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in North
Jakarta) in 1661, the genre of music that was to become known as Keroncong has started to take shape. Modern keroncong came into being after 1880, when its main instrument, the ukulele, was invented in Hawaii. The so-called "long evolution" of 1552–1879 was a preliminary stage of development
685:
On top of this rhythmic layer, the melody and elaborate ornamentation are carried by a voice, flute, or violin. The violin or flute is used to play introductory passages that are often elaborate. The fills and scalar runs are both faster and more elaborate than the guitar's. The vocalist sings the
661:
One ukulele, called the "cak" (pronounced "chak"), maybe steel-stringed. The instrumentalist strums chords with up to 8 strums per beat in 4/4 rhythm. The off-beat strums are often accentuated. The other ukulele, called the "cuk" (pronounced "chook"), is larger and has 3 gut or nylon strings. The
701:
songs (Langgam Jawa). Javanese music ordinarily uses scales and intervals that do not occur in
Western music. Kroncong Jawa maintains Western intervals but adopts a 5-tone scale that approximates one of the main Javanese septatonic scales. When playing this style, cak and cuk leave their
811:
Traditional instrumentation includes the flute, violin, cello, contrabass, cuk (ukulele with 3 nylon strings), cak (Ukulele with 4 or 5 metal strings), guitar, and vocalist. Modern kroncong can add other instruments such as saxophone, drum kit, electric guitar and keyboard.
673:
The cello may have 3 gut or nylon strings and the chords are plucked rapidly, often with a unique skipped-beat using the thumb and one finger. This instrument then adds both rhythm and tone. The guitar may play similarly to either cak or cuk, but plays are often extended
638:, as heard in the rhythmic background of the music created by the interlocking of instruments playing on or off beat. This background rhythm runs faster than the often slow vocals or melody, and is created, typically, by two ukuleles, a cello, a guitar and a
746:
The small kroncong guitar, also the name of a music, is derived from the
Portuguese braguinha, sharing its roots with the Hawaiian ukulele. Kroncong music is believed to have originated in the communities of freed Portuguese slaves called
910:
1756:
In 1959, Rudy
Pirngadie and his Jakarta-based group (Yayasan Tetap Segar / Foundation) used the kronchong beat for accompanying various songs, local and foreign music. He introduced kroncong music to global audiences at the
775:) is now considered as old-fashioned folk music by most Indonesian youth, although efforts have been made since the 1960s to modernize the genre by adding electric guitars, keyboards and drums, notably in the so-called
646:
orchestra, and it is clear that the musical traditions of
Indonesia have been applied to an orchestra of European instruments. Previously, they also used the Portuguese musical instrument called
1950:
803:. Considered as a Eurasian art form, Kroncong features prominently each year at the Tong Tong Fair. The genre is also being evolved in new directions by Indo artists in the Netherlands.
943:. They toured by railway and ship to Malaysia and all over Indonesia. Between the scenes, there were musical intermezzos such as marches, polkas, waltzes, and kronchong music called
742:, a term for playboys literally meaning "crocodile on land") adopted the new musical styles. Eventually, they were assimilated by the upper-class citizens. Paul Fisher writes,
1740:, gongs, and a unique style of Javanese singing. The songs still follow the binary form used in pop music: A-A-B-A or sometimes A-B-C-D, with 32 bars. In 1958, composer
1560:
has A-B-B' structure made up of 8 rows of 4 bars. It begins with a 4-bar instrumental prelude based on the 7th row. After the A section, there is a 4-bar interlude.
670:
using a plectrum, and the on-beat is emphasised. As a set, the cak and cuk form an interlocking pair that mostly gives
Kroncong its characteristic kron and chong.
560:
622:
originated as an adaptation of a
Portuguese musical tradition, brought by sailors to Indonesian port cities in the 16th century. By the late 19th century,
933:
touring comedy company that performed folk entertainment, which was very popular between 1891 and 1903, especially in East Java. It performed tales from
759:. From the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of guitar accompaniment incorporated within a distinctly Indonesian idiom in music came from Sumatra,
1933:
1958:
1264:
After World War I, American popular music came to
Indonesia through ballroom music in hotels. Most of the musicians came from the Philippines. The 32-
1818:
Kroncong music continues today. The pop music industry has not yet produced popular kroncong, but some groups have been experimenting with it. The
2166:
678:
runs that provide an undulating background to a chord or bridge chord changes. The bass is often played in a minimalist style reminiscent of the
2079:
28:
1030:, Potong Padi, Nina Bobo, Sarinande, O Ina Ni Keke, Bolelebo, and many others. The structure is A – B – A – B or A – B – C – D (16 bars):
2161:
1834:
added
Chinese musical instruments to keroncong, creating a different atmosphere. They called the style Indonesian Chinese Keroncong.
865:
1708:
Kronchong continued to develop in the vicinity of
Surakarta, and some kronchong musicians moved to other parts of Indonesia, like
2025:
1762:
553:
1808:, a rock-pop group from Surakarta, introduced kronchong music in a rock style in 1974 and has produced kronchong-style albums.
2140:
1720:
Gamelan and other Javanese music also influenced kroncong. The characteristics of Javanese music include: melodies using the
847:
2050:
1744:(1936–2008) composed the well-known song "Yen Ing Tawang Ana Lintang" (If there is a star in the sky) and performed it with
2134:
1981:
1758:
1822:-based group Keroncong Merah Putih has experimented with elements of rap combined with kroncong music in the background.
1831:
935:
546:
990:
702:
characteristic interplay and both play arpeggios to approximate the sound and style of the Javanese instrument the
650:, a four steel stringed musical instrument that looks like a guitar; however, cavaquinho was then modified into a
843:
655:
195:
2104:
479:
396:
215:
836:
2080:"On the origin of the Komedie Stamboel: Popular culture, colonial society, and the Parsi theatre movement"
1999:
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159:
1101:
Among the songs in this category are Si Jampang and Jali-Jali. The structure is A – B – A – C (16 bars):
346:
326:
610:
orchestra or ensemble traditionally consists of a flute, a violin, at least one, but usually a pair of
489:
2133:
Fisher, Paul. "The Rough Guide to the Music of Indonesia." Liner notes to recording of the same title
1776:
1292:
This structure has a binary form, like a pop song: Verse A – Verse A – Bridge B – Verse A (32 bars):
1274:
596:-like instrument and an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the kroncong (the sound
469:
883:
From the time when Portuguese sailors landed in Malacca in 1552 and Portuguese slaves were freed in
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that led to the modern form. Since the 1880s, keroncong is at a stage known as "short evolution".
1915:
1878:
504:
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181:
147:
1789:, a mixture of gamelan music and kronchong. Now, it is developing in the vicinity of Surakarta,
1741:
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in the 16th century. European influence from this time can also be heard in the music of the
651:
1907:
1865:
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49:
2141:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122746/http://www.heritagejkt.org/Keroncong_history.php
2139:
Indonesian Heritage Society. Mariah Waworuntu and Ann Triman, "History of Keroncong Music,
642:. These instruments, especially the pair of ukuleles, interlock as do the instruments in a
1765:" with a kronchong beat, but was fined by the US Music Authority for copyright violation.
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321:
270:
250:
2146:
2051:
https://web.archive.org/web/20091028045102/http://www.geocities.com/~ukulele/history.html
2135:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080727022051/http://www.farsidemusic.com/RG_INDONESIA.html
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has the form (A-B-A-B') x 2 = 16 bars x 2 = 32 bars. It is a modification of the 16-bar
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783:. The melancholic spirit of traditional acoustic Kroncong (similar to Portuguese
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1265:
996:
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75:
1282:
in Central Java. The kroncong there is slower (typically 80 beats per minute).
939:, European folk tales, and local folk tales, such as Ali Baba, Cinderella, and
2011:
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song. They usually had 16 bars and were played in a fast tempo (up to 110
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850: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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during this period. After a while, the center of development moved to
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1736:(a Javanese drum), a kempul (a gong used in gamelan), metal and wood
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421:
306:
301:
626:
reached popular music status throughout the Indonesian archipelago.
1911:
686:
melody which is slow with sustained notes in traditional Kroncong.
2145:
Kompas. Sonya Hellen Sinombor, "Keroncong Harus Mengikuti Zaman",
1761:. Idris Sardi, an Indonesian violin virtuoso, presented the song "
1729:
1721:
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717:
703:
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The name "Kroncong" may be derived from the jingling sound of the
210:
135:
784:
698:
165:
726:
Kroncong music began in the 16th century when sailors from the
697:. One departure from this occurs when Kroncong orchestras play
819:
1898:
Becker, Judith (1975). "Kroncong, Indonesian Popular Music".
787:
music) has been recorded by Krontjong Poesaka Moresco Toegoe
2000:
Video footage of Kroncong Baru performed in the Netherlands.
1934:"Barat Ketemu Timur, Awal Mula Perkembangan Musik Keroncong"
1830:. At the Solo International Keroncong Festival in 2008, the
1748:, the winner of a local radio singing contest in Surakarta.
1172:
The structure is Prelude – A – Interlude – B – C (16 bars):
2063:
Musik Keroncong: A Musical Analysis based on Music Theory
1951:"'Keroncong': Freedom music from Portuguese descendants"
1957:. PT. Bina Media Tenggara. 16 June 2011. Archived from
710:. The cello adopts a different rhythmic style as well.
2147:
http://m.kompas.com/news/read/data/2008.12.13.15120283
654:, a 3 nylon stringed instrument with low pitch, and a
16:
Genre of Indonesian folk and traditional popular music
791:-based in Tugu, who have performed at the well-known
1268:American songs influenced local music; for example
600:comes from this instrument, so the music is called
141:
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101:
82:
66:
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1779:, an area near Yogyakarta, a local musician named
734:. Lower-class citizens and gangs, commonly called
618:, string bass in pizzicato style, and a vocalist.
658:, a 4 nylon stringed instrument with high pitch.
2105:""Bengawan Solo" dalam Musik Tradisional China"
1826:has fused kroncong and hip-hop with his group,
900:The later period is divided into four periods:
554:
8:
730:brought Portuguese instruments and music to
1990:Liner notes to recording of the same title.
1982:"The Rough Guide to the Music of Indonesia"
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445:
154:
27:
18:
866:Learn how and when to remove this message
1562:
1433:
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1103:
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689:The repertoire largely uses the Western
1890:
456:
283:
187:
168:(gong ageng, gong suwukan, kempul) of
36:in a kroncong performance at the 55th
7:
2065:, Bina Musik Remaja – Jakarta 2006.
848:adding citations to reliable sources
722:Lief Java Orchestra in Batavia, 1936
1732:(a plucked stringed instrument), a
954:(1880–1920), there were 3 types of
1812:Millennium Kroncong (2000–present)
14:
1828:Bondan Prakoso & Fade 2 Black
1728:(pentatonic) modes; the use of a
1858:
1844:
1763:I Left My Heart in San Francisco
824:
158:
2082:(in Indonesian). Archived from
1026:Songs in this category include
835:needs additional citations for
2167:Indonesian musical instruments
2049:"A Little history of Ukulele"
1258:Kronchong Eternity (1920–1960)
896:Later evolution (1880–present)
693:with some arrangements in the
1:
1431:II, doubled to give 32 bars.
86:Gambang Kromong – Tanjidor –
1704:Modern Kronchong (1960–2000)
767:Kroncong (currently spelled
1832:Harmony Chinese Music Group
936:One Thousand and One Nights
2188:
2162:Indonesian styles of music
1759:1964 New York World's Fair
991:Supertonic chromatic chord
662:instrumentalist may pluck
576:(pronounced "kronchong";
146:
134:Kroncong Tugu – Kroncong
133:
120:
106:
26:
904:Tempo Doeloe (1880–1920)
879:Early period (1552–1880)
121:Pop Kroncong – Kroncong
1011:Dominant seventh chord
919:
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589:
581:
2061:Sunaryo Joyopuspito,
913:
744:
721:
1961:on 23 September 2015
975:. – unsounded (
925:means "olden time".
844:improve this article
40:at The Hague in 2013
1270:Gesang Martohartono
592:) is the name of a
74:– Cello – Guitar –
67:Typical instruments
2111:. 12 December 2008
2023:"Ukulele History"
1879:Music of Indonesia
1425:Stamboel Keroncong
1417:Stamboel Keroncong
1272:composed the song
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816:Evolution of music
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182:Music of Indonesia
148:Music of Indonesia
2026:"Ukulele History"
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78:– Flute – Violin
56:Cultural origins
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1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1853:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:and Jakarta.
1711:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1275:Bengawan Solo
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
970:
968:
967:Key to tables
965:
964:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
917:
914:Orchestra of
912:
908:
903:
901:
895:
893:
890:
887:(now part of
886:
878:
870:
867:
859:
849:
845:
839:
838:
833:This section
831:
827:
822:
821:
815:
813:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Pop Keroncong
774:
770:
764:
762:
758:
757:North Sumatra
754:
750:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
681:
677:
671:
669:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
614:, a cello in
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
542:
541:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Gendang beleq
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Kurung-kurung
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Joged bumbung
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Gender Wayang
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Tembang sunda
204:
202:
201:Kecapi suling
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
183:
180:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
140:
137:
132:
127:
124:
119:
116:Fusion genres
114:
110:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:16th century
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2073:
2062:
2057:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2019:
2006:
1995:
1986:the original
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1954:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1906:(1): 14–19.
1903:
1899:
1893:
1852:Music portal
1817:
1815:
1804:
1784:
1777:Gunung Kidul
1774:
1769:
1755:
1719:
1707:
1629:(interlude)
1557:
1556:
1551:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1291:
1286:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1219:(Interlude)
1171:
1165:
1100:
1094:
1028:Terang Bulan
1025:
1019:
976:
966:
955:
952:Tempo Doeloe
951:
949:
944:
934:
926:
923:Tempo Doeloe
922:
921:
915:
907:
899:
885:Kampung Tugu
882:
862:
853:
842:Please help
837:verification
834:
810:
776:
768:
766:
745:
739:
735:
725:
706:, a kind of
688:
684:
672:
660:
635:
633:
623:
619:
611:
607:
602:
601:
597:
573:
572:
241:Langgam jawa
235:
142:Other topics
88:Langgam Jawa
1900:Asian Music
1783:introduced
1775:In 1968 at
997:Subdominant
989:II# –
950:During the
740:buaya darat
680:large gongs
510:Minangkabau
337:Gong kebyar
246:Celempungan
2156:Categories
2115:28 October
2090:2010-07-25
2036:2006-10-25
2010:See also:
1885:References
1786:Campursari
1770:Campursari
1710:Yogyakarta
1578:(prelude)
1356:Bridge B:
1188:(Prelude)
995:IV –
941:Si Pitoeng
795:festival '
773:Indonesian
755:people of
749:Mardijkers
648:cavaquinho
578:Indonesian
432:Tarawangsa
297:Beleganjur
231:Campursari
92:Campursari
1806:Koes Plus
1801:Koes-Plus
1742:Anjar Any
1385:Verse A:
1327:Verse A:
1298:Verse A:
1280:Surakarta
1009:V –
1002:V –
982:I –
801:The Hague
769:Keroncong
732:Indonesia
691:major key
668:tremoloes
664:arpeggios
612:kroncongs
590:Krontjong
582:Keroncong
500:Sundanese
427:Talempong
402:Surakarta
392:Selunding
372:Kulintang
367:Kolintang
357:Karinding
332:Gong gede
266:Pop Sunda
261:Jaipongan
196:Classical
174:Indonesia
109:Koes Plus
107:Kroncong
102:Subgenres
70:Vocals –
61:Indonesia
34:Waldjinah
2172:Ukuleles
2109:Nasional
1838:See also
1781:Manthous
1746:Waljinah
1738:marimbas
1166:Stamboel
1095:Stamboel
1020:Stamboel
1004:Dominant
956:stamboel
945:stamboel
779:sung by
699:Javanese
624:kroncong
620:Kroncong
608:kroncong
603:kroncong
574:Kroncong
535:Acehnese
530:Buginese
525:Ambonese
490:Sulawesi
387:Salendro
377:Kuriding
292:Angklung
256:Tanjidor
236:Kroncong
216:Pop Indo
96:Indorock
22:Kroncong
1965:11 June
1874:Dangdut
1820:Bandung
1734:kendang
1726:Slendro
1674:IV, V,
1668:IV, V,
1572:IV, V,
1513:IV, V,
1457:IV, V,
1429:stambul
1394:IV, V,
1365:IV, V,
1336:IV, V,
1307:IV, V,
929:was an
918:, 1905.
789:Jakarta
714:History
652:prounga
644:gamelan
594:ukulele
495:Sumatra
417:Saluang
362:Kendang
322:Gambang
317:Gamelan
226:Dangdut
221:Hip hop
170:Gamelan
123:Dangdut
72:Ukulele
1920:833923
1918:
1791:Sragen
1671:I, I,
1660:I, I,
1569:I, I,
708:zither
676:scalar
656:macina
520:Dayaks
515:Bataks
470:Borneo
422:Suling
352:Melayu
312:Degung
307:Gambus
302:Calung
188:Genres
1916:JSTOR
1795:Ngawi
1730:siter
1722:Pelog
1697:(B2)
1680:(B3)
1663:(B2)
1646:(B1)
1612:(A2)
1606:II#,
1603:II#,
1595:(A1)
1443:....
1440:....
1437:I...
1377:II#,
1374:II#,
1199:II#,
1127:, V,
1113:....
1110:....
1107:I...
1070:, V,
1006:chord
999:chord
986:chord
984:Tonic
977:tacet
799:' in
753:Batak
736:buaya
704:siter
695:minor
606:). A
586:Dutch
505:Malay
485:Papua
342:Jegog
211:Kecak
166:Gongs
136:Johor
2117:2015
1967:2012
1793:and
1724:and
1637:IV,
1634:IV,
1626:IV,
1510:IV,
1507:IV,
1502:IV,
1454:IV,
1451:IV,
1446:IV,
1362:IV,
1359:I7,
1212:IV,
1116:IV,
1081:V7,
1067:IV,
931:Indo
889:Koja
793:Indo
785:Fado
666:and
640:bass
475:Java
465:Bali
271:Rock
76:Bass
1908:doi
1694:I,
1691:V,
1688:V,
1685:I,
1677:I,
1657:V,
1654:V,
1651:I,
1643:I,
1640:V,
1623:V,
1620:V,
1617:V,
1609:V,
1600:??
1592:V,
1589:V,
1586:I,
1583:I,
1575:I,
1566:V,
1544:I,
1541:V,
1538:V,
1535:V,
1530:V,
1527:I,
1524:I,
1521:I,
1516:I,
1499:I,
1496:I,
1493:I,
1488:I,
1485:V,
1482:V,
1479:V,
1474:V,
1471:I,
1468:I,
1465:I,
1460:I,
1409:I,
1406:V,
1403:V,
1400:I,
1397:I,
1391:I,
1388:V,
1380:V,
1371:I,
1368:I,
1351:I,
1348:V,
1345:V,
1342:I,
1339:I,
1333:I,
1330:V,
1322:I,
1319:V,
1316:V,
1313:I,
1310:I,
1304:I,
1301:V,
1266:bar
1249:I,
1246:V,
1233:I,
1230:V,
1227:I,
1202:V,
1178:I,
1168:III
1158:I,
1144:V,
1130:I,
1087:I,
1073:I,
1064:I,
1059:I,
1045:V,
1036:I,
962:).
846:by
771:in
172:in
2158::
2107:.
1953:.
1936:,
1914:.
1902:.
1797:.
1243:,
1240:,
1224:,
1209:,
1196:,
1193:,
1181:,
1155:,
1152:,
1149:,
1141:,
1138:,
1135:,
1124:,
1121:,
1097:II
1084:,
1078:,
1056:,
1053:,
1050:,
1042:,
1039:,
969::
947:.
588::
584:,
580::
94:-
90:–
2119:.
2093:.
2039:.
2014:.
1969:.
1922:.
1910::
1904:7
1022:I
979:)
869:)
863:(
858:)
854:(
840:.
562:e
555:t
548:v
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