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Lauri; Austin, Jay; Bailey, John L.; Baron, Jill S.; Brookes, Justin D.; Eyto, Elvira de; Dokulil, Martin T.; Hamilton, David P.; Havens, Karl; Hetherington, Amy L.; Higgins, Scott N.; Hook, Simon; Izmest'eva, Lyubov R.; Joehnk, Klaus D.; Kangur, Kulli; Kasprzak, Peter; Kumagai, Michio; Kuusisto, Esko; Leshkevich, George; Livingstone, David M.; MacIntyre, Sally; May, Linda; Melack, John M.; Mueller-Navarra, Doerthe C.; Naumenko, Mikhail; Noges, Peeter; Noges, Tiina; North, Ryan P.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Rigosi, Anna; Rimmer, Alon; Rogora, Michela; Rudstam, Lars G.; Rusak, James A.; Salmaso, Nico; Samal, Nihar R.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Schladow, S. Geoffrey; Schmid, Martin; Schmidt, Silke R.; Silow, Eugene; Soylu, M. Evren; Teubner, Katrin; Verburg, Piet; Voutilainen, Ari; Watkinson, Andrew; Williamson, Craig E.; Zhang, Guoqing (2015).
617:. These vertical changes, known as profiles, are based on similar principles as thermal stratification and light penetration. As light availability decreases deeper in the water column, photosynthesis rates also decrease, and less dissolved oxygen is produced. This means that dissolved oxygen concentrations generally decrease as you move deeper into the body of water because of photosynthesis is not replenishing dissolved oxygen that is being taken up through respiration. During periods of thermal stratification, water density gradients prevent oxygen-rich surface waters from mixing with deeper waters. Prolonged periods of stratification can result in the depletion of bottom-water dissolved oxygen; when dissolved oxygen concentrations are below 2 milligrams per liter, waters are considered
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572:. Dissolved oxygen concentrations can be altered by physical, chemical, and biological processes and reaction. Physical processes including wind mixing can increase dissolved oxygen concentrations, particularly in surface waters of aquatic ecosystems. Because dissolved oxygen solubility is linked to water temperatures, changes in temperature affect dissolved oxygen concentrations as warmer water has a lower capacity to "hold" oxygen as colder water. Biologically, both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration affect dissolved oxygen concentrations. Photosynthesis by
821:
685:
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423:, which tends to have the coldest water because its depth restricts sunlight from reaching it. In temperate lakes, fall-season cooling of surface water results in turnover of the water column, where the thermocline is disrupted, and the lake temperature profile becomes more uniform. In cold climates, when water cools below 4C (the temperature of maximum density) many lakes can experience an inverse thermal stratification in winter. These lakes are often
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672:. Phosphorus has a different role in aquatic ecosystems as it is a limiting factor in the growth of phytoplankton because of generally low concentrations in the water. Dissolved phosphorus is also crucial to all living things, is often very limiting to primary productivity in freshwater, and has its own distinctive ecosystem
1104:
McKnight, Diane M.; Melack, John M.; Overholt, Erin; Porter, Jason A.; Prairie, Yves; Renwick, William H.; Roland, Fabio; Sherman, Bradford S.; Schindler, David W.; Sobek, Sebastian; Tremblay, Alain; Vanni, Michael J.; Verschoor, Antonie M.; von
Wachenfeldt, Eddie; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. (November 2009).
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O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Sharma, Sapna; Gray, Derek K.; Hampton, Stephanie E.; Read, Jordan S.; Rowley, Rex J.; Schneider, Philipp; Lenters, John D.; McIntyre, Peter B.; Kraemer, Benjamin M.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Straile, Dietmar; Dong, Bo; Adrian, Rita; Allan, Mathew G.; Anneville, Orlane; Arvola,
410:
the water, the more light is able to penetrate, and thus heat is conveyed deeper in the water. Heating declines exponentially with depth in the water column, so the water will be warmest near the surface but progressively cooler as moving downwards. There are three main sections that define thermal
376:
vary in size, shape, and pattern however the most common types, marshes, bogs and swamps, often fluctuate between containing shallow, freshwater and being dry depending on the time of year. The volume and quality of water in underground aquifers rely on the vegetation cover, which fosters recharge
774:
People who study limnology are called limnologists. These scientists largely study the characteristics of inland fresh-water systems such as lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and wetlands. They may also study non-oceanic bodies of salt water, such as the Great Salt Lake. There are many professional
352:
system morphometry is driven by underlying geology of the area as well as the general velocity of the water. Stream morphometry is also influenced by topography (especially slope) as well as precipitation patterns and other factors such as vegetation and land development. Connectivity between
1103:
Tranvik, Lars J.; Downing, John A.; Cotner, James B.; Loiselle, Steven A.; Striegl, Robert G.; Ballatore, Thomas J.; Dillon, Peter; Finlay, Kerri; Fortino, Kenneth; Knoll, Lesley B.; Kortelainen, Pirkko L.; Kutser, Tiit; Larsen, Soren; Laurion, Isabelle; Leech, Dina M.; McCallister, S. Leigh;
385:
Light zonation is the concept of how the amount of sunlight penetration into water influences the structure of a body of water. These zones define various levels of productivity within an aquatic ecosystems such as a lake. For instance, the depth of the water column which sunlight is able to
1049:
Cole, J. J.; Prairie, Y. T.; Caraco, N. F.; McDowell, W. H.; Tranvik, L. J.; Striegl, R. G.; Duarte, C. M.; Kortelainen, P.; Downing, J. A.; Middelburg, J. J.; Melack, J. (23 May 2007). "Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the
Terrestrial Carbon Budget".
394:. The amount of solar energy present underwater and the spectral quality of the light that are present at various depths have a significant impact on the behavior of many aquatic organisms. For example, zooplankton's vertical migration is influenced by solar energy levels.
1209:
Engel, Fabian; Farrell, Kaitlin J.; McCullough, Ian M.; Scordo, Facundo; Denfeld, Blaize A.; Dugan, Hilary A.; de Eyto, Elvira; Hanson, Paul C.; McClure, Ryan P.; Nõges, Peeter; Nõges, Tiina; Ryder, Elizabeth; Weathers, Kathleen C.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. (26 March 2018).
707:
Lakes "are relatively easy to sample, because they have clear-cut boundaries (compared to terrestrial ecosystems) and because field experiments are relatively easy to perform.", which make then especially useful for ecologists who try to understand ecological dynamics.
1153:
Raymond, Peter A.; Hartmann, Jens; Lauerwald, Ronny; Sobek, Sebastian; McDonald, Cory; Hoover, Mark; Butman, David; Striegl, Robert; Mayorga, Emilio; Humborg, Christoph; Kortelainen, Pirkko; Dürr, Hans; Meybeck, Michel; Ciais, Philippe; Guth, Peter (21 November 2013).
608:
Lake cross-sectional diagram of the factors influencing lake metabolic rates and concentration of dissolved gases within lakes. Processes in gold text consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide while processes in green text produce oxygen and consume carbon
549:. In aquatic food webs, the portion of biomass derived from allochthonous material is then named "allochthony". In streams and small lakes, allochthonous sources of carbon are dominant while in large lakes and the ocean, autochthonous sources dominate.
588:
in the aquatic environment take up dissolved oxygen during aerobic respiration, while carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct of this reaction. Because photosynthesis is light-limited, both photosynthesis and respiration occur during the
533:
elements and compounds. Biological reactions also affect the chemical properties of water. In addition to natural processes, human activities strongly influence the chemical composition of aquatic systems and their water quality.
744:
and typically have yellow-brown, tea-coloured waters. These categories do not have rigid specifications; the classification system can be seen as more of a spectrum encompassing the various levels of aquatic productivity.
443:, is the total amount of heat needed to raise the water from its minimum winter temperature to its maximum summer temperature. This can be calculated by integrating the area of the lake at each depth interval (A
540:
sources of carbon or nutrients come from outside the aquatic system (such as plant and soil material). Carbon sources from within the system, such as algae and the microbial breakdown of aquatic particulate
1570:
Yang, Bernard; Wells, Mathew G.; McMeans, Bailey C.; Dugan, Hilary A.; Rusak, James A.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Brentrup, Jennifer A.; Hrycik, Allison R.; Laas, Alo; Pilla, Rachel M.; Austin, Jay A. (2021).
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of tropical freshwater systems is typically higher, human impacts are often more severe, and there are important cultural and socioeconomic factors that influence the use and management of these systems.
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is closest to the water surface and absorbs long- and shortwave radiation to warm the water surface. During cooler months, wind shear can contribute to cooling of the water surface. The
209:
Limnology includes the study of the drainage basin, movement of water through the basin and biogeochemical changes that occur en route. A more recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed
2410:
240:, which study aquatic organisms and their interactions with the abiotic (non-living) environment. While limnology has substantial overlap with freshwater-focused disciplines (e.g.,
475:
753:
Tropical limnology is a unique and important subfield of limnology that focuses on the distinct physical, chemical, biological, and cultural aspects of freshwater systems in
225:
created a sub-discipline called global limnology. This approach considers processes in inland waters on a global scale, like the role of inland aquatic ecosystems in global
613:
Vertical changes in the concentrations of dissolved oxygen are affected by both wind mixing of surface waters and the balance between photosynthesis and respiration of
340:
of a body of water depends on the type of feature (such as a lake, river, stream, wetland, estuary etc.) and the structure of the earth surrounding the body of water.
2255:
584:, increases dissolved oxygen concentrations while simultaneously reducing carbon dioxide concentrations, since carbon dioxide is taken up during photosynthesis. All
336:
Physical properties of aquatic ecosystems are determined by a combination of heat, currents, waves and other seasonal distributions of environmental conditions. The
2440:
625:. Both hypoxic and anoxic waters reduce available habitat for organisms that respire oxygen, and contribute to changes in other chemical reactions in the water.
3122:
1932:
3014:
2280:
1212:"A lake classification concept for a more accurate global estimate of the dissolved inorganic carbon export from terrestrial ecosystems to inland waters"
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or thermal zonation is a way of grouping parts of the water body within an aquatic system based on the temperature of different lake layers. The less
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zone. The rest of the water column which is deeper and does not receive sufficient amounts of sunlight for plant growth is known as the
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Cole, Jonathan J.; Caraco, Nina F. (2001). "Carbon in catchments: connecting terrestrial carbon losses with aquatic metabolism".
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hours or in dark portions of an ecosystem. The balance between dissolved oxygen production and consumption is calculated as the
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761:, with warmer and more stable temperatures, higher nutrient levels, and more complex ecological interactions. Moreover, the
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The chemical composition of water in aquatic ecosystems is influenced by natural characteristics and processes including
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Downing, John A. (January 2009). "Global limnology: up-scaling aquatic services and processes to planet Earth".
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levels. Most of these dissolved nitrogen compounds follow a seasonal pattern with greater concentrations in the
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Eby, G.N., 2004, Principles of
Environmental Geochemistry: Thomson Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA., 514 pp.
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2015:
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using a landscape perspective, by explicitly examining connections between an aquatic ecosystem and its
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is an area within the water column where water temperatures rapidly decrease. The bottom layer is the
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757:. The physical and chemical properties of tropical aquatic environments are different from those in
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344:, for instance, are classified by their formation, and zones of lakes are defined by water depth.
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1350:"Breaking new waters : a century of limnology at the University of Wisconsin. Special issue"
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621:. When dissolved oxygen concentrations are approximately 0 milligrams per liter, conditions are
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372:. Estuaries are bodies of water classified by the interaction of a river and the ocean or sea.
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Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems. San Diego: Academic Press. p74, 86
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852: – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets
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are ecologically significant nutrients in aquatic systems. Nitrogen is generally present as a
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728:. A eutrophic lake has high levels of primary productivity due to very high nutrient levels.
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organizations related to limnology and other aspects of the aquatic science, including the
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Frey, D.G. (ed.), 1963. Limnology in North
America. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
873:
864: – Introducing living organisms in a degraded lake to improve its biological activity
840:
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665:
598:
233:
199:
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1155:
876:, also known as Lotic ecosystems – Type of aquatic ecosystem with flowing freshwater
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30:
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of lakes", was expanded to encompass the study of all inland waters, and influenced
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2008:
1671:
Freshwater ecology : concepts and environmental applications of limnology
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802:
637:
412:
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1604:
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Marsh, G. Alex; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1999). "Lentic and lotic ecosystems".
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Other types of aquatic systems which fall within the study of limnology are
214:
171:
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17:
2583:
1270:"Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe"
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in aquatic ecosystems however most water quality studies tend to focus on
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2180:
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2100:
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427:, with a brief spring overturn in addition to longer fall overturn. The
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221:. Recently, the need to understand global inland waters as part of the
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1910:
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125:
108:
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720:. An oligotrophic lake is characterized by relatively low levels of
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is the energy needed to mix these strata of different temperatures.
386:
penetrate and where most plant life is able to grow is known as the
1640:
Zooplankton allochthony is spatially heterogeneous in a boreal lake
1508:
1354:
Transactions of the
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters
1673:. Whiles, Matt R. (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
1106:"Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate"
683:
603:
594:
581:
345:
179:
127:
29:
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One way to classify lakes (or other bodies of water) is with the
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502:
341:
175:
167:
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2996:
2468:
1952:
1914:
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Tundisi, Jose
Galizia; Tundisi, Takako Matsumura (2012-01-27).
2377:
2367:
641:
1434:
1432:
1441:"The Fractal Scaling Relationship for River Inlets to Lakes"
260:. Interest in the discipline rapidly expanded, and in 1922
77:
71:
1390:(Second ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill.
858:, also known as Lentic ecosystems – Type of ecosystem
777:
Association for the
Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
256:(1841–1912) who established the field with his studies of
74:
65:
1637:
Grosbois, G., del
Giorgio, P.A. & Rautio, M. (2017).
1439:
Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Lindmark, E.; Byström, P. (2021).
525:. All bodies of water have a certain composition of both
198:. Water systems are often categorized as either running (
53:
564:
are often discussed together due their coupled role in
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
971:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 381–388.
882: – Scientific study of ancient lakes and streams
870: – Structure for the study of aquatic ecosystems
462:
461:
86:
62:
1156:"Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters"
447:) multiplied by the difference between the summer (θ
244:), it also includes the study of inland salt lakes.
68:
50:
2883:
2755:
2691:
2653:
2591:
2481:
2398:
2263:
1966:
1573:"A New Thermal Categorization of Ice-Covered Lakes"
276:). Forel's original definition of limnology, "the
59:
56:
1899:The Lakes Handbook: Limnology and limnetic ecology
469:
138:. The study of limnology includes aspects of the
1736:Lampert, W., & Sommer, U. 2007. Limnoecology.
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
791:, the Society of Canadian Limnologists, and the
213:, studies, manages, and seeks to conserve these
1386:Horne, Alexander J; Goldman, Charles R (1994).
1329:"History of Limnology – UW Digital Collections"
291:Prominent early American limnologists included
3116:
3008:
2216:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1926:
8:
1897:Patrick E. O'Sullivan and Colin S. Reynolds
593:hours, while only respiration occurs during
2281:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1413:Limnology (Zoological Science Publications)
353:streams and lakes relates to the landscape
3123:
3109:
3101:
3015:
3001:
2993:
2597:
2478:
2465:
1963:
1949:
1933:
1919:
1911:
1549:(Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer.
1850:, 3 vols. (1957–1975) - classic but dated
1415:. United States of America: McGraw-Hill.
1303:
1293:
1243:
1129:
1071:
460:
134: 'study of') is the study of inland
1757:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
930:
928:
926:
924:
1624:
1622:
893:
377:and aids in maintaining water quality.
439:An annual heat budget, also shown as θ
319:contributed to the development of the
1746:
1744:
1742:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1492:
1490:
7:
3281:
937:Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems
274:Societas Internationalis Limnologiae
268:(a Swedish botanist) co-founded the
27:Science of inland aquatic ecosystems
2544:Oceanic physical-biological process
2406:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1769:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001111
470:{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int }
402:Similar to light zonation, thermal
785:International Society of Limnology
270:International Society of Limnology
25:
1805:, 4th ed. (Waveland Press, 1994)
793:Freshwater Biological Association
252:The term limnology was coined by
3280:
3268:
3257:
3256:
3243:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2950:
2582:
2254:
2071:Colored dissolved organic matter
1131:10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298
833:
819:
805:
781:Asociación Ibérica de Limnología
232:Limnology is closely related to
46:
2416:Latin America and the Caribbean
301:University of Wisconsin-Madison
2898:Ecological values of mangroves
2441:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1704:Marine and Freshwater Research
1643:. Freshwat. Biol., 62, 474-490
1547:Water Quality: An Introduction
1028:10.1080/03680770.2009.11923903
411:stratification in a lake. The
1:
1855:The Ecology of Running Waters
1348:Beckel, Annamarie L. (1987).
166:. This includes the study of
2918:Marine conservation activism
2903:Fisheries and climate change
1829:A.J.Horne and C.R. Goldman:
1577:Geophysical Research Letters
1445:Geophysical Research Letters
1274:Geophysical Research Letters
2913:Human impact on marine life
2790:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2026:Aquatic population dynamics
789:Polish Limnological Society
712:Lake trophic classification
429:relative thermal resistance
3360:
1751:Lewis, William M. (1987).
1110:Limnology and Oceanography
1008:SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010
770:Professional organizations
740:lakes have high levels of
118:
101:
3252:
3241:
3138:
3068:Pechton / Pecton / Pekton
3034:
2944:
2600:
2580:
2529:Marine primary production
2477:
2464:
2423:List of marine ecoregions
2252:
1962:
1948:
1817:Introduction to Limnology
1669:Dodds, Walter K. (2010).
1503:(0 ed.). CRC Press.
1236:10.1007/s00114-018-1547-z
1082:10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8
977:10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_204
904:Fundamentals of Limnology
553:Oxygen and carbon dioxide
264:(a German zoologist) and
115: 'lake' and
2775:Coastal biogeomorphology
2770:Marine coastal ecosystem
1545:Boyd, Claude E. (2015).
2683:Paradox of the plankton
2494:Diel vertical migration
2388:Freshwater swamp forest
2106:GIS and aquatic science
1954:General components and
1873:Ecology of Fresh Waters
1848:A Treatise on Limnology
1280:(24): 10, 773–10, 781.
664:months compared to the
629:Nitrogen and phosphorus
599:aquatic metabolism rate
254:François-Alphonse Forel
162:, natural and man-made
2509:Large marine ecosystem
2201:Shoaling and schooling
935:Wetzel, R. G. (2001).
901:Kumar, Arvind (2005).
732:of a lake can lead to
699:
610:
471:
398:Thermal stratification
38:
2928:Marine protected area
2855:Salt pannes and pools
2630:Marine larval ecology
2605:Census of Marine Life
2489:Deep scattering layer
2446:San Francisco Estuary
2411:Africa and Madagascar
2236:Underwater camouflage
2016:Aquatic biomonitoring
1956:freshwater ecosystems
1888:Limnological Analyses
1882:Robert G. Wetzel and
1803:Textbook of Limnology
1216:The Science of Nature
1116:(6part2): 2298–2314.
968:Environmental Geology
687:
680:Biological properties
607:
574:autotrophic organisms
472:
227:biogeochemical cycles
33:
2663:Marine bacteriophage
2625:Marine invertebrates
1753:"Tropical Limnology"
1597:10.1029/2020GL091374
1583:(3): e2020GL091374.
1465:10.1029/2021GL093366
1451:(9): e2021GL093366.
1411:Welch, P.S. (1935).
1295:10.1002/2015gl066235
695:, United States, an
459:
321:Center for Limnology
293:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3143:Atmospheric science
3024:Groups of organisms
2539:Ocean fertilization
2348:Trophic state index
2306:Lake stratification
2036:Aquatic respiration
1589:2021GeoRL..4891374Y
1457:2021GeoRL..4893366S
1286:2015GeoRL..4210773O
1228:2018SciNa.105...25E
1180:10.1038/nature12760
1172:2013Natur.503..355R
1122:2009LimOc..54.2298T
1064:2007Ecosy..10..172C
1020:2009SILP...30.1149D
718:trophic state index
493:Chemical properties
332:Physical properties
211:landscape limnology
154:characteristics of
3314:Freshwater ecology
3235:Quaternary science
3132:Physical geography
3028:aquatic ecosystems
2805:Intertidal wetland
2800:Intertidal ecology
2668:Marine prokaryotes
2610:Deep-sea community
2504:Iron fertilization
2427:Specific examples
2353:Upland and lowland
2271:Freshwater biology
2136:Microbial food web
2046:Aquatic toxicology
1989:Aquatic adaptation
1942:Aquatic ecosystems
907:. APH Publishing.
868:Limnological tower
749:Tropical limnology
724:and low levels of
722:primary production
700:
611:
467:
466:
455:) temperatures or
388:photic or euphotic
381:Light interactions
313:Charles R. Goldman
242:freshwater biology
136:aquatic ecosystems
39:
3296:
3295:
3230:Landscape ecology
3174:Coastal geography
3098:
3097:
2990:
2989:
2971:Oceans portal
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2815:Hydrothermal vent
2751:
2750:
2640:Seashore wildlife
2471:Marine ecosystems
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2226:Thermal pollution
2191:Ramsar Convention
2131:Microbial ecology
2091:Fisheries science
2031:Aquatic predation
1556:978-3-319-17445-7
1518:978-0-203-80395-0
1422:978-0-07-069179-7
1397:978-0-07-023673-8
1166:(7476): 355–359.
986:978-1-4020-4494-6
759:temperate regions
697:oligotrophic lake
586:aerobic organisms
359:lake surface area
327:General limnology
282:Benedykt Dybowski
262:August Thienemann
16:(Redirected from
3351:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3165:Paleoclimatology
3125:
3118:
3111:
3102:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2957:Lakes portal
2955:
2954:
2953:
2923:Marine pollution
2615:Deep-water coral
2598:
2586:
2519:Marine chemistry
2479:
2466:
2383:Freshwater marsh
2276:Freshwater biome
2258:
1974:Acoustic ecology
1964:
1950:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1844:G. E. Hutchinson
1815:Stanley Dodson,
1801:Gerald A. Cole,
1789:
1788:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1666:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1523:
1522:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1075:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1014:(8): 1149–1166.
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
962:
956:
954:
939:(3rd ed.).
932:
919:
918:
898:
843:
838:
837:
836:
829:
824:
823:
822:
815:
810:
809:
808:
755:tropical regions
558:Dissolved oxygen
476:
474:
473:
468:
435:Lake Heat Budget
355:drainage density
317:Arthur D. Hasler
131:
122:
112:
105:
90:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
21:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3339:Aquatic ecology
3334:Systems ecology
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3248:
3239:
3169:Palaeogeography
3134:
3129:
3099:
3094:
3030:
3021:
2991:
2986:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2932:
2893:Coral bleaching
2879:
2860:Seagrass meadow
2757:Marine habitats
2747:
2721:Coral reef fish
2687:
2673:Marine protists
2649:
2587:
2578:
2549:Ocean turbidity
2524:Marine food web
2473:
2452:
2394:
2333:River ecosystem
2286:Freshwater fish
2259:
2250:
2056:Bioluminescence
2041:Aquatic science
1958:
1944:
1939:
1892:Springer-Verlag
1798:
1796:Further reading
1793:
1792:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1716:10.1071/mf00084
1701:
1700:
1696:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1526:
1519:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1073:10.1.1.177.3527
1048:
1047:
1043:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
987:
964:
963:
959:
951:
934:
933:
922:
915:
900:
899:
895:
890:
885:
874:River ecosystem
841:Wetlands portal
839:
834:
832:
825:
820:
818:
811:
806:
804:
801:
772:
751:
714:
705:
703:Role in ecology
682:
631:
555:
495:
488:
484:
480:
457:
456:
454:
451:) and winter (θ
450:
446:
442:
437:
400:
383:
334:
329:
305:Edward A. Birge
250:
234:aquatic ecology
202:) or standing (
164:bodies of water
88:
49:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3180:
3171:
3158:
3156:Phytogeography
3149:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2960:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2711:Saltwater fish
2708:
2706:Marine reptile
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:Marine viruses
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2655:Microorganisms
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2645:Wild fisheries
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Thorson's rule
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Marine biology
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Brackish marsh
2370:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Lake ecosystem
2298:
2293:
2291:Hyporheic zone
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Microbial loop
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Eutrophication
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Cascade effect
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1994:Aquatic animal
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1895:
1884:Gene E. Likens
1880:
1869:
1858:
1853:H.B.N. Hynes,
1851:
1841:
1827:
1813:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1738:
1729:
1694:
1679:
1654:
1645:
1630:
1618:
1562:
1555:
1524:
1517:
1509:10.1201/b11386
1486:
1428:
1421:
1403:
1396:
1359:
1340:
1320:
1311:
1259:
1201:
1145:
1095:
1058:(1): 172–185.
1041:
998:
985:
957:
949:
941:Academic Press
920:
913:
892:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:
880:Paleolimnology
877:
871:
865:
859:
856:Lake ecosystem
853:
846:
845:
844:
830:
816:
800:
797:
771:
768:
750:
747:
730:Eutrophication
713:
710:
704:
701:
681:
678:
630:
627:
615:organic matter
570:photosynthesis
562:carbon dioxide
560:and dissolved
554:
551:
543:organic carbon
511:drainage basin
494:
491:
486:
482:
478:
465:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
404:stratification
399:
396:
382:
379:
333:
330:
328:
325:
249:
246:
219:drainage basin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3356:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Geostatistics
3209:
3207:
3206:Geomorphology
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Sponge ground
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Marine biomes
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Demersal fish
2729:
2727:
2726:Deep-sea fish
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Marine mammal
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Trophic level
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Sediment trap
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Phytoplankton
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Aquatic plant
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Anoxic waters
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:0-632-04797-6
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:Prentice Hall
1863:
1860:Jacob Kalff,
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:0-07-023673-9
1836:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:0-07-287935-1
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:0-88133-800-1
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
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286:Lake Baikal
284:'s work on
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3303:Categories
3216:Glaciology
3196:Geobiology
3191:Edaphology
2850:Salt marsh
2785:Coral reef
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2264:Freshwater
2096:Food chain
2009:Water bird
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1052:Ecosystems
992:2022-04-21
888:References
738:Dystrophic
638:phosphorus
576:, such as
413:epilimnion
363:lake shape
215:ecosystems
172:reservoirs
152:geological
140:biological
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3221:Hydrology
2875:Tide pool
2780:Cold seep
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2328:Rheotaxis
2321:Fish pond
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2206:Siltation
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297:Ed Deevey
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609:dioxide.
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2116:Hypoxia
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