1858:
1319:
Arch-Steward, and in 1710, the
Elector of Hanover was promoted to the post of Arch-Treasurer. Matters were complicated by the Duke of Bavaria's restoration in 1714; the Elector of Bavaria resumed the office of Arch-Steward, while the Elector Palatine returned to the post of Arch-Treasurer, and the Elector of Hanover was given the new office of Archbannerbearer. The Electors of Hanover, however, continued to be styled Arch-Treasurers, though the Elector Palatine was the one who actually exercised the office until 1777, when he inherited Bavaria and the Arch-Stewardship. After 1777, no further changes were made to the Imperial Household; new offices were planned for the Electors admitted in 1803, but the Empire was abolished before they could be created. The Duke of WĂĽrttemberg, however, started to adopt the trappings of the Arch-Bannerbearer.
1982:
3390:
1877:
1929:
1770:
1948:
3311:
3300:
2008:
3528:
3556:
2545:
2269:
89:
2076:
2046:
2702:
2592:
2172:
2023:
138:
3448:
1839:
3514:
1145:
1150:
2776:
3401:
3366:
2751:
2393:
2234:
1896:
2714:
2608:
3416:
2091:
2879:
2640:
2788:
2572:
2411:
787:, and southern Germany). The Elector of Bavaria replaced the Elector Palatine in 1623, but when the latter was granted a new electorate in 1648, there was a dispute between the two as to which was vicar. In 1659, both purported to act as vicar, but ultimately, the other vicar recognized the Elector of Bavaria. Later, the two electors made a pact to act as joint vicars, but the Imperial Diet rejected the agreement. In 1711, while the Elector of Bavaria was under the
2902:
1299:
38:
3462:
1249:
2452:
2286:
2921:
1194:
1789:
1287:
2503:
1910:
704:: the Council of Electors, the Council of Princes, and the Council of Cities. In addition to being members of the Council of Electors, most electors were also members of the Council of Princes by virtue of possessing territory or holding ecclesiastical position. The assent of both bodies was required for important decisions affecting the structure of the Empire, such as the creation of new electorates or States of the Empire.
3542:
1096:
1035:
2303:
2252:
2738:
2533:
2320:
3427:
813:(1653 and 1690). An elector could appear in person or could appoint another elector as his proxy. More often, an electoral suite or embassy was sent to cast the vote; the credentials of such representatives were verified by the Archbishop of Mainz, who presided over the ceremony. The deliberations were held at the city hall, but voting occurred in the cathedral. In Frankfurt, a special electoral chapel, or
2624:
3486:
996:
2726:
2521:
2337:
2184:
1380:
2208:
2800:
2764:
2689:
2557:
2464:
2372:
2196:
2657:
1825:
1811:
763:. Each vicar, in the words of the Golden Bull, was "the administrator of the empire itself, with the power of passing judgments, of presenting to ecclesiastical benefices, of collecting returns and revenues and investing with fiefs, of receiving oaths of fealty for and in the name of the holy empire". The Elector of Saxony was vicar in areas operating under Saxon law (
2823:
3352:
3338:
1981:
3500:
3184:
1857:
830:, or electoral capitulation, which was presented to the king-elect. The capitulation may be described as a contract between the princes and the king, the latter conceding rights and powers to the electors and other princes. Once an individual swore to abide by the electoral capitulation, he assumed the office of King of the Romans.
688:, which prevented their subjects from lodging an appeal to a higher Imperial court. However, while this privilege, and some others, were automatically granted to Electors, they were not exclusive to them and many of the larger Imperial Estates were also to be individually granted some or all those rights and privileges.
1947:
1974:
As
Napoleon waged war on Europe, between 1803 and 1806, the following changes to the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire were attempted until the Empire's collapse. The arch-chancellor of Germany and archbishop elector of Mainz continued to be an elector, but as the prince of Regensburg, which took
1616:
officially confirmed the creation in 1708). The
Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 so that he could become King of Poland, but no additional Protestant electors were created. Although the Elector of Saxony was personally Catholic, the Electorate itself remained officially Protestant,
1531:
Meanwhile, the King of
Bohemia, who held the ancient imperial office of Arch-Cupbearer, asserted his right to participate in elections. Sometimes he was challenged on the grounds that his kingdom was not German, though usually he was recognized, instead of Bavaria which after all was just a younger
794:
Finally, in 1745, the two agreed to alternate as vicars, with
Bavaria starting first. This arrangement was upheld by the Imperial Diet in 1752. In 1777, the question was settled when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria. On many occasions, however, there was no interregnum, as a new king had been
1751:
and instead listed him with the Grand Dukes as a "Royal
Highness". Believing the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel remained the
707:
Many electors ruled a number of States of the Empire or held several ecclesiastical titles, and therefore had multiple votes in the
Council of Princes. In 1792, the Elector of Brandenburg had eight votes, the Elector of Bavaria six votes, the Elector of Hanover six votes, the King of Bohemia three
1438:
Soon, the right to choose the monarch was settled on an exclusive group of princes, and the procedure of seeking the approval of the remaining nobles was abandoned. The college of electors was mentioned in 1152 and again in 1198. The composition of electors at that time is unclear, but appears to
849:
dynasty managed to get its sons formally elected in their fathers' lifetimes almost as a formality. After these lines ended in extinction, the electors began to elect kings from different families so that the throne would not once again settle within a single dynasty. All kings elected from 1438
1318:
replaced the
Elector Palatine in 1623, he assumed the latter's office of Arch-Steward. When the Count Palatine was granted a new electorate, he assumed the position of Arch-Treasurer of the Empire. When the Duke of Bavaria was banned in 1706, the Elector Palatine returned to the office of
2045:
1611:
In 1685, the religious composition of the
College of Electors was disrupted when a Catholic branch of the Wittelsbach family inherited the Palatinate. A new Protestant electorate was created in 1692 for the Duke of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg, who became known as the Elector of Hanover (the
819:, was used for elections. Under the Golden Bull, a majority of electors sufficed to elect a king, and each elector could cast only one vote. Electors were free to vote for whomsoever they pleased (including themselves), but dynastic considerations played a great part in the choice.
1607:
in 1648, a new electorate was created for the Count
Palatine of the Rhine. Since the Elector of Bavaria retained his seat, the number of electors increased to eight; the two Wittelsbach lines were now sufficiently estranged so as not to pose a combined potential threat.
1703:
After the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806, the Electors continued to reign over their territories, many of them taking higher or alternative titles. The Electors of Bavaria, WĂĽrttemberg, and Saxony styled themselves Kings, while the Electors of Baden,
1603:). The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria, the head of a junior branch of his family. Originally, the Duke held the electorate personally, but it was later made hereditary along with the duchy. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the
1876:
1975:
over Mainz's arch-episcopal status. The prince of WĂĽrttemberg received the formerly defunct office of Arch-Bannerbearer, while the other new electors were not given augments or high office in the imperial household, though new offices were planned.
1928:
2982:
2998:
The augmentation was borne borne as an inescutcheon continuously and without interruption by the Electors of Hanover from 1714-1837. There is no evidence that this inescutcheon was ever borne by the Elector Palatine (House of
2022:
3288:
1528:. The other electors refused to allow two princes from the same dynasty to have electoral rights, so a heated rivalry arose between the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria over who should hold the Wittelsbach seat.
1427:, but the Holy Roman Emperors remained elective. While all free men originally exercised the right to vote in such elections, suffrage eventually came to be limited to the leading men of the realm. In the election of
679:
As rulers of Imperial Estates, the electors enjoyed all the privileges of princes, including the right to enter into alliances, to autonomy in relation to dynastic affairs, and to precedence over other subjects. The
1322:
The electors discharged the ceremonial duties associated with their offices only during coronations, where they bore the crown and regalia of the Empire. Otherwise, they were represented by holders of corresponding
500:
612:
The dignity of elector carried great prestige and was considered to be behind only the emperor, kings, and the highest dukes. The electors held exclusive privileges that were not shared with other princes of the
3266:
1574:
The college's composition remained unchanged until the 17th century, although the Electorate of Saxony was transferred from the senior to the junior branch of the Wettin family in 1547, in the aftermath of the
1463:", seven princes had the right to elect the King and future Emperor. The pope wrote that the seven electors were those who had just voted in the election of 1257, which resulted in the election of two kings.
1687:
and retained his electorate. None of the new electors, however, had an opportunity to cast votes, as the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, and the new electorates were never confirmed by the Emperor.
530:
1739:
accepted the Electors of Bavaria, WĂĽrttemberg, and Saxony as Kings, along with the newly created Grand Duke of Baden. The Elector of Hanover finally joined his fellow Electors by declaring himself the
3202:
1387:. Original colours were vivid. Germania's gown was gold, not beige, and the blue-grey was purple. Also, the browns were painted as vivid red and the muted grey in Saxony's arms was a brilliant green.
3281:
1732:, a new creation. The King of Great Britain remained at war with Napoleon and continued to style himself Elector of Hanover, while the Hanoverian government continued to operate in London.
493:
1695:
pushed to receive an electoral title. Their ambition was backed by Brandenburg-Prussia. However, the French Revolution and subsequent Coalition Wars soon rendered this a moot point.
3593:
3274:
708:
votes, the Elector-Archbishop of Trier three votes, the Elector-Archbishop of Cologne two votes, and the Elector-Archbishop of Mainz one vote. Thus, of the hundred votes in the
3613:
1539:
issued in 1338 had the effect that election by the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. The
486:
3618:
755:
The electors were originally summoned by the Archbishop of Mainz within one month of an Emperor's death, and met within three months of being summoned. During the
3628:
2007:
3174:
2075:
3598:
1769:
3603:
709:
1200:
1866:. The white lion bears in his right paw a simple crown, the device of the office of Arch Cupbearer. Restored directly from Medieval, hand-drawn
941:
to their coats of arms reflecting their positions in the Household. These augmentations were displayed in three alternative ways: firstly, as an
3588:
1524:
in Germany. Since 1214, the Palatinate and Bavaria were held by the same individual, but in 1253, they were divided between two members of the
3074:
3020:
712:, twenty-nine belonged to electors, giving them considerable influence in the Council of Princes in addition to their positions as electors.
2669:
2066:
2032:
922:
582:
3222:
2090:
1748:
1655:, led to the abolition of the archbishoprics of Trier and Cologne, and the transfer of the remaining spiritual Elector from Mainz to
2841:
1618:
1613:
697:
3217:
1938:
1793:
1307:
1291:
791:, the Elector Palatine again acted as vicar, but his cousin was restored to his position upon his restoration three years later.
655:
842:
593:(elected in 1519) was the last emperor to be crowned (1530); his successors assumed the title "Elected Emperor of the Romans" (
127:
3262:
Armin Wolf, Electors, published 9 May 2011, english version published 26 February 2020 ; in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
3253:
1261:
859:
2416:
715:
In addition to voting by colleges or councils, the Imperial Diet also voted in religious coalitions, as provided for in the
3197:
1838:
88:
2440:
2434:
1992:
1957:
1629:
1588:
1428:
949:
impalements (as in the case of the Arch-Marshal and Arch-Bannerbearer) and thirdly: integrated into the charge within the
863:
685:
590:
1324:
3633:
3608:
3531:
2633:
2597:
2544:
2268:
1988:
1668:
1560:
1500:
1277:
93:
841:. But with the actual formation of the prince-elector class, elections became more open, starting with the election of
3623:
953:(as in the case of the Arch-Cupbearer, where the Lion of Bohemia acquired a "simple crown" held in his dexter paw).
3517:
3489:
2662:
2538:
2508:
2325:
2062:
1915:
1709:
1705:
1684:
1680:
1656:
1512:
1384:
3430:
2781:
2081:
2058:
1961:
1895:
73:
56:
3247:
2828:
2342:
2028:
855:
1343:, who adopted the title into their name as "Truchsess von Waldburg"), the Arch-Chamberlain by the Hereditary
1306:
with inescutcheon of the Arch-Treasurer, borne as an inescutcheon on the royal arms of the United Kingdom by
801:
regularly served as the site of the election from the fourteenth century on, but elections were also held at
2701:
2629:
2591:
2171:
1660:
1568:
1455:
The electoral college is known to have existed by 1152, but its composition is unknown. A letter written by
1420:
101:
64:
2775:
137:
92:
Choosing the king. Above: the three ecclesiastical princes choosing the king, pointing at him. Middle: the
3503:
2645:
2491:
2051:
1644:
1633:
1471:
1169:
2974:
1364:
1356:
3465:
3451:
3369:
2577:
2562:
2469:
2457:
2420:
2381:
2291:
1953:
1934:
1844:
1729:
1552:
1536:
1483:
1348:
1272:
1267:
1144:
950:
938:
916:
772:
104:
bringing a bowl of warm water, as a valet. Below, the new king in front of the great men of the empire (
44:
1909:
1149:
2750:
1332:
3419:
3404:
2719:
2613:
2526:
2398:
2360:
2346:
2239:
2055:
1901:
1801:
1721:
1664:
1640:
1600:
1596:
1525:
1506:
1344:
1127:
945:
on their coat of arms (as in the case of the Arch-Steward, Treasurer, and Chamberlain); secondly: as
736:
427:
1636:. In 1777, the number of electors was reduced to eight when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria.
3559:
3545:
3355:
3341:
2707:
2617:
2601:
2308:
2257:
2096:
2036:
2013:
1830:
1816:
1753:
1717:
1604:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1477:
946:
833:
In the 10th and 11th centuries, princes often acted merely to confirm hereditary succession in the
716:
681:
48:
3261:
3066:
2878:
3393:
2970:
2806:
2793:
2769:
2744:
2695:
2676:
2550:
2274:
2213:
1882:
1863:
1736:
1222:
1212:
1069:
1059:
911:
881:
567:
2901:
1368:
2787:
2713:
2607:
2571:
2410:
2392:
2233:
1777:(163#+1545). Left to right: Cologne, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Saxony, the Palatinate, Trier, Mainz
37:
3016:
2851:
2836:
2731:
1672:
1416:
1340:
1119:
862:
and the short-lived rule of a Bavarian Wittelsbach emperor. In 1745, Maria Theresa's husband,
851:
798:
788:
775:, and northern Germany), while the Elector Palatine was vicar in the remainder of the Empire (
750:
720:
578:
571:
563:
474:
119:
31:
3223:
Oestreich, G. and Holzer, E. (1973). " Übersicht über die Reichsstände." In Gebhardt, Bruno.
3128:
3035:
741:. The division into religious bodies was on the basis of the official religion of the state.
3193:
2482:
2451:
2377:
2285:
2201:
1576:
1396:
1336:
1298:
1248:
1217:
1207:
1155:
1104:
1064:
1054:
1017:
933:
927:
905:
834:
825:
386:
250:
97:
52:
1964:. Later, the ceremonial office of Chief Treasurer was transferred here from the Palatinate.
1367:). After 1803, the Duke of WĂĽrttemberg as Arch-Bannerbearer assigned the count of Zeppelin-
866:, was elected emperor. All of his successors were also from the Habsburg-Lorraine family.
2757:
2639:
2502:
2189:
2177:
1788:
1740:
1556:
1494:
1460:
1435:
chose the monarch and then submitted him to the remaining magnates for their approbation.
1408:
1315:
1162:
1044:
1009:
962:
889:
651:
629:
594:
518:
443:
152:
68:
3235:
3109:
1800:
Three Electors Spiritual (Archbishops): all three were annexed by various powers through
658:. They were, until the 18th century, exclusively entitled to be addressed with the title
3168:
2920:
1193:
577:
From the 13th century onwards, a small group of prince-electors gained the privilege of
2946:
2302:
2251:
1886:
1774:
1773:
Coats of arms of prince electors surround the Holy Roman Emperor's; from flags book of
1692:
1564:
1286:
1176:
966:
897:
885:
838:
760:
602:
555:
547:
303:
238:
108:
60:
3246:
1752:
only Electorate in Germany until 1866, when the country backed the losing side in the
1095:
1034:
696:
The electors, like the other princes ruling States of the Empire, were members of the
3582:
3188:
3163:
1824:
1810:
1725:
1521:
1456:
1048:
1002:
730:
621:
469:
205:
200:
195:
2737:
3240:
2532:
2430:
2356:
2319:
1625:
1592:
1403:
coalitions and elected the leaders thereof. Elections were irregularly held by the
1231:
942:
880:) analogous to a modern cabinet office position and was a member of the ceremonial
846:
298:
262:
210:
185:
180:
27:
Members of the electoral college that elected the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
3218:
The Avalon Project. (2003). "The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D."
1885:
was an electorate until 1777, when the Elector acceded to Bavaria. The office of
2623:
995:
2983:
Kaiser Friedrich III.: Privilegium de non appellando für Schwäbisch Gmünd, 1475
1543:
finally resolved the disputes among the electors. Under it, the Archbishops of
1379:
2818:
2725:
2520:
2336:
1713:
1444:
806:
768:
617:, and they continued to hold their original titles alongside that of elector.
217:
105:
1987:
In 1777, the number of Electors dropped from nine to eight, until 1803, when
3178:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–175.
2846:
2656:
2183:
2136:
1360:
1328:
981:
776:
664:(Serene Highness). In 1742, the electors became entitled to the superlative
464:
360:
355:
345:
329:
164:
2207:
2799:
2763:
2688:
2556:
2463:
2371:
2195:
1743:. The restored Elector of Hesse tried to be recognized as the King of the
1383:
Coats of arms representing the seven original electors with the figure of
2883:
2130:
1867:
1432:
1424:
810:
448:
391:
370:
350:
340:
293:
288:
245:
222:
3012:
Die neun Kurfürstentümer des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation
1747:. However, the European powers refused to acknowledge this title at the
1716:. The Elector of Hesse-Kassel, however, retained the meaningless title "
17:
3010:
1676:
1392:
1352:
1159:
1112:
1078:
802:
459:
422:
417:
308:
147:
2905:
Page from an armorial showing arms of Kaiser Maximilian I ca 1508–1519
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2749:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2687:
2655:
2638:
2622:
2606:
2590:
2570:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2501:
2462:
2450:
2409:
2391:
2370:
2335:
2318:
2301:
2284:
2267:
2250:
2232:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2142:
2124:
1744:
1652:
1412:
1404:
1108:
780:
764:
614:
438:
412:
396:
365:
267:
233:
1639:
Many changes to the composition of the college were necessitated by
3187: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1941:
in 1623, removing the dignity from the Count Palatine of the Rhine.
2919:
2900:
2877:
1787:
1768:
1648:
1378:
1297:
1285:
1040:
784:
401:
381:
319:
87:
2924:
German Kurrent script, in which the armorial sources are written.
3231:, 9th ed. (Vol. 2, pp. 769–784). Stuttgart: Ernst Ketler Verlag.
1440:
1294:, with inescutcheon of the Arch-Steward of the Holy Roman Empire
1255:
1101:
586:
324:
272:
257:
175:
159:
3270:
3167:
1720:", thus distinguishing himself from other Hessian princes (the
1624:
In 1706, the Elector of Bavaria and Archbishop of Cologne were
96:
hands over a golden bowl, acting as a servant. Behind him, the
1995:, while the prince himself was elevated from Standard-Bearer (
1781:
Below are the State arms of each Imperial Elector. Emblems of
1520:
The three Archbishops oversaw the most venerable and powerful
1327:". The Arch-Butler was represented by the Hereditary Butler (
670:(Most Serene Highness), while other princes were promoted to
3203:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1728:). Napoleon soon exiled him and Kassel was annexed to the
30:"College of Electors" redirects here. For other uses, see
2886:
showing the arms of Emperor Frederick III, ca 1415–1493.
2873:
2871:
2896:
2894:
2065:. Salzburg and WĂĽrzburg were ruled by the same person,
1675:, bringing the total number of electors to ten. When
795:
elected during the lifetime of the previous Emperor.
3096:
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.
3054:(Revised ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 252.
854:until 1740, when Austria was inherited by a woman,
822:From the sixteenth century on, electors drafted a
2167:Prior history of ecclesiastical electors unclear
2164:Prior history of ecclesiastical electors unclear
2161:Prior history of ecclesiastical electors unclear
1643:'s aggression during the early 19th century. The
874:Each elector held a "High Office of the Empire" (
1617:and the Elector even remained the leader of the
1292:Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria and Prince-Elector
729:, while the Elector of Saxony presided over the
2061:in 1805, its electoral vote was transferred to
3206:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
3594:1120s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
3282:
3241:Velde, F. R. (2004). "The Holy Roman Empire."
1304:Lesser coat of arms of the Elector of Hanover
494:
8:
3225:
3123:
3121:
1996:
1659:. In 1803, electorates were created for the
1359:), and the Arch-Treasurer by the Hereditary
875:
823:
814:
719:. The Archbishop of Mainz presided over the
671:
665:
659:
645:
624:to a secular prince-elector was known as an
541:
3614:Titles of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
3307:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
2994:
2992:
2990:
2035:was added in 1803, after the annexation of
1632:, but both were restored in 1714 after the
734:
724:
3321:
3289:
3275:
3267:
2108:
501:
487:
114:
2915:
2913:
1960:in 1692 as a reward for aid given in the
1956:(Brunswick-LĂĽneburg), made an elector by
3619:Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire
1335:), the Arch-Seneschal by the Hereditary
955:
36:
2938:
2867:
1977:
1924:
1853:
1806:
126:
1351:), the Arch-Marshal by the Hereditary
884:. The three spiritual electors became
759:, imperial power was exercised by two
654:), enjoying precedence over the other
3629:Imperial election (Holy Roman Empire)
1647:(1801), which ceded territory on the
7:
3236:Velde, F. R. (2003). "Royal Styles."
2670:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
1922:Electors added in the 17th century:
1796:surrounded by shields of electorates
1683:, the Duke of Salzburg moved to the
937:. The secular electors were granted
130:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
1785:are shown on the appropriate arms.
1431:in 1125, a small number of eminent
1325:Hereditary Offices of the Household
1262:banner, or, with the Imperial Eagle
1749:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)
1571:held the right to elect the King.
609:) upon their coronation as kings.
25:
3599:1866 disestablishments in Germany
3248:"Electors, German Imperial"
3227:Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte
2842:Electoral Palace (disambiguation)
2033:former prince-archbishop of Mainz
1937:was granted electoral dignity by
1782:
100:with his marshal's staff and the
3604:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
3554:
3540:
3526:
3512:
3498:
3484:
3460:
3446:
3425:
3414:
3399:
3388:
3364:
3350:
3336:
3309:
3298:
3182:
3009:Noack, Konstantin (2017-12-10).
2821:
2089:
2074:
2054:was added in 1803. After it was
2044:
2021:
2006:
1980:
1946:
1927:
1908:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1619:Protestant body in the Reichstag
1391:The German practice of electing
1247:
1192:
1148:
1143:
1094:
1033:
994:
278:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
136:
3077:from the original on 2021-11-05
1991:was raised to an electorate by
1756:and was absorbed into Prussia.
1722:Grand Duke of Hesse(-Darmstadt)
1587:In 1623, the Elector Palatine,
1467:Three ecclesiastical Electors:
700:, which was divided into three
581:. The king would then later be
579:electing the King of the Romans
3254:New International Encyclopedia
3159:, 8th ed. New York: Macmillan.
3111:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice
2117:Second ecclesiastical elector
1691:In 1788, the ruling family of
1582:
1439:have included bishops and the
1201:Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
860:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
3589:1125 establishments in Europe
2979:Privilegium de non appellando
2441:War of the Spanish Succession
2435:War of the Spanish Succession
2120:First ecclesiastical elector
2114:Third ecclesiastical elector
1630:War of the Spanish Succession
1583:Thirty Years' War to Napoleon
686:Privilegium de non appellando
78:
3108:Satow, Ernest Mason (1932).
3071:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2598:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
2399:County Palatine of the Rhine
2240:County Palatine of the Rhine
1371:as Hereditary Bannerbearer.
1246:
1229:
1191:
1175:
1142:
1125:
1093:
1076:
1032:
1015:
993:
979:
850:onwards were from among the
263:Crown prince, Crown princess
41:The imperial prince-electors
2509:Archbishopric of Regensburg
2417:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
1679:annexed Salzburg under the
1595:after participating in the
1561:Count Palatine of the Rhine
1501:Count Palatine of the Rhine
1260:flying to sinister chief a
607:electus Romanorum imperator
94:Count Palatine of the Rhine
3650:
3065:Wolf, Armin (2020-04-23).
3015:(in German). GRIN Verlag.
2947:"Precedence among Nations"
2675:
2668:
2539:Margraviate of Brandenburg
2490:
2326:Margraviate of Brandenburg
2300:
2266:
2249:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2029:Principality of Regensburg
1681:Treaty of Pressburg (1805)
1459:in 1265 suggests that by "
748:
710:Council of Princes in 1792
599:erwählter Römischer Kaiser
562:) were the members of the
29:
3480:Added in the 19th century
3442:Added in the 17th century
3319:
3098:Cambridge: 2016. p. 227.
3036:“The Holy Roman Empire”,
2634:Electorate of WĂĽrttemberg
2621:
2605:
2589:
2569:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2500:
2461:
2449:
2408:
2390:
2369:
2334:
2317:
2283:
2231:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2001:) to Arch-Standardbearer.
1962:War of the Grand Alliance
1669:Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
1451:1257 to Thirty Years' War
218:Grand duke, Grand duchess
74:Codex Balduini Trevirorum
2829:Holy Roman Empire portal
2458:Archbishopric of Cologne
2343:Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
2292:Archbishopric of Cologne
1258:, or, and gules bendwise
644:Electors were rulers of
3175:Encyclopædia Britannica
3129:"the Holy Roman Empire"
2052:Grand Duchy of Salzburg
1889:transferred to Hanover.
1851:Four Electors Secular:
1685:Grand Duchy of WĂĽrzburg
1569:Margrave of Brandenburg
1513:Margrave of Brandenburg
1490:Four secular Electors:
128:Imperial, royal, noble,
102:Margrave of Brandenburg
65:Margrave of Brandenburg
3226:
2925:
2906:
2887:
2803:
2791:
2782:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
2779:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2692:
2663:Electorate of WĂĽrzburg
2660:
2646:Electorate of Salzburg
2643:
2627:
2611:
2595:
2575:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2506:
2467:
2455:
2414:
2396:
2375:
2340:
2323:
2309:Archbishopric of Mainz
2306:
2289:
2272:
2258:Archbishopric of Trier
2255:
2237:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
1997:
1797:
1778:
1532:line of Wittelsbachs.
1388:
1311:
1295:
1278:Elector of WĂĽrttemberg
1170:Elector of Brandenburg
939:heraldic augmentations
901:
893:
876:
824:
815:
735:
725:
672:
666:
660:
646:
633:
606:
598:
559:
551:
542:
522:
465:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
112:
85:
3157:The Holy Roman Empire
3052:The Holy Roman Empire
3050:Bryce, James (1866).
2977:had been granted the
2923:
2904:
2881:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2691:
2659:
2642:
2626:
2610:
2594:
2578:Electorate of Hanover
2574:
2563:Electorate of Bavaria
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2505:
2470:Electorate of Bavaria
2466:
2454:
2421:Electorate of Hanover
2413:
2395:
2382:Electorate of Bavaria
2374:
2339:
2322:
2305:
2288:
2271:
2254:
2236:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
1791:
1783:Imperial High Offices
1772:
1730:Kingdom of Westphalia
1724:and the Landgrave of
1537:Declaration of Rhense
1484:Archbishop of Cologne
1382:
1349:Count of Hohenzollern
1301:
1289:
1254:Azure, a lance party
917:Archbishop of Cologne
864:Francis I of Lorraine
809:(1575 and 1636), and
640:Rights and privileges
341:Viscount, Viscountess
289:Marquess, Marchioness
223:Archduke, Archduchess
165:High king, High queen
91:
45:Archbishop of Cologne
40:
2805:Fully Subsumed into
2743:Fully Subsumed into
2720:Grand Duchy of Baden
2694:Fully Subsumed into
2630:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
2614:Margraviate of Baden
2527:Electorate of Saxony
2439:Imperial ban due to
2347:Electorate of Saxony
2105:Timeline of electors
2099:was added in 1803.
2097:Margraviate of Baden
1970:Napoleonic additions
1802:German Mediatisation
1526:House of Wittelsbach
737:corpus evangelicorum
351:Burgrave, Burgravine
294:Margrave, Margravine
3634:Monarchy in Germany
3609:German noble titles
3114:. London: Longmans.
2708:Electorate of Hesse
2618:Electorate of Baden
2602:Electorate of Hesse
2492:Treaty of Lunéville
1754:Austro-Prussian War
1661:Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
1645:Treaty of Lunéville
1605:Peace of Westphalia
1541:Golden Bull of 1356
1478:Archbishop of Trier
1472:Archbishop of Mainz
1395:began when ancient
1365:Count of Sinzendorf
1357:Count of Pappenheim
928:Archbishop of Trier
906:Archbishop of Mainz
726:corpus catholicorum
717:Peace of Westphalia
418:Baronet, Baronetess
53:Archbishop of Trier
49:Archbishop of Mainz
3624:Electoral colleges
3325:
3155:Bryce, J. (1887).
2971:Free Imperial City
2926:
2907:
2888:
2807:Kingdom of Bavaria
2804:
2794:Kingdom of Hanover
2792:
2780:
2770:Kingdom of Bavaria
2768:
2756:Crown Land of the
2755:
2745:Kingdom of Prussia
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2696:Kingdom of Bavaria
2693:
2677:Congress of Vienna
2661:
2644:
2628:
2612:
2596:
2576:
2561:
2551:Kingdom of Bohemia
2549:
2537:
2525:
2507:
2468:
2456:
2415:
2397:
2376:
2341:
2324:
2315:1257 or 1268–1296
2307:
2298:1251–1257 or 1268
2290:
2275:Kingdom of Bohemia
2273:
2256:
2238:
2214:Duchy of Franconia
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2084:was added in 1805.
2016:was added in 1803.
1864:Kingdom of Bohemia
1798:
1779:
1737:Congress of Vienna
1450:
1423:eventually became
1389:
1312:
1296:
1273:Elector of Hanover
1268:Elector of Hanover
1223:Elector of Hanover
1213:Elector of Hanover
1070:Elector of Bavaria
1060:Elector of Bavaria
932:Archchancellor of
921:Archchancellor of
910:Archchancellor of
882:Imperial Household
113:
86:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3410:(until 1777)
3194:Chambers, Ephraim
3133:www.heraldica.org
3022:978-3-668-62294-4
2951:www.heraldica.org
2852:Imperial election
2837:Elective monarchy
2812:
2811:
2732:Kingdom of Saxony
2684:Successor states
2401:– The Palatinate
2361:Thirty Years' War
2242:– The Palatinate
2082:Duchy of WĂĽrzburg
1993:the Imperial diet
1665:Margrave of Baden
1601:Thirty Years' War
1591:, came under the
1555:, as well as the
1461:immemorial custom
1417:Holy Roman Empire
1341:Count of Waldburg
1284:
1283:
1187:Archithesaurarius
1120:Elector of Saxony
902:Archicancellarius
789:ban of the Empire
751:Imperial election
684:granted them the
572:Holy Roman Empire
566:that elected the
564:electoral college
511:
510:
475:Lord of the Manor
439:Knight, Chevalier
32:Electoral college
16:(Redirected from
3641:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3258:
3250:
3229:
3207:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3169:"Electors"
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2985:
2975:Schwäbisch Gmünd
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2943:
2927:
2917:
2908:
2898:
2889:
2875:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2483:Duchy of Bavaria
2378:Duchy of Bavaria
2202:Duchy of Bavaria
2109:
2093:
2078:
2048:
2025:
2010:
2000:
1984:
1950:
1931:
1912:
1898:
1879:
1860:
1841:
1827:
1813:
1718:Elector of Hesse
1699:After the Empire
1673:Duke of Salzburg
1651:'s left bank to
1577:Schmalkaldic War
1409:successor states
1333:Count of Althann
1251:
1242:Archivexillarius
1218:Elector Palatine
1208:Elector Palatine
1196:
1182:Erzschatzmeister
1152:
1147:
1111:, two swords in
1098:
1089:Archimarescallus
1065:Elector Palatine
1055:Elector Palatine
1037:
1001:A simple crown,
998:
956:
879:
852:Habsburg dynasty
829:
826:Wahlkapitulation
818:
740:
728:
675:
669:
667:Durchlauchtigste
663:
656:Imperial Princes
652:Imperial Estates
649:
626:electoral prince
560:Princeps Elector
545:
539:
537:
536:
535:
533:
503:
496:
489:
148:Emperor, Empress
140:
115:
83:
80:
21:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3245:
3214:
3192:
3183:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2988:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2918:
2911:
2899:
2892:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2758:Austrian Empire
2190:Duchy of Swabia
2178:Duchy of Saxony
2147:Eighth elector
2141:Elector of the
2135:Elector of the
2129:Elector of the
2123:Elector of the
2107:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2049:
2040:
2031:, ruled by the
2026:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1985:
1972:
1965:
1951:
1942:
1932:
1918:
1913:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1880:
1871:
1861:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1828:
1819:
1814:
1767:
1762:
1760:Marks of office
1741:King of Hanover
1701:
1599:(a part of the
1597:Bohemian Revolt
1585:
1557:King of Bohemia
1495:King of Bohemia
1453:
1421:French monarchy
1397:Germanic tribes
1377:
1316:Duke of Bavaria
1308:King George III
1276:
1271:
1259:
1252:
1240:
1237:Erzbannerträger
1234:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1197:
1185:
1179:
1153:
1138:Archicamerarius
1136:
1130:
1099:
1087:
1081:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1010:King of Bohemia
1006:
999:
988:
984:
960:
959:Imperial office
886:Archchancellors
872:
858:, sparking the
761:imperial vicars
753:
747:
694:
642:
583:crowned Emperor
531:
529:
528:
527:
525:
515:prince-electors
507:
444:Imperial Knight
382:Baron, Baroness
320:Count, Countess
129:
111:, around 1300).
81:
69:King of Bohemia
43:Left to right:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3220:
3213:
3212:External links
3210:
3209:
3208:
3196:, ed. (1728).
3180:
3166:, ed. (1911).
3164:Chisholm, Hugh
3160:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3117:
3100:
3094:Peter Wilson.
3087:
3057:
3042:
3028:
3021:
3001:
2986:
2962:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2909:
2890:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2620:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:Tenth elector
2151:
2150:Ninth elector
2148:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:by the French.
2027:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1887:Arch-Treasurer
1883:The Palatinate
1881:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1766:
1765:Electoral arms
1763:
1761:
1758:
1700:
1697:
1634:Peace of Baden
1584:
1581:
1565:Duke of Saxony
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:Duke of Saxony
1503:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1452:
1449:
1376:
1373:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1245:
1227:
1226:
1205:
1190:
1177:Arch-Treasurer
1173:
1172:
1167:
1141:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1092:
1074:
1073:
1052:
1031:
1013:
1012:
1007:
992:
987:Erzmundschenk,
977:
976:
973:
970:
877:Reichserzämter
871:
868:
839:Salian dynasty
749:Main article:
746:
743:
693:
690:
641:
638:
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
454:
453:
452:
451:
446:
441:
433:
432:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
407:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
304:Count palatine
301:
296:
291:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
243:
242:
241:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
190:
189:
188:
183:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
156:
155:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
109:Sachsenspiegel
98:Duke of Saxony
61:Duke of Saxony
57:Count Palatine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3646:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3561:
3547:
3533:
3519:
3505:
3491:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3421:
3406:
3395:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3357:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3306:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3189:public domain
3181:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3002:
2999:Wittelsbach).
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:in 1475. Cf.
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:Even a small
2966:
2963:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:Page from an
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:(Merged into
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:Ferdinand III
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:Hesse-Homburg
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:Imperial Diet
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:Pope Urban IV
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
990:
989:Archipincerna
983:
978:
974:
971:
968:
964:
958:
957:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
929:
925:
924:
918:
914:
913:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
856:Maria Theresa
853:
848:
845:in 1125. The
844:
840:
836:
831:
828:
827:
820:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
744:
742:
739:
738:
732:
727:
722:
718:
713:
711:
705:
703:
699:
698:Imperial Diet
692:Imperial Diet
691:
689:
687:
683:
677:
674:
668:
662:
657:
653:
648:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:heir apparent
618:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
534:
524:
520:
516:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
470:Ministerialis
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Duke, Duchess
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
163:
161:
160:Tsar, Tsarina
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
139:
135:
134:
131:
125:
121:
117:
116:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
76:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
33:
19:
3479:
3441:
3383:
3374:(until 1803)
3360:(until 1803)
3346:(until 1803)
3331:
3304:
3252:
3224:
3201:
3173:
3156:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3079:. Retrieved
3070:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3011:
3004:
2978:
2965:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2679:(1814–1815)
2480:
2431:Imperial ban
2357:Imperial ban
2014:Hesse-Cassel
1973:
1939:Ferdinand II
1921:
1850:
1799:
1792:The emperor
1780:
1734:
1702:
1690:
1638:
1623:
1610:
1593:imperial ban
1586:
1573:
1534:
1530:
1519:
1454:
1445:stem duchies
1437:
1400:
1390:
1321:
1313:
1303:
1280:(1803–1806)
1253:
1241:
1236:
1232:Bannerbearer
1225:(1777–1806)
1198:
1186:
1181:
1154:
1137:
1132:
1100:
1088:
1084:Erzmarschall
1083:
1072:(1714–1806)
1039:
1028:Archidapifer
1027:
1022:
1000:
986:
972:Augmentation
943:inescutcheon
931:
920:
909:
873:
870:High offices
832:
821:
797:
793:
756:
754:
714:
706:
701:
695:
678:
647:reichsstände
643:
625:
619:
611:
576:
514:
512:
299:Marcher lord
277:
72:
3563:(1803–1806)
3549:(1803–1806)
3535:(1803–1806)
3532:WĂĽrttemberg
3521:(1805–1806)
3507:(1803–1805)
3494:(1803–1806)
3431:Brandenburg
1989:WĂĽrttemberg
1916:Brandenburg
1775:Jacob Köbel
1714:Grand Dukes
1628:during the
1589:Frederick V
1345:Chamberlain
1275:(1714–1777)
1270:(1692–1710)
1220:(1714–1777)
1215:(1710–1714)
1210:(1648–1706)
1133:Erzkämmerer
1128:Chamberlain
1067:(1706–1714)
1062:(1623–1706)
1057:(1356-1623)
1023:ErztruchseĂź
843:Lothair III
816:Wahlkapelle
757:interregnum
682:Golden Bull
673:Durchlaucht
661:Durchlaucht
82: 1340
3583:Categories
3490:Regensburg
3405:Palatinate
3138:2023-05-17
3081:2022-05-16
3067:"Electors"
2956:2020-04-26
2858:References
2652:1805–1806
2587:1803–1805
2498:1801–1803
2476:1777–1801
2447:1714–1777
2427:1706–1714
2406:1692–1706
2388:1648–1692
2367:1621–1648
2353:1621–1623
2332:1296–1621
2281:1238–1251
2264:1214–1238
2247:1189–1214
2229:1059–1189
2059:to Austria
2056:mediatized
1998:Bannerherr
1794:Maximilian
1706:Regensburg
1671:, and the
1657:Regensburg
1567:, and the
1429:Lothar III
1425:hereditary
1369:Aschhausen
951:escutcheon
926:, and the
894:Erzkanzler
807:Regensburg
769:Westphalia
733:body, the
731:Protestant
723:body, the
543:KurfĂĽrsten
449:Druzhinnik
106:Heidelberg
3332:Spiritual
3198:"Elector"
3038:Heraldica
2933:Citations
2863:Armorials
2847:Electress
2158:Pre-1059
2137:Bavarians
1958:Leopold I
1868:armorials
1804:of 1803.
1361:Treasurer
1329:Cupbearer
1314:When the
982:Cupbearer
799:Frankfurt
777:Franconia
745:Elections
591:Charles V
361:Advocatus
356:Landgrave
346:Castellan
330:Ealdorman
3518:WĂĽrzburg
3504:Salzburg
3305:Electors
3075:Archived
2973:such as
2884:armorial
2815:See also
2131:Swabians
2063:WĂĽrzburg
1710:WĂĽrzburg
1641:Napoleon
1626:outlawed
1415:and the
1411:include
1407:, whose
1393:monarchs
1385:Germania
1290:Arms of
1256:per fess
1163:palewise
1102:per fess
975:Elector
934:Burgundy
835:Ottonian
811:Augsburg
805:(1531),
773:Hannover
721:Catholic
702:collegia
634:Kurprinz
523:KurfĂĽrst
392:Lendmann
371:Starosta
246:Princess
120:a series
118:Part of
18:Kurprinz
3466:Hanover
3452:Bavaria
3394:Bohemia
3384:Secular
3370:Cologne
3257:. 1905.
3191::
3150:Sources
2433:due to
2359:due to
1954:Hanover
1935:Bavaria
1845:Cologne
1712:became
1677:Austria
1553:Cologne
1443:of the
1399:formed
1375:History
1353:Marshal
1337:Steward
1331:) (the
1199:Gules,
1160:scepter
1115:, gules
1113:saltire
1079:Marshal
1018:Steward
930:became
919:became
912:Germany
908:became
904:): the
847:Staufen
803:Cologne
585:by the
570:of the
552:Kurfiřt
460:Esquire
423:Fidalgo
309:Voivode
251:consort
239:consort
206:dowager
201:consort
196:regnant
186:dowager
181:consort
153:dowager
3470:(1692)
3456:(1623)
3420:Saxony
3408:
3019:
2143:Franks
2125:Saxons
1902:Saxony
1745:Chatti
1708:, and
1667:, the
1663:, the
1653:France
1563:, the
1559:, the
1551:, and
1433:nobles
1419:. The
1413:France
1405:Franks
1401:ad hoc
1109:argent
963:German
947:dexter
915:, the
890:German
783:, the
781:Swabia
765:Saxony
630:German
615:Empire
595:German
532:listen
519:German
428:Nobile
413:Ritter
397:Primor
366:Vidame
268:Herzog
234:Prince
211:mother
192:Queen
3560:Hesse
3546:Baden
3356:Trier
3342:Mainz
2582:None
2567:None
2516:None
2513:None
2479:None
2037:Mainz
1831:Trier
1817:Mainz
1693:Savoy
1649:Rhine
1549:Trier
1545:Mainz
1441:dukes
1363:(the
1355:(the
1347:(the
1339:(the
1230:Arch-
1156:azure
1126:Arch-
1105:sable
1077:Arch-
1043:, an
1041:gules
1016:Arch-
980:Arch-
967:Latin
923:Italy
898:Latin
785:Rhine
603:Latin
568:ruler
556:Latin
548:Czech
402:Boyar
387:Thane
3017:ISBN
1735:The
1535:The
1522:sees
1511:The
1505:The
1499:The
1493:The
1482:The
1476:The
1470:The
1302:The
1203:, or
1165:, or
1158:, a
1107:and
837:and
620:The
587:pope
540:pl.
513:The
325:Earl
273:Jarl
176:King
67:and
1045:orb
636:).
3585::
3251:.
3200:.
3172:.
3131:.
3120:^
3073:.
3069:.
2989:^
2949:.
2912:^
2893:^
2870:^
2632:–
2616:–
2600:–
2485:)
2419:–
2380:–
2345:–
2224:—
2221:—
2218:—
1621:.
1579:.
1547:,
1447:.
1244:)
1189:)
1140:)
1091:)
1049:Or
1047:,
1030:)
1003:or
991:)
965:,
900::
896:,
892::
779:,
771:,
767:,
676:.
632::
605::
601:;
597::
589:.
574:.
558::
554:,
550::
546:,
538:),
521::
122:on
79:c.
77:,
63:,
59:,
55:,
51:,
47:,
3290:e
3283:t
3276:v
3141:.
3084:.
3025:.
2959:.
2069:.
1870:.
1323:"
1310:.
1239:,
1235:(
1184:,
1180:(
1135:,
1131:(
1086:,
1082:(
1025:,
1021:(
985:(
969:)
961:(
888:(
650:(
628:(
526:(
517:(
502:e
495:t
488:v
84:)
71:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
