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After the foundation of
Japanese-controlled Manchukuo in 1932, Japan regarded the sovereignty of the leased territory as transferred from China to Manchukuo. A new lease agreement was contracted between Japan and the government of Manchukuo, and Japan transferred the South Manchurian Railway Zone to
1098:
Massive capital investment was concentrated in Dairen (now the capital of the territory), wherein
Japanese firms developed a significant industrial infrastructure, as well as creating a first class port out of the mediocre natural harbor. The facilities of the port at Dairen and its
1103:
status made it the principal trade gateway to northeast China. The South
Manchurian Railway Company was headquartered in Dairen, and some of the profits from its operation were channelled into transforming Dairen into a showcase city of modern
918:, became the head of this territory. The peninsula north of the lease was made a neutral territory in which China agreed not to offer concessions to other countries. In 1899, Russia founded the town of
2332:
132:
2327:
1090:. Internally, the Kwantung Leased Area was divided into two districts, with two cities and nine towns. The city assemblies were in part elected, and in part appointed by the governor.
2342:
2238:
907:
118:
2297:
2322:
119:
745:) was therefore often called the "Guandong (Kwantung) Peninsula". The leased territory was located on this peninsula, so took its name from it.
86:
2317:
1855:
910:. The leased area extended to the northern shore of Yadang Bay on the western side of the peninsula; on the eastern side it reached Pikou;
1087:
1039:
Manchukuo. However, Japan retained the
Kwantung Leased Territory as a territory apart from the nominally-independent Manchukuo until its
2337:
2277:
2152:
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to administer the new territory, and based the
Kwantung Garrison to defend it and the railway. The Kwantung Garrison later became the
741:, and Shanhai Pass was the main pass used to travel between the two). The peninsula extending from southern Manchuria (now called the
1028:
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2287:
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1817:
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607:. Kwantung was located at the militarily and economically significant southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula at the entrance of the
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70:
2158:
334:
309:
791:
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389:
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2282:
2013:
1128:. The numbers excluded military personnel. The area of the territory was 3,500 square kilometres (1,350 sq mi).
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entered Lüshunkou harbor, which they began to use as a forward base of operations for patrols off of northern China,
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922:(meaning "distant" or "remote"), just north of the naval base at Port Arthur. This would later become the city of
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996:. These rights, along with the railway and several spur lines were passed to the corporation known as the
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and separated from the civilian administration of the territory, which was designated the
Kwantung Bureau
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of 1935, the population of the
Kwantung Leased Territory was 1,034,074, of whom 168,185 were
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Kwantung Leased
Territory in 1921 including the Japanese area of influence and neutral zone.
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began to administer the region until
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In 1898 Russia began building a railroad north from Port Arthur to link Dalniy with the
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Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and
Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond
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1035:, the terms of the lease of the Kwantung Leased Territory were extended to 99 years.
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in the region north of the territory adjacent to the 885 kilometers (550 mi)
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635:(Dalniy/Dalian). Japan re-acquired the Kwantung lease from Russia in 1905 in the
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30:"Kwantung" redirects here. For the army group of the Imperial Japanese Army, see
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2019:
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pressured Japan to cede the territory back to China, in what was called the
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made use of the Ryojun Naval Base. The Soviet Union turned it over to the
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signed by Japan and China ending the war in April 1895, Japan gained full
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Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism
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After World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the territory and the
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In a reorganization of 1919, the Kwantung Garrison was renamed the
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Japanese concession in northern China in 1895 and from 1905 to 1945
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1082:. The Kantō-cho initially directly reported to the office of the
956:, Japan replaced Russia as leaseholder. Port Arthur was renamed
615:(Port Arthur/Lüshunkou). Japan lost Kwantung weeks later in the
484:
1897:
1885:
The International Legal Status of the Kwantung Leased Territory
663:. The Kwantung Leased Territory ceased to exist following the
1112:, with hospitals, universities and a large industrial zone.
643:, continued to rapidly develop the territory, and obtained
1023:, which played an instrumental role in the founding of
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1945 disestablishments in the Japanese colonial empire
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1895 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire
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908:leased the region for 25 years from China
902:. The Russian Empire renamed the harbor
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835:(1894–1895), and under the terms of the
824:near the southern end of the peninsula.
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623:in 1898, who governed the territory as
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729:that literally translates to "east of
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1953:Karafuto Civil Administration Office
1791:Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939
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843:of the area. However, within weeks,
748:In Japanese, Kwantung is pronounced
651:. Japan extended the lease with the
1086:; later it was subordinated to the
1869:. University of California Press.
671:in September 1945 when the Soviet
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906:. In March 1898 Russia formally
1848:Japanese Government and Politics
1761:Japanese Government and Politics
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998:South Manchurian Railway Company
818:a naval base and coaling station
733:" (Manchuria was separated from
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2323:1945 disestablishments in China
988:), which was extended north of
831:occupied the region during the
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752:and it is often referred to as
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1924:Former external territories (
1793:. Stanford University Press.
599:in perpetuity in 1895 in the
556:: 關東州; ;
2318:1895 establishments in China
2223:Civil Affairs Bureau |
2219:Civil Affairs Bureau |
2215:Civil Affairs Bureau |
2211:Civil Affairs Bureau |
1088:Ministry of Colonial Affairs
986:South Manchuria Railway Zone
756:to avoid confusion with the
649:South Manchuria Railway Zone
1846:Quigley, Harold S (2007) .
1812:. Oxford University Press.
1808:Hsu, Immanuel C.Y. (1999).
1076:
1027:. In negotiations with the
1013:
912:Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev
862:Kwantung Prefectural Office
725:) is a historical name for
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1052:People's Republic of China
966:), and Dalniy was renamed
952:(1905) resulting from the
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677:People's Republic of China
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2278:Kwantung Leased Territory
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182:• 1905–1912 (first)
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48:Kwantung Leased Territory
2288:Former Japanese colonies
2157:Civil Affairs Bureau of
1977:Motodomari Subprefecture
1810:The Rise of Modern China
1698:Japanese colonial empire
982:South Manchurian Railway
943:South Manchurian Railway
760:surrounding the capital
661:Second Sino-Japanese War
390:Traditional Chinese
196:• 1944–1945 (last)
37:Not to be confused with
1985:Tomarioru Subprefecture
1703:South Manchuria Railway
1084:Prime Minister of Japan
978:extraterritorial rights
976:). Japan also obtained
931:Chinese Eastern Railway
833:First Sino-Japanese War
812:Province. In 1882, the
645:extraterritorial rights
605:First Sino-Japanese War
404:Simplified Chinese
1961:Toyohara Subprefecture
1865:Young, Louise (1999).
1831:. Palgrave Macmillan.
887:
879:
871:
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627:and rapidly developed
2338:China–Japan relations
2179:Torakku Subprefecture
1993:Esutoru Subprefecture
1973:Shikuka Subprefecture
1965:Ōtomari Subprefecture
1723:Ryojun Guard District
1693:China–Japan relations
916:Russian Pacific Fleet
892:Russian naval vessels
885:
877:
869:
861:
837:Treaty of Shimonoseki
772:Further information:
687:The name "Kwantung" (
639:after victory in the
603:after victory in the
601:Treaty of Shimonoseki
233:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2303:History of Manchuria
2283:Concessions in China
2227:Civil Affairs Bureau
2187:Yarūto Subprefecture
2183:Ponape Subprefecture
2167:Saipan Subprefecture
2107:Shinchiku Prefecture
1997:Ushiro Subprefecture
1969:Rūtaka Subprefecture
1827:Low, Morris (2005).
1750:Coox, Nomomhan, p. 1
637:Treaty of Portsmouth
260:Treaty of Portsmouth
2293:History of Liaoning
2250: /
2175:Yappu Subprefecture
2171:Parao Subprefecture
1989:Honto Subprefecture
1981:Maoka Subprefecture
1957:Karafuto Prefecture
1234:Lieutenant General
1208:Lieutenant General
1182:Lieutenant General
1110:modern architecture
886:Dairen Yamato Hotel
853:Triple Intervention
792:traditional Chinese
689:traditional Chinese
617:Triple Intervention
592:from 1905 to 1945.
550:traditional Chinese
247:Triple Intervention
2254:39.167°N 121.750°E
2127:Karenkō Prefecture
2102:Taihoku Prefecture
1883:Young, C. Walter.
1718:Russo-Japanese War
1327:19 September 1923
1200:15 September 1914
1184:Yasumasa Fukushima
1126:Japanese nationals
1033:Twenty-One Demands
984:in 1905 (i.e. the
954:Russo-Japanese War
890:In December 1897,
888:
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784:simplified Chinese
774:Scramble for China
743:Liaodong Peninsula
699:simplified Chinese
679:on 16 April 1955.
665:Surrender of Japan
657:Twenty-One Demands
641:Russo-Japanese War
590:Liaodong Peninsula
273:Surrender of Japan
2233:
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2163:Nan'yō Government
2117:Tainan Prefecture
2112:Taichū Prefecture
1857:978-1-4067-2260-4
1850:. Thomson Press.
1612:
1611:
1556:7 September 1939
1504:10 December 1934
1488:Takashi Hishikari
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1361:Kenjiro Kinoshita
1352:17 December 1927
1349:26 September 1923
1302:8 September 1922
1223:15 September 1914
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950:Portsmouth Treaty
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2014:Governor-General
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421:Transcriptions
414:
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381:
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365:
364:
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362:
352:
350:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
330:
321:
318:
317:
315:Russian Dalian
312:
300:
299:
294:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
212:
211:Historical era
208:
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204:
203:
198:
195:
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184:
181:
178:
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174:
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164:
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158:
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144:
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128:
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104:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:
75:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
50:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2355:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:Kankyōhoku-dō
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Keishōhoku-dō
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Chūseihoku-dō
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1876:0-520-21934-1
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1838:1-4039-6832-2
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1819:0-19-512504-5
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:0-8047-1835-0
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1721:
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1711:
1709:
1706:
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1701:
1699:
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1686:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:18 July 1944
1581:
1578:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1541:
1540:Kenkichi Ueda
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:6 March 1936
1529:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:28 July 1933
1477:
1475:8 August 1932
1474:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1431:
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1426:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1406:
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1401:
1398:
1387:
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1380:
1376:
1373:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:12 April 1919
1273:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:31 July 1917
1225:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:26 April 1912
1196:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:city planning
1102:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1065:
1064:Kwantung Army
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Kwantung Army
1015:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
969:
959:
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951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
884:
876:
868:
860:
856:
854:
850:
847:, France and
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
814:Beiyang Fleet
811:
807:
801:
793:
785:
781:
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
714:
708:
700:
695:
690:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:known as the
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Guāndōng zhōu
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
502:
500:
496:
488:
486:
482:
474:
472:
468:
465:Japanese name
463:
451:
449:
445:
440:Guāndōng Zhōu
437:
435:
431:
428:
424:
419:
415:
407:
405:
401:
393:
391:
387:
382:
378:
373:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:
351:
349:Today part of
347:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
316:
313:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
264:
261:
252:23 April 1895
251:
248:
239:17 April 1895
238:
234:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
202:
199:
189:
185:
171:
169:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
134:
129:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
88:
78:
72:
64:
59:
45:
40:
33:
32:Kwantung Army
19:
2235:
2202:
2195:
2151:
2095:
2075:Kankyōnan-dō
2065:Heianhoku-dō
2060:Heian'nan-dō
2055:Keishōnan-dō
2040:Zenrahoku-dō
2035:Chūseinan-dō
2012:
1941:
1925:
1884:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1643:Japan portal
1629:China portal
1605:18 July 1944
1592:Otozō Yamada
1553:6 March 1936
1501:28 July 1933
1386:Masahiro Ōta
1336:Hideo Kodama
1277:24 May 1920
1249:31 July 1917
1119:
1116:Demographics
1097:
1061:
1045:
1037:
1002:
967:
957:
947:
928:
900:Sea of Japan
889:
826:
816:established
803:
780:Qing dynasty
777:
758:Kantō region
753:
749:
747:
720:
710:
686:
669:World War II
594:
577:
572:;
569:
564:;
561:
545:
543:
522:Romanization
434:Hanyu Pinyin
384:Chinese name
297:Succeeded by
296:
291:
219:World War II
201:Otozō Yamada
100:
2257: /
2045:Zenranan-dō
1946:after 1943)
1787:Coox, Alvin
1772:Low, p. 106
1741:Hsu, p. 546
1657:Asia portal
1514:Jirō Minami
1299:24 May 1920
1048:Soviet Navy
914:, chief of
904:Port Arthur
898:and in the
841:sovereignty
597:Qing Empire
292:Preceded by
80:(1905–1945)
2313:Yellow Sea
2272:Categories
1780:References
1031:under the
948:Under the
926:(Dairen).
739:Great Wall
717:Wade–Giles
566:Wade–Giles
448:Wade–Giles
2308:Bohai Sea
2196:Kantō-shū
1759:Quigley,
1708:Manchukuo
1132:Governors
1077:Kantō-cho
1054:in 1955.
1041:surrender
1025:Manchukuo
994:Changchun
939:spur line
822:Lüshunkou
754:Kantō-shū
727:Manchuria
722:Kuan-tung
683:Etymology
609:Bohai Sea
578:Kantō-shū
499:Shinjitai
61:1905–1945
39:Kwangtung
2245:121°45′E
2221:Furanten
2153:Governor
2070:Kōkai-dō
2025:Kōgen-dō
2020:Keiki-dō
1938:Karafuto
1789:(1990).
1763:, p. 141
1615:See also
1590:General
1564:General
1538:General
1512:General
1486:General
1460:General
941:was the
810:Liaoning
712:Guāndōng
673:Red Army
580:) was a
554:Japanese
528:Kantōshū
361:(Dalian)
359:Liaoning
168:Governor
109:Kimigayo
18:Kwantung
2242:39°10′N
2225:Hishika
2185:|
2181:|
2177:|
2173:|
2169:|
1995:|
1991:|
1987:|
1983:|
1979:|
1975:|
1971:|
1967:|
1963:|
1887:(1931)
1094:Economy
937:; this
845:Germany
768:History
737:by the
655:in the
588:in the
584:of the
491:かんとうしゅう
271:•
258:•
245:•
230:•
157:Capital
101:Anthem:
2217:Kinshū
2213:Ryojun
2209:Dairen
2146:Nan'yō
2090:Taiwan
1943:naichi
1926:gaichi
1889:online
1873:
1854:
1835:
1816:
1797:
1122:census
990:Mukden
968:Dairen
958:Ryojun
935:Harbin
924:Dalian
920:Dalniy
849:Russia
802::
800:pinyin
794::
786::
719::
709::
707:pinyin
701::
691::
633:Dairen
613:Ryojun
574:rōmaji
558:pinyin
355:China
328:Dalian
172:
161:Dairen
143:Status
103:
2007:Korea
1930:Japan
1928:) of
1729:Notes
1572:梅津美治郎
1442:山岡萬之助
1367:木下謙次郎
1317:伊集院彦吉
1292:山縣伊三郎
1242:中村雄次郎
1008:關東都督府
896:Korea
762:Tokyo
750:Kantō
471:Kanji
92:Crest
1871:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1598:山田乙三
1546:植田謙吉
1468:武藤信義
1417:塚本淸治
1392:太田政弘
1342:兒玉秀雄
1190:福島安正
1164:大島義昌
1145:From
1142:Name
1108:and
827:The
796:遼東半島
788:辽东半岛
552:and
544:The
485:Kana
77:Flag
1520:南次郎
1494:菱刈隆
1267:林權助
1216:中村覺
1148:To
1071:關東廳
992:to
933:at
820:at
778:In
667:in
505:関東州
477:關東州
410:关东州
396:關東州
53:關東州
2274::
2165::
2161:→
1959::
1955:→
1587:18
1561:17
1535:16
1509:15
1483:14
1457:13
1432:12
1407:11
1382:10
1074:,
1011:,
1000:.
973:大連
963:旅順
945:.
855:.
798:;
790:;
764:.
715:;
705:;
703:关东
697:;
694:關東
576::
568::
560::
1940:(
1917:e
1910:t
1903:v
1879:.
1860:.
1841:.
1822:.
1803:.
1601:)
1595:(
1575:)
1569:(
1549:)
1543:(
1523:)
1517:(
1497:)
1491:(
1471:)
1465:(
1445:)
1439:(
1420:)
1414:(
1395:)
1389:(
1370:)
1364:(
1357:9
1345:)
1339:(
1332:8
1320:)
1314:(
1307:7
1295:)
1289:(
1282:6
1270:)
1264:(
1257:5
1245:)
1239:(
1231:4
1219:)
1213:(
1205:3
1193:)
1187:(
1179:2
1167:)
1161:(
1153:1
1139:#
1080:)
1068:(
1017:)
1005:(
970:(
960:(
548:(
111:"
107:"
41:.
34:.
20:)
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