68:. Any biomass rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin are commonly referred to as lignocellulosic biomass. Each component has a distinct chemical behavior. Being a composite of three very different components makes the processing of lignocellulose challenging. The evolved resistance to degradation or even separation is referred to as recalcitrance. Overcoming this recalcitrance to produce useful, high value products requires a combination of heat, chemicals, enzymes, and microorganisms. These carbohydrate-containing polymers contain different sugar monomers (six and five carbon sugars) and they are covalently bound to lignin.
219:. In this process lignin and hemicellulose are typically separated from the plant material leaving the fibrous cellulose component to be processed for paper production, or 'chemical cellulose'. Through the pulp process most of the lignin is removed and discharged as waste material in the form of effluent/wastewater before then being used as low-value fuel to generate electricity and heat. In principle, the worldâs current sugar demand could be fulfilled by repurposing pulp and paper mills for lignocellulosic sugar production, making it a promising
31:
341:
in countries where wood resources are already being overused, it is possible to utilize alternative sources of biomass such as invasive plants, agricultural and sawmills residues for the creation of new "green" composites. Biocomposites produced with lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative to conventional materials, are attracting attention because they are renewable and cheaper but also because they fit perfectly into the policy of the "cascade utilization" of the resources.
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122:
329:. Strain improvement methods have led to strains capable of producing significantly more cellulases than the original QM6a isolate; certain industrial strains are known to produce up to 100g of cellulase per litre of fungus, thus allowing for maximal extraction of sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. These sugars can then be fermented, leading to bio-ethanol.
143:. It is derived from 3-4 monomers, the ratio of which varies from species to species. The crosslinking is extensive. Being rich in aromatics, lignin is hydrophobic and relatively rigid. Lignin confers structural integrity to plants. Lignin is so heterogeneous and so recalcitrant that its value is almost exclusively measured as a fuel.
995:
159:
is a homopolymer of glucose. It is very poorly soluble in most solvents, so glucose is extracted through chemical and biological breakdown achieved by cellulolytic enzymes. This extraction is made easier by the fact that the strands of cellulose are integrated into, but not covalently attached to the
340:
Lignocellulosic biomasses has been considered in the production of biocomposites materials such as particle panels, wood-plastic composites, and cement/geopolymer wood composites. Even though the production of biocomposite materials rely mostly on wood resources, in less forest-covered countries or
255:
source of energy in the long run. However depending on the source of biomass, it will not be carbon neutral in the short term. For instance if the biomass is derived from trees, the time period to regrow the tree (on the order of decades) will see a net increase in carbon dioxide in the
1003:
260:
upon the combustion of lignocellulosic ethanol. However, if woody material from annual crop residue is used, the fuel could be considered carbon-neutral. Aside from ethanol, many other lignocellulose-derived fuels are of potential interest, including
281:
stability and structural robustness to the cell walls of the plants. This robustness or "recalcitrance" is attributable to the crosslinking between the polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) and the lignin via
294:, and the phenols and phenylpropanols functionalities of the lignin. To extract the fermentable sugars, one must first disconnect the celluloses from the lignin, and then use acid or enzymatic methods to
153:
component of the lignin. This makes it difficult to extract the sugars necessary for conversion to biofuels. Next to cellulose hemicellulose is the second most abundant source of carbohydrates in a plant.
578:
GĂŒleç, Fatih; Parthiban, Anburajan; Umenweke, Great C.; Musa, Umaru; Williams, Orla; Mortezaei, Yasna; SukâOh, Hyun; Lester, Edward; Ogbaga, Chukwuma C.; Gunes, Burcu; Okolie, Jude A. (12 October 2023).
608:
Saladini, Fabrizio; Patrizi, Nicoletta; Pulselli, Federico M.; Marchettini, Nadia; Bastianoni, Simone (December 2016). "Guidelines for emergy evaluation of first, second and third generation biofuels".
276:
One barrier to the production of ethanol from biomass is that the sugars necessary for fermentation are trapped inside the lignocellulose. Lignocellulose has evolved to resist degradation and to confer
656:
Christopher M. Fellows, Trevor C. Brown, William O.S. Doherty (2011). "Lignocellulosics as a
Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemicals from Lignin". In Rashmi Sanghi, Vandana Singh (ed.).
37:, the lignin-rich component of sugarcane, is a form of lignocellulosic biomass. Its combustion helps to power the sugar mill. In this photograph, the bagasse is under the blue plastic. Location:
306:, or wood sugar. Unlike hexoses such as glucose, pentoses are difficult to ferment. The problems presented by the lignin and hemicellulose fractions are the foci of much contemporary research.
516:
P. Alvira; E. Tomas-Pejo; M. Ballesteros; M. J. Negro (2010). "Pretreatment
Technologies for an Efficient Bioethanol Production Process Based on Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Review".
319:, as well as genetic-engineering-based strain improvement to allow the fungus to simply be placed in the presence of lignocellulosic biomass and break down the matter into
315:, known for its cellulolytic abilities. Multiple avenues are being explored including the design of an optimised cocktail of cellulases and hemicellulases isolated from
689:
1440:
581:"Progress in lignocellulosic biomass valorization for biofuels and valueâadded chemical production in the EU : A focus on thermochemical conversion processes"
103:
are crops with a high yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced as a raw material for the production of second-generation biofuel; examples include switchgrass (
337:
Some chemicals could be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Almost all are derived from the sugars obtained by hydrolysis of the cellulose component.
1445:
963:
309:
A large sector of research into the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for bio-ethanol focuses particularly on the fungus
180:
Many crops are of interest for their ability to provide high yields of biomass. Some can be harvested multiple times each year. These include
1513:
866:"Rapid repurposing of pulp and paper mills, biorefineries, and breweries for lignocellulosic sugar production in global food catastrophes"
996:"Biofuels turn to fungus - Interview with Frédéric Monot and Antoine Margeot, Applied Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Division at IFPEN"
1100:
149:
is composed of branched polysaccharides. A particular problem is that hemicellulose is covalently linked to lignin, usually through
673:
489:
E. Palmqvist; B. Hahn-Hagerdal (2000). "Fermentation of
Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and Mechanisms of Inhibition".
1026:"Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass Volume IâResults of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas"
864:
Throup, James; GarcĂa MartĂnez, Juan B.; Bals, Bryan; Cates, Jacob; Pearce, Joshua M.; Denkenberger, David C. (2022-01-01).
235:, has a long history as a source of energy. Since the middle of the 20th century, the interest of biomass as a precursor to
75:. Virgin biomass includes plants. Waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of various industrial sectors such as
52:), so called lignocellulosic biomass. It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of
964:"Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop"
1197:
360:
Wyman, Charles E.; Dale, Bruce E.; Elander, Richard T.; Holtzapple, Mark; Ladisch, Michael R.; Lee, Y. Y. (2005-12-01).
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1543:
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132:
Lignocellulose consists of three components, each with properties that pose challenges to commercial applications.
945:
Barbara A. Tokay "Biomass
Chemicals" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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1396:
140:
110:
811:"Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications â A review"
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30:
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38:
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is a so-called energy crop, being highly efficient (fast-growing) at turning solar radiation into biomass
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810:
361:
1226:
454:
Y. Sun, J. Cheng (2002). "Hydrolysis of
Lignocellulosic Materials for Ethanol Production: a Review".
299:
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the newly freed celluloses to break them down into simple monosaccharides. Another challenge to
551:
D. M. Alonso; J. Q. Bond; J. A. Dumesic (2010). "Catalytic
Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels".
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1044:"Sustainable Green Composites: Value Addition to Agricultural Residues and Perennial Grasses"
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Zhou, Chun-Hui; Xia, Xi; Lin, Chun-Xiang; Tong, Dong-Shen; Beltramini, Jorge (2011-10-17).
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924:
71:
Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified as virgin biomass, waste biomass, and
783:
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502:
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113:. The biofuels generated from these energy crops are sources of sustainable energy.
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705:"Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review"
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Lu, Yuchan; He, Qiao; Fan, Guozhi; Cheng, Qunpeng; Song, Guangsen (2021-01-01).
291:
80:
76:
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665:
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Horst H. Nimz, Uwe
Schmitt, Eckart Schwab, Otto Wittmann, Franz Wolf "Wood" in
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409:"Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chemicals and fuels"
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Carroll, Andrew; Somerville, Chris (June 2009). "Cellulosic
Biofuels".
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362:"Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies"
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Nagarajan, Vidhya; Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri (2013-03-04).
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is the high percentage of pentoses in the hemicellulose, such as
1303:
1273:
809:
Haq, Izharul; Mazumder, Payal; Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (2020-09-01).
1082:
1283:
747:
Zeng, Yining; Himmel, Michael E.; Ding, Shi-You (2017-11-30).
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linkages. Ester linkages arise between oxidized sugars, the
962:
U.S. Department of Energy Office of
Science (June 2006).
749:"Visualizing chemical functionality in plant cell walls"
56:. It is composed of two kinds of carbohydrate polymers,
139:
is a heterogeneous, highly crosslinked polymer akin to
247:
is an attractive route to fuels that supplements the
1501:
1433:
1349:
1240:
1116:
215:Lignocellulosic biomass is the feedstock for the
1441:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
194:, which is a source of the readily fermentable
128:is one form of hemicellulose found in hardwood.
637:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1094:
658:Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation
8:
688:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1048:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
1101:
1087:
1079:
1446:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1059:
782:
764:
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239:fuels has increased. To be specific, the
611:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
231:Lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of
120:
29:
349:
681:
64:, and an aromatic-rich polymer called
925:10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092125
804:
802:
742:
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585:Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
7:
1514:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
355:
353:
994:Monot, Frederic; Margeot, Antoine.
198:and the lignocellulosic by-product
25:
1562:
1561:
870:Food and Bioproducts Processing
160:lignin-hemicellulose component.
913:Annual Review of Plant Biology
827:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636
709:Green Processing and Synthesis
530:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093
378:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.010
243:of lignocellulosic biomass to
1:
503:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00161-3
468:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7
190:. The premier energy crop is
48:refers to plant dry matter (
1544:Issues relating to biofuels
1534:Energy return on investment
639:2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1614:
753:Biotechnology for Biofuels
666:10.1002/9781118287705.ch18
623:10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.073
141:phenol-formaldehyde resins
1557:
1519:Energy content of biofuel
882:10.1016/j.fbp.2021.10.012
766:10.1186/s13068-017-0953-3
1493:Thermal depolymerization
1466:Industrial biotechnology
951:10.1002/14356007.a04_099
645:10.1002/14356007.a28_305
413:Chemical Society Reviews
1461:FischerâTropsch process
1451:Biomass heating systems
217:pulp and paper industry
211:Pulp and paper industry
1000:IFP Energies nouvelles
815:Bioresource Technology
366:Bioresource Technology
177:
165:Dedicated energy crops
129:
42:
39:Proserpine, Queensland
722:10.1515/gps-2021-0065
172:
124:
33:
660:. pp. 561â610.
300:biomass fermentation
187:Miscanthus giganteus
117:Chemical composition
1549:Sustainable biofuel
1006:on January 27, 2018
271:gamma-valerolactone
251:. Biomass can be a
518:Bioresour. Technol
491:Bioresour. Technol
456:Bioresour. Technol
425:10.1039/C1CS15124J
312:Trichoderma reesei
258:Earth's atmosphere
178:
130:
87:, straw etc.) and
43:
1588:Biological matter
1575:
1574:
1488:Sabatier reaction
1061:10.1021/sc300084z
524:(13): 4851â4861.
419:(11): 5588â5617.
372:(18): 1959â1966.
323:
16:(Redirected from
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1409:Pongamia pinnata
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1002:. Archived from
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969:. Archived from
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27:Plant dry matter
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1181:vegetable oil
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83:, sugarcane
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1524:Energy crop
1471:Pellet fuel
1456:Biorefinery
1420:Switchgrass
1264:Coconut oil
1242:Energy from
1176:Cooking oil
1161:Biogasoline
1136:Babassu oil
617:: 221â227.
462:(1): 1â11.
206:Application
99:discards).
81:corn stover
77:agriculture
1582:Categories
1434:Technology
1415:Salicornia
1398:Miscanthus
1321:Sugar beet
1193:cellulosic
1166:Bioliquids
1146:Biobutanol
980:2008-01-19
821:: 123636.
759:(1): 263.
553:Green Chem
345:References
279:hydrolytic
184:trees and
174:Miscanthus
97:paper mill
1593:Cellulose
1509:Agflation
1402:giganteus
1331:Sunflower
1326:Sugarcane
1244:foodstock
1151:Biodiesel
1110:Bioenergy
1070:2168-0485
898:243485968
890:0960-3085
876:: 22â39.
851:219607347
835:0960-8524
775:1754-6834
731:2191-9550
684:cite book
497:: 25-33.
433:1460-4744
386:0960-8524
317:T. reesei
296:hydrolyze
233:wood fuel
192:sugarcane
157:cellulose
58:cellulose
1567:Category
1502:Concepts
1385:Duckweed
1374:Camelina
1351:Non-food
1299:Rapeseed
1289:Palm oil
1232:Wood gas
1205:Methanol
1198:mixtures
1118:Biofuels
1010:July 17,
933:19014348
843:32527619
793:29213316
538:20042329
476:12058826
441:21863197
394:16112483
333:Research
327:monomers
324:-glucose
227:Biofuels
93:saw mill
89:forestry
54:biofuels
1598:Biomass
1316:Soybean
1310:Sorghum
1259:Cassava
1188:Ethanol
1171:Biomass
1141:Bagasse
1126:Alcohol
784:5708085
263:butanol
245:ethanol
200:bagasse
196:sucrose
85:bagasse
50:biomass
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237:liquid
182:poplar
137:lignin
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66:lignin
1481:stove
1336:Wheat
1279:Maize
1269:Grape
1222:Straw
1131:Algae
1029:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
894:S2CID
847:S2CID
288:ether
284:ester
126:Xylan
1476:mill
1425:Wood
1304:Rice
1274:Hemp
1215:corn
1066:ISSN
1012:2015
929:PMID
886:ISSN
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690:link
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