366:(TLS/SSL) private key. Levison objected, saying that the key would allow the government to access communications by all 400,000 customers of Lavabit. He also offered to add code to his servers that would provide the information required just for the target of the order. The court rejected this offer because it would require the government to trust Levison and stated that just because the government could access all customers' communication did not mean they would be legally permitted to do so. Lavabit was ordered to provide the SSL key in machine readable format by noon, August 5 or face a fine of $ 5000 per day. Levison closed down Lavabit 3 days later.
381:. The appellate court denied his appeal due to no objection, however, he wrote that because there had been no hearing, no objection could have been raised. His contempt of court charge was also upheld on the ground that it was not disputed; similarly, he was unable to dispute the charge because there had been no hearing to do it in. He also wrote that "the government argued that, since the 'inspection' of the data was to be carried out by a machine, it was exempt from the normal search-and-seizure protections of the Fourth Amendment."
1438:
463:
340:
218:
336:, an encrypted email, mobile video and voice service provider, followed the example of Lavabit by discontinuing its encrypted email services. Citing the impossibility of being able to maintain the confidentiality of its customers' emails should it be served with government orders, Silent Circle permanently erased the encryption keys that allowed access to emails stored or transmitted by its service.
376:
Afterwards, Levison wrote that after being contacted by the FBI, he was subpoenaed to appear in federal court, and was forced to appear without legal representation because it was served on such short notice; in addition, as a third party, he had no right to representation, and was not allowed to ask
1088:
But a source familiar with the matter told NBC News that James Trump, a senior litigation counsel in the U.S. attorney's office in
Alexandria, Va., sent an email to Levison's lawyer last Thursday — the day Lavabit was shuttered — stating that Levison may have 'violated the court order,' a statement
413:
The contempt of court was caused by
Levison providing the keys printed in a tiny (4 point) font, which was deemed "largely illegible" by an FBI motion, which went on to complain that "To make use of these keys, the FBI would have to manually input all 2560 characters, and one incorrect keystroke in
263:
wrote that "the timing and circumstances suggest" that
Snowden was this customer. In July 2013 the federal government obtained a search warrant demanding that Lavabit give away the private SSL keys to its service, affecting all Lavabit users. A 2016 redaction error confirmed that Edward Snowden was
442:
open source email server, are designed to use end-to-end email encryption in such a way that when operating with the highest security settings, subpoenas cannot force service providers to give governments access to customer email (or be forced to shut down in order to avoid this). When using the
372:
The court documents stated that on July 13 Levison sent an open letter to the assistant US attorney, offering to give email metadata (without email content, usernames or passwords) to the FBI if it paid him $ 2,000 "to cover the cost of the development time and equipment necessary to implement my
357:
to unseal the records, both of which were denied. They also launched an appeals case regarding legality of the original warrant. The appeals court then requested the records be unsealed, and Judge Hilton granted the request. On
October 2, 2013, the Federal District Court in Alexandria, Virginia
164:
platform designed to be more surveillance-resistant. However, as of June 2017, while the DIME transition was being completed, service was only being offered to past customers and those who took advantage of the early signup offer. As of
October 2017, new customers were again being offered the
417:
In
November 2015, Levison said that work on DIME was still progressing, although slower than he would like. As of July 2016, posts to the Dark Mail Alliance forum suggest that all collaborators have left the project and Ladar has been working on DIME alone.
193:. The strength of the cryptographic methods used was of a level that is presumed impossible even for intelligence agencies to crack. In August 2013, Lavabit had about 410,000 users and offered free and paid accounts with levels of storage ranging from 128
848:
331:
Lavabit is believed to be the first technology firm that has chosen to suspend or shut down its operation rather than comply with an order from the United States government to reveal information or grant access to information.
296:
in the past. Levison stated in an interview that he responded to "at least two dozen subpoenas" over the lifetime of the service. He hinted that the objectionable request was for "information about all the users" of
Lavabit.
208:
Before the
Snowden incident, Lavabit had complied with previous search warrants. For example, in June 2013 a search warrant was executed against a Lavabit account for suspected possession of child pornography.
189:'s free, widely used email service, and their use of the content of users' email to generate advertisements and marketing data. Lavabit offered significant privacy protection for their users' email, including
327:
Levison said that he could be arrested for closing the site instead of releasing the information, and it was reported that the federal prosecutor's office had sent
Levison's lawyer an email to that effect.
324:(FBI) to provide greater transparency to the public, in part to help observers "understand what led to a ten-year-old business closing its doors and a new start-up abandoning a business opportunity".
559:"Lavabit email service abruptly shut down citing government interference: Founder of service reportedly used by Edward Snowden said he would not be complicit in 'crimes against the American people'"
852:
369:
On
October 14, 2013, Levison announced he would allow Lavabit users to change their passwords until October 18, 2013, after which they could download an archive of their emails and personal data.
874:
1226:
245:. The day after Snowden revealed his identity, the United States federal government served a court order, dated June 10, 2013, and issued under 18 USC 2703(d), a 1994 amendment of the
377:
anyone who was not an attorney to help find him one. He also wrote that in addition to being denied a hearing about the warrant to obtain Lavabit's user information, he was held in
309:
1514:
1130:
1072:
1509:
1443:
1365:"Lavabit held in contempt of court for printing crypto key in tiny font [Updated]: US attorney: Lavabit "treated court orders like contract negotiations.""
426:
On January 20, 2017, Lavabit owner Ladar Levison relaunched the service. Per the wording of the announcement, this date was apparently timed to coincide with the
272:
On August 8, 2013, Lavabit suspended its operations, and the email service log-in page was replaced by a message from the owner and operator Ladar Levison.
1364:
1379:
1041:
1102:
138:
1244:
800:
1499:
389:
One year after the suspension of Lavabit, its founder Ladar Levison announced a specification for the Dark Internet Mail Environment (DIME) at
1494:
1489:
1013:
974:
1156:
344:
1408:
238:
304:
and that he was legally unable to explain to the public why he ended the service. Instead, he asked for donations to "fight for the
156:
Lavabit's owner and operator, Ladar Levison, announced on January 20, 2017, that Lavabit would start operating again, using the new
1504:
913:
1470:
Lavabit Founder: Gov’t "Bold-Faced Lies" & Mass Surveillance Effort Forced Me to Close My Company | Democracy Now! 2014/5/22
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776:
29:
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seeking customer information under extraordinary circumstances, as Lavabit had complied with at least one routine
246:
363:
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142:
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conviction for providing the key as a printout was upheld by an appeals court, he described the initiative to
729:
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790:
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unsealed records in this case, but only censored the name and detail of the target of the search order.
190:
1003:
414:
this laborious process would render the FBI collection system incapable of collecting decrypted data."
1227:"Lavabit Details Unsealed: Refused To Hand Over Private SSL Key Despite Court Order & Daily Fines"
462:
128:
115:
1270:
609:
504:
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222:
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401:
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suggested the target was likely Snowden. The court records show that the FBI sought Lavabit's
954:
903:
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1212:
1207:
959:
955:
Edward Snowden’s E-Mail Provider Defied FBI Demands to Turn Over Crypto Keys, Documents Show
940:
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586:
Edward Snowden’s E-Mail Provider Defied FBI Demands to Turn Over Crypto Keys, Documents Show
554:
354:
339:
259:
161:
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service, founded in 2004. The service suspended its operations on August 8, 2013, after the
908:
468:
350:
In September 2013 Levison appealed the order that resulted in the closing of his website.
284:
1437:
177:-based programmers who formed Nerdshack LLC (renamed Lavabit LLC the next year), citing
410:
as "a technological solution which would take the decision away from the will of man."
293:
274:
230:
150:
217:
1478:
899:
312:. Levison also stated he has even been barred from sharing some information with his
254:
1449:
1444:
Lavabit's Ladar Levison: 'If You Knew What I Know About Email, You Might Not Use It'
434:
protocols and software that Ladar had been working on for the past few years. This
1330:
1302:
1089:
that was interpreted as a possible threat to charge Levison with contempt of court.
1046:
875:"In the Matter of the Search of: Lavabit LLC Email Account for Joey006@lavabit.com"
444:
406:
234:
936:
Feds Targeted Snowden’s Email Provider the Day After NSA Whistleblower Went Public
755:
443:
maximum security settings, even an attacker breaking into DIME servers would have
373:
solution" and $ 1,500 to give data "intermittently during the collection period".
1463:
430:(though he was not mentioned by name). The service has been revamped to use the
1008:
999:
448:
1345:
1208:
Lavabit’s Owner Appeals Secret Surveillance Order That Led Him to Shutter Site
458:
390:
131:
534:"A Government Error Just Revealed Snowden Was the Target in the Lavabit Case"
1380:"Here Are The Teeny-Tiny Printed Out Crypto Keys of Snowden's Email Service"
1107:
301:
1395:"'Dark mail' debut will open door for Lavabit's return, says Ladar Levison"
1073:"Lavabit.com owner: 'I could be arrested' for resisting surveillance order"
639:
1326:"Secrets, lies and Snowden's email: why I was forced to shut down Lavabit"
1157:"After Lavabit, Silent Circle also shuts down its encrypted email service"
250:
198:
194:
1298:"Lavabit founder offered to log users' metadata if FBI paid him $ 3,500"
699:
229:
Lavabit received media attention in July 2013 when it was revealed that
1457:
1103:"Lavabit shutdown marks another costly blemish for U.S. tech companies"
669:
134:
41:
1042:"Lavabit founder, under gag order, speaks out about shutdown decision"
904:"Edward Snowden's Email Provider Shuts Down After Secret Court Battle"
237:
lawyers and activists to a press conference during his confinement at
1004:"Lavabit, email service Snowden reportedly used, abruptly shuts down"
313:
242:
233:
was using the Lavabit email address Ed_Snowden@lavabit.com to invite
186:
1180:"2 E-Mail Services Close and Destroy Data Rather Than Reveal Files"
28:
721:
338:
216:
182:
178:
174:
1274:
451:
attacks as likely the only potential points of vulnerability.
1346:"DEF CON 22 - Ladar Levison and Stephen Watt - Dark Mail"
1245:"Lavabit to Briefly Reinstate Services for Data Recovery"
1131:"As F.B.I. Pursued Snowden, an E-Mail Service Stood Firm"
278:
suggested that the suspension might be related to the US
1431:
826:
601:
508:
68:
16:
Open-source encrypted webmail service, founded in 2004
791:"How Edward Snowden Sends His Ultra-Sensitive Emails"
310:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
1216:. September 11, 2013. Retrieved on October 2, 2013.
1129:Nicole Perlroth and Scott Shane (October 2, 2013).
944:. September 27, 2013. Retrieved on October 2, 2013.
109:
101:
93:
85:
77:
63:
55:
47:
35:
499:
497:
353:Levison and his lawyer made two requests to Judge
288:speculated that Levison was fighting a warrant or
975:"The N.S.A. and Its Targets: Lavabit Shuts Down"
963:. October 2, 2013. Retrieved on October 2, 2013.
779:CNET, August 9, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
1035:
1033:
1031:
549:
547:
777:Lavabit chief predicts 'long fight' with feds
149:, in order to allow the government to spy on
8:
282:(NSA)'s "domestic-surveillance practices".
21:
528:
526:
1515:Products and services discontinued in 2013
1436:
1066:
1064:
581:
579:
201:. In January 2011, Lavabit had launched a
20:
894:
892:
1510:Internet properties established in 2004
493:
789:Ingersoll, Geoffrey (July 12, 2013).
7:
1393:Zack Whittaker (November 2, 2015).
1178:Sengupta, Somini (August 8, 2013).
1071:Michael Isikoff (August 15, 2013).
1016:from the original on August 8, 2013
916:from the original on August 8, 2013
803:from the original on August 8, 2013
612:from the original on March 31, 2017
447:to access customer emails, leaving
345:Liberty Political Action Conference
1411:. January 22, 2016. Archived from
752:"Lavabit High Scalability Writeup"
698:. January 28, 2017. Archived from
638:. January 28, 2017. Archived from
239:Sheremetyevo International Airport
14:
393:. It is under development by the
343:Levison in September 2013 at the
300:Levison explained he was under a
165:opportunity to purchase service.
732:from the original on May 2, 2018
461:
27:
1324:Levison, Ladar (May 20, 2014).
1040:Mullin, Joe (August 14, 2013).
482:Comparison of webmail providers
322:Federal Bureau of Investigation
253:on a customer who was unnamed.
160:(DIME), which is an end-to-end
1296:Hern, Alex (October 9, 2013).
1101:Samson, Ted (August 9, 2013).
432:Dark Internet Mail Environment
318:Electronic Frontier Foundation
158:Dark Internet Mail Environment
1:
1500:Privacy of telecommunications
1378:Joseph Cox (March 17, 2016).
1363:Joe Silver (April 16, 2014).
438:platform, and the associated
1495:Privacy in the United States
1490:2004 establishments in Texas
1464:Interview with Ladar Levison
428:inauguration of Donald Trump
213:Connection to Edward Snowden
141:ordered it to turn over its
1466:BBC News, January 31, 2014.
1452:interviewed on the TV show
722:"Lavabit: Select your plan"
1531:
477:Comparison of mail servers
203:shared web hosting service
1460:network, October 23, 2013
507:. Lavabit. Archived from
247:Stored Communications Act
26:
1271:"Lavabit ..::.. Liberty"
364:Transport Layer Security
290:national security letter
280:National Security Agency
268:Suspension and gag order
1505:History of cryptography
1446:Forbes, August 8, 2013.
1077:NBC News Investigations
400:In April 2014, after a
173:Lavabit was founded by
139:U.S. Federal Government
1409:"darkmail.info forums"
668:. 2017. Archived from
347:
226:
855:on September 10, 2013
823:"Lavabit ..::.. Home"
342:
220:
191:asymmetric encryption
1415:on January 20, 2017.
608:. January 20, 2017.
143:Secure Sockets Layer
1277:on October 15, 2013
877:. Docket Alarm, Inc
102:Current status
23:
1251:. October 14, 2013
1233:. October 2, 2013.
1187:The New York Times
1002:(August 8, 2013).
902:(August 8, 2013).
758:on October 3, 2013
602:"Lavabit Reloaded"
557:(August 9, 2013).
395:Dark Mail Alliance
348:
227:
1206:Poulsen, Kevin. "
953:Poulsen, Kevin. "
934:Poulsen, Kevin. "
849:"Lavabit Hosting"
829:on April 23, 2011
702:on April 25, 2017
672:on April 25, 2017
632:"Explain Lavabit"
555:Ackerman, Spencer
540:. March 17, 2016.
511:on August 9, 2013
402:contempt of court
379:contempt of court
316:. Meanwhile, the
221:Court documents (
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1432:Official website
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1273:. Archived from
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851:. Archived from
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825:. Archived from
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796:Business Insider
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754:. Archived from
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355:Claude M. Hilton
179:privacy concerns
162:email encryption
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1367:. Ars Technica.
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692:"Lavabit Haves"
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469:Internet portal
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111:Content license
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56:Created by
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979:The New Yorker
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900:Poulsen, Kevin
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662:"Want Lavabit"
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