1872:
620:
preference for coarse sand with low levels of fine particles. For instance, Branchiostoma nigeriense along the west coast of Africa, Branchiostoma caribaeum in
Mississippi Sound and along the coast from South Carolina to Georgia, B. senegalense in the offshore shelf region off North West Africa, and B. lanceolatum along the Mediterranean coast of southern France all demonstrate this preference (Webb and Hill, 1958; Webb, 1958; Boschung and Gunter, 1962; Cory and Pierce, 1967; Gosselck and Spittler, 1979; Caccavale et al., 2021b; Desdevises et al., 2011). However, Branchiostoma floridae from Tampa Bay, Florida, appears to be an exception to this trend, favoring fine sand bottoms instead (Stokes and Holland, 1996a; Stokes, 1996).
6433:
2201:
1931:
6463:
2109:
6474:
1907:
151:
6458:
1090:
6440:
6468:
2252:
129:
6452:
783:
2015:
1031:
6446:
1276:. By the mid-20th century they had fallen out of favor for a variety of reasons, including a decline of comparative anatomy and embryology, and due to the belief that lancelets were more derived than they appeared, e.g., the profound asymmetry in the larval stage. More recently, the fundamental symmetric and twisted development of vertebrates is the topic of the
3202:
1332:
791:
system are asymmetrical. After metamorphosis the anatomy becomes more symmetrical, but some asymmetrical traits are still present also as adults, such as the nervous system and the location of the gonads which are found on the right side in
Asymmetron and Epigonichthys (in Branchiostoma gonads develop on both sides of body).
932:
Both the Joseph cells and Hesse organs are in the neural tube, the Joseph cells forming a dorsal column, the Hesse organs in the ventral part along the length of the tube. The Joseph cells extend from the caudal end of the anterior vesicle (or cerebral vesicle) to the boundary between myomeres 3
1322:
The animals are edible and harvested in some parts of the world. They are eaten both fresh, tasting like herring, and as a food additive in dry form after being roasted in oil. When their gonads start to ripen in the spring it affects their flavor, making them taste bad during their breeding season.
769:
Alexander
Kowalevsky first described the key anatomical features of the adult amphioxus (hollow dorsal nerve tube, endostyle, segmented body, postanal tail). De Quatrefages first completely described the nervous system of amphioxus. Other important contributions to amphioxus adult anatomy were given
619:
Adult amphioxus typically inhabit the seafloor, burrowing into well-ventilated substrates characterized by a soft texture and minimal organic content. While various species have been observed in different types of substrate, such as fine sand, coarse sand, and shell deposits, most exhibit a distinct
5889:
Putnam, N. H.; Butts, T.; Ferrier, D. E. K.; Furlong, R. F.; Hellsten, U.; Kawashima, T.; Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Shoguchi, E.; Terry, A.; Yu, J. K.; Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L.; Dubchak, I.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J.; Gibson-Brown, J. J.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Horton, A. C.; De Jong, P. J.; Jurka, J.; Kapitonov,
983:
The putative photoreceptor cells, Row 1, are arranged in two diagonal rows, one on either side of the pigment cup, symmetrically positioned with respect to the ventral midline. The cells are flask-shaped, with long, slender ciliary processes (one cilium per cell). The main bodies of the cells
790:
The larvae are extremely asymmetrical, with the mouth and anus on the left side, and the gill slits on the right side. Organs associated with the pharynx are positioned either exclusively on the left or on the right side of the body. In addition, segmented muscle blocks and parts of the nervous
623:
All amphioxus species exhibit gonochorism, with only rare instances of hermaphroditism reported in
Branchiostoma lanceolatum and B. belcheri. In these cases, a small number of female gonads were observed within male individuals, typically ranging from 2 to 5 gonads out of a total of 45–50. An
773:
Kowalevsky also released the first complete description of amphioxus embryos, while
Schultze and Leuckart were the first to describe the larvae. Other important contributions to amphioxus embryonic anatomy were given by Hatschek, Conklin and later by Tung (experimental embryology).
758:(1866). At the taxonomic rank of order, lancelets are sometimes placed in the order Amphioxi Bonaparte, 1846, Amphioxiformes Berg, 1937, or Branchiostomiformes Fowler, 1947. Another name sometimes used for high-ranked taxa for the lancelets is Acrania Haeckel, 1866.
808:
and the pigmentation of their larvae. They have a translucent, somewhat fish-like body, but without any paired fins or other limbs. A relatively poorly developed tail fin is present, so they are not especially good swimmers. While they do possess some
1077:
It is suspected GFP plays multiple roles with lancelets such as attracting plankton towards their mouth. Considering that lancelets are filter feeders, the natural current would draw nearby plankton into the digestive tract. GFP is also expressed in
929:. The Hesse organs (also known as dorsal ocelli) consist of a photoreceptor cell surrounded by a band of microvilli and bearing melanopsin, but half enveloped by a cup-shaped pigment cell. The peak sensitivity of both cells is ~470 nm (blue).
1205:
Both adults and larvae exhibit a "cough" reflex to clear the mouth or throat of debris or items too large to swallow. In larvae the action is mediated by the pharyngeal muscles while in the adult animal it is accomplished by atrial contraction.
1359:
subphylum of the chordates, with tunicates being the sister group of the vertebrates. This revised phylogeny of chordates suggests that tunicates have secondarily lost some of the morphological characters that were formerly considered to be
1237:. Despite the name, little if any respiration occurs in the "gill" slits, which are solely devoted to feeding. The circulatory system does resemble that of primitive fish in its general layout, but is much simpler, and does not include a
573:. For example, the gill-slits of lancelets are used for feeding only, and not for respiration. The circulatory system carries food throughout their body, but does not have red blood cells or hemoglobin for transporting oxygen. Lancelet
3086:
Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Firbas, Panos N.; Maeso, Ignacio; Tena, Juan J.; Bogdanovic, Ozren; Perry, Malcolm; Wyatt, Christopher D. R.; de la Calle-Mustienes, Elisa; Bertrand, Stephanie; Burguera, Demian; Acemel, Rafael D. (December 2018).
679:
were the first researchers to describe a method of obtaining amphioxus embryos by induction of spawning in captivity and in vitro fertilization. Spawning can be artificially induced in the lab by electric or thermal shock.
581:
of vertebrates: by comparing genes from lancelets with the same genes in vertebrates, changes in gene expression, function and number as vertebrates evolved can be discovered. The genome of a few species in the genus
1351:). Consistent with this view, at least 10 morphological features are shared by lancelets and vertebrates, but not tunicates. Newer research suggests this pattern of evolutionary relationship is incorrect. Extensive
5003:
Shaner, Nathan C.; Lambert, Gerard G.; Chammas, Andrew; Ni, Yuhui; Cranfill, Paula J.; Baird, Michelle A.; Sell, Brittney R.; Allen, John R.; Day, Richard N.; Israelsson, Maria; Davidson, Michael W. (May 2013).
624:
extraordinary occurrence of complete sex reversal was documented in B. belcheri, where a female amphioxus raised in laboratory conditions underwent a transformation into a male (Zhang et al., 2001).
1364:(shared, derived characters) of vertebrates and lancelets. Lancelets have turned out to be among the most genetically diverse animals sequenced to date, due to high rates of genetic changes like
913:
as light receptors. All of these organs and structures are located in the neural tube, with the frontal eye at the front, followed by the lamellar body, the Joseph cells, and the Hesse organs.
3357:
Stokes, M. Dale; Holland, Nicholas D. (1996). "Reproduction of the
Florida Lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae): Spawning Patterns and Fluctuations in Gonad Indexes and Nutritional Reserves".
866:
The nerve cord is only slightly larger in the head region than in the rest of the body, so that lancelets do not appear to possess a true brain. However, developmental gene expression and
1847:(family tree) of lancelets, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by Igawa, T.; M. Nozawa; D.G. Suzuki; J.D. Reimer; A.R. Morov; Y. Wang; Y. Henmi; K. Yasui (2017):
1202:, and passed back to the rest of the digestive tract. Having passed through the gill slits, the water enters an atrium surrounding the pharynx, then exits the body via the atriopore.
1198:
action pushes the mucus in a film over the surface of the gill slits, trapping suspended food particles as it does so. The mucus is collected in a second, dorsal groove, known as the
6097:
3400:
Fuentes, Michael; Benito, Elia; Bertrand, Stephanie; et al. (2007). "Insights into spawning behavior and development of the european amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)".
2615:
664:
season, which varies slightly between species — usually corresponding to spring and summer months. All lancelets species spawn shortly after sunset, either synchronously (e.g.
5890:
V. V.; Kohara, Y.; Kuroki, Y.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Osoegawa, K.; Pennacchio, L. A.; Salamov, A. A.; Satou, Y.; Sauka-Spengler, T.; Schmutz, J.; Shin-i, T. (Jun 2008).
1178:-like strands that hang in front of the mouth and act as sensory devices and as a filter for the water passing into the body. Water passes from the mouth into the large
558:
9585:
9430:
9191:
9039:
6069:
2761:
Zhang, Qi-Lin; Zhang, Guan-Ling; Yuan, Ming-Long; Dong, Zhi-Xiang; Li, Hong-Wei; Guo, Jun; Wang, Feng; Deng, Xian-Yu; Chen, Jun-Yuan; Lin, Lian-Bing (2018-12-18).
1871:
1286:
As a result of their use in science, methods of keeping and breeding lancelets in captivity have been developed for several of the species, initially the
European
6024:
Stach, T.G. (2004). "Cephalochordata (Lancelets)". In M. Hutchins; Garrison, R.W.; Geist, V.; Loiselle, P.V.; Schlager, N.; McDade, M.C.; Duellman, W.E. (eds.).
9624:
9204:
9078:
7015:
5675:
6287:
909:
Lancelets have four known kinds of light-sensing structures: Joseph cells, Hesse organs, an unpaired anterior eye and lamellar body, all of which utilize
746:
All living lancelets are all placed in the family
Branchiostomatidae, class Leptocardii, and subphylum Cephalochordata. The family was first named by
9572:
9404:
9178:
9013:
4811:
4061:
Igawa, Takeshi; Nozawa, Masafumi; Suzuki, Daichi G.; Reimer, James D.; Morov, Arseniy R.; Wang, Yiquan; Henmi, Yasuhisa; Yasui, Kinya (2017-04-25).
2705:"Worms and gills, plates and spines: the evolutionary origins and incredible disparity of deuterostomes revealed by fossils, genes, and development"
1283:
With the advent of molecular genetics lancelets are once again regarded as a model of vertebrate ancestors, and are used again as a model organism.
6432:
9598:
9443:
9296:
9052:
3674:
Boschung, Herbert T.; Shaw, Richard F. (1988). "Occurrence of planktonic lancelets from
Louisiana's continental shelf, with a review of pelagic
1221:
the food particles, a feature not found in vertebrates. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a true liver but a
4875:
Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Kubokawa, Kaoru; McCarthy, James K.; Murakami, Akio; Porrachia, Magali; Rouse, Greg W.; Holland, Nicholas D. (2007-10-01).
5519:
de
Lussanet, M.H.E.; Osse, J.W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
5231:
957:
gene, has been proposed as the homolog of vertebrate paired eyes,or the pineal eye on vertebrates, the pigment cup as the homolog of the RPE (
6025:
5147:
5070:
4787:
4644:
4473:
4198:
4136:
3203:"The size range of suspended particles trapped and ingested by the filter-feeding lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (Cephalochordata: Acrania)"
2640:
2497:
5364:"A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin-Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum: Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System"
7020:
4243:"Serial blockface SEM suggests that stem cells may participate in adult notochord growth in an invertebrate chordate, the Bahamas lancelet"
3021:
Xu, Anlong; Chen, Shangwu; Dong, Meiling; Wu, Fenfang; Fu, Yonggui; Yuan, Shaochun; You, Leiming; Zhou, Sisi; Qiujin Zhang (2014-12-19).
6206:
6198:
4711:"Molecular analysis of the amphioxus frontal eye unravels the evolutionary origin of the retina and pigment cells of the vertebrate eye"
860:
means 'head'). The fine structure of the notochord and the cellular basis of its adult growth are best known for the Bahamas lancelet,
766:
Observations of amphioxus anatomy began in the middle of the 19th century. First, the adult then the embryonic anatomy were described.
8384:
7098:
6175:
6073:
4667:
Wicht, Helmut; Lacalli, Thurston C. (2005). "The nervous system of amphioxus: Structure, development, and evolutionary significance".
3584:
Garcia-Fernàndez, Jordi; Benito-Gutierrez, Èlia (June 2008). "It's a long way from amphioxus: descendants of the earliest chordate".
5813:
5503:
483:
420:
5786:
3300:
1335:
The lancelet is a small, translucent, fish-like animal that is one of the closest living invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates.
6462:
804:
are among the largest. Except for the size, the species are very similar in general appearance, differing mainly in the number of
9650:
9505:
9240:
7135:
6194:
3653:
3567:
Cenni zoologici ossia descrizione sommaria delle specie nuove di animali discoperti in diverse contrade del regno nell' anno 1834
2904:"An amphioxus homeobox gene: sequence conservation, spatial expression during development and insights into vertebrate evolution"
1429:
984:
lie outside of the pigment cup, while the cilia extend into the pigment cup before turning and exiting. The cells bear the opsin
867:
7130:
6280:
5959:
794:
Depending on the exact species involved, the maximum length of lancelets is typically 2.5 to 8 cm (1.0–3.1 in).
4812:"Frontal Eye Circuitry, Rostral Sensory Pathways and Brain Organization in Amphioxus Larvae: Evidence from 3D Reconstructions"
3700:
Poss, Stuart G.; Boschung, Herbert T. (1996). "Lancelets (Cephalochordata: Branchiostomatidae): how many species are valid?".
713:. It was not until 1834 that Gabriel Costa brought the phylogenetic position of the group closer to the agnathan vertebrates (
569:
to those of modern fish, but in a more primitive form. Therefore, they provide a number of examples of possible evolutionary
9603:
9448:
9301:
9057:
1280:. According to this theory, there is a deep agreement between the vertebrates and cephalochordates, and even all chordates.
1050:(GFP) inside their oral tentacles and near the eye spot. Depending on the species, it can also be expressed in the tail and
1003:
that project into the left and right ventrolateral nerves. For Row 2 neurons, axon projections have been traced to the
2200:
9611:
9456:
9065:
7214:
7204:
7187:
7025:
1139:, spending most of the time half-buried in sand with only their frontal part protruding. They eat a wide variety of small
7032:
4410:"Molecular regionalization of the developing amphioxus neural tube challenges major partitions of the vertebrate brain"
632:
Their habitat preference reflects their feeding method: they only expose the front end to the water and filter-feed on
9546:
9365:
9139:
8974:
5297:"Identification, Evolution and Expression of an Insulin-Like Peptide in the Cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum"
3873:
D'Aniello, Salvatore; Bertrand, Stephanie; Escriva, Hector (2023-09-18). Pérez Valle, Helena; Rodgers, Peter (eds.).
150:
9209:
9083:
6473:
6312:
6273:
6232:
6188:
958:
6467:
1930:
848:
that are closely packed in collagen fibers to form a toughened rod. The lancelet notochord, unlike the vertebrate
9629:
7000:
6167:
5295:
Yu, Jr-Kai Sky; Lecroisey, Claire; Le Pétillon, Yann; Escriva, Hector; Lammert, Eckhard; Laudet, Vincent (2015).
2196:
1648:
1564:
1389:
diverged from other lancelets more than 100 million years ago while others have suggested that it occurred about
1107:
1047:
999:
neurons in direct contact with Row 1 cells. Row 3 and 4 cells are also neurons. Cells of all four rows have
800:
695:
137:
2108:
1669:
754:
had introduced the name Leptocardii as a subclass. Finally, the subphylum name Cephalochordata is attributed to
9678:
7010:
4709:
Vopalensky, P.; Pergner, J.; Liegertova, M.; Benito-Gutierrez, E.; Arendt, D.; Kozmik, Z. (18 September 2012).
4630:
2124:
1823:
1788:
1734:
1724:
1690:
1522:
747:
279:
6140:
6113:
2658:"Decay of Branchiostoma: implications for soft-tissue preservation in conodonts and other primitive chordates"
1704:
751:
237:
6457:
6439:
2104:
1802:
1768:
1744:
1680:
1617:
1596:
1585:
1343:; in turn, these two groups together (sometimes called Notochordata) were considered the sister group to the
7219:
7058:
6451:
6082:"Branchiostoma japonicum and B. belcheri are Distinct Lancelets (Cephalochordata) in Xiamen Waters in China"
4940:"The evolution of genes encoding for green fluorescent proteins: insights from cephalochordates (amphioxus)"
2247:
1778:
1659:
1637:
1554:
1352:
20:
5163:
Rigon, Francesca; Stach, Thomas; Caicci, Federico; Gasparini, Fabio; Burighel, Paolo; Manni, Lucia (2013).
2031:
1627:
1575:
1512:
1502:
1101:
The fluorescent proteins from lancelets have been adapted for use in molecular biology and microscopy. The
1064:
alone has 16 GFP-encoding genes. However, the GFP produced by lancelets is more similar to GFP produced by
8929:
8377:
7091:
3492:"Year-Round Reproduction and Induced Spawning of Chinese Amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri, in Laboratory"
2267:
2216:
2009:
1714:
1606:
1543:
1532:
1478:
1421:
1415:
1209:
The remainder of the digestive system consists of a simple tube running from the pharynx to the anus. The
1060:
970:
9551:
9144:
5979:
4850:
2657:
1182:, which is lined by numerous gill-slits. The ventral surface of the pharynx contains a groove called the
9482:
7182:
2629:
Freeborn, Michelle (2015-01-01). Roberts, Clive Douglas; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D. (eds.).
2609:
1992:
1812:
1468:
1356:
606:) has been listed in the registry of "Endangered Animals of Japanese Marine and Fresh Water Organisms".
9343:
5431:"The cult of amphioxus in German Darwinism; or, Our gelatinous ancestors in Naples' blue and balmy bay"
3256:
Riisgard, Hans Ulrik; Svane, Ib (1999). "Filter Feeding in Lancelets (Amphioxus), vertebrate Biology".
521:
period. A number of fossil chordates have been suggested to be closely related to lancelets, including
8979:
3023:"Decelerated genome evolution in modern vertebrates revealed by analysis of multiple lancelet genomes"
1233:
Lancelets have no respiratory system, breathing solely through their skin, which consists of a simple
9655:
9510:
9378:
9352:
9245:
9093:
8987:
8961:
7053:
7005:
6692:
6105:
5903:
5839:
5710:
5375:
5308:
5176:
4951:
4826:
4722:
4576:
4074:
3937:
3814:
3645:
3503:
3409:
3214:
3100:
3034:
2966:
2953:; Fujiyama, Asao; Bronner-Fraser, Marianne; Toyoda, Atsushi; Shin-I, Tadasu; Schmutz, Jeremy (2008).
2846:
2669:
2577:
1199:
829:
and a tail that runs past the anus. Also like vertebrates, the muscles are arranged in blocks called
6007:
5993:
1906:
1272:
began promoting them as a model for the ancestor of all vertebrates. By 1900 lancelets had become a
6259:
6226:
5270:
2553:
Hubbs, Carl L. (1922). "A list of the lancelets of the world with diagnoses of five new species of
1925:
1116:
841:
535:
268:
7647:
7199:
7177:
7165:
7140:
6741:
6589:
6037:
5937:
5871:
5654:
5589:
5546:
5528:
4920:
4904:
4545:
4459:
3840:
3609:
3472:
3382:
3339:
3281:
3238:
3183:
3000:
2931:
2740:
2415:
1277:
1222:
732:
700:
566:
313:
145:
9487:
4408:
Albuixech-Crespo B, López-Blanch L, Burguera D, Maeso I, Sánchez-Arrones L, et al. (2017).
3757:
Bemerkungen uber den Bau des Amphioxus lanceolatus eines Fisches aus der Ordnung der Cyclostomen
2833:
Igawa, T.; M. Nozawa; D.G. Suzuki; J.D. Reimer; A.R. Morov; Y. Wang; Y. Henmi; K. Yasui (2017).
1256:, and quite unlike those of vertebrates. Also unlike vertebrates, there are numerous, segmented
4215:
9637:
9559:
9469:
9217:
9152:
8370:
8069:
7989:
7339:
7209:
7172:
7160:
7150:
7084:
6915:
6863:
6820:
6814:
6777:
6765:
6735:
6390:
6296:
5929:
5921:
5863:
5855:
5809:
5801:
5769:
5646:
5628:
5581:
5499:
5468:
5450:
5411:
5393:
5344:
5326:
5262:
5254:
5212:
5194:
5143:
5118:
5066:
5043:
5025:
4985:
4967:
4912:
4896:
4842:
4783:
4777:
4758:
4740:
4684:
4640:
4612:
4594:
4537:
4529:
4469:
4463:
4441:
4390:
4372:
4333:
4315:
4274:
4194:
4132:
4126:
4100:
4043:
4004:
3965:
3906:
3601:
3531:
3433:
3425:
3374:
3331:
3323:
3273:
3230:
3175:
3134:
3116:
3068:
3050:
2992:
2984:
2923:
2872:
2802:
2784:
2732:
2724:
2685:
2636:
2597:
2493:
1187:
1070:
1011:
897:
areas jointly correspond to a single, combined region in the amphioxus, which has been termed
9590:
9497:
9435:
9287:
9232:
9222:
9103:
5137:
4634:
4292:
Candiani, Simona; Moronti, Luca; Ramoino, Paola; Schubert, Michael; Pestarino, Mario (2012).
4063:"Evolutionary history of the extant amphioxus lineage with shallow-branching diversification"
3453:"Fine Structural Study of the Cortical Reaction and Formation of the Egg Coats in a Lancelet"
2835:"Evolutionary history of the extant amphioxus lineage with shallow-branching diversification"
727:(from the Greek, branchio = "gills", stoma = "mouth"). In 1836, Yarrell renamed the genus as
9642:
9474:
9044:
7124:
7048:
6959:
6942:
6656:
6571:
6046:
5911:
5847:
5759:
5749:
5718:
5636:
5620:
5573:
5538:
5458:
5442:
5401:
5383:
5334:
5316:
5246:
5202:
5184:
5108:
5033:
5017:
4975:
4959:
4888:
4834:
4748:
4730:
4676:
4602:
4584:
4519:
4509:
4431:
4421:
4380:
4364:
4323:
4305:
4264:
4254:
4223:
4090:
4082:
4035:
3996:
3955:
3945:
3896:
3886:
3832:
3822:
3593:
3521:
3511:
3464:
3417:
3366:
3315:
3265:
3222:
3165:
3124:
3108:
3058:
3042:
2974:
2915:
2862:
2854:
2792:
2774:
2716:
2677:
2589:
2481:
2407:
2373:
1410:
849:
547:
analysis suggests that modern lancelets probably diversified much more recently, during the
442:
370:
9357:
9196:
6445:
5362:
Escriva, Hector; Chao, Yeqing; Fan, Chunxin; Liang, Yujun; Gao, Bei; Zhang, Shicui (2012).
3154:"A New Population of the Amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) in the Enshu-Nada Sea in Japan"
128:
8786:
8540:
8506:
8433:
8350:
8256:
8107:
8010:
7867:
7400:
6928:
6891:
6771:
6722:
6543:
6345:
2251:
1433:
1385:
studies have come to different conclusions on their divergence, with some suggesting that
1382:
1083:
826:
661:
544:
4938:
Yue, Jia-Xing; Holland, Nicholas D.; Holland, Linda Z.; Deheyn, Dimitri D. (2016-06-17).
4876:
1432:. Other sources recognize about thirty species. It is likely that currently unrecognized
9370:
6241:
5907:
5843:
5714:
5641:
5379:
5312:
5230:
Yuan, Shaochun; Ruan, Jie; Huang, Shengfeng; Chen, Shangwu; Xu, Anlong (February 2015).
5180:
4955:
4830:
4726:
4580:
4078:
3941:
3901:
3874:
3818:
3507:
3413:
3218:
3104:
3038:
2970:
2850:
2704:
2673:
750:
in 1846, though he used the incorrect spelling "Branchiostomidae". One year previously,
8966:
8655:
8627:
8534:
8015:
7811:
7723:
7701:
7664:
7155:
6903:
6881:
6826:
6808:
6759:
6751:
6728:
6686:
6662:
6407:
5980:"UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO) - Branchiostoma mortonense Kelly, 1966"
5764:
5737:
5463:
5430:
5406:
5363:
5339:
5296:
5207:
5164:
5038:
5005:
4980:
4939:
4753:
4710:
4607:
4564:
4436:
4409:
4385:
4352:
4328:
4293:
4269:
4242:
4095:
4062:
4023:
3960:
3925:
3526:
3491:
3129:
3088:
3063:
3022:
2867:
2834:
2797:
2762:
2681:
2374:"Ueber den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden, und über das natürliche System der Fische"
1425:
are viable (among the deepest split species known to be able to produce such hybrids).
1365:
1361:
1299:
1273:
1210:
845:
825:
In common with vertebrates, lancelets have a hollow nerve cord running along the back,
602:
In Asia, lancelets are harvested commercially as food for humans. In Japan, amphioxus (
496:
6253:
6210:
885:. Recent studies involving a comparison with vertebrates indicate that the vertebrate
9672:
8898:
8803:
8666:
8610:
8160:
8064:
7563:
6852:
6699:
6674:
6623:
6536:
6418:
6398:
6065:
5698:
5006:"A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum"
4514:
4497:
3802:
3301:"My Favorite Animal, Amphioxus: Unparalleled for Studying Early Vertebrate Evolution"
2950:
2919:
2744:
2411:
2152:
2067:
1758:
1492:
1401:
1395:
1269:
1179:
1164:
1136:
1112:
1054:, though this is only reported in the Asymmetron genus. Multiple fluorescent protein
755:
723:
676:
657:
584:
561:
are interested in them because they provide evolutionary insight into the origins of
301:
294:
220:
70:
5828:"Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates"
5658:
5593:
4924:
4549:
3343:
3242:
3187:
2419:
2014:
836:
Unlike vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is not protected by bone but by a simpler
9564:
8778:
8733:
8638:
8582:
8419:
8266:
8261:
8149:
8005:
7891:
7777:
7680:
7659:
7529:
7480:
7436:
7417:
6964:
6843:
6783:
6668:
6601:
6496:
6085:
6081:
5941:
5875:
5608:
5550:
3844:
3613:
3004:
2935:
2593:
1796:
1698:
1307:
1218:
1015:
941:
The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of photoreceptor cells (termed
871:
743:
for the Amphioxiformes, along with "lancelet", especially in the English language.
640:
is capable of trapping particles from microbial to small phytoplankton size, while
195:
5564:
Kinsbourne, M. (2013). "Somatic twist: a model for the evolution of decussation".
5232:"Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system"
4163:. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews
2903:
2703:
Nanglu, Karma; Cole, Selina R.; Wright, David F.; Souto, Camilla (February 2023).
2514:
2439:
1163:
in the wild, but captive larvae of several species can be maintained on a diet of
636:
by means of a branchial ciliary current that passes water through a mucous sheet.
9537:
9272:
9130:
6093:
5994:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Branchiostoma mortonense Kelly, 1966"
5754:
5388:
5321:
4426:
3950:
3628:
3565:
3516:
3452:
9616:
9461:
9417:
9337:
9281:
9157:
9070:
9026:
8695:
8595:
8227:
8198:
8184:
8174:
7759:
7575:
7488:
7270:
6951:
6937:
6873:
6802:
6607:
6562:
6509:
6354:
5826:
Delsuc, Frédéric; Brinkmann, Henner; Chourrout, Daniel; Philippe, Hervé (2006).
5491:
4024:"Establishment of left-right asymmetric innervation in the lancelet oral region"
2519:. Vol. 44th Ed. British Museum Catalogue: G. Woodfall and son. p. 308.
1901:
1348:
1152:
1102:
950:
740:
653:
529:
257:
45:
9328:
8952:
5097:"Keeping amphioxus in the laboratory: an update on available husbandry methods"
4259:
4086:
2858:
1089:
782:
543:, but their close relationship to lancelets has been doubted by other authors.
8891:
8830:
8683:
8568:
8522:
8456:
8324:
8309:
8304:
8285:
8280:
8208:
8155:
8125:
8117:
8059:
7933:
7925:
7908:
7688:
7600:
7553:
7493:
7455:
7429:
7275:
7260:
6969:
6868:
6713:
6650:
6595:
6577:
6376:
6367:
6182:
5624:
5609:"The chordate amphioxus: an emerging model organism for developmental biology"
5446:
5250:
3226:
3112:
2763:"A Phylogenomic Framework and Divergence History of Cephalochordata Amphioxus"
2578:"Lancelets (cephalochordata: Branchiostomattdae): How Many Species Are Valid?"
1954:
1867:
1840:
1458:
1377:
1340:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1127:, which is the brightest known monomeric green or yellow fluorescent protein.
926:
922:
852:, extends into the head. This gives the subphylum, Cephalochordata, its name (
570:
562:
548:
287:
90:
55:
5925:
5859:
5632:
5542:
5454:
5397:
5330:
5258:
5198:
5189:
5165:"Evolutionary diversification of secondary mechanoreceptor cells in tunicata"
5029:
4971:
4900:
4846:
4744:
4688:
4598:
4533:
4376:
4319:
4227:
3429:
3402:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
3378:
3327:
3277:
3234:
3179:
3120:
3089:"Amphioxus functional genomics and the origins of vertebrate gene regulation"
3054:
2988:
2927:
2788:
2779:
2728:
2689:
2601:
1124:
9391:
9165:
9000:
8822:
8512:
8486:
8413:
8290:
8237:
8232:
8203:
8192:
8141:
8136:
8088:
8000:
7993:
7787:
7782:
7744:
7593:
7585:
7514:
7466:
7387:
7374:
7355:
7350:
7309:
6923:
6680:
6644:
6635:
6549:
4735:
4589:
4310:
4160:
4022:
Kaji, Takao; Aizawa, Shinichi; Uemura, Masanori; Yasui, Kinya (2001-07-09).
3984:
2889:
2350:
1844:
1406:
1183:
1019:
1004:
996:
976:
The pigment cup is oriented concave dorsally. Its cells contain the pigment
966:
890:
882:
874:
837:
814:
810:
578:
185:
162:
95:
5933:
5867:
5773:
5650:
5585:
5472:
5415:
5348:
5266:
5216:
5122:
5047:
4989:
4916:
4838:
4762:
4616:
4541:
4445:
4394:
4368:
4337:
4278:
4104:
4047:
4008:
3969:
3910:
3836:
3605:
3597:
3535:
3437:
3335:
3319:
3138:
3072:
2996:
2876:
2806:
2736:
1306:
and the circumtropical (however, genetic evidence suggest the Atlantic and
8362:
6225:
5113:
5096:
4000:
1030:
9531:
9322:
9266:
9124:
8946:
8792:
8720:
8708:
8470:
8394:
8314:
8298:
8221:
8213:
8168:
8131:
8112:
8101:
8083:
8077:
7938:
7879:
7855:
7752:
7633:
7522:
7406:
7297:
7288:
7194:
6886:
6831:
6788:
6583:
6382:
6322:
4565:"Light-transduction in melanopsin-expressing photoreceptors of Amphioxus"
3875:"Amphioxus as a model to study the evolution of development in chordates"
1854:
1390:
1344:
1175:
1156:
1140:
1007:
962:
894:
886:
878:
718:
633:
552:
518:
499:
205:
114:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
24:
6050:
5916:
5891:
5851:
4908:
3891:
3755:
3421:
2979:
2954:
668:, about once every two weeks during spawning season) or asynchronously (
9183:
8905:
8744:
8590:
8274:
8250:
8242:
8179:
8093:
7913:
7900:
7833:
7824:
7769:
7694:
6974:
6514:
6504:
6486:
6008:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Epigonichthys Peters, 1876"
5722:
5021:
3985:"Left-right asymmetry specification in amphioxus: review and prospects"
3476:
3386:
3285:
3170:
3153:
3046:
1253:
1120:
1065:
977:
830:
805:
714:
704:
540:
118:
100:
75:
9422:
9031:
7076:
4963:
4819:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4524:
4498:"Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina"
4357:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2720:
2531:
1331:
731:(from the Greek: "pointed on both sides"), now considered an obsolete
8811:
8768:
8757:
8407:
8319:
8053:
7343:
7253:
7240:
7111:
7108:
6337:
5827:
5577:
4892:
4039:
3827:
1372:
1355:
analysis has shown convincingly that the Cephalochordata is the most
1195:
1160:
1148:
933:
and 4, where the Hesse organs begin and continue nearly to the tail.
574:
523:
172:
9577:
9409:
8923:
6265:
4680:
4159:
Barnes, M.K.S (7 June 2015). Tyler-Walters, H.; K. Hisc ock (eds.).
4128:
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6: Deuterostomia
3926:"Insights from amphioxus into the evolution of vertebrate cartilage"
3468:
3370:
3269:
2516:
Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. Forty-fourth Edition
1217:, branches off from the underside of the gut, with a lining able to
1086:
by converting higher energy blue light to less harmful green light.
9396:
9170:
9018:
9005:
6152:
6125:
2890:
Worm-like Marine Animal Providing Fresh Clues About Human Evolution
2398:
Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa".
1339:
The lancelets were traditionally seen as the sister lineage to the
1022:
release modulates locomotor patterns such as feeding and swimming.
693:
The first representative organism of the group to be described was
6793:
6030:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale. pp. 485–493.
5892:"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype"
5533:
3207:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2955:"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype"
2559:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
1330:
1257:
1238:
1214:
1191:
1144:
1088:
1079:
1051:
1029:
1000:
910:
709:
6195:"Scripps scientists discover fluorescence in key marine creature"
5960:"World Register of Marine Species- Cephalochordates species list"
4193:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 18–21.
9383:
8992:
8836:
8734:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
6307:
4779:
The Evo-Devo Origin of the Nose, Anterior Skull Base and Midface
4462:; ten Donkelaar, Hans J.; Charles Nicholson (14 November 2014).
4294:"A neurochemical map of the developing amphioxus nervous system"
1248:
The excretory system consists of segmented "kidneys" containing
1055:
954:
656:
animals, i.e. having two sexes, and they reproduce via external
8927:
8366:
7372:
7080:
6269:
517:
Lancelets diverged from other chordates during or prior to the
6242:"Amphioxus: Taxonomy, brief facts, life cycle and embryology"
3201:
Smith, Allison J.; Nash, Troy R.; Ruppert, Edward E. (2000).
1058:
have been recorded in lancelet species throughout the world.
921:
Joseph cells are bare photoreceptors surrounded by a band of
409:
8628:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
4633:; Dupin, Elisabeth (23 November 2013). Paul Trainor (ed.).
3152:
Tomiyama, Minoru; Azuma, Nobuyuki; Kubokawa, Kaoru (1998).
2458:
Fowler, H.W. (1965). "A catalog of World Fishes. Part II".
1405:
have been estimated to have diverged from each other about
565:. Lancelets contain many organs and organ systems that are
472:
457:
5607:
Holland, L.Z.; Laudet, V.; Schubert, M. (September 2004).
3924:
Meulemans, Daniel; Bronner-Fraser, Marianne (2007-08-29).
495:), consist of 32 described species of "fish-like" benthic
463:
5787:
Lancelet (amphioxus) genome and the origin of vertebrates
4877:"Endogenous Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Amphioxus"
4563:
del Pilar Gomez, M.; Anyfgueyra, J. M.; Nasi, E. (2009).
961:), the putative photoreceptors as homologs of vertebrate
448:
391:
379:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
1393:
million years ago. According to the younger estimation,
2949:
Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Satoh, Nori; Holland, Peter W. H.;
2444:. Naples: Stamperia e Cartiere del Fibreno. p. 97.
817:, mouth, and tail, they have no true complex skeleton.
644:
preferentially traps bigger particles (>4 μm).
6098:
Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology
4782:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 152.
4636:
Neural Crest Cells: Evolution, development and disease
4353:"The origin and evolution of chordate nervous systems"
2630:
1038:
GFP near the eye spot and in the oral tentacles.) (b.
484:
475:
469:
466:
454:
445:
421:
412:
397:
385:
382:
6956:
6911:
6878:
6860:
6710:
6632:
6559:
6526:
6414:
6403:
6394:
6387:
6372:
6350:
6333:
6035:
Stokes, M.D.; Holland, N.D. (1998). "The Lancelet".
5136:
Rogers, Lesley J.; Andrew, Richard (25 March 2002).
3633:. Vol. 2. London: John van Voorst. p. 472.
3570:. Naples: Tipografia di Azzolino e Comp. p. 90.
2576:
Poss, Stuart G.; Boschung, Herbert T. (1996-01-01).
1922:
1898:
406:
394:
388:
376:
264:
253:
9521:
9312:
9256:
9114:
8936:
8821:
8802:
8777:
8766:
8742:
8718:
8693:
8664:
8636:
8608:
8581:
8566:
8521:
8495:
8469:
8454:
8432:
8043:
7924:
7899:
7890:
7866:
7844:
7809:
7768:
7743:
7736:
7721:
7673:
7646:
7631:
7584:
7562:
7542:
7513:
7506:
7479:
7464:
7453:
7416:
7385:
7308:
7269:
7238:
7041:
6993:
6902:
6851:
6842:
6750:
6709:
6631:
6622:
6558:
6525:
6495:
6485:
6321:
4189:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
3579:
3577:
460:
451:
403:
373:
5738:"Functional genomics thickens the biological plot"
5486:
5484:
5482:
3989:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
3726:Entwickelungsgeschichte des Amphioxus lanceolatus
2614:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1409:million years ago. Despite this deep separation,
1159:. Little is known about the diet of the lancelet
739:. Today, the term "amphioxus" is still used as a
6236:. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 774.
5065:(3 ed.). Rastogi Publications. p. 76.
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
3451:Holland, Nicholas D.; Holland, Linda Z. (1989).
1010:. The tegmental neuropil has been compared with
5095:Carvalho, J.E.; F. Lahaye; M. Schubert (2017).
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
4715:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4569:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2433:
2431:
2429:
6184:A movie of the amphioxus embryonic development
5670:
5668:
5142:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72 ff.
4214:Walker, Warren F.; Noback, Charles R. (2021).
2482:"New taxonomic names of fish-like vertebrates"
1310:populations should be recognized as separate)
1167:, although this apparently is not optimal for
8378:
7092:
6281:
3490:Guang Li; ZongHuang Shu; Yiquan Wang (2013).
2393:
2391:
8:
4241:Holland, Nicholas; Somorjai, Ildiko (2020).
3553:. Berlin: Gottlieb August Lange. p. 41.
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2656:Briggs, Derek E.G.; Kear, Amanda J. (1993).
2475:
2473:
2453:
2451:
2367:
2365:
1428:The following are the species recognised by
1314:. They can reach an age of up to 7–8 years.
5697:Holland, Nicholas; Stokes, M. Dale (1998).
5435:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
3695:
3693:
2635:. Vol. Two. Te Papa Press. p. 6.
1186:, which, connected to a structure known as
8924:
8818:
8774:
8750:
8726:
8701:
8676:
8648:
8620:
8578:
8574:
8527:
8499:
8479:
8466:
8462:
8429:
8385:
8371:
8363:
8040:
7896:
7872:
7848:
7817:
7740:
7733:
7729:
7652:
7643:
7639:
7568:
7546:
7539:
7510:
7476:
7472:
7461:
7450:
7422:
7393:
7382:
7369:
7281:
7246:
7235:
7099:
7085:
7077:
6848:
6628:
6492:
6288:
6274:
6266:
5239:Developmental & Comparative Immunology
1497:Costa 1834 non Newport 1845 non Banks 1905
1268:Lancelets became famous in the 1860s when
127:
31:
5915:
5763:
5753:
5640:
5532:
5462:
5405:
5387:
5338:
5320:
5206:
5188:
5112:
5037:
4979:
4752:
4734:
4606:
4588:
4523:
4513:
4465:The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates
4435:
4425:
4384:
4327:
4309:
4268:
4258:
4094:
3959:
3949:
3900:
3890:
3826:
3525:
3515:
3169:
3128:
3062:
2978:
2866:
2796:
2778:
2532:"The lancelets and lampreys of Australia"
7437:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
5063:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates
5016:(5) (published 24 March 2013): 407–409.
3551:Spicilegia Zoologica. Fasciculus decimus
781:
672:, gradual spawning through the season).
8513:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
6141:"A special issue of Amphioxus research"
6114:"A special issue of Amphioxus research"
5806:Vertebrate Palaeontology, Third Edition
2361:
1347:(also called Urochordata and including
969:, and Row 2 neurons as homologs of the
953:. The frontal eye, which expresses the
7431:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
7401:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
4161:"Lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)"
2607:
2460:Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum
770:by Heinrich Rathke and John Goodsir.
6205:(Press release). San Diego, CA:
6174:(Press release). St. Louis, MO:
5953:
5951:
5676:"Amphioxus Branchiostoms lanceolatum"
5139:Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4131:. Springer. pp. 93–94, 108–109.
4125:Wanninger, Andreas (11 August 2015).
3719:
3717:
3715:
3016:
3014:
2756:
2754:
1034:Green fluorescence in Lancelets. (a.
433:
7:
9094:4c2b8f61-5b7a-4caf-aa4b-1037907a0bb6
7702:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
5613:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
4502:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
3646:"Branchiostomatidae Bonaparte, 1846"
3630:A History of British Fishes. Vol. II
2892:Newswise, Retrieved on July 8, 2008.
3803:"The Amphioxus and Its Development"
2441:Catalogo metodico dei pesci europei
2240:
2189:
2182:
2097:
2063:
1984:
1950:
1891:
1860:
1850:
1241:. There are no blood cells, and no
1123:green fluorescent protein known as
660:. They only reproduce during their
7299:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
6176:Washington University in St. Louis
6094:"Error in the genealogy of humans"
6027:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
4776:Jankowski, Roger (19 March 2013).
2682:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01532.x
2438:Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien (1846).
1290:, but later also the West Pacific
1042:green fluorescence in the gonads.)
1014:control regions of the vertebrate
14:
6104:(Press release). Bergen, Norway:
5808:8. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
1097:) under a fluorescent microscope.
721:), including it in the new genus
8656:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
8343:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
6472:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6431:
4810:Lacalli, T. C. (29 March 1996).
4515:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.001
4028:Journal of Comparative Neurology
3654:World Register of Marine Species
3564:Costa, Oronzio-Gabriele (1834).
2412:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x
2250:
2199:
2107:
2013:
1929:
1905:
1870:
1371:Among the three extant (living)
1174:Lancelets have oral cirri, thin
1082:, signifying it may be used for
868:transmission electron microscopy
441:
369:
339:Branchiostomiformes Fowler, 1947
149:
3741:Annales des sciences naturelles
1843:presented here illustrates the
988:, except for a few which carry
7530:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
6168:"Amphioxus and the T-box gene"
5958:WoRMS Editorial Board (2013).
5429:Hopwood, Nick (January 2015).
4639:. Academic Press. p. 10.
3739:de Quatrefages, M. A. (1845).
2594:10.1080/00212210.1996.10688872
1:
3728:. Mém Acad Sci St Petersburg.
1143:organisms, such as bacteria,
925:. These cells bear the opsin
917:Joseph cells and Hesse organs
350:Asymmetrontidae Whitley, 1932
8142:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
7033:List of transitional fossils
5755:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030219
5389:10.1371/journal.pone.0032392
5322:10.1371/journal.pone.0119461
4427:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573
3951:10.1371/journal.pone.0000787
3549:Pallas, Peter Simon (1774).
3517:10.1371/journal.pone.0075461
2920:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90180-p
2530:Whitley, Gilbert P. (1932).
1131:Feeding and digestive system
1046:Lancelets naturally express
821:Nervous system and notochord
353:Epigonichthyidae Hubbs, 1922
8487:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
8199:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
7939:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
7754:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
7665:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
7554:Loricifera (corset animals)
5498:. Oxford University Press.
4669:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1565:Branchiostoma californiense
899:di-mesencephalic primordium
870:indicate the presence of a
577:hold clues about the early
9695:
8914:denote paraphyletic groups
8793:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
8089:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
7835:Annelida (segmented worms)
7660:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
7576:Onychophora (velvet worms)
6313:Timeline of fish evolution
5061:Kotpal, R.L. (2008–2009).
4260:10.1186/s13227-020-00167-6
4087:10.1038/s41598-017-00786-5
3680:Bulletin of Marine Science
2859:10.1038/s41598-017-00786-5
2378:Archiv für Naturgeschichte
1670:Branchiostoma longirostrum
1548:Boschung & Gunter 1966
1155:, and they will also take
1103:yellow fluorescent protein
1048:green fluorescent proteins
959:retinal pigment epithelium
945:), three rows of neurons (
18:
8885:
8831:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
8787:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
8753:
8729:
8704:
8679:
8651:
8623:
8577:
8530:
8502:
8482:
8465:
8428:
8402:
8339:
8137:Asterozoans inc. starfish
8039:
8032:
7983:
7934:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
7915:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
7875:
7851:
7820:
7760:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
7732:
7655:
7642:
7571:
7549:
7538:
7489:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
7475:
7449:
7425:
7396:
7381:
7368:
7333:
7284:
7261:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
7249:
7234:
7118:
7067:
7001:Lists of prehistoric fish
6429:
6303:
5625:10.1007/s00018-004-4075-2
5447:10.1007/s40656-014-0034-x
5251:10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.004
4631:Le Douarin, Nicole Marthe
4468:. Springer. p. 371.
3983:Soukup, Vladimir (2017).
3702:Israel Journal of Zoology
3627:Yarrell, William (1836).
3227:10.1017/S0025315499001903
3113:10.1038/s41586-018-0734-6
2632:The fishes of New Zealand
2582:Israel Journal of Zoology
2480:Fowler, Henry W. (1947).
2372:Müller, Johannes (1845).
2265:
2245:
2238:
2214:
2197:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
2194:
2187:
2156:
2125:Epigonichthys maldivensis
2122:
2102:
2071:
2061:
2028:
2006:
1989:
1958:
1948:
1946: (crown group)
1920:
1896:
1889:
1865:
1858:
1824:Epigonichthys maldivensis
1789:Epigonichthys cingalensis
1735:Branchiostoma tattersalli
1725:Branchiostoma senegalense
1691:Branchiostoma moretonense
1649:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1523:Branchiostoma bazarutense
1288:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1225:of the vertebrate liver.
1108:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
995:The Row 2 cells are
696:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
670:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
648:Reproduction and spawning
336:Amphioxiformes Berg, 1937
319:
312:
250:
245:
146:Scientific classification
144:
138:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
135:
126:
34:
8892:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
8684:Actinistia (coelacanths)
7695:Rotifera (wheel animals)
7494:Priapulida (penis worms)
5543:10.1163/157075611X617102
5190:10.1186/1471-2148-13-112
5169:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4496:Lamb, Trevor D. (2013).
4228:10.1036/1097-8542.440200
3299:Escriva, Hector (2018).
2780:10.3389/fphys.2018.01833
1705:Branchiostoma nigeriense
1368:and domain combination.
1213:, a single blind-ending
1111:exhibits unusually high
813:material stiffening the
748:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
333:Amphioxi Bonaparte, 1846
19:Not to be confused with
8442:Leptocardii (lancelets)
7909:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
7881:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
7602:Tardigrada (waterbears)
7595:Arthropoda (arthropods)
7059:Vertebrate paleontology
6258:genome assembly in the
6233:Encyclopædia Britannica
4881:The Biological Bulletin
4736:10.1073/pnas.1207580109
4590:10.1073/pnas.0900708106
4311:10.1186/1471-2202-13-59
3724:Kowalevsky AO. (1867).
3457:The Biological Bulletin
2767:Frontiers in Physiology
2596:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2248:Branchiostoma japonicum
2105:Epigonichthys cultellus
1803:Epigonichthys cultellus
1769:Epigonichthys australis
1745:Branchiostoma virginiae
1681:Branchiostoma malayanum
1638:Branchiostoma japonicum
1618:Branchiostoma gambiense
1597:Branchiostoma elongatum
1586:Branchiostoma caribaeum
1296:Branchiostoma japonicum
786:Anatomy of the Lancelet
8596:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
8084:Anthozoans inc. corals
7783:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
6070:Museum of Paleontology
4839:10.1098/rstb.1996.0022
4369:10.1098/rstb.2015.0048
4351:Holland, L.Z. (2015).
3760:. Gebrüder Bornträger.
3598:10.1002/bies.200800110
3320:10.1002/bies.201800130
2268:Branchiostoma belcheri
2217:Branchiostoma floridae
1779:Epigonichthys bassanus
1660:Branchiostoma leonense
1607:Branchiostoma floridae
1571:(Californian lancelet)
1555:Branchiostoma bermudae
1544:Branchiostoma bennetti
1533:Branchiostoma belcheri
1422:Branchiostoma floridae
1353:molecular phylogenetic
1336:
1327:Phylogeny and taxonomy
1304:Branchiostoma floridae
1292:Branchiostoma belcheri
1135:Lancelets are passive
1098:
1061:Branchiostoma floridae
1043:
1036:Branchiostoma floridae
971:retinal ganglion cells
796:Branchiostoma belcheri
787:
699:. It was described by
666:Branchiostoma floridae
638:Branchiostoma floridae
533:from the Cambrian and
347:Amphioxidae Gray, 1842
9483:Paleobiology Database
8214:Hexapods inc. insects
7524:Nematoda (roundworms)
5114:10.1387/ijdb.170192ms
5107:(10–11–12): 773–783.
4001:10.1387/ijdb.170251vs
3995:(10–11–12): 611–620.
3743:. Libraires-editeurs.
3027:Nature Communications
2902:Holland, PWH (1992).
2032:Asymmetron maldivense
1813:Epigonichthys hectori
1628:Branchiostoma indicum
1576:Branchiostoma capense
1513:Branchiostoma arabiae
1503:Branchiostoma africae
1334:
1190:, produces a film of
1115:(~0.95). It has been
1092:
1033:
785:
588:have been sequenced:
325:Acrania Haeckel, 1866
8812:Testudines (turtles)
7407:Chordata (chordates)
7054:Transitional fossils
6693:Pseudopetalichthyida
6203:scrippsnews.ucsd.edu
6106:University of Bergen
3801:B. Hatschek (1893).
3786:M. Schultze (1851).
3708:(Suppl. 1): S13–S66.
3359:Invertebrate Biology
3258:Invertebrate Biology
2536:Australian Zoologist
2328:518 mya ?
2010:Asymmetron lucayanum
1828:(Foster Cooper 1903)
1751:(Virginian lancelet)
1715:Branchiostoma platae
1676:(Shellhash lancelet)
1592:(Caribbean lancelet)
1539:(Belcher's lancelet)
1485:(Sharptail lancelet)
1479:Asymmetron lucayanum
1416:Asymmetron lucayanum
1312:Asymmetron lucayanum
1200:epipharyngeal groove
1169:Asymmetron lucayanum
1040:Asymmetron lucayanum
1026:Fluorescent proteins
862:Asymmetron lucayanum
8906:Reptilia (reptiles)
8614:(jawed vertebrates)
7857:Mollusca (molluscs)
7342:of the animal root
6260:UCSC Genome Browser
6172:news-info.wustl.edu
6051:10.1511/1998.43.799
5917:10.1038/nature06967
5908:2008Natur.453.1064P
5902:(7198): 1064–1071.
5852:10.1038/nature04336
5844:2006Natur.439..965D
5715:1998AmSci..86..552S
5496:The Variety of Life
5380:2012PLoSO...732392C
5313:2015PLoSO..1019461L
5276:on 22 December 2015
5181:2013BMCEE..13..112R
4956:2016NatSR...628350Y
4831:1996RSPTB.351..243L
4727:2012PNAS..10915383V
4721:(38): 15383–15388.
4581:2009PNAS..106.9081D
4460:Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf
4191:The Vertebrate Body
4079:2017NatSR...7.1157I
3942:2007PLoSO...2..787M
3892:10.7554/eLife.87028
3860:Dev. Growth. Differ
3819:1893Natur..48..613E
3773:Proc. R. Soc. Edinb
3771:J. Goodsir (1844).
3678:(order Amphioxi)".
3508:2013PLoSO...875461L
3422:10.1002/jez.b.21179
3414:2007JEZB..308..484F
3219:2000JMBUK..80..329R
3105:2018Natur.564...64M
3039:2014NatCo...5.5896H
2980:10.1038/nature06967
2971:2008Natur.453.1064P
2965:(7198): 1064–1071.
2851:2017NatSR...7.1157I
2674:1993Letha..26..275B
1926:Palaeobranchiostoma
1819:(Hector's lancelet)
1655:(European lancelet)
707:slugs in the genus
536:Palaeobranchiostoma
322:Subphylum or class
269:Palaeobranchiostoma
9523:Branchiostomatidae
9358:Branchiostomatidae
8758:Mammalia (mammals)
8670:(lobe-finned fish)
8642:(bony vertebrates)
8070:Calcareous sponges
7255:Porifera (sponges)
6742:Ischnacanthiformes
6590:Cephalaspidomorphi
6038:American Scientist
5723:10.1511/1998.6.552
5703:American Scientist
5022:10.1038/nmeth.2413
4944:Scientific Reports
4856:on 21 October 2018
4363:(1684): 20150048.
4067:Scientific Reports
3754:H. Rathke (1841).
3171:10.2108/zsj.15.799
3158:Zoological Science
3047:10.1038/ncomms6896
2839:Scientific Reports
2709:Biological Reviews
2513:Anonymous (1842).
1993:Asymmetron inferum
1644:(Pacific lancelet)
1613:(Florida lancelet)
1469:Asymmetron inferum
1449:Branchiostomatidae
1337:
1302:and West Atlantic
1278:axial twist theory
1099:
1044:
788:
701:Peter Simon Pallas
512:Branchiostomatidae
276:Branchiostomatidae
16:Order of chordates
9666:
9665:
9638:Open Tree of Life
9470:Open Tree of Life
9218:Open Tree of Life
8930:Taxon identifiers
8921:
8920:
8903:³orders of class
8889:¹orders of class
8881:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8709:Dipnoi (lungfish)
8604:
8603:
8562:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8450:
8449:
8360:
8359:
8335:
8334:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8023:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7502:
7501:
7445:
7444:
7364:
7363:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7074:
7073:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6916:Palaeonisciformes
6864:Onychodontiformes
6821:Petalodontiformes
6815:Iniopterygiformes
6778:Phoebodontiformes
6766:Ctenacanthiformes
6736:Diplacanthiformes
6618:
6617:
6391:Myllokunmingiidae
6297:Evolution of fish
6227:"Amphioxus"
6199:Scripps Institute
6066:"Cephalochordata"
5802:Michael J. Benton
5736:Gewin, V (2005).
5619:(18): 2290–2308.
5149:978-1-139-43747-9
5101:Int. J. Dev. Biol
5072:978-81-7133-891-7
4964:10.1038/srep28350
4825:(1337): 243–263.
4789:978-2-8178-0422-4
4646:978-0-12-404586-6
4575:(22): 9081–9086.
4475:978-3-642-18262-4
4216:"Muscular system"
4200:978-0-03-910284-5
4138:978-3-7091-1856-6
2951:Holland, Linda Z.
2721:10.1111/brv.12908
2642:978-0-9941041-6-8
2588:(sup1): S13–S66.
2499:978-1-60483-187-0
2400:Zoologica Scripta
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2227:
2226:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2042:
1928:? († 273.01 mya)
1829:
1818:
1808:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1696:
1686:
1675:
1665:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1612:
1602:
1591:
1581:
1570:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1453:
1441:Class Leptocardii
1071:Aequorea victoria
502:in the subphylum
428:), also known as
361:
360:
283:
241:
224:
9686:
9659:
9658:
9646:
9645:
9633:
9632:
9620:
9619:
9617:NHMSYS0021053186
9607:
9606:
9594:
9593:
9581:
9580:
9568:
9567:
9555:
9554:
9542:
9541:
9540:
9514:
9513:
9501:
9500:
9491:
9490:
9478:
9477:
9465:
9464:
9462:NHMSYS0000065830
9452:
9451:
9439:
9438:
9426:
9425:
9413:
9412:
9400:
9399:
9387:
9386:
9374:
9373:
9371:Branchiostomidae
9361:
9360:
9348:
9347:
9346:
9344:Branchiostomidae
9333:
9332:
9331:
9314:Branchiostomidae
9305:
9304:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9249:
9248:
9236:
9235:
9226:
9225:
9213:
9212:
9200:
9199:
9187:
9186:
9174:
9173:
9161:
9160:
9148:
9147:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9107:
9106:
9097:
9096:
9087:
9086:
9074:
9073:
9071:NHMSYS0020787064
9061:
9060:
9048:
9047:
9035:
9034:
9022:
9021:
9009:
9008:
8996:
8995:
8983:
8982:
8970:
8969:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8925:
8819:
8775:
8771:
8751:
8747:
8727:
8723:
8702:
8698:
8677:
8673:
8671:
8649:
8645:
8643:
8621:
8617:
8615:
8591:Myxini (hagfish)
8579:
8575:
8571:
8528:
8500:
8480:
8475:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8430:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8364:
8041:
7997:
7897:
7873:
7849:
7818:
7814:
7741:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7653:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7569:
7547:
7540:
7511:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7423:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7370:
7347:
7282:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7147:
7127:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7078:
7049:Prehistoric life
6960:Pycnodontiformes
6958:
6943:Acipenseriformes
6913:
6880:
6862:
6849:
6712:
6657:Brindabellaspida
6634:
6629:
6572:Pteraspidomorphi
6561:
6528:
6493:
6477:
6476:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6454:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6416:
6405:
6396:
6389:
6374:
6352:
6335:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6267:
6249:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6209:. Archived from
6185:
6179:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6151:. Archived from
6136:
6134:
6133:
6124:. Archived from
6109:
6089:
6077:
6072:. Berkeley, CA:
6054:
6031:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5946:
5945:
5919:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5823:
5817:
5799:
5793:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5644:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5578:10.1037/a0033662
5561:
5555:
5554:
5536:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5488:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5391:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5342:
5324:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5269:. Archived from
5236:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5192:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5092:
5077:
5076:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4893:10.2307/25066625
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4849:. Archived from
4816:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4738:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4592:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4527:
4517:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4313:
4298:BMC Neuroscience
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4262:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4122:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4040:10.1002/cne.1039
4019:
4013:
4012:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3953:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3830:
3828:10.1038/048613a0
3798:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2982:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2830:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2782:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2369:
2254:
2241:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2158:
2157:
2111:
2098:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2017:
1985:
1976:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1933:
1924:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1874:
1861:
1851:
1827:
1816:
1806:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1694:
1684:
1673:
1663:
1652:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1610:
1601:(Sundevall 1852)
1600:
1589:
1579:
1568:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1451:
1068:than jellyfish (
855:
827:pharyngeal slits
491:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
435:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
278:
266:
255:
236:
219:
154:
153:
131:
112:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
9694:
9693:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9679:Cephalochordata
9669:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9654:
9649:
9641:
9636:
9628:
9623:
9615:
9610:
9602:
9597:
9589:
9584:
9576:
9571:
9563:
9558:
9550:
9545:
9536:
9535:
9530:
9517:
9509:
9504:
9496:
9494:
9486:
9481:
9473:
9468:
9460:
9455:
9447:
9442:
9434:
9429:
9421:
9416:
9408:
9403:
9395:
9390:
9382:
9377:
9369:
9364:
9356:
9351:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9308:
9300:
9295:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9271:
9270:
9265:
9252:
9244:
9239:
9231:
9229:
9221:
9216:
9208:
9203:
9195:
9190:
9182:
9177:
9169:
9164:
9156:
9151:
9143:
9138:
9129:
9128:
9123:
9110:
9102:
9100:
9092:
9090:
9082:
9077:
9069:
9064:
9056:
9051:
9043:
9038:
9030:
9025:
9017:
9012:
9004:
8999:
8991:
8986:
8978:
8973:
8965:
8960:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8932:
8922:
8917:
8897:²subclasses of
8841:
8817:
8798:
8767:
8762:
8743:
8738:
8719:
8714:
8694:
8689:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8660:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8632:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8600:
8567:
8546:
8541:Aplousobranchia
8517:
8507:Stolidobranchia
8491:
8473:
8472:
8455:
8446:
8434:Cephalochordata
8424:
8398:
8391:
8361:
8356:
8331:
8257:Phylactolaemata
8045:
8035:
8034:
8020:
8011:Xenambulacraria
7987:
7943:
7920:
7886:
7868:Kryptotrochozoa
7862:
7840:
7810:
7797:
7788:Monoblastozoa (
7764:
7722:
7709:
7681:Micrognathozoa
7669:
7632:
7607:
7580:
7558:
7534:
7498:
7465:
7454:
7441:
7412:
7386:
7377:
7360:
7337:
7321:
7304:
7273:
7265:
7239:
7230:
7229:
7145:
7123:
7114:
7105:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7037:
6981:
6929:Polypteriformes
6898:
6892:Tetrapodomorpha
6838:
6772:Hybodontiformes
6746:
6723:Acanthodiformes
6705:
6614:
6554:
6544:Paraconodontida
6521:
6489:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6449:
6437:
6427:
6346:Cephalochordate
6317:
6299:
6294:
6240:
6224:
6216:
6214:
6193:
6183:
6166:
6158:
6156:
6139:
6131:
6129:
6112:
6092:
6080:
6064:
6061:
6034:
6023:
6020:
6018:Further reading
6015:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5838:(7079): 965–8.
5825:
5824:
5820:
5800:
5796:
5792:, 19 June 2008.
5785:
5781:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5566:Neuropsychology
5563:
5562:
5558:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5490:
5489:
5480:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5307:(3): e0119461.
5294:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5094:
5093:
5080:
5073:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4681:10.1139/z04-163
4666:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4420:(4): e2001573.
4407:
4406:
4402:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4124:
4123:
4112:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4021:
4020:
4016:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3837:2027/hvd.hn25lj
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3469:10.2307/1541578
3450:
3449:
3445:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3371:10.2307/3227024
3356:
3355:
3351:
3314:(12): 1800130.
3303:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3270:10.2307/3227011
3255:
3254:
3250:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3099:(7734): 64–70.
3085:
3084:
3080:
3020:
3019:
3012:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2832:
2831:
2814:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2606:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2486:Notulae Naturae
2479:
2478:
2471:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2304:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2228:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2046:
2045:
2044:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1793:(Kirkaldy 1894)
1434:cryptic species
1383:Molecular clock
1329:
1320:
1266:
1231:
1133:
1093:Live lancelet (
1084:photoprotection
1028:
939:
919:
907:
853:
823:
780:
764:
752:Johannes Müller
691:
686:
650:
630:
617:
612:
545:Molecular clock
504:Cephalochordata
489:
485:
444:
440:
422:
402:
372:
368:
235:
218:
216:Cephalochordata
148:
122:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9692:
9690:
9682:
9681:
9671:
9670:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9647:
9634:
9621:
9608:
9595:
9582:
9569:
9556:
9543:
9527:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9515:
9502:
9492:
9479:
9466:
9453:
9440:
9427:
9414:
9401:
9388:
9375:
9362:
9349:
9334:
9318:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9293:
9278:
9262:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9237:
9227:
9214:
9201:
9188:
9175:
9162:
9149:
9136:
9120:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9098:
9088:
9075:
9062:
9049:
9036:
9023:
9010:
8997:
8984:
8971:
8967:Amphioxiformes
8958:
8942:
8940:
8938:Amphioxiformes
8934:
8933:
8928:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8909:
8901:
8895:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8827:
8825:
8816:
8815:
8808:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8796:
8790:
8783:
8781:
8772:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8754:
8748:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8705:
8699:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8680:
8674:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8587:
8585:
8572:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8538:
8535:Phlebobranchia
8531:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8460:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8367:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8222:Platyhelminths
8218:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8049:
8047:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8016:Centroneuralia
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7821:
7815:
7812:Lophotrochozoa
7807:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7785:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7749:
7747:
7738:
7727:
7724:Platytrochozoa
7719:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7686:
7683:(Limnognathia)
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7637:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7598:
7590:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7519:
7517:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7470:
7459:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7312:(Triploblasts)
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7295:
7293:and relatives)
7285:
7279:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7220:Mesomycetozoea
7217:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7156:Diaphoretickes
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6920:
6919:
6908:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6882:Porolepiformes
6871:
6866:
6857:
6855:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6827:Symmoriiformes
6823:
6817:
6811:
6809:Eugeneodontida
6799:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6760:Elasmobranchii
6756:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6729:Climatiiformes
6725:
6718:
6716:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6687:Acanthothoraci
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6663:Petalichthyida
6659:
6653:
6647:
6640:
6638:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6567:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6537:Protoconodonta
6532:
6530:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6490:
6483:
6482:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6412:
6408:Myllokunmingia
6385:
6380:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6250:
6238:
6222:
6207:U.C. San Diego
6191:
6180:
6164:
6137:
6110:
6090:
6078:
6060:
6059:External links
6057:
6056:
6055:
6032:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:
5999:
5985:
5971:
5947:
5881:
5818:
5794:
5779:
5728:
5699:"The Lancelet"
5689:
5678:. EMBRC France
5664:
5599:
5572:(5): 511–515.
5556:
5527:(2): 193–216.
5521:Animal Biology
5511:
5504:
5478:
5441:(3): 371–393.
5421:
5354:
5287:
5245:(2): 297–305.
5222:
5155:
5148:
5128:
5078:
5071:
5053:
5010:Nature Methods
4995:
4930:
4867:
4802:
4788:
4768:
4694:
4675:(1): 122–150.
4659:
4645:
4622:
4555:
4488:
4474:
4451:
4400:
4343:
4284:
4233:
4220:Access Science
4206:
4199:
4174:
4151:
4137:
4110:
4053:
4034:(4): 394–405.
4014:
3975:
3916:
3865:
3850:
3793:
3778:
3763:
3746:
3731:
3711:
3689:
3666:
3644:WoRMS (2024).
3636:
3619:
3592:(6): 665–675.
3573:
3556:
3541:
3482:
3463:(2): 111–122.
3443:
3408:(4): 484–493.
3392:
3349:
3291:
3248:
3213:(2): 329–332.
3193:
3164:(5): 799–803.
3144:
3078:
3010:
2941:
2914:(2): 653–661.
2894:
2882:
2812:
2750:
2715:(1): 316–351.
2695:
2668:(4): 275–287.
2648:
2641:
2621:
2568:
2545:
2522:
2505:
2498:
2469:
2447:
2425:
2406:(4): 435–436.
2387:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2318:46.0 mya
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2299:28.7 mya
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2147:27.0 mya
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:16.4 mya
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1809:
1799:
1785:
1783:(Günther 1884)
1775:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1687:
1677:
1666:
1656:
1645:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1603:
1593:
1590:Sundevall 1853
1582:
1580:Gilchrist 1902
1572:
1561:
1551:
1550:(Mud lancelet)
1540:
1529:
1527:Gilchrist 1923
1519:
1509:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1473:Nishikawa 2004
1452:Bonaparte 1846
1366:exon shuffling
1362:synapomorphies
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1300:Gulf of Mexico
1274:model organism
1265:
1264:Model organism
1262:
1250:protonephridia
1230:
1227:
1211:hepatic caecum
1188:Hatschek's pit
1137:filter feeders
1132:
1129:
1027:
1024:
938:
935:
918:
915:
906:
903:
822:
819:
801:B. lanceolatum
779:
776:
763:
760:
690:
687:
685:
682:
652:Lancelets are
649:
646:
642:B. lanceolatum
629:
626:
616:
613:
611:
608:
597:B. lanceolatum
497:filter feeding
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
351:
348:
342:
341:
340:
337:
334:
328:
327:
326:
317:
316:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
298:
291:
273:
262:
248:
247:
243:
242:
230:
226:
225:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9691:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9657:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9544:
9539:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9512:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9339:
9335:
9330:
9324:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9303:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9283:
9279:
9274:
9268:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9247:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9113:
9105:
9099:
9095:
9089:
9085:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8963:
8959:
8954:
8948:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8900:
8899:Sarcopterygii
8896:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8804:Archelosauria
8801:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8765:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8741:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8717:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8692:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8667:Sarcopterygii
8663:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8635:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8611:Gnathostomata
8607:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8565:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8474:(Urochordata)
8468:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8453:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8420:Deuterostomia
8417:
8415:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8396:
8388:
8383:
8381:
8376:
8374:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8352:
8351:dubious phyla
8348:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8150:Hemichordates
8147:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8065:Glass sponges
8063:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8031:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8006:Deuterostomia
8004:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7992:of Bilateria
7991:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7825:Cycliophora (
7823:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7808:
7793:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7720:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7630:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:Panarthropoda
7561:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7183:Stramenopiles
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7146:(major groups
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7016:cartilaginous
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6752:Cartilaginous
6749:
6743:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6700:Stensioellida
6697:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6676:
6675:Ptyctodontida
6672:
6670:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6557:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6434:
6421:
6420:
6419:Zhongxiniscus
6413:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6400:
6399:Haikouichthys
6392:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6331:
6330:Basal member
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6228:
6223:
6213:on 2013-05-15
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6155:on 2012-03-05
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6128:on 2012-03-05
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6074:U.C. Berkeley
6071:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5961:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5814:0-632-05637-1
5811:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5690:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5505:0-19-860426-2
5501:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5374:(3): e32392.
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5288:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4887:(2): 95–100.
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:(1252): 613.
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3788:Z. Wiss. Zool
3782:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:(2): 229–240.
3685:
3681:
3677:
3676:Branchiostoma
3670:
3667:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:(9): e75461.
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:Branchiostoma
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:Branchiostoma
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2068:Epigonichthys
2066:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:? († 518 mya)
1903:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:(Benham 1901)
1815:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:Epigonichthys
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1674:Boschung 1983
1672:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:(Pallas 1774)
1651:
1650:
1646:
1642:(Willey 1897)
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:(Willey 1901)
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1493:Branchiostoma
1489:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:Epigonichthys
1398:
1397:
1396:Branchiostoma
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1318:As human food
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Ernst Haeckel
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:Other systems
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:phytoplankton
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:quantum yield
1110:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
981:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Rows 2–4
944:
936:
934:
930:
928:
924:
916:
914:
912:
905:Visual system
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:, a possible
876:
873:
869:
864:
863:
859:
851:
847:
843:
840:made up of a
839:
834:
832:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
807:
803:
802:
797:
792:
784:
777:
775:
771:
767:
761:
759:
757:
756:Ernst Haeckel
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
737:Branchiostoma
735:of the genus
734:
730:
726:
725:
724:Branchiostoma
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
697:
688:
683:
681:
678:
677:Linda Holland
675:Nicholas and
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:fertilization
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
621:
614:
609:
607:
605:
600:
598:
594:
591:
587:
586:
585:Branchiostoma
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
515:
513:
510:, and family
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
493:
480:
439:
431:
427:
426:
417:
366:
352:
349:
346:
345:
343:
338:
335:
332:
331:
329:
324:
323:
321:
320:
318:
315:
311:
304:
303:
302:Epigonichthys
299:
297:
296:
295:Branchiostoma
292:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:
270:
263:
260:
259:
252:
251:
249:
244:
239:
234:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:Deuterostomia
194:
192:Superphylum:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
139:
134:
130:
125:
120:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
26:
22:
9522:
9313:
9257:
9115:
8937:
8911:
8904:
8890:
8837:Aves (birds)
8779:Lepidosauria
8639:Euteleostomi
8583:Cyclostomata
8441:
8418:Superphylum
8349:Potentially
8344:
8297:
8273:
8267:Gymnolaemata
8262:Stenolaemata
8251:Ectoproctans
8249:
8220:
8191:
8167:
8161:Pterobranchs
8148:
8124:
8100:
8076:
8052:
8046:within phyla
8044:Major groups
7914:
7901:Bryozoa s.l.
7892:Lophophorata
7880:
7856:
7834:
7826:
7789:
7778:Orthonectida
7753:
7700:
7693:
7682:
7601:
7594:
7523:
7481:Scalidophora
7430:
7418:Ambulacraria
7405:
7318:(see below↓)
7298:
7290:
7254:
7205:Opisthokonta
7006:spiny sharks
6965:Halecomorphi
6784:Xenacanthida
6669:Phyllolepida
6602:Pituriaspida
6563:Ostracoderms
6497:Cyclostomata
6487:Jawless fish
6436:
6417:
6406:
6397:
6375:
6360:
6353:
6336:
6254:
6245:
6231:
6215:. Retrieved
6211:the original
6202:
6171:
6157:. Retrieved
6153:the original
6148:
6144:
6130:. Retrieved
6126:the original
6121:
6117:
6101:
6086:ResearchGate
6084:– via
6042:
6036:
6026:
6002:
5988:
5974:
5963:. Retrieved
5899:
5895:
5884:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5805:
5797:
5790:Ars Technica
5789:
5782:
5745:
5742:PLOS Biology
5741:
5731:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5680:. Retrieved
5616:
5612:
5602:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5495:
5492:Tudge, Colin
5438:
5434:
5424:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5271:the original
5242:
5238:
5225:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5138:
5131:
5104:
5100:
5062:
5056:
5013:
5009:
4998:
4950:(1): 28350.
4947:
4943:
4933:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4858:. Retrieved
4851:the original
4822:
4818:
4805:
4793:. Retrieved
4778:
4771:
4718:
4714:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4635:
4625:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4464:
4454:
4417:
4414:PLOS Biology
4413:
4403:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4219:
4209:
4190:
4165:. Retrieved
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4127:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3859:
3853:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3705:
3701:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3649:
3639:
3629:
3622:
3589:
3585:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3311:
3307:
3294:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3096:
3092:
3081:
3030:
3026:
2962:
2958:
2944:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2885:
2842:
2838:
2770:
2766:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2631:
2624:
2610:cite journal
2585:
2581:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2508:
2489:
2485:
2463:
2459:
2440:
2403:
2399:
2384:(1): 91–141.
2381:
2377:
2266:
2246:
2215:
2195:
2123:
2103:
2030:
2029:
2008:
2007:
1991:
1990:
1943:
1921:
1897:
1884:
1866:
1838:
1822:
1811:
1801:
1797:nomen dubium
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1699:nomen dubium
1689:
1679:
1668:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1605:
1595:
1584:
1574:
1569:Andrews 1893
1563:
1553:
1542:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1483:Andrews 1893
1477:
1467:
1463:Andrews 1893
1457:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1338:
1321:
1311:
1308:Indo-Pacific
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1267:
1247:
1232:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1168:
1134:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1016:hypothalamus
997:serotonergic
994:
989:
985:
982:
975:
946:
942:
940:
931:
920:
908:
898:
872:diencephalic
865:
861:
857:
835:
824:
799:
795:
793:
789:
772:
768:
765:
745:
736:
728:
722:
708:
694:
692:
674:
669:
665:
651:
641:
637:
631:
622:
618:
603:
601:
596:
592:
590:B. floridae,
589:
583:
557:
534:
528:
522:
516:
511:
507:
503:
437:
429:
364:
362:
300:
293:
286:
275:
267:
256:
232:
215:
179:
136:
29:
9418:iNaturalist
9338:Wikispecies
9288:Leptocardia
9282:Wikispecies
9258:Leptocardia
9116:Leptocardii
9027:iNaturalist
8823:Archosauria
8696:Rhipidistia
8412:(unranked)
8325:Tusk shells
8310:Cephalopods
8281:Polychaetes
8228:Turbellaria
8209:Crustaceans
8185:Secernentea
8175:Chromadorea
8156:Acorn worms
8126:Echinoderms
8118:Vertebrates
8060:Demosponges
7994:is disputed
7456:Protostomia
7344:is disputed
7271:ParaHoxozoa
7026:lobe-finned
6952:Neopterygii
6938:Chondrostei
6874:Rhipidistia
6853:Lobe-finned
6803:Holocephali
6608:Osteostraci
6510:Hyperoartia
6355:Cathaymyrus
6323:Forerunners
6145:biolsci.org
6118:biolsci.org
6045:: 552–560.
5748:(6): e219.
5280:16 December
4860:14 December
4652:25 November
4481:25 November
4144:21 November
4073:(1): 1157.
3936:(8): e787.
3659:11 February
2908:Development
2845:(1): 1157.
1902:Cathaymyrus
1807:Peters 1877
1773:(Raff 1912)
1763:Peters 1876
1537:(Gray 1847)
1349:sea squirts
1341:vertebrates
1252:instead of
1219:phagocytize
1153:zooplankton
1095:B. floridae
951:glial cells
937:Frontal eye
741:common name
703:in 1774 as
604:B. belcheri
593:B. belcheri
563:vertebrates
530:Cathaymyrus
508:Leptocardii
258:Cathaymyrus
233:Leptocardii
212:Subphylum:
8569:Vertebrata
8523:Enterogona
8457:Olfactores
8305:Gastropods
8286:Clitellata
8193:Arthropods
8132:Sea lilies
8078:Cnidarians
7996:; see also
7926:Brachiozoa
7689:Syndermata
7648:Gnathifera
7346:; see also
7291:Trichoplax
7289:Placozoa (
7276:Planulozoa
7011:placoderms
6970:Ginglymodi
6904:Ray-finned
6869:Coelacanth
6714:Acanthodii
6651:Arthrodira
6636:Placoderms
6624:Jawed fish
6596:Galeaspida
6578:Thelodonti
6377:Haikouella
6368:Olfactores
6246:GeoChemBio
6217:2007-11-01
6159:2006-06-08
6132:2006-06-08
5965:2013-10-22
5709:(6): 552.
5175:(1): 112.
4795:7 December
4525:1885/84715
4508:: 52–119.
4253:(22): 22.
3885:: e87028.
3365:(4): 349.
3264:(4): 423.
2542:: 256–264.
2466:: 137–202.
2357:References
1955:Asymmetron
1868:Olfactores
1749:Hubbs 1922
1739:Hubbs 1922
1719:Hubbs 1922
1695:Kelly 1966
1611:Hubbs 1922
1559:Hubbs 1922
1507:Hubbs 1927
1459:Asymmetron
1387:Asymmetron
1381:is basal.
1378:Asymmetron
1243:hemoglobin
1235:epithelium
1141:planktonic
1125:mNeonGreen
1117:engineered
943:Row 1
927:melanopsin
923:microvilli
815:gill slits
654:gonochoric
571:exaptation
567:homologous
559:Zoologists
549:Cretaceous
288:Asymmetron
9538:Q61882392
9273:Q21286775
9131:Q20722244
8721:Tetrapoda
8414:Bilateria
8291:Sipuncula
8238:Monogenea
8233:Trematoda
8204:Myriapods
8169:Nematodes
8113:Tunicates
8108:Lancelets
8102:Chordates
8094:Myxozoans
8001:Nephrozoa
7990:phylogeny
7790:Salinella
7745:Rouphozoa
7586:Tactopoda
7515:Nematoida
7467:Ecdysozoa
7388:Bilateria
7375:Bilateria
7356:Benthozoa
7351:Eumetazoa
7340:phylogeny
7310:Bilateria
7200:Amoebozoa
7178:Alveolata
7166:Cryptista
7141:Eukaryota
7069:† extinct
6924:Cladistia
6681:Rhenanida
6645:Antiarchi
6550:Conodonta
6529:Conodonts
6252:View the
5926:0028-0836
5860:784007344
5682:7 January
5633:1420-682X
5534:1003.1872
5455:0391-9714
5398:1932-6203
5331:1932-6203
5259:0145-305X
5199:1471-2148
5030:1548-7105
4972:2045-2322
4901:0006-3185
4847:0962-8436
4745:0027-8424
4689:0008-4301
4599:0027-8424
4534:1350-9462
4377:0962-8436
4320:1471-2202
4304:(1): 59.
4167:7 January
3586:BioEssays
3430:1552-5015
3379:1077-8306
3328:1521-1878
3308:BioEssays
3278:1077-8306
3235:1469-7769
3180:0289-0003
3121:1476-4687
3055:2041-1723
2989:1476-4687
2928:0168-9525
2789:1664-042X
2745:252995259
2729:1464-7931
2690:0024-1164
2602:0021-2210
2351:Phylliroe
1845:phylogeny
1841:cladogram
1729:Webb 1955
1709:Webb 1955
1685:Webb 1956
1664:Webb 1956
1622:Webb 1958
1517:Webb 1957
1184:endostyle
1121:monomeric
1020:paracrine
1012:locomotor
1005:tegmental
990:c-opsin 3
986:c-opsin 1
901:(DiMes).
891:pretectum
883:hindbrain
875:forebrain
838:notochord
811:cartilage
729:Amphioxus
705:molluscan
579:evolution
539:from the
500:chordates
438:amphioxus
365:lancelets
280:Bonaparte
186:Nephrozoa
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
113:Possible
9673:Category
9532:Wikidata
9329:Q2747865
9323:Wikidata
9267:Wikidata
9125:Wikidata
8953:Q1156226
8947:Wikidata
8471:Tunicata
8408:Animalia
8406:Kingdom
8395:chordate
8315:Bivalves
8299:Molluscs
8275:Annelids
7634:Spiralia
7241:Animalia
7195:Amorphea
7173:Rhizaria
7161:Hacrobia
7151:Excavata
7136:Bacteria
6887:Lungfish
6832:Chimaera
6584:Anaspida
6383:Tunicate
6361:Lancelet
5934:18563158
5868:16495997
5804:(2005).
5774:15941356
5659:28284725
5651:15378201
5642:11138525
5594:11646580
5586:24040928
5494:(2000).
5473:26013195
5416:22427833
5368:PLOS ONE
5349:25774519
5301:PLOS ONE
5267:24877655
5217:23734698
5123:29319123
5048:23524392
4990:27311567
4925:45913388
4917:17928516
4909:25066625
4763:22949670
4617:19451628
4550:38219705
4542:23792002
4446:28422959
4395:26554041
4338:22676056
4279:33088474
4105:28442709
4048:11406821
4009:29319110
3970:17726517
3930:PLOS ONE
3911:37721204
3902:10506793
3858:S. Yan.
3606:19408244
3536:24086537
3496:PLOS ONE
3438:17520703
3344:53528269
3336:30328120
3243:85696980
3188:85834803
3139:30464347
3073:25523484
3033:: 5896.
2997:18563158
2877:28442709
2807:30618839
2773:: 1833.
2737:36257784
2492:: 1–16.
2420:83266247
2345:See also
1944:Lancelet
1885:Lancelet
1855:Chordata
1436:remain.
1413:between
1345:Tunicata
1254:nephrons
1176:tentacle
1157:detritus
1066:copepods
1018:, where
1008:neuropil
895:midbrain
887:thalamus
881:, and a
879:midbrain
842:cylinder
831:myomeres
806:myotomes
719:lampreys
689:Taxonomy
662:spawning
634:plankton
553:Cenozoic
519:Cambrian
506:, class
430:amphioxi
314:Synonyms
206:Chordata
202:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
115:Cambrian
35:Lancelet
25:Lancelot
9498:4822464
9384:2773791
9233:7176011
9223:5665514
9210:2682552
9184:7375758
9104:4822463
9084:2682553
8993:2773790
8912:italics
8745:Amniota
8397:classes
8393:Extant
8320:Chitons
8243:Cestoda
8180:Enoplea
8054:Sponges
7827:Symbion
7770:Mesozoa
7210:Animals
7131:Archaea
7107:Extant
7042:Related
6975:Teleost
6515:Lamprey
6505:Hagfish
6255:braFlo1
6189:YouTube
6102:sars.no
5942:4418548
5904:Bibcode
5876:4382758
5840:Bibcode
5765:1149496
5711:Bibcode
5551:7399128
5464:4286652
5407:3299649
5376:Bibcode
5340:4361685
5309:Bibcode
5208:3682859
5177:Bibcode
5039:3811051
4981:4911609
4952:Bibcode
4827:Bibcode
4754:3458357
4723:Bibcode
4608:2690026
4577:Bibcode
4437:5396861
4386:4650125
4329:3484041
4270:7568382
4247:EvoDevo
4096:5430900
4075:Bibcode
3961:1950077
3938:Bibcode
3862:. 1999.
3845:4016509
3815:Bibcode
3614:9292134
3527:3784433
3504:Bibcode
3477:1541578
3410:Bibcode
3387:3227024
3286:3227011
3215:Bibcode
3130:6292497
3101:Bibcode
3064:4284660
3035:Bibcode
3005:4418548
2967:Bibcode
2936:7298022
2868:5430900
2847:Bibcode
2798:6305399
2670:Bibcode
2662:Lethaia
2565:: 1–16.
2173:⊟
2164:⊞
2088:⊟
2079:⊞
1975:⊟
1966:⊞
1411:hybrids
1223:homolog
1196:Ciliary
1180:pharynx
1149:diatoms
1119:into a
978:melanin
949:), and
858:kephalē
778:Anatomy
762:Anatomy
733:synonym
715:hagfish
684:History
628:Feeding
615:Habitat
610:Ecology
575:genomes
541:Permian
344:Family
246:Genera
229:Class:
221:Haeckel
121:records
119:Permian
107:↓
9656:196078
9643:176551
9604:685569
9591:106210
9552:178131
9511:104899
9495:uBio:
9488:352170
9475:176551
9449:159680
9436:109182
9423:318011
9397:1BRNSF
9302:201890
9246:104897
9230:uBio:
9171:1LEPTC
9145:359990
9101:uBio:
9091:NZOR:
9058:685568
9032:152875
9006:1AMPXO
8769:Sauria
8345:bolded
7188:Plants
7125:Domain
7109:animal
6338:Pikaia
5940:
5932:
5924:
5896:Nature
5874:
5866:
5858:
5832:Nature
5812:
5772:
5762:
5657:
5649:
5639:
5631:
5592:
5584:
5549:
5502:
5471:
5461:
5453:
5414:
5404:
5396:
5347:
5337:
5329:
5265:
5257:
5215:
5205:
5197:
5146:
5121:
5069:
5046:
5036:
5028:
4988:
4978:
4970:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4845:
4786:
4761:
4751:
4743:
4687:
4643:
4615:
4605:
4597:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4472:
4444:
4434:
4393:
4383:
4375:
4336:
4326:
4318:
4277:
4267:
4197:
4135:
4103:
4093:
4046:
4007:
3968:
3958:
3909:
3899:
3843:
3807:Nature
3612:
3604:
3534:
3524:
3475:
3436:
3428:
3385:
3377:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3284:
3276:
3241:
3233:
3186:
3178:
3137:
3127:
3119:
3093:Nature
3071:
3061:
3053:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2959:Nature
2934:
2926:
2875:
2865:
2805:
2795:
2787:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2688:
2639:
2600:
2496:
2418:
1756:Genus
1490:Genus
1456:Genus
1446:Family
1373:genera
1298:, the
1258:gonads
1215:caecum
1161:larvae
1151:, and
1080:larvae
1052:gonads
911:opsins
893:, and
854:κεφαλή
595:, and
524:Pikaia
425:-slits
423:LA(H)N
330:Order
282:, 1846
240:, 1845
238:Müller
223:, 1866
41:Recent
21:Lancet
9651:WoRMS
9586:IRMNG
9565:7NG6D
9506:WoRMS
9431:IRMNG
9241:WoRMS
9192:IRMNG
9045:12169
9040:IRMNG
8496:Acopa
7507:N+L+P
7215:Fungi
7112:phyla
6994:Lists
6794:Shark
5938:S2CID
5872:S2CID
5655:S2CID
5590:S2CID
5547:S2CID
5529:arXiv
5274:(PDF)
5235:(PDF)
4921:S2CID
4905:JSTOR
4854:(PDF)
4815:(PDF)
4546:S2CID
3879:eLife
3841:S2CID
3650:WoRMS
3610:S2CID
3473:JSTOR
3383:JSTOR
3340:S2CID
3304:(PDF)
3282:JSTOR
3239:S2CID
3184:S2CID
3001:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2741:S2CID
2416:S2CID
1430:WoRMS
1357:basal
1239:heart
1192:mucus
1145:fungi
1105:from
1056:genes
1001:axons
967:cones
850:spine
846:cells
710:Limax
488:-fee-
180:Clade
9630:7736
9625:NCBI
9599:ITIS
9578:5296
9573:GBIF
9547:BOLD
9444:ITIS
9410:2016
9405:GBIF
9392:EPPO
9297:ITIS
9205:NCBI
9197:1045
9179:GBIF
9166:EPPO
9140:BOLD
9079:NCBI
9053:ITIS
9014:GBIF
9001:EPPO
8975:BOLD
7988:The
7338:The
7021:bony
6844:Bony
6308:Fish
5930:PMID
5922:ISSN
5864:PMID
5856:OCLC
5810:ISBN
5770:PMID
5684:2018
5647:PMID
5629:ISSN
5582:PMID
5500:ISBN
5469:PMID
5451:ISSN
5412:PMID
5394:ISSN
5345:PMID
5327:ISSN
5282:2015
5263:PMID
5255:ISSN
5213:PMID
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