348:
was nearly deaf and had limited knowledge of Arabic, while the second 100 words were provided by the main informant, who may have mixed
Kujarke with Daju and Fur. Part of the interview had also been done in Fur with the help of Doornbos' Fur research assistant. The two disagreed over the Kujarke elicitations, leading Doornbos to doubt the accuracy of the list. Doornbos also speculates that in 1981, Kujarke may have already been a dying language with few speakers left, although their population may have exceeded 1,000 people in 1981.
715:
351:
The father and son had also disagreed about the origins of the
Kujarke people. According to the son, the Kujarke had originally lived in the mountain ranges to east of the Wadi Azum, namely the Jebel Kulli, Jebel Toya, Jebel Kunjaro, Jebel Turabu, Jebel Oromba, and Jebel Kire. Later, they were forced
347:
In 1981, Dutch anthropologist Paul
Doornbos had spent 4-5 hours eliciting a basic vocabulary list of Kujarke from a father and son (Arbab Yahia Basi, born Ndundra, who was 35 years old in 1981) in Ro Fatá, near Foro Boranga, Darfur. The first 100 words were elicited from the informant's father, who
270:
The speakers were reported to live mainly by hunting and gathering due to the climate, terrain, and unstable seasonal water supply of the Dar
Fongoro area being inhospitable for intensive agriculture and animal husbandry. Honey was one of their main foods obtained through foraging.
375:. The first time the Kujarke had been mentioned in over 25 years was when French anthropologist Jerome Tubiana had interviewed a Daju village chief in Tiero. The chief of Tiero mentioned that a Kujarke village had been burned to the ground by the
278:. They are surrounded by the Daju-Galfigé to the west, the Sinyar to the north, and the Fur-Dalinga, Fongoro, Formono, and Runga to the east and south. Historically, they had been ruled by the Daju sultans, and may have been slaves of the Daju.
331:
In addition, there appears to be a large amount of vocabulary that has not been identified as Afro-Asiatic; there is a possibility that it is a language isolate that has been largely relexified by Chadic and
Cushitic.
414:
The
Kujarke are not Muslims and practice a secret religion that is yet unrecorded, as the Kujarke would lead visitors to a perimeter outside their village whenever they needed to perform their prayers.
367:
regions of eastern Chad. However, the
Kujarke have not been recorded as a separate group by any government or foreign aid organization. As a result, Kujarke may have been passing themselves off as
794:
930:
411:
was the name of one of the 18 Sinyar clans. The Kijaar clan was located closer to the core
Kujarke area of Jebel Mirra than all of the other Sinyar clans.
856:
1426:
842:
328:, a nearby Mubi language which is also called Kujarge; when Newman was shown the 200-word list in 2006, he would not commit to it being Chadic.
352:
to migrate to Chad during the time of the Fur sultans. However, the father claimed that the original
Kujarke homeland had only been in Chad.
923:
1200:
1205:
149:
1232:
916:
1078:
187:
135:
1220:
1431:
1416:
1331:
679:
301:
words, but low numerals and pronouns look very un-Chadic. Blench (2008) notes that much of the basic vocabulary looks
294:
1073:
1421:
1159:
954:
831:
1048:
1012:
1411:
1326:
992:
902:
1251:
1026:
987:
883:
853:
321:
159:
1244:
305:, and speculates that Kujarge could even be a conservative language transitional between Chadic and Cushitic.
1338:
1210:
1321:
1315:
1284:
1215:
1093:
1083:
968:
896:
714:
603:
317:
1058:
1053:
1007:
961:
939:
313:
86:
875:
Blažek, Václav. 2013. Kujarge wordlist with Chadic (Afroasiatic) cognates. In: Henry
Tourneux (ed.),
336:
826:
Harald Hammarström, 2010, 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In
790:
1182:
440:
435:
302:
1357:
1306:
1239:
887:
841:
Roger Blench, 2008. 'Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge'. (ms)
806:
588:
445:
1373:? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate)
1274:
1261:
1225:
1195:
1036:
1021:
1002:
979:
298:
1376:
1363:
1294:
1289:
1269:
1136:
1063:
997:
860:
570:
450:
404:
325:
244:
78:
746:. (Unpublished 1981 field notes of Paul Doornbos transcribed by Paul Whitehouse in 2005)
1392:
1190:
1154:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1105:
1068:
760:
380:
309:
59:
127:
1405:
1279:
1164:
1088:
639:
392:
356:
324:
argued that its classification remained uncertain. There may have been a mix-up with
264:
742:
756:
493:
360:
396:
368:
140:
707:
592:
551:
533:
400:
372:
281:
Also, Lebeuf (1959) reports that the Daju Nyala refer to the Darfur Birgid as
260:
216:
810:
383:
people. Nothing else is known about the current state of the Kujarke people.
202:
189:
515:
476:
424:
376:
120:
104:
1379:? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate)
702:
111:
364:
167:
155:
908:
619:
607:
496:
457:
163:
17:
891:
650:
220:
599:
224:
181:
41:
912:
259:, "sorcerer"), due to the Kujarke's reputation for practicing
254:
227:. It is estimated to have about 1,000 speakers (as of 1983).
595:(unless the prenasalized stops are to be seen as clusters.)
166:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
359:, most Kujarke may now be living in refugee camps in the
591:
are attested; they appear to all involve r+consonant or
379:
in 2007 during an ethnic cleansing campaign against the
27:
Unclassified language of eastern Chad and western Sudan
854:'Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge'
407:
men may have also intermarried with Kujarke women, as
403:
peoples. Although the Kujarke were mostly endogamous,
248:
308:
The language had been classified as a member of the
1349:
1305:
1260:
1181:
1147:
1113:
1104:
1035:
978:
946:
134:
118:
102:
97:
75:
65:
55:
47:
37:
32:
865:Workshop « Language Isolates in Africa »
335:Blažek (2013) purports to show that Kujarge is an
293:Kujarge is unclassified. It is known only from a
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
924:
215:), and in villages scattered along the lower
8:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
740:Doornbos, Paul; Paul Whitehouse (ed). 2005.
630:"you (sg.)". Interrogative pronouns include
602:used in transcribing the same wordlist are:
606:. It is not clear whether all of these are
423:Judging by the one available wordlist, the
1110:
1041:
931:
917:
909:
795:"On the position of Kujarke within Chadic"
610:distinct; and , in particular, are rare.
429:
29:
828:Language Documentation & Conservation
822:
820:
391:The Kujarke lived in proximity with the
692:
180:is spoken in seven villages in eastern
160:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
698:
696:
7:
852:Roger Blench and Mauro Tosco, 2010.
249:
274:The Kujarge refer to themselves as
297:by Doornbos (1981). These include
25:
1427:Unclassified languages of Africa
877:Topics in Chadic Linguistics VII
713:
1:
894:", in ed. M. Lionel Bender,
255:
1448:
901:, African Studies Center,
1386:
1044:
903:Michigan State University
879:, Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
146:
882:Doornbos, Paul & M.
343:Documentation and status
1140:(possibly independent)
886:. 1983. "Languages of
243:) is derived from the
148:This article contains
940:Afroasiatic languages
897:Nilo-Saharan Language
337:East Chadic language
743:Kujarge field notes
199: /
1432:Cushitic languages
1417:Languages of Sudan
859:2012-03-31 at the
589:consonant clusters
184:near Jebel Mirra (
71:(1,000 cited 1983)
1422:Languages of Chad
1399:
1398:
1393:extinct languages
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
955:Proto-Afroasiatic
757:"Kujarge in Chad"
711:(27th ed., 2024)
680:Kujarge word list
585:
584:
276:Kujartenin Debiya
219:and Wadi Azum in
203:11.750°N 22.250°E
174:
173:
156:rendering support
152:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
1439:
1412:Chadic languages
1226:Somali languages
1111:
1042:
933:
926:
919:
910:
868:
850:
844:
839:
833:
824:
815:
814:
799:Folia Orientalia
787:
772:
771:
769:
767:
753:
747:
738:
719:
718:
717:
700:
605:
430:
258:
252:
251:
214:
213:
211:
210:
209:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
178:Kujargé language
130:
114:
107:
81:
30:
21:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1382:
1345:
1301:
1256:
1169:
1143:
1100:
1031:
974:
942:
937:
872:
871:
861:Wayback Machine
851:
847:
840:
836:
825:
818:
789:
788:
775:
765:
763:
755:
754:
750:
739:
722:
712:
701:
694:
689:
676:
616:
604:a,e,i,o,u,ʌ,ɛ,ɔ
587:Relatively few
421:
389:
345:
291:
245:Sudanese Arabic
233:
207:
205:
201:
198:
193:
190:
188:
186:
185:
154:Without proper
126:
110:
103:
93:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Hausa–Gwandara
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1000:
990:
984:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
965:
958:
950:
948:
944:
943:
938:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
907:
906:
880:
870:
869:
845:
834:
816:
791:Blažek, Václav
773:
761:Joshua Project
748:
720:
691:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
675:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
640:Demonstratives
615:
612:
583:
582:
580:
578:
575:
573:
567:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
548:
547:
545:
542:
539:
536:
530:
529:
527:
524:
521:
518:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
490:
489:
487:
485:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:appear to be:
420:
417:
388:
385:
344:
341:
290:
289:Classification
287:
239:(also spelled
232:
229:
208:11.750; 22.250
172:
171:
158:, you may see
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
124:
116:
115:
108:
100:
99:
98:Language codes
95:
94:
92:
91:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Rendille–Boni
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Highland East
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:
977:
971:
970:
969:Proto-Semitic
966:
964:
963:
959:
957:
956:
952:
951:
949:
947:Reconstructed
945:
941:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
904:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
884:Lionel Bender
881:
878:
874:
873:
866:
862:
858:
855:
849:
846:
843:
838:
835:
832:
830:, v 4, p 183
829:
823:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
774:
762:
758:
752:
749:
745:
744:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
721:
716:
710:
709:
704:
699:
697:
693:
686:
681:
678:
677:
673:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
611:
609:
601:
596:
594:
590:
581:
579:
576:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
492:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:
428:
426:
418:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:war in Darfur
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
333:
329:
327:
323:
322:Lionel Bender
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:200-word list
288:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
268:
266:
265:Sinyar people
262:
257:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
212:
183:
179:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
106:
101:
96:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1388:
1370:
1356:
1314:
1216:Macro-Somali
1206:Lowland East
1135:
1094:South Bauchi
1084:North Bauchi
1074:Bole–Tangale
967:
962:Proto-Berber
960:
953:
895:
876:
864:
848:
837:
827:
802:
798:
766:27 September
764:. Retrieved
751:
741:
706:
682:(Wiktionary)
667:
662:
657:
648:
643:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
608:phonemically
597:
586:
494:Prenasalised
422:
413:
408:
390:
387:Ethnic group
354:
350:
346:
334:
330:
312:subgroup of
307:
292:
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
240:
236:
234:
177:
175:
147:
119:
87:unclassified
1160:Ngeté-Herdé
1049:Biu–Mandara
1013:Mzab–Wargla
1008:East Zenati
534:Continuants
355:Due to the
320:; however,
318:Paul Newman
314:East Chadic
206: /
162:instead of
51:Jebel Mirra
1406:Categories
708:Ethnologue
687:References
593:gemination
516:Fricatives
477:Implosives
425:consonants
263:among the
261:witchcraft
231:Background
217:Wadi Salih
1391:indicate
1332:Northwest
1245:Saho–Afar
811:0015-5675
653:include:
634:"what?",
419:Phonology
377:Janjaweed
361:Goz Beïda
235:The name
121:Glottolog
105:ISO 639-3
56:Ethnicity
1358:Egyptian
1211:Omo–Tana
1183:Cushitic
993:Northern
857:Archived
793:(2015).
674:See also
646:"this".
642:include
638:"who?".
622:include
620:pronouns
497:plosives
458:Plosives
441:Alveolar
436:Bilabial
365:Dar Sila
303:Cushitic
168:Help:IPA
128:kuja1239
1389:Italics
1371:Kujargé
1327:Central
1307:Semitic
1240:Oromoid
1233:Western
1027:Western
988:Eastern
899:Studies
867:, Lyons
703:Kujargé
651:numbers
614:Grammar
446:Palatal
283:Kajargé
241:Kujarke
237:Kujargé
194:22°15′E
191:11°45′N
164:Unicode
141:Kujarge
60:Kujarke
33:Kujargé
18:Kujarge
1377:Ongota
1364:Coptic
1350:Others
1275:Dizoid
1262:Omotic
1196:Dullay
1137:Zumaya
1037:Chadic
1022:Tuareg
1003:Zenati
980:Berber
892:Darfur
809:
632:ŋgayna
600:vowels
571:Trills
552:Nasals
409:Kijaar
405:Sinyar
399:, and
393:Sinyar
326:Birgit
299:Chadic
221:Darfur
48:Region
1339:South
1295:Ometo
1290:Gonga
1285:North
1270:Aroid
1252:South
1155:Mesme
1148:South
1131:Musey
1126:Massa
1121:Marba
1114:North
1064:Angas
998:Atlas
888:Wadai
663:kurro
658:kirre
626:"I",
451:Velar
256:kujur
247:word
225:Sudan
1322:West
1316:East
1191:Agaw
1165:Peve
1106:Masa
1069:Bade
1059:West
1054:East
807:ISSN
768:2019
649:The
628:nigi
624:annu
618:The
598:The
471:k ɡ
465:t d
397:Daju
381:Daju
369:Daju
363:and
310:Mubi
250:كجور
182:Chad
176:The
42:Chad
1280:Mao
1089:Ron
705:at
668:ubo
644:agu
510:ᵑɡ
507:ᶮɟ
504:ⁿd
501:ᵐb
401:Fur
373:Fur
371:or
316:by
150:IPA
136:ELP
112:vkj
1408::
863:,
819:^
805:.
803:52
801:.
797:.
776:^
759:.
723:^
695:^
636:ye
577:r
565:ŋ
562:ɲ
559:n
556:m
544:j
541:l
538:w
526:ʃ
523:s
520:f
484:ɗ
481:ɓ
468:ɟ
462:b
395:,
339:.
285:.
267:.
223:,
932:e
925:t
918:v
905:.
890:-
813:.
770:.
253:(
170:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.