313:
358:
42:
33:
339:
285:
301:
57:
20:
187:
considers that the lauburu is not related to the swastika but comes from
Paracelsus and marks the tombs of healers of animals and healers of souls (i.e., priests). Around the end of the 16th century, the lauburu appears abundantly as a Basque decorative element, in wooden chests or tombs, perhaps as
312:
170:. While some authors have suggested that the four heads of lauburu could signify, e.g., form, life, sensibility, and conscience, lauburu is more generally considered just a symbol of prosperity and good fortune.
122:, beginning with the formation of a square template; each head can be drawn from a neighboring vertex of this template with two compass settings, with one radius half the length of the other.
599:
324:
338:
468:"The Lauburu and Its Symbolism: "Imanol Mujica, presentation at a conference about the lauburu's symbolism on May 25, 1968 in Bogota, Colombia.""
142:. The lauburu does not appear in any of the seven historical provinces' coats-of-arms that have been combined in the arms of the Basque Country:
139:
565:
357:
614:
92:
245:
means "four heads", "four ends" or "four summits" in modern Basque. In some sources it has been argued that this might be a
467:
300:
635:
221:
640:
630:
531:
382:
174:
115:
130:
Historians and authorities have attempted to apply allegorical meaning to the ancient symbol of lauburu.
595:
284:
220:
The lauburu has been featured on flags and emblems of various Basque political organisations including
552:
418:
41:
492:
84:
32:
392:
184:
181:
finds no specimen of hooked crosses, round or straight, in the Basque areas until modern times.
535:
329:
511:
228:
484:
270:
231:
213:
178:
69:
114:
A variant of lauburu consisting of geometrically curved lines can be constructed with a
444:
345:
250:
246:
131:
211:
that have later been shown to be incorrect) in the first issue of the daily newspaper
624:
522:. Politics, culture and national identity around a symbol of the Basque Country]
159:
96:
188:
another form of the cross. Straight swastikas are not found until the 19th century.
349:
200:
196:
119:
80:
208:
204:
516:. Política, cultura e identidad nacional en torno a un símbolo del País Vasco"
397:
262:
135:
539:
191:
Many Basque homes and shops display the symbol over the doorway as a sort of
471:
108:
104:
100:
56:
227:
The use of the lauburu as a cultural icon fell into some disuse during the
151:
147:
377:
363:
291:
254:
163:
155:
23:
A typical lauburu. Each arm can be drawn with three sweeps of a compass
387:
192:
143:
88:
508:, Biarritz, Grande Imprimerie Moderne, 1923, pp. 37-9. Mentioned in
19:
167:
55:
18:
319:
234:(1939–1975), which repressed many elements of Basque culture.
586:
Letter from Fita to Fernández Guerra, reproduced in his
203:, to support his own theory of a hypothetical Basque
99:. In the past, it has also been associated with the
87:-shaped heads and the most widely known traditional
617:: demonstrating the layout for scribing the arms.
457:. Quoted by Santiago de Pablo, pages 114 and 115.
493:Lauburu: La swástika rectilínea en el País Vasco
325:Joaquina Téllez-Girón, Marchioness of Santa Cruz
455:] (in French). Bayonne: Bonzom. p. 31.
421:[Lauburua, the wheel of life force].
8:
592:Historia crítica de Vizcaya y de sus Fueros
417:Barrentsoro, Karlox Iturria (1 July 1989).
332:(around 1805) is decorated with a lauburu.
449:Histoire Primitive des Euskariens-Basques
453:Primitive History of the Euskadi-Basques
409:
280:
7:
419:"Lauburua, bizi-indarraren gurpila"
590:, note 8, page 126, reproduced in
14:
269:being adapted from Basque, under
356:
337:
311:
299:
283:
40:
31:
265:thought the relation reversed,
306:A lauburu carved into a stone.
1:
530:(in Spanish) (12). Pamplona:
50:Left and right facing lauburu
566:"Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia"
555:in Auñamendi Entziklopedia.
510:Pablo, Santiago de (2009).
136:the "four heads or regions"
657:
615:"La croix Basque, lauburu"
495:(Auñamendi Entziklopedia).
79:, "head") is an ancient
600:Auñamendi Entziklopedia
222:Eusko Abertzale Ekintza
532:Universidad de Navarra
528:Memoria y Civilización
383:Armenian eternity sign
173:After the time of the
61:
24:
553:Lauburu: Conclusiones
59:
22:
199:interpreted it as a
487:in his preface to
134:said it signifies
62:
25:
596:Gregorio Balparda
348:at the church of
344:A lauburu on the
330:Francisco de Goya
648:
602:
584:
578:
577:
575:
573:
568:. Euskaltzaindia
562:
556:
550:
544:
543:
525:
502:
496:
482:
476:
475:
470:. Archived from
464:
458:
456:
441:
435:
434:
432:
430:
414:
360:
341:
315:
303:
287:
261:However, Father
44:
35:
656:
655:
651:
650:
649:
647:
646:
645:
621:
620:
611:
606:
605:
598:, according to
585:
581:
571:
569:
564:
563:
559:
551:
547:
523:
509:
506:La Tombe Basque
503:
499:
491:, according to
489:La tombe basque
485:Camille Jullian
483:
479:
466:
465:
461:
445:Chaho, Augustin
443:
442:
438:
428:
426:
416:
415:
411:
406:
374:
367:
361:
352:
342:
333:
316:
307:
304:
295:
288:
279:
271:Augustus Caesar
249:applied to the
240:
232:regime in Spain
179:Camille Jullian
128:
60:Curved lauburu.
54:
53:
52:
51:
47:
46:
45:
37:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
654:
652:
644:
643:
638:
636:Basque symbols
633:
623:
622:
619:
618:
610:
609:External links
607:
604:
603:
579:
557:
545:
497:
477:
474:on 2002-06-18.
459:
436:
408:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
373:
370:
369:
368:
362:
355:
353:
346:baptismal font
343:
336:
334:
317:
310:
308:
305:
298:
296:
289:
282:
278:
275:
247:folk etymology
239:
236:
140:Basque Country
132:Augustin Chaho
127:
124:
93:Basque Country
49:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:
28:
27:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
653:
642:
641:Visual motifs
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Cross symbols
629:
628:
626:
616:
613:
612:
608:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
580:
567:
561:
558:
554:
549:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
517:
515:
507:
504:Louis COLAS,
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
473:
469:
463:
460:
454:
450:
446:
440:
437:
424:
420:
413:
410:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
365:
359:
354:
351:
347:
340:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
314:
309:
302:
297:
293:
286:
281:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
256:
252:
248:
244:
237:
235:
233:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
186:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:Lower Navarre
157:
156:Upper Navarre
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
123:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:Basque people
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
58:
43:
34:
21:
591:
587:
582:
570:. Retrieved
560:
548:
527:
519:
513:
505:
500:
488:
480:
472:the original
462:
452:
448:
439:
427:. Retrieved
423:zientzia.eus
422:
412:
350:Knopp-Labach
323:
266:
260:
253:
242:
241:
226:
224:(EAE-ANV).
219:
212:
201:solar symbol
197:Sabino Arana
190:
183:
172:
129:
120:straightedge
113:
81:hooked cross
76:
72:
65:
63:
16:Basque cross
534:: 109–153.
425:(in Basque)
209:etymologies
185:Louis Colas
75:, "four" +
625:Categories
572:12 January
404:References
398:Triskelion
263:Fidel Fita
207:(based on
205:solar cult
126:Background
83:with four
588:Cantabria
540:1139-0107
518:[The
273:'s rule.
238:Etymology
229:Francoist
217:in 1913.
175:Antonines
109:Asturians
105:Illyrians
101:Galicians
447:(1847).
429:18 March
372:See also
290:Flag of
243:Lau buru
193:talisman
148:Gipuzkoa
95:and the
520:lauburu
514:lauburu
378:Hilarri
364:EAE-ANV
292:Arrieta
277:Gallery
267:labarum
255:labarum
214:Euzkadi
164:Labourd
138:of the
116:compass
91:of the
66:lauburu
538:
393:Lábaru
388:Fylfot
166:, and
144:Biscay
89:symbol
70:Basque
68:(from
594:, by
524:(PDF)
451:[
251:Latin
168:Soule
152:Araba
85:comma
574:2013
536:ISSN
512:"El
431:2022
366:logo
320:lyre
318:The
118:and
107:and
77:buru
64:The
328:by
322:of
111:.
73:lau
627::
526:.
258:.
195:.
177:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
103:,
576:.
542:.
433:.
294:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
