kouloughli families formed independent of native North African and Turkish ones.
3293:
2352:
2029:
2172:
915:
1281:
158:
to remain the prestigious language of the region till the nineteenth century. Koloğlu has estimated that approximately a million
Ottoman soldiers from
3320:
3513:
2645:
3417:
3360:
2345:
2022:
1919:
1363:
1259:
1215:
1066:
3298:
3538:
3375:
3310:
2704:
2165:
3533:
2638:
1881:
1725:
1058:
Proletarian and
Gendered Mass Migrations: A Global Perspective on Continuities and Discontinuities from the 19th to the 21st Centuries
294:
The majority of Turkish loanwords in Arabic are used for private life (such as food and tools), law and government, and the military.
3528:
3518:
3135:
174:. The majority of these troops arrived during the 16th and 17th century, and by the 18th and 19th century their numbers were lower.
220:. Today the Hanafi school is still followed by the descendants of Turkish families who remain in the region. Traditionally, their
3487:
2338:
2015:
1056:
3523:
2724:
1234:
Voyage d'Alger aux Ziban, l'ancienne Zebe, en 1847: avec atlas où figurent les principales oasis de cette contrée [...]
98:
1179:"Janissaries: A Key Institution for Writing the Economic and Political History of Ottoman Muslims in the Early Modern Period."
1044:"The notion of hassa soldiery and kul identity in the early Ottoman state–example of the janissary corps a comparative study."
129:, the Ottoman administration ensured that Ottoman soldiers from the Odjak of Tripoli, formed at least 5% of the population in
2416:
2158:
2081:
1997:
1978:
1900:
1862:
1843:
1824:
1744:
1693:
3370:
1755:
887:, a Turkish system of melody types), such as al-Hijazkar, Shahnaz and Naw’athar, as well as technical music terminologies.
3385:
191:
were of Turkish origins. This Turkish elite held a deep kinship for the Ottoman state, which increased further during the
3380:
3198:
2404:
2236:
1446:
1043:
3422:
1285:
3074:
2982:
279:. Turkish loanwords have also been influential in countries which were never conquered by the Ottomans, such as in
3434:
3412:
2224:
2069:
879:
The cultural interaction between the Arabs and Turks influenced the music of the Arab provinces significantly. New
3407:
3392:
3034:
2764:
2700:
2540:
2426:
2409:
2134:
2074:
288:
3315:
1014:
3470:
3335:
3305:
3107:
2752:
2747:
2575:
2394:
2361:
2097:
2059:
2038:
3439:
3156:
3029:
2847:
2565:
2382:
2229:
897:
1306:
3345:
3265:
2955:
2932:
2387:
2219:
2214:
2181:
1027:
184:
976:
Including people of Turkish, Kurdish, Levantine, Greek, Serbian, Albanian, Georgian, and other origins
3482:
3429:
3402:
3064:
2715:
2557:
2399:
2279:
2202:
2064:
225:
130:
3275:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3151:
2797:
2769:
2369:
2207:
2046:
3460:
3182:
3172:
2864:
2664:
2284:
2114:
1815:İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin (2003), "Cross fertilization between Arabic and other languages of Islam",
1703:
Benkato, Adam (2014), "The Arabic Dialect of Benghazi, Libya: Historical and Comparative Notes",
1413:
134:
1684:
Abu-Haidar, Farida (1996), "Turkish as a Marker of Ethnic Identity and Religious Affiliation",
3208:
3102:
3092:
3049:
2805:
2607:
2533:
2289:
2189:
2129:
1993:
1974:
1928:
1915:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1820:
1783:
1740:
1721:
1689:
1405:
1359:
1331:
1255:
1232:
1211:
1135:
1115:
1062:
192:
1205:
1096:
1084:
998:
150:
of the region. Furthermore, the authorities initially banned Turkish speakers from using the
3492:
3397:
3270:
3019:
3014:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2916:
2894:
2874:
2859:
2810:
2774:
2734:
2696:
2612:
2597:
2587:
2580:
2377:
2274:
2139:
2124:
2054:
1958:
1767:
1397:
1249:
1147:
935:
920:
284:
241:
155:
35:
3465:
3355:
3350:
3325:
3260:
3125:
3097:
3059:
3044:
3039:
3007:
2997:
2964:
2854:
2842:
2779:
2759:
2729:
2619:
2602:
2592:
2570:
2496:
1940:
1797:"Osmanlı Yönetimi Döneminde Tunus ve Cezayir'in Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış"
947:
280:
276:
268:
264:
167:
151:
139:
3177:
1971:
Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
1796:
114:
3229:
3224:
3203:
3130:
3054:
3024:
2937:
2911:
2906:
2869:
2688:
2674:
2661:
2501:
2469:
2319:
2304:
2197:
930:
925:
864:
118:
110:
56:
1737:
Strategies of Resistance in the Dramatic Texts of North African Women: A Body of Words
3507:
3330:
3069:
2830:
2506:
2491:
2481:
2464:
2314:
2299:
2294:
2252:
1417:
1117:
Algeria: The Topography and History, Political, Social, and Natural, of French Africa
884:
272:
252:
217:
209:
147:
55:"son of", but the translation of the word "kul" as slave is misleading since in the
3340:
2742:
2459:
1962:
1097:
The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents
880:
720:
332:
256:
126:
1432:
1351:
263:. For example, in Algeria an estimated 634 Turkish words are still used today in
51:
3285:
2528:
2523:
2439:
2257:
2102:
957:
260:
2835:
1401:
216:, in contrast to the majority of the North African subjects, who followed the
1969:
Prochazka, Stephen (2004), "The Turkish Contribution to the Arabic Lexicon",
1409:
2630:
2545:
1771:
1192:"Mamluks in Ottoman Tunisia: A Category Connecting State and Social Forces."
1151:
1017:
Studii şi cercetări de onomastică şi lexicologie (SCOL) 1-2 (2014): 100-105.
952:
942:
86:
77:
61:
1386:"Mamluks in Ottoman Tunisia: A Category Connecting State and Social Forces"
1178:
228:
style and are particularly identifiable from their Turkish-style octagonal
146:. Turkish-speaking Anatolians were considered ideal migrants to ensure the
142:
janissaries were less used, and replaced by more modern infantry units and
2330:
2007:
1207:
Affirmative Exclusion: Cultural Pluralism and the Rule of Custom in France
45:
2486:
2454:
1893:
Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria
1356:
La ville d’Alger vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle: Population et cadre urbain
868:
457:
444:
416:
398:
367:
229:
171:
159:
2150:
1716:
Benrabah, Mohamed (2007), "The Language Planning Situation in Algeria",
84:
or Kouloughli, in fact it was a rule to not allow anyone but those from
2692:
2516:
2476:
2449:
2444:
2262:
2107:
1787:
1194:
International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 3 (2016): 473-490.
903:
431:
341:
304:
245:
221:
163:
122:
1358:, Connaissance du Monde Arabe, Paris: CNRS Éditions, pp. 57–117,
2511:
2309:
2267:
384:
143:
1492:
1490:
2434:
2119:
483:
470:
308:
267:. Approximately 800 to 1,500 Turkish loanwords are still used in
248:
213:
188:
3366:
Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations
1015:"Éléments de compositions turcs et grecs dans les anthroponymes."
372:
354:
208:
The majority of Turkish-speaking Ottoman Muslims adhered to the
3456:
Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
2634:
2334:
2154:
2011:
97:
The title of Kouloughli went from father to child. For example
244:, to varying degrees, are still used in most varieties of the
1282:"Osmanlı'nın Türklüğünün örneği: Kuzey Afrika'daki Ocaklılar"
1166:"Cezayir-i Garp: Bringing Algeria Back into Ottoman History."
1602:
1686:
Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa
1650:
1648:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1003:, Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
283:. Furthermore, the Turks also introduced words from the
1990:
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
287:
to the region, which were originally borrowed for the
170:, and Ottoman Tripolitania, usually from the port of
3448:
3284:
3238:
3217:
3191:
3165:
3144:
3118:
3085:
2962:
2950:
2925:
2885:
2821:
2788:
2712:
2683:
2671:
2556:
2425:
2368:
2245:
2188:
2090:
2045:
1129:
1127:
1760:Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée
1251:Modern Algeria: A History from 1830 to the Present
3294:Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction
1949:Pan, Chia-Lin (1949), "The Population of Libya",
1756:"Le problème Kouloughli dans la régence d'Alger"
1433:"Le problème kouloughli dans la Régence d'Alger"
1140:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
1136:"Le problème Kouloughli dans la régence d'Alger"
916:Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
1804:Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
138:Tunis, especially during the later era of the
2646:
2346:
2166:
2023:
1718:Language Planning and Policy in Africa, Vol 2
1168:New Perspectives on Turkey 22 (2000): 85-114.
16:Ottoman term for mixed Ottoman–North Africans
8:
1496:
1390:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2680:
2653:
2639:
2631:
2353:
2339:
2331:
2173:
2159:
2151:
2030:
2016:
2008:
1780:Women of North Africa: or "The Arab Woman"
1532:
1275:
1273:
1271:
3326:1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks
3321:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)
1654:
1606:
1573:
1520:
3311:1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
1508:
1237:(in French). Imprimerie du Gouvernement.
1181:Исторический вестник 29 (2019): 104-133.
1085:Algeria: A Study in Competing Ideologies
1038:
1036:
709:
658:
501:
313:
166:migrated to the Regency of Algiers, the
1639:
1469:
1028:"Les mots turcs dans l’arabe marocain."
989:
969:
43:"Children of The Empire Servants" from
3418:National Socialist Underground murders
3361:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
1936:
1926:
1834:Jacobs, Daniel; Morris, Peter (2002),
1345:
1343:
7:
3299:Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)
1705:Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik
1109:
1107:
1105:
1080:
1078:
1046:PhD diss., Bilkent University, 2022.
634:mallet, door-knocker, wooden pestle
1666:
1544:
1481:
863:The capital of the Ottoman Empire,
133:. In other territories such as the
14:
1352:"Chapitre II. La caste dominante"
64:, and local North African women.
3488:Turks in the former Soviet Union
1874:Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire
1099:- Arnold H. Green, Brill Archive
195:in favour of the Ottoman state.
1891:Lorcin, Patricia M. E. (1999),
1855:The Origins of Arab Nationalism
1735:Box, Laura Chakravarty (2005),
1384:Oualdi, M'hamed (August 2016).
1336:(in French). Éditions Bauslama.
1248:Ageron, Charles Robert (1991).
392:Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia
379:Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia
349:Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya
240:Words and expressions from the
94:to be the “kul” of the sultan.
3514:People from the Ottoman Empire
3239:Diaspora in Post-Soviet States
1963:10.1080/00324728.1949.10416359
1910:Oxford Business Group (2008),
883:in Arabic music emerged (i.e.
617:Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya
117:, throughout the 400 years of
1:
3386:Assassination of Galip Balkar
3376:Assassination of Orhan Gündüz
1857:, Columbia University Press,
1817:Culture and Learning in Islam
1711:, Harrassowitz Verlag: 57–102
1114:Morell, John Reynell (1854).
271:, and between 200 and 500 in
178:Ottoman women in North Africa
3381:Assassination of Erkut Akbay
3119:Diaspora in the Persian Gulf
1992:, Indiana University Press,
1988:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005),
1895:, Indiana University Press,
1782:, Indiana University Press,
1210:. Cornell University Press.
1087:- Kay Adamson, A&C Black
716:Maghrebi or Egyptian Arabic
665:Maghrebi or Egyptian Arabic
3371:Assassination of Taha Carım
1284:. Turk Solu. Archived from
1204:Amselle, Jean-Loup (2003).
3555:
3539:Turkish diaspora in Africa
3435:Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
3413:1993 Solingen arson attack
1836:The Rough Guide to Tunisia
1350:Shuval, Tal (2013-09-30),
1231:Guyon, Jean-Louis (1852).
725:
719:Countries using the word (
718:
715:
712:
670:
667:
664:
661:
648:straight or curved spring
3534:Turkish words and phrases
3408:1991 Altun Kupri massacre
3166:Diaspora in South America
3086:Diaspora in North America
1914:, Oxford Business Group,
1402:10.1017/S0020743816000441
1042:Mergen Türk, Nazlı Esim.
895:The Turks introduced the
668:Countries using the word
105:Migration to North Africa
49:"soldier" or "servant" +
3529:Ethnic groups in Tunisia
3519:Ethnic groups in Algeria
3393:1983 Orly Airport attack
2701:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
1912:The Report: Algeria 2008
1853:Khalidi, Rashid (1991),
1795:Hizmetli, Sabri (1953),
1720:, Multilingual Matters,
1497:Jacobs & Morris 2002
1330:Plantet, Eugène (1889).
1311:www.algerie-ancienne.com
491:Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia
362:Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia
289:Ottoman Turkish language
99:Ahmed Bey of Constantine
3471:Turks in the Arab world
3336:Bloody Christmas (1963)
3306:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
2576:Algerian Saharan Arabic
2362:Demographics of Algeria
2039:Demographics of Tunisia
1778:Daumas, Eugène (1943),
1772:10.3406/remmm.1970.1033
1280:Orhan, Koloğlu (2016).
1152:10.3406/remmm.1970.1033
793:Libya, Algeria, Tunisia
696:Libya, Algeria, Tunisia
575:Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia
3524:Ethnic groups in Libya
3440:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
3423:Murder of Enver Şimşek
3192:Diaspora in South Asia
2725:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1754:Boyer, Pierre (1970),
1431:Boyer, Pierre (1970).
1134:Boyer, Pierre (1970).
465:Algeria, Egypt, Libya
411:Egypt, Libya, Tunisia
3398:1989 Fergana massacre
3346:Afrikaanderwijk riots
3218:Diaspora in East Asia
2182:Demographics of Libya
1872:Kia, Mehrdad (2011),
1177:Spyropoulos, Yannis.
1061:. BRILL. 2013-05-02.
849:Algeria,Libya,Tunisia
765:Libya, Algeria, Egypt
603:Egypt, Tunisia, Libya
561:Egypt, Tunisia, Libya
226:Ottoman architectural
185:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
3483:Turks in the Balkans
3430:2004 Cologne bombing
3403:1990 Komotini events
3331:1959 Kirkuk massacre
3136:United Arab Emirates
2672:Traditional areas of
1026:Procházka, Stephan.
726:English translation
713:Turkish origin word
671:English translation
662:Turkish origin word
620:wire, fiber, string
505:Turkish origin word
317:Turkish origin word
131:Ottoman Tripolitania
3145:Diaspora in Oceania
2886:Turkish minorities
2822:Turkish minorities
2789:Turkish minorities
2713:Turkish minorities
2684:Turkish majorities:
1451:archive.wikiwix.com
1013:Răileanu, Viorica.
997:Britannica (2012),
859:Arts and literature
154:; this allowed the
125:and more generally
3461:Turkish population
3316:Gavurbağı massacre
2951:Diaspora in Africa
1951:Population Studies
1939:has generic name (
1447:"ابن حمزة المغربي"
376:(Tunisian variant)
135:Regency of Algiers
80:that could become
3501:
3500:
2946:
2945:
2628:
2627:
2328:
2327:
2148:
2147:
1921:978-1-902339-09-2
1365:978-2-271-07836-0
1307:"L'Odjak d'Alger"
1261:978-1-85065-027-0
1217:978-0-8014-8747-7
1190:Oualdi, M'hamed.
1068:978-90-04-25138-0
906:in North Africa.
856:
855:
703:
702:
652:
651:
495:
494:
193:Italo-Turkish War
109:According to the
3546:
3493:Turkish diaspora
2888:in North Africa:
2875:Turkmen Mountain
2791:in the Caucasus:
2681:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2588:Berber languages
2581:Hassaniya Arabic
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1983:
1965:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1905:
1886:
1867:
1848:
1838:, Rough Guides,
1829:
1811:
1801:
1790:
1774:
1749:
1730:
1712:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1610:
1604:
1577:
1571:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
977:
974:
936:Turks in Tunisia
921:Turks in Algeria
710:
659:
510:Egyptian Arabic
502:
436:qawurma, qawirma
346:baqlawa, baqlewa
314:
285:Persian language
242:Turkish language
168:Regency of Tunis
156:Turkish language
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3466:Turks in Europe
3444:
3356:Tochni massacre
3351:Revival Process
3280:
3234:
3213:
3187:
3161:
3140:
3114:
3081:
2958:
2942:
2921:
2887:
2881:
2823:
2817:
2790:
2784:
2765:North Macedonia
2714:
2708:
2697:Northern Cyprus
2673:
2667:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2620:French language
2571:Algerian Arabic
2552:
2421:
2364:
2359:
2329:
2324:
2241:
2220:Coptic Orthodox
2184:
2179:
2149:
2144:
2086:
2070:Catholic Church
2041:
2036:
2006:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1968:
1948:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1799:
1794:
1777:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1613:
1605:
1580:
1572:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1533:Abu-Haidar 1996
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
996:
995:
991:
986:
981:
980:
975:
971:
966:
948:Tunisian people
912:
893:
877:
861:
721:in North Africa
708:
657:
557:
519:
515:using the word
514:
509:
500:
452:Egypt, Tunisia
439:Algeria, Egypt
422:
407:
405:
389:burgul, borghol
375:
336:
333:in North Africa
330:
328:
323:
321:
300:
281:Moroccan Arabic
277:Tunisian Arabic
269:Egyptian Arabic
265:Algerian Arabic
238:
206:
201:
180:
152:Arabic language
140:Beylik of Tunis
107:
70:
22:, also spelled
17:
12:
11:
5:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:South Carolina
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3070:United Kingdom
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Czech Republic
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2824:in the Levant:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:Western Thrace
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2716:in the Balkans
2710:
2709:
2705:Mainland Turks
2687:
2685:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2662:Turkish people
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1957:(1): 100–125,
1946:
1920:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1883:978-0313064029
1882:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1812:
1792:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1727:978-1847690111
1726:
1713:
1700:
1694:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1655:İhsanoğlu 2003
1644:
1611:
1607:Prochazka 2004
1578:
1574:Prochazka 2004
1549:
1537:
1525:
1521:Prochazka 2004
1513:
1501:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1438:
1423:
1396:(3): 473–490.
1376:
1364:
1339:
1322:
1298:
1267:
1260:
1240:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1123:
1101:
1089:
1074:
1067:
1048:
1032:
1019:
1006:
988:
987:
985:
982:
979:
978:
968:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
939:
938:
933:
931:Turks in Libya
928:
926:Turks in Egypt
923:
911:
908:
892:
889:
876:
873:
865:Constantinople
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
782:tap, fountain
780:
779:Libya, Tunisia
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
717:
714:
707:
704:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
656:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
592:guide, leader
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
499:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
419:
413:
412:
409:
402:
394:
393:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
370:
364:
363:
360:
357:
351:
350:
347:
344:
338:
337:
329:using the word
325:
318:
299:
296:
237:
234:
205:
202:
200:
197:
179:
176:
106:
103:
69:
66:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3551:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:United States
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Liechtenstein
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:Other regions
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:Ethnic groups
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:Ethnic groups
2244:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:Ethnic groups
2089:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:Protestantism
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:, Routledge,
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:, Routledge,
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:, Routledge,
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:Benrabah 2007
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1288:on 2016-06-10
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:Shuval, Tal.
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
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254:
253:spoken Arabic
250:
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227:
223:
219:
218:Maliki school
215:
211:
210:Hanafi school
203:
198:
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190:
186:
177:
175:
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169:
165:
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157:
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149:
148:Turkification
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Orhan Koloğlu
112:
104:
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100:
95:
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67:
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63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3475:
3341:Akritas plan
3266:Turkmenistan
2963:Diaspora in
2956:South Africa
2933:Saudi Arabia
2899:
2541:Roma (Gypsy)
2460:Ouled Djerir
2395:Christianity
2215:Christianity
2135:Roma (Gypsy)
2060:Christianity
1989:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1911:
1892:
1876:, ABC-CLIO,
1873:
1854:
1835:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1736:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1685:
1677:Bibliography
1662:
1640:Benkato 2014
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1477:
1470:Khalidi 1991
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1426:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1369:, retrieved
1355:
1332:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1250:
1243:
1233:
1226:
1206:
1199:
1186:
1173:
1160:
1146:(1): 79–94.
1143:
1139:
1116:
1092:
1057:
1051:
1022:
1009:
999:
992:
972:
896:
894:
878:
862:
751:Libya, Egypt
531:Egypt, Libya
520:translation
475:sujuq, sugu'
301:
293:
257:North Africa
239:
207:
181:
127:North Africa
121:rule in the
111:Turco-Libyan
108:
96:
91:
85:
81:
73:
71:
50:
44:
39:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
18:
3476:Kouloughlis
3286:Turkophobia
3199:Afghanistan
3157:New Zealand
3065:Switzerland
3035:Netherlands
2900:Kouloughlis
2440:Arab-Berber
2405:Catholicism
2280:Circassians
2258:Arab-Berber
2103:Arab-Berber
1937:|last=
1120:. N. Cooke.
958:Arab-Berber
706:Other words
508:Maghrebi or
449:kufta/kofta
320:Maghrebi or
261:Middle East
224:are in the
92:acemi ocagi
74:acemi ocagi
62:janissaries
20:Kouloughlis
3508:Categories
3276:Uzbekistan
3256:Kyrgyzstan
3251:Kazakhstan
3246:Azerbaijan
2836:Turkmeneli
2798:Azerbaijan
2770:Montenegro
2748:Dodecanese
2677:settlement
2665:by country
2465:Ouled Naïl
2410:Protestant
2230:Protestant
1999:0253217822
1980:1134396309
1902:0253217822
1864:0231074352
1845:1858287480
1826:9231039091
1819:, UNESCO,
1788:B0007ETDSY
1746:1135932077
1695:1136787771
1456:2021-06-26
1371:2021-03-27
1316:2021-03-27
1292:2016-05-15
984:References
359:büza, buza
327:Countries
162:, and the
113:historian
68:Definition
32:Qulaughlis
24:Koulouglis
3183:Venezuela
3173:Argentina
3152:Australia
2865:Palestine
2811:Meskhetia
2558:Languages
2546:Beni Ades
2370:Religions
2285:Filipinos
2190:Religions
2047:Religions
1766:: 77–94,
1418:163633671
1410:0020-7438
1333:1579-1700
1254:. Hurst.
1000:Koulougli
953:Pied-Noir
943:Maghrebis
578:cauldron
513:Countries
397:çevirme (
322:Egyptian
87:devshirme
78:devshirme
28:Cologhlis
3449:See also
3209:Pakistan
3050:Portugal
2806:Abkhazia
2802:Georgia
2730:Bulgaria
2693:Muhacirs
2608:Mozabite
2534:Italians
2524:European
2497:Mozabite
2487:Chenouas
2470:Reguibat
2455:Ghenanma
2400:Orthodox
2225:Catholic
2130:Italians
2065:Orthodox
1929:citation
1667:Box 2005
1545:Kia 2011
1482:Kia 2011
910:See also
869:Istanbul
685:colonel
655:Military
462:bastirma
458:pastırma
423:dundurma
421:dandurma
417:dondurma
408:shawarma
259:and the
246:Maghrebi
236:Language
230:minarets
204:Religion
160:Anatolia
3271:Ukraine
3020:Ireland
3015:Hungary
3003:Germany
2993:Finland
2988:Denmark
2978:Belgium
2973:Austria
2917:Tunisia
2895:Algeria
2860:Lebanon
2775:Romania
2739:Greece
2735:Croatia
2675:Turkish
2613:Tamahaq
2598:Shawiya
2517:Zouaoua
2502:Sahrawi
2477:Berbers
2450:Chaamba
2445:Bedouin
2290:Italian
2275:Berbers
2263:Bedouin
2115:Berbers
2108:Bedouin
2082:Judaism
1472:, xvii.
904:Ramadan
898:Karagöz
891:Theatre
881:maqamat
852:Caftan
838:bottle
818:kindara
815:kundura
768:hammer
740:wallet
679:mīralāy
676:miralay
614:tayyala
600:tawwaya
586:qalawuz
583:kılavuz
558:shengal
545:Tunisia
518:English
432:kavurma
406:sawirma
404:sawurma
342:baklava
324:Arabic
305:baklava
222:mosques
164:Balkans
144:Mamluks
123:Maghreb
119:Ottoman
57:Ottoman
40:Kuloğlu
36:Turkish
3261:Russia
3178:Brazil
3126:Kuwait
3098:Mexico
3093:Canada
3075:London
3060:Sweden
3045:Poland
3040:Norway
3008:Berlin
2998:France
2965:Europe
2855:Jordan
2843:Israel
2780:Serbia
2760:Kosovo
2689:Turkey
2603:Shenwa
2593:Kabyle
2566:Arabic
2529:French
2512:Zenata
2507:Tuareg
2492:Kabyle
2482:Chaoui
2310:Gouran
2300:Toubou
2295:Tuareg
2268:Dawada
2125:French
1996:
1977:
1918:
1899:
1880:
1861:
1842:
1823:
1810:: 1–12
1786:
1743:
1724:
1692:
1657:, 111.
1609:, 195.
1576:, 194.
1547:, 225.
1535:, 119.
1523:, 191.
1499:, 460.
1484:, 153.
1416:
1408:
1362:
1258:
1214:
1065:
846:quftan
843:kaftan
810:spoon
796:paper
734:dizdān
731:cüzdan
628:duqmaq
625:tokmak
556:sankal
553:çengel
488:torshi
478:Egypt
426:Egypt
385:bulgur
273:Libyan
249:derjas
199:Legacy
34:(from
3230:Japan
3225:China
3204:India
3131:Qatar
3055:Spain
3025:Italy
2938:Yemen
2912:Libya
2907:Egypt
2870:Syria
2743:Crete
2435:Arabs
2383:Sunni
2378:Islam
2320:Turks
2305:Copts
2253:Arabs
2203:Sunni
2198:Islam
2140:Turks
2120:Copts
2098:Arabs
2055:Islam
1800:(PDF)
1669:, 27.
1642:, 90.
1414:S2CID
964:Notes
885:Makam
875:Music
835:Libya
824:shoe
821:Libya
807:Libya
804:kāšīk
801:kaşık
790:kāġǝṭ
787:kâǧıt
776:šīšma
773:çeşme
762:šākūš
759:çekiç
748:šǝnṭa
745:çanta
737:Libya
699:boat
693:bābūr
690:vapur
682:Libya
645:Egypt
631:Egypt
589:Egypt
572:qazan
569:kazan
564:hook
542:cezve
539:cezve
528:balta
525:balta
498:Tools
484:turşu
471:sucuk
445:köfte
399:döner
368:börek
309:dolma
251:and
214:Islam
189:Libya
172:İzmir
2848:Jews
2831:Iraq
2417:Jews
2388:Shia
2315:Doms
2237:Jews
2208:Shia
1994:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1941:help
1916:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1784:ASIN
1741:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1511:, 49
1406:ISSN
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1256:ISBN
1212:ISBN
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832:šīša
829:şişe
754:bag
606:pan
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548:pot
534:axe
373:brik
355:boza
298:Food
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