Richard Lindzen - Knowledge (XXG)

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specifically directed at policy. The Summary for Policymakers reflects less emphasis on communicating the basis for uncertainty and a stronger emphasis on areas of major concern associated with human-induced climate change. This change in emphasis appears to be the result of a summary process in which scientists work with policy makers on the document. Written responses from U.S. coordinating and lead scientific authors to the committee indicate, however, that (a) no changes were made without the consent of the convening lead authors (this group represents a fraction of the lead and contributing authors) and (b) most changes that did occur lacked significant impact".

1204:(IARC) on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)), on the other hand "With first-hand smoke it's a more interesting issue ... The case for lung cancer is very good but it also ignores the fact that there are differences in people's susceptibilities which the Japanese studies have pointed to." Again, when asked to clarify his position Lindzen wrote "there was a reasonable case for the role of cigarette smoking in lung cancer, but that the case was not so strong that one should rule that any questions were out of order ... the much, much weaker case against second hand smoke also being treated as dogma." 707:. They showed that the QBO could be driven by vertically propagating gravity waves with phase speeds in both westward and eastward directions and that the oscillation arose through a mechanism involving a two-way feedback between the waves and the mean flow. It was a bold conjecture, given that there was very little observational evidence available to either confirm or confute the hypothesis. In particular, there was still no observational evidence of the westward-traveling "Kelvin" waves; Lindzen postulated their existence theoretically. 569:(1882) had proposed the so-called "resonance" theory, wherein the semi-diurnal tide would be "selected" over the diurnal oscillation if the atmosphere was somehow able to oscillate freely at a period of very close to 12 hours, in the same way that overtones are selected on a vibrating string. By the second half of the twentieth century, however, observations had failed to confirm this hypothesis, and an alternative hypothesis was proposed that something must instead suppress the diurnal tide. In 1961, 1045:

variability—that is, such naturally occurring cycles as El Niño, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, etc. Yet articles from major modeling centers acknowledged that the failure of these models to anticipate the absence of warming for the past dozen years was due to the failure of these models to account for this natural internal variability. Thus even the basis for the weak IPCC argument for anthropogenic climate change was shown to be false.

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nations to "change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases," starting with carbon dioxide. It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen's petition does not represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.

1218: 946:. Lindzen stated in May 2001 that it did not truly summarize the IPCC report but had been amended to state more definite conclusions. He also emphasized the fact that the summary had not been written by scientists alone. The NAS panel on which Lindzen served says that the summary was the result of dialogue between scientists and policymakers. 660:. His interest in the phenomenon began in 1961 when his PhD advisor, Richard M. Goody, speculated that the 26-month relaxation time for stratospheric ozone at 25 km (15.53 mi) in the tropics might somehow be related to the 26-month period of the QBO, and suggested investigation of this idea as a thesis topic. In fact, Lindzen's, 500:. His work in these areas led him to a number of fundamental scientific discoveries, including the discovery of negative equivalent depths in classical tidal theory, explanations for both the quasi-biennial oscillation of the Earth's stratosphere and the four-day period of the superrotation of the Venus atmosphere above the cloud top. 841:, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming. By contrast, Lindzen believes that temperature increases will actually cause more extensive drying due to increased areas of 982:

The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all. Nonetheless, there are statements made of such overt unrealism that I feel embarrassed.

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to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths had been omitted. Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface pressure

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included the comments of several other experts. Christopher S. Bretherton, an atmospheric researcher at the University of Washington, said Lindzen is "feeding upon an audience that wants to hear a certain message, and wants to hear it put forth by people with enough scientific reputation that it can

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In 2017, Lindzen sent a petition to President Trump, asking the President to withdraw the United States from the United Nations Convention on Climate Change. The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other

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We're talking of a few tenths of a degree change in temperature. None of it in the last eight years, by the way. And if we had warming, it should be accomplished by less storminess. But because the temperature itself is so unspectacular, we have developed all sorts of fear of prospect scenarios – of

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due to emission of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes, and then in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed

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The NAS panel said on the matter that "The committee finds that the full IPCC Working Group I (WGI) report is an admirable summary of research activities in climate science, and the full report is adequately summarized in the Technical Summary. The full WGI report and its Technical Summary are not

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article, "Dr. Lindzen accepts the elementary tenets of climate science. He agrees that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, calling people who dispute that point 'nutty.' He agrees that the level of it is rising because of human activity and that this should warm the climate." He also believes that

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In an announcement on December 27, 2013, the Institute said that in a new position at Cato, Lindzen's focus would be on "the interaction between science and policymakers" and that he would study "whether the move from largely private funding to public support has introduced biases into science and

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In the years following the publication of Lindzen and Holton (1968), more observational evidence became available, and Lindzen's fundamental insight into the mechanism driving the QBO was confirmed. However, the theory of interaction via critical level absorption was found to be incomplete and was

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published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change. Suggestions that significant revisions to

1114:, another M.I.T. scientist, said of Lindzen's views "Even if there were no political implications, it just seems deeply unprofessional and irresponsible to look at this and say, 'We're sure it's not a problem.' It's a special kind of risk, because it's a risk to the collective civilization." 649:, who saw that winds blow from the west at 15 km (9.32 mi) altitude in tropical Africa from his balloon experiments. These became known as the "Berson westerlies". However, it was not until the early 1960s that the ~ 26-month cycle of the QBO was first described, independently by 1044:

Based on the weak argument that the current models used by the IPCC couldn't reproduce the warming from about 1978 to 1998 without some forcing, and that the only forcing that they could think of was man. Even this argument assumes that these models adequately deal with natural internal

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Since the 1960s a puzzling phenomenon has been observed in the atmosphere of Venus. The atmosphere above the cloud base is seen to travel around the planet about 50 times faster than the rotation of the planet surface, or in only four to five Earth-days. In 1974 a theory was proposed by

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and others, and Lindzen accepted that his paper included "some stupid mistakes". When interviewed, he said "It was just embarrassing", and added that "The technical details of satellite measurements are really sort of grotesque." Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to

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in 2001, Lindzen said that climate models are inadequate. Despite accepted errors in their models, e.g., treatment of clouds, modelers still thought their climate predictions were valid. Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,

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basically agreed with Lindzen, describing him as "courageous". He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing". He added that while he regarded some of Lindzen's views as flawed, he said that, "across the board he's generally very good".

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has led researchers investigating Lindzen's theory to conclude that the Iris effect would instead warm the atmosphere. Lindzen disputed this, claiming that the negative feedback from high-level clouds was still larger than the weak positive feedback estimated by Lin et al.

534:. The Lindzen and Goody (1965) study has been widely cited as foundational in the exact modeling of middle atmosphere ozone photochemistry. This work was extended in 1973 to include the effects of nitrogen and hydrogen reactions with his former PhD student, Donna Blake, in 601:

oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere. In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague, Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for

902:. The four reviewers of the paper, two of whom had been selected by Lindzen, strongly criticized the paper and PNAS rejected it for publication. Lindzen and Choi then succeeded in getting a little known Korean journal to publish it as a 2011 paper. 4621: 1129:, did not accept Lindzen's assessment of the science, and said that Lindzen had "sacrificed his luminosity by taking a stand that most of us feel is scientifically unsound." Mahlman did, however, admit that Lindzen was a "formidable opponent". 923:, has been widely cited. Lindzen subsequently publicly criticized the report summary for not referring to the statement in the full report that twenty years of temperature measurements was "too short a period for estimating long term trends". 645:, when the ash from the volcano was transported around the globe from east to west by stratospheric winds in about two weeks. These winds became known as the "Krakatoa easterlies". It was observed again in 1908, by the German meteorologist 1643: 1155:

magazine reported that Lindzen is "willing to take bets that global average temperatures in 20 years will in fact be lower than they are now". However, on June 8, 2005, they reported that Lindzen insisted that he had been misquoted, after

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decreasing tropical cirrus clouds in a warmer world will allow more longwave radiation to escape the atmosphere, counteracting the warming. Lindzen first published this "iris" theory in 2001, and offered more support in a 2009 paper.

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As of January 2010, his publications list included 230 papers and articles published between 1965 and 2008, with five in process for 2009. He is the author of a standard textbook on atmospheric dynamics, and co-authored the monograph

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flooding, of plague, of increased storminess when the physics says we should see less. I think it's mainly just like little kids locking themselves in dark closets to see how much they can scare each other and themselves.

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in the following year which held instead that the meridional (Hadley) circulation may transport the momentum by eddy-mixing. As of 2005, the actual cause of this phenomenon continued to be debated in the literature, with

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Lindzen's work on atmospheric tides led him to the study of planetary waves and the general circulation of atmospheres. By 1967, he had contributed a number of papers on the theory of waves in the middle atmosphere. In

625:, who had contributed to the theory of atmospheric tides in a number of papers from the 1920s through to the 1940s. This led to their joint publication in 1969 of a 186-page monograph (republished in 1970 as a book) 871:, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease. 983:

I feel it discredits science. I think problems will arise when one will need to depend on scientific judgment, and by ruining our credibility now you leave society with a resource of some importance diminished.

5377: 1040:, Lindzen said that the earth was just emerging from the "Little Ice Age" in the 19th century and says that it is "not surprising" to see warming after that. Lindzen states that the IPCC's 2001 findings were 5382: 4631: 1017:, claiming that scientists are just as liable to err when the science appears to point in just one direction. He drew an analogy in 1996 between the consensus in the early and mid-twentieth century on 577:

by tropospheric water vapour might account for the reduction of the diurnal tide. However, he failed to include a role for stratospheric ozone. This was rectified in 1963 by the Australian physicist

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for simplifying the equations of classical tidal theory, whilst at the same time developing planetary wave relations. He noticed from his equations that eastward-traveling waves (known as

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at MIT from 1983, until his retirement which was reported in the Spring 2013 newsletter of MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS). On December 27, 2013, the

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agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick is".

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to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°. Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data. These estimates were criticized by

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levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO

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appeared, which Lindzen read with great interest. Booker and Bretherton showed that vertically propagating gravity waves were completely absorbed at a critical level.

4292: 3512:"Maintenance of Equatorial Superrotation in a Planetary Atmosphere: Analytic Evaluation of the Zonal Momentum Budgets for the Stratospheres of Venus, Titan and Earth" 5295: 3858: 1782: 1698: 1606: 822: 1348:, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Meteorological Society. He is a corresponding member of the NAS Committee on Human Rights, and a member of the 3462: 1091:, Lindzen wrote that he believed the Kyoto Protocol would increase the cost of electricity for no gain, putting signatory states at a competitive disadvantage. 935:

Working Group 1, which considers the physical processes that are active in real world climate. He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 "

837:. The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of 5387: 5239: 2919: 1201: 5102: 4800: 1333: 916: 407: 175: 2506:"Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part III. Stability of a zonal vortex at midlatitudes to axially symmetric disturbances" 1246: 1226: 4415: 5397: 936: 932: 1177:, in relation to climate change and other issues. Lindzen's graduate students describe him as "fiercely intelligent, with a deep contrarian streak." 711:

modified to include the importance of attenuation due to radiative cooling. The revised theory was published in the Holton and Lindzen (1972) paper,

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used to predict future climate change. Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's

2132: 1454: 978:. Cato Institute was "founded and heavily funded for years" by the Kochs, and Lindzen was prominently quoted in the brochure for the conference. 5392: 4716: 4594: 4548: 4446: 4442: 4091: 3127: 1495: 1341: 1126: 942:". He described the full 2001 IPCC report as "an admirable description of research activities in climate science" although he criticized the 230: 1441: 703:, Lindzen presented his theory of the QBO after testing it in a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical model that had been developed by Holton and 290:. He is the author of more than 200 scientific papers. From 1972 to 1982, he served as the Gordon McKay Professor of Dynamic Meteorology at 3273: 1014: 399:

and seasonal atmospheric effects. His main contribution to the academic literature on anthropogenic climate change is his proposal of the

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Chou, Ming-Dah; Lindzen, Richard S.; Hou, Arthur Y. (2002). "Comments on "The Iris Hypothesis: A Negative or Positive Cloud Feedback?"".

2563:"Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part IV. Stability of a zonal vortex at midlatitudes to baroclinic waves" 2449:"Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part II. Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator" 3048: 1569: 1473: 1189: 857: 518: 4567: 662:

Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics, Part II: Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator

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Nevertheless, the predictions of classical tidal theory still did not agree with observations. It was Lindzen, in his 1966 paper,

5332: 5327: 1831:———; Choi, Yong-Sang (2011). "On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications". 334: 5120: 4222: 3625: 3405: 3216: 2687: 2562: 2505: 2448: 2391: 2333: 1376:

Richard Lindzen and his wife, Nadine, have two sons. Lindzen's interests include amateur radio, photography, and oriental rugs.

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Lindzen, Richard S.; Choi, Yong-Sang (2011). "On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications".

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leakage from Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, rising temperatures would cause more extensive drying due to increased areas of

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and the Science, Health, and Economic Advisory Council at the Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy. He joined

5186: 2334:"Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part I. Models for radiative and photochemical processes" 1250: 1242: 3748: 2246: 1745: 1076: 875: 773: 384: 326: 5014: 1880:——— (2011). "Climate physics, feedbacks, and reductionism (and when does reductionism go too far?)". 1279: 4772: 4154: 2947: 1361: 1353: 557:(1799), scientists had been puzzled as to why pressure variations measured at the Earth's surface associated with the 4657: 1352:

Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. He was a consultant to the Global Modeling and Simulation Group at NASA's

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The Lindzen and Blake formalism is used in the parameterization of radiative-photochemical damping (see Appendix A).

1411: 2077: 1479: 729: 638: 602: 299: 161: 112: 4997: 1235: 688:") with periods less than five days were "vertically trapped." At the same time, an important paper by Booker and 1357: 1286: 1197: 1134: 738: 642: 541:

Lindzen's work on ozone photochemistry has been important in studies that look at the effects that anthropogenic

5277: 5147: 3833: 3733: 3668: 3643: 3608: 3583: 3493: 3489: 3362: 3300: 3243: 2819: 2714: 2661: 2589: 2532: 2475: 2418: 2361: 2107:"Scientist at work: Richard S. Lindzen; A Skeptic Asks, Is It Getting Hotter, Or Is It Just the Computer Model?" 1967: 1942: 1720: 1693: 1591: 1564: 732:" which held that the rotation is driven by the thermal atmospheric tide. An alternative theory was proposed by 359:, involved the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere. 5282: 4252: 4075: 4047: 2877: 2833:

Haurwitz, B (1962a). "Die tägliche Periode der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und ihre geographische Verteilung".

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committees regarding his understandings of the current state of research on climate change for multiple times.

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Lindzen recalls his discovery of the mechanism underlying the QBO in the semi-autobiographical review article,

419: 415: 210: 206: 4810: 4123: 1565:"On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics" 1431: 1268: 1036: 842: 810: 798: 4391: 3906:"Title: On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications Ms. No.: 2010-15738" 1426: 987:

The title of the presentation Lindzen made at the conference was "Critical Issues in Climate Forecasting".

5402: 4007: 3954: 3719: 2688:"Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response" 1850: 1084: 966:

by business writer Christopher Leonard as a previously unhighlighted early landmark in the efforts by the

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and his student K.A. Small who showed that stratospheric ozone absorbs an even greater part of the solar

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be sustained for a while, even if it's wrong science. I don't think it's intellectually honest at all."

1088: 959: 431: 222: 4044:"Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions: Committee on the Science of Climate Change" 3912: 2144: 733: 5317: 5135: 4933:"Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe" 4572: 3999: 3946: 3804: 3711: 3684: 3655: 3595: 3556: 3477: 3420: 3349: 3288: 3231: 3181: 3063: 3013: 2970: 2931: 2892: 2842: 2807: 2702: 2649: 2577: 2520: 2463: 2406: 2349: 1954: 1889: 1842: 1791: 1754: 1707: 1652: 1615: 1578: 1539: 1139: 834: 725: 704: 650: 578: 570: 554: 97: 4012: 3724: 5226: 4622:"MIT professors denounce their colleague in letter to Trump for denying evidence of climate change" 2140: 2083: 1416: 1180:

The characterization of Lindzen as a contrarian has been reinforced by reports that he claims that

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announced his appointment as a Distinguished Senior Fellow in its Center for the Study of Science.

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soon after his birth and grew up in a Jewish household in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood.

291: 226: 214: 85: 5261: 3304: 1257: 761:, before switching affiliations to MIT as the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology in 1983. 434:(1968–72). From 1972 to 1982, he served as the Gordon McKay Professor of Dynamic Meteorology at 355:

in applied mathematics in 1961 and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics in 1964. His doctoral thesis,

5214: 2635:"Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates in the stratosphere" 2282: 2208: 1973:

However, Lindzen says in his 1987 recollections that he did not see this study until after the

5096: 4954: 4854: 4805: 4662: 4293:“‘Kochland’ Examines the Koch Brothers’ Early, Crucial Role in Climate-Change Denial” (review) 4087: 3852: 3123: 2634: 2190: 1819: 1680: 1555: 1491: 1151: 1007: 614: 597: 562: 558: 493: 352: 280: 121: 93: 4365: 3632:, National Academy of Sciences 1975, full text and pdf scan available at the Internet Archive 3087: 1501: 1392: 1293: 536:

Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates in the stratosphere

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in amplitude, when intuitively one would expect the diurnal passage of the sun to dominate.

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Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1968). "The application of classical atmospheric tidal theory".

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contacted Lindzen to make the bet but claimed that "Lindzen would take only 50 to 1 odds".

5243: 4908: 4837: 4516:"Petition to withdraw from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)" 4470: 4187: 3629: 3547:

Lindzen, R. S. (1981). "Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown".

3382: 1193: 1130: 975: 794: 696: 593: 542: 497: 458: 400: 347: 108: 4981: 887:. The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO 31: 5139: 4003: 3950: 3808: 3715: 3659: 3599: 3560: 3481: 3424: 3353: 3292: 3235: 3185: 3067: 3017: 2974: 2935: 2896: 2846: 2811: 2706: 2653: 2581: 2524: 2467: 2410: 2353: 1958: 1893: 1846: 1795: 1758: 1711: 1656: 1619: 1582: 1543: 845:

as a result of the Iris effect, nullifying future warming. This claim was criticized by

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experiments suggesting that both the Fels/Lindzen and Gierasch mechanisms are involved.

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Lindzen, Richard Siegmund; McKenzie, DJ (1967). "Tidal theory with Newtonian cooling".

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Butler, Stuart Thomas; Small, KA (1963). "The excitation of atmospheric oscillations".

2341: 2310: 1814: 1777: 1446: 1167: 1080: 1051: 955: 903: 838: 481: 466: 287: 128: 4568:"Hundreds of scientists urge Donald Trump to withdraw from U.N. Climate-change agency" 1930:

Susumu Kato had independently made the same discovery at about the same time in Japan.

5311: 5159: 5155: 4653: 4244: 4217: 3622: 3436: 3247: 3201: 3083: 2990: 2862: 2737: 2718: 2593: 2536: 2479: 2422: 2392:"The radiative-photochemical response of the mesosphere to fluctuations in radiation" 2365: 1909: 1675: 1638: 1111: 971: 865: 849: 846: 830: 765: 646: 388: 4029: 3522: 3033: 813:. This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 4721: 3976: 2792: 1872: 1170:, a coal company that has funded multiple groups contesting the climate consensus. 802: 753:. From February to June 1975 he was a visiting professor of dynamic meteorology at 685: 485: 380: 315: 294:. In 1983, he was appointed as the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the 4522: 4492: 3113: 2021: 1901: 1356:, and a Distinguished Visiting Scientist at California Institute of Technology's 684:) and westward-traveling waves (which Lindzen himself helped in establishing as " 5250: 4332: 1181: 1157: 1065: 967: 566: 512:

and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

298:, where he would remain until his retirement in 2013. Lindzen has disputed the 5192: 4949: 4932: 4336: 4288: 3968: 3463:"Meridional circulation and the maintenance of the Venus atmospheric rotation" 3432: 3193: 1864: 1069: 861: 673: 582: 574: 489: 376: 4349:

Hahn, R, ed. (1996), "5. Science and politics: global warming and eugenics",

2306: 2257: 1487: 4749: 4717:"Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change" 4306: 3568: 3335:"An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere" 2904: 2670: 2194: 1804: 1730: 1665: 1551: 526:, was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former PhD thesis advisor, 319: 5001: 4181:"Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee" 3584:"Hadley Circulations for Zonally Averaged Heating Centered off the Equator" 3025: 2943: 1823: 1684: 1393:"Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus" 958:

conference, "Global Environmental Crisis: Science or Politics?" on June 5 (

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His PhD thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry,

5207: 4958: 4667: 3763: 1455:"What Catastrophe? MIT’s Richard Lindzen, the unalarmed climate scientist" 713:

An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere

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Dessler, A. E. (2011). "Cloud variations and the Earth's energy budget".

3817: 3792: 3172:(2006). "The critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flow". 2187:

Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics

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Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics

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Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics

243: 772:. He is named as one of 16 Scientific Members of the team authoring the 3119: 3075: 2982: 2854: 1185: 1021:

and the current consensus about global warming. In a 2007 interview on

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By mid-2019, Lindzen was no longer affiliated with the Cato institute.

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mainstream climate science are required are therefore not supported."

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Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works

2878:"Diurnal atmospheric oscillation, 1. Eigenvalues and Hough functions" 1943:"Observational evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere" 237: 749:

From 1972 to 1982 Lindzen was a professor of dynamic meteorology at

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Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

4841:. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017 757:, and during part of 1979 Lindzen was a visiting professor at the 478: 284: 125: 5296:"Clouds' effect on climate change is last bastion for dissenters" 4416:"Clouds' Effect on Climate Change Is Last Bastion for Dissenters" 3877:"Clouds' Effect on Climate Change Is Last Bastion for Dissenters" 1526:"Turbulence and Stress Owing to Gravity Wave and Tidal Breakdown" 30:"Lindzen" redirects here. For the Swedish water polo player, see 3688: 3406:"Interaction of thermally excited gravity waves with mean flows" 3274:"A diagnostic numerical model of the quasi-biennial oscillation" 853: 439: 5363:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty

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In 2001, Lindzen served on an 11-member panel organized by the

438:. Lindzen also briefly held a position of visiting lecturer at 2053: 1692:———; Chou, Ming-Dah; Hou, Arthur Y. (2001). 1256:

from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially

1211: 754: 411: 295: 3834:"Working out climate sensitivity from satellite measurements" 3644:"The iris hypothesis: a negative or positive cloud feedback?" 2686:

Fels, SB; Mahlman, JD; Schwarzkopf, MD; Sinclair, RW (1980).

1166:

reported in June 2016 that Lindzen has been a beneficiary of

664:, documented the failure of this attempt to explain the QBO. 514:

Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics

279:

known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere,

4745:"Climate change dissenters say they are demonized in debate" 4295:, ‘’The New Yorker’’, August 13, 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-17. 2229: 2227: 2225: 418:(1964–65), the Institute for Theoretical Meteorology at the 5148:

10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<0329:OTDOTT>2.0.CO;2

3734:

10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2713:COTIHA>2.0.CO;2

3669:

10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0003:TIHANO>2.0.CO;2

3609:

10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2416:HCFZAH>2.0.CO;2

3490:

10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1038:MCATMO>2.0.CO;2

3363:

10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1076:AUTFTQ>2.0.CO;2

3301:

10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0280:ADNMOT>2.0.CO;2

3244:

10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<1095:atotqb>2.0.co;2

2820:

10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0295:OTTOTD>2.3.CO;2

2715:

10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:SSTPIO>2.0.CO;2

2662:

10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0783:eopmoc>2.3.co;2

2590:

10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0350:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2

2533:

10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0344:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2

2476:

10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0334:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2

2419:

10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0469:trprot>2.0.co;2

2362:

10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0341:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2

1968:

10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0900:OEOKWI>2.0.CO;2

1721:

10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:DTEHAA>2.3.CO;2

1592:

10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2

4213:"The Deniers – Part V: The original denier: into the cold" 3793:"On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data" 3685:"NASA satellite instrument warms up global cooling theory" 1741:"On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data" 1629:

10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<0288:SCCGW>2.0.CO;2

1188:. When asked about this during an interview as part of an 1064:

Starting in 1991, Lindzen has provided testimonies to the

403:

in 2001, with co-authors Ming-Dah Chou and Arthur Y. Hou.

5378:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

4715:

Suzanne Goldenberg and Helena Bengtsson (June 13, 2016).

4595:"MIT Faculty Working on Climate Write to President Trump" 4249:

Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions

4071:

Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions

2761:. Vol. 7. New York: Academic Press. pp. 105–82. 2044: 2042: 1776:———; Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (2010). 921:

Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions

4277:“1991 CATO Climate Denial Conference Flyer and Schedule” 609:

While holding the position of research scientist at the

524:

Part I: Models for Radiative and Photochemical Processes

5383:

Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

4549:"Climate skeptics ask Trump to withdraw from UN agency" 829:

Lindzen has expressed his concern over the validity of

1939:

Actually, the evidence was coming in at the time, see

302:

and criticizes what he has called "climate alarmism".

4116:"Scientists' Report Doesn't Support the Kyoto Treaty" 3870: 3868: 2924:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

2256:(curriculum vitae). MIT. June 1, 2008. Archived from 1639:"Can increasing carbon dioxide cause climate change?" 764:

During this time, Lindzen published some research on

4353:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 85–103 1346:

American Association for the Advancement of Sciences

793:

Lindzen hypothesized that the Earth may act like an

606:

so much more strongly and regularly at the surface.

4931:Boffetta P, Agudo A, Ahrens W, et al. (1998). 4307:"Cato closes its climate shop; Pat Michaels is out" 3112:Chapman, Sydney; Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1970). 3047:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund; Chapman, Sydney (1969). 1192:documentary, Lindzen said that while "the case for 778:

Understanding Climatic Change: A Program for Action

254: 236: 202: 188: 150: 142: 134: 104: 81: 73: 48: 41: 2076: 2920:"Thermally driven diurnal tide in the atmosphere" 1200:also said that” (referencing a 1998 study by the 414:in 1983, prior to which he held positions at the 5059:, vol. 4 (25th ed.), 2008, p. 909 4801:"Global-warming skeptics continue to punch away" 3939:Asia-Pacific Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1834:Asia-Pacific Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1694:"Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris?" 1121:included the comments of several other experts. 801:increase in the tropics would result in reduced 621:Lindzen was noticed and befriended by Professor 4986:(video). April 26, 2012. Event occurs at 22:34 1783:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1778:"Space observations of cold-cloud phase change" 1739:———; Choi, Yong-Sang (2009). 1699:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1607:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1042: 1027: 611:National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 5276:; Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (April 26, 2012), 3215:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund; Holton, JR (1968). 2233: 5121:"On the development of the theory of the QBO" 3683:Rink, Chris; Cole, Julia (January 16, 2002). 2633:Blake, DW; Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1973). 2301: 2299: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1974: 1563:———; Nigam, Sumant (1987). 1015:scientific consensus on global climate change 637:Although it wasn't realized at the time, the 8: 4491:. TCS (Tech Central Station). Archived from 4409: 4407: 4405: 3115:Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational 4279:, ‘’Koch Docs’’, n.d. Retrieved 2019-08-17. 4114:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (June 11, 2001). 3857:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1425:——— (November 30, 2009). 1202:International Agency for Research on Cancer 1003: 658:On the development of the theory of the QBO 522:between 1965 and 1966. The first of these, 1249:about living persons that is unsourced or 991:the public policies informed by science." 701:A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation 530:, who is well known for his 1964 textbook 38: 5373:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union 4948: 4773:"Richard Lindzen: An Inconvenient Expert" 4566:Richardson, Valerie (February 23, 2017). 4153:Lindzen, Richard S. (February 23, 2004). 4011: 3958: 3816: 3791:Lindzen, Richard S.; et al. (2009). 3723: 3667: 3607: 3361: 2669: 1966: 1854: 1813: 1803: 1766: 1729: 1719: 1674: 1664: 1627: 1602:"Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming" 1590: 1364:, and his biography has been included in 1320:Learn how and when to remove this message 1149:The November 10, 2004, online version of 310:Lindzen was born on February 8, 1940, in 154:NCAR Outstanding Publication Award (1967) 5015:"Lindzen dismisses Hansen's defamations" 4390:Lindzen, Richard S (November 30, 2009). 3377:Taylor, FW; Tsang, CCC (February 2005). 3217:"A theory of quasi-biennial oscillation" 2757:Siebert, M (1961). "Atmospheric tides". 2684:See for instance the widely cited study 1440:——— (April 24, 2010). 1338:Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters 1099:Third-party characterizations of Lindzen 653:in 1960 and Veryhard and Ebdon in 1961. 516:that was published in four parts in the 477:Lindzen's early work was concerned with 428:National Center for Atmospheric Research 219:National Center for Atmospheric Research 5358:The Bronx High School of Science alumni 5353:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni 5208:MIT EAPS Directory and Curriculum Vitae 4487:Lindzen, Richard (September 17, 2003). 3786: 3784: 3320: 3155: 3143: 1999: 1923: 1410:——— (July 26, 2009). 1350:United States National Research Council 1060:Comments addressed to U.S. policymakers 728:and Lindzen to explain this so-called " 275:(born February 8, 1940) is an American 5101:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5094: 4852: 4155:"Canadian Reactions To Sir David King" 3850: 2332:Lindzen, Richard S; Goody, RM (1965). 592:, who showed that the solution set of 300:scientific consensus on climate change 4447:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4272: 4270: 3519:SR SR A-2005-01, JHU /APL, Laurel, MD 3404:Fels, SB; Lindzen, Richard S (1974). 2105:Stevens, William K. (June 18, 1996). 2050:"Spring 2013 Newsletter Faculty News" 1342:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1127:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory 296:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 231:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 159:Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award (1968) 7: 5278:"In the Climate Casino: An Exchange" 4983:I Can Change Your Mind About…Climate 3747:Schmidt, Gavin (February 14, 2006). 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 954:Lindzen was a featured speaker at a 931:Lindzen worked on Chapter 7 of 2001 314:. His father, a shoemaker, had fled 5057:American Men & Women of Science 5013:Treadgold, Richard (May 15, 2011). 4547:Cama, Timothy (February 23, 2017). 4392:"The Climate Science Isn't Settled" 4179:Lindzen, Richard S. (May 1, 2001). 3588:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 3582:Lindzen, R. S.; Hou, A. V. (1988). 2793:"On the theory of the diurnal tide" 2075:Lindzen, Richard (April 22, 2010). 1570:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1427:"The Climate Science Isn't Settled" 1190:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 858:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 519:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 5388:People from Webster, Massachusetts 5119:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1987), 5084:from the original on March 4, 2016 4743:Ritter, Karl (December 17, 2007). 2185:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1965). 2020:(curriculum vitae). Archived from 1882:The European Physical Journal Plus 1524:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1981). 1472:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1990). 1391:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund (1992). 869:eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 318:with his mother. Lindzen moved to 25: 4771:Eilperin, Juliet (October 2009). 4414:Gillis, Justin (April 30, 2012). 3749:"Richard Lindzen's HoL testimony" 1442:"Alarmists keep ringing the bell" 1366:American Men and Women of Science 680:since their discovery in 1939 by 590:On the theory of the diurnal tide 5398:21st-century American physicists 5191:(home page), MIT, archived from 4876:"The Truth About Global Warming" 4799:Achenbach, Joel (June 5, 2006). 3764:"The Truth About Global Warming" 3333:Holton, JR; Lindzen, RS (1972). 3272:Wallace, JM; Holton, JR (1967). 3006:Proceedings of the Royal Society 2774:Proceedings of the Royal Society 2283:"Richard Lindzen's Publications" 2168:"The Truth About Global Warming" 1941:Wallace, JM; Kousky, VE (1967). 1216: 639:quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) 367:Lindzen has published papers on 335:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 5323:American atmospheric scientists 4305:Waldman, Scott (May 29, 2020). 3642:Lin, Bing; et al. (2002). 3549:Journal of Geophysical Research 1531:Journal of Geophysical Research 1475:Dynamics in Atmospheric Physics 1184:has only been weakly linked to 1049:According to an April 30, 2012 1002:In June 1992, a year after the 5225:——— (2001), 4874:Guterl, Fred (July 23, 2001). 3875:Gillis, Justin (May 1, 2012). 3762:Guterl, Fred (July 23, 2001). 2189:(Thesis). Harvard University. 2166:Guterl, Fred (July 22, 2001). 1637:——— (1997). 1600:——— (1990). 1340:, and was named Fellow of the 1103:An April 30, 2012, article in 759:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 670:Planetary waves on beta planes 27:American atmospheric physicist 1: 5393:Scientists from Massachusetts 4658:"Two Sides to Global Warming" 4620:Abel, David (March 8, 2017). 4351:Risks, Costs, and Lives Saved 3911:. PNAS Office. Archived from 919:. The panel's report, titled 573:suggested that absorption of 4339:, n.d. Retrieved 2019-08-17. 3992:Geophysical Research Letters 3797:Geophysical Research Letters 3623:Understanding Climate Change 2234:Lindzen, Chou & Hou 2001 1977:paper was already submitted. 1746:Geophysical Research Letters 1412:"Resisting climate hysteria" 1334:National Academy of Sciences 1227:biography of a living person 917:National Academy of Sciences 774:National Academy of Sciences 408:National Academy of Sciences 329:, where he won Regents' and 327:Bronx High School of Science 5185:Lindzen, Richard Siegmund, 4690:"Betting on Climate Change" 2918:Lindzen, Richard S (1967). 2791:Lindzen, Richard S (1966). 2561:Lindzen, Richard S (1966). 2504:Lindzen, Richard S (1966). 2390:Lindzen, Richard S (1965). 2078:"Climate Science in Denial" 1362:ISI highly cited researcher 1354:Goddard Space Flight Center 1332:Lindzen is a member of the 1254:must be removed immediately 1075:In 2001, Lindzen urged the 974:to promote questions about 406:Lindzen is a member of the 341:. In 1960, he received his 5419: 5019:Climate Conversation Group 3174:Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2622:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2247:"Richard Siegmund Lindzen" 2015:"Richard Siegmund Lindzen" 1902:10.1140/epjp/i2012-12052-8 1480:Cambridge University Press 1173:Lindzen has been called a 633:Quasi-biennial oscillation 430:(NCAR) (1966–67), and the 168:Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship 113:quasi-biennial oscillation 29: 5348:Harvard University alumni 4859:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4469:October 17, 2003, at the 3969:10.1007/s13143-011-0023-x 3832:dana1981 (July 6, 2012). 3433:10.1080/03091927409365793 3194:10.1017/S0022112067000515 2746:] (in French). Paris. 1975:Lindzen & Holton 1968 1865:10.1007/s13143-011-0023-x 1358:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1198:World Health Organization 1196:is not very good ... the 1135:Colorado State University 1004:Cato Institute conference 745:Middle period (1972–1990) 739:General Circulation Model 643:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 266: 181: 5283:New York Review of Books 5263:Richard Siegmund Lindzen 5128:Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 4902:Williams, Robyn (2005). 4253:National Academies Press 4076:National Academies Press 4048:National Academies Press 2835:Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. 1488:10.1017/CBO9780511608285 1144:University of Washington 944:Summary for Policymakers 817:warming by lowering the 784:Final period (1990–2010) 686:atmospheric Kelvin waves 674:beta plane approximation 641:was observed during the 420:University of Copenhagen 416:University of Washington 337:before matriculating at 306:Early life and education 273:Richard Siegmund Lindzen 211:University of Copenhagen 207:University of Washington 172:AMS Charney Award (1985) 5333:American meteorologists 5328:American climatologists 5266:(profile), Source Watch 5213:———, 4950:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440 4904:"Fair-weather friends?" 4396:The Wall Street Journal 4124:The Wall Street Journal 3569:10.1029/JC086iC10p09707 2905:10.1029/JZ071i013p03201 1805:10.1073/pnas.1006241107 1666:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8335 1552:10.1029/JC086iC10p09707 1432:The Wall Street Journal 1083:. In a letter to Mayor 1037:The Wall Street Journal 1034:In a 2009 editorial in 998:Views on climate change 799:sea surface temperature 695:In his 1968 paper with 559:semi-diurnal solar tide 5338:Atmospheric physicists 5216:A List of Publications 4464:"Reflections on Kyoto" 3628:April 8, 2016, at the 3379:"Venus super-rotation" 3026:10.1098/rspa.1968.0052 2944:10.1002/qj.49709339503 2759:Advances in Geophysics 2724:on September 18, 2008. 1241:Please help by adding 1047: 1032: 1013:He has criticized the 985: 950:Work at Cato Institute 843:atmospheric subsidence 821:. Satellite data from 811:atmospheric subsidence 719:Superrotation of Venus 561:dominate those of the 545:will have on climate. 473:Early work (1964–1972) 312:Webster, Massachusetts 165:Macelwane Award (1969) 66:Webster, Massachusetts 4656:(November 10, 2005). 4211:(December 22, 2006). 3461:Gierasch, PJ (1975). 3056:Space Science Reviews 2620:Atmospheric Radiation 1558:on February 23, 2013. 1380:Selected publications 1089:Newton, Massachusetts 1006:, Lindzen signed the 980: 960:World Environment Day 532:Atmospheric Radiation 432:University of Chicago 377:planetary atmospheres 325:Lindzen attended the 277:atmospheric physicist 223:University of Chicago 5343:Amateur radio people 4937:J. Natl. Cancer Inst 4573:The Washington Times 4443:"Other publications" 4225:on February 23, 2007 4022:10.1029/2011GL049236 3904:(January 19, 2011). 3818:10.1029/2009GL039628 2736:Laplace, PS (1799). 2447:Lindzen, RS (1966). 2027:on February 22, 2012 1768:10.1029/2009GL039628 1518:Peer-reviewed papers 1247:Contentious material 835:water vapor feedback 579:Stuart Thomas Butler 555:Pierre-Simon Laplace 504:Ozone photochemistry 385:mid-latitude weather 5195:on October 24, 2019 5140:1987BAMS...68..329L 4670:on October 27, 2006 4528:on October 10, 2017 4134:on October 17, 2003 4004:2011GeoRL..3819701D 3951:2011APJAS..47..377L 3809:2009GeoRL..3616705L 3716:2002JCli...15.2713C 3660:2002JCli...15....3L 3600:1988JAtS...45.2416L 3561:1981JGR....86.9707L 3482:1975JAtS...32.1038G 3425:1974GeoFD...6..149F 3354:1972JAtS...29.1076H 3293:1968JAtS...25..280W 3236:1968JAtS...25.1095L 3186:1967JFM....27..513B 3122:: D. Reidel Press. 3093:on January 14, 2019 3068:1969SSRv...10....3L 3049:"Atmospheric tides" 3018:1968RSPSA.303..299L 2975:1967PApGe..66...90L 2950:on January 5, 2013. 2936:1967QJRMS..93...18L 2897:1966JGR....71.3201K 2847:1962AMGBA..12..426H 2812:1966MWRv...94..295L 2744:Celestial Mechanics 2707:1980JAtS...37.2265F 2654:1973MWRv..101..783B 2582:1966JAtS...23..350L 2525:1966JAtS...23..344L 2468:1966JAtS...23..334L 2411:1965JAtS...22..469L 2354:1965JAtS...22..341L 2313:. December 27, 2013 2141:The Weekly Standard 2133:"What Catastrophe?" 2084:Wall Street Journal 1959:1968JAtS...25..900W 1894:2012EPJP..127...52L 1847:2011APJAS..47..377L 1796:2010PNAS..10711211C 1790:(25): 11211–11216. 1759:2009GeoRL..3616705L 1712:2001BAMS...82..417L 1657:1997PNAS...94.8335L 1620:1990BAMS...71..288L 1583:1987JAtS...44.2418L 1544:1981JGR....86.9707L 1504:on February 4, 2014 1459:The Weekly Standard 1194:second-hand tobacco 1077:Bush administration 1023:The Larry King Show 819:climate sensitivity 789:Climate sensitivity 770:Hadley circulations 333:Scholarships, then 197:Applied mathematics 193:Atmospheric physics 5300:The New York Times 5287:, with a reply by 4514:Lindzen, Richard. 3704:Journal of Climate 3648:Journal of Climate 3555:(C10): 9707–9714. 3499:on March 25, 2010. 3413:Geophys. Fluid Dyn 3146:, pp. 329–37. 3076:10.1007/BF00171584 2983:10.1007/BF00875315 2963:Pure Appl. Geophys 2855:10.1007/BF02249276 2739:Méchanique Céleste 2618:Goody, RM (1964). 2147:on January 6, 2014 2111:The New York Times 2056:EAPS. May 31, 2013 1461:, January 13, 2014 1125:, director of the 1119:The New York Times 1117:A 1996 article in 1106:The New York Times 1079:not to ratify the 970:multi-billionaire 893:Kevin E. Trenberth 807:infrared radiation 751:Harvard University 682:Carl-Gustav Rossby 553:Since the time of 510:radiative transfer 436:Harvard University 424:University of Oslo 369:Hadley circulation 339:Harvard University 292:Harvard University 227:Harvard University 215:University of Oslo 86:Harvard University 43:Richard S. Lindzen 4806:The Seattle Times 4634:on April 10, 2019 4489:"A Mayor Mistake" 4475:Los Angeles Times 4333:“Richard Lindzen” 4209:Solomon, Lawrence 4093:978-0-309-07574-9 3838:Skeptical Science 3687:(Press release). 3594:(17): 2416–2427. 3310:on March 5, 2014. 3170:Bretherton, F. P. 3129:978-90-277-0113-8 3012:(1474): 299–316. 2307:"Richard Lindzen" 2263:on March 20, 2009 1497:978-0-521-01821-0 1330: 1329: 1322: 1304: 1269:"Richard Lindzen" 1230:needs additional 1208:Awards and honors 1008:Heidelberg Appeal 940:Second Assessment 876:IPCC's assessment 776:1975 publication 734:Peter J. Gierasch 672:, he developed a 627:Atmospheric Tides 603:Newtonian cooling 598:Bernhard Haurwitz 549:Atmospheric tides 494:atmospheric tides 448:Atmospheric Tides 353:Master of Science 281:atmospheric tides 270: 269: 183:Scientific career 122:Atmospheric tides 16:(Redirected from 5410: 5303: 5289:William Nordhaus 5286: 5272:Cohen, Roger W; 5267: 5256: 5235: 5233: 5220: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5165:on June 13, 2010 5164: 5158:, archived from 5125: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5010: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4833:"The Contrarian" 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4813:on June 18, 2008 4809:. Archived from 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4666:. 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Archived from 4120: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4015: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3962: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3918:on June 19, 2012 3917: 3910: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3639: 3633: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3528:on March 3, 2016 3527: 3521:. Archived from 3516: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3492:. Archived from 3467: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3435:. Archived from 3410: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3381:. Archived from 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3303:. Archived from 3278: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3253:on June 13, 2010 3252: 3246:. Archived from 3230:(6): 1095–1107. 3221: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3086:. Archived from 3053: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2946:. Archived from 2915: 2909: 2908: 2882: 2876:Kato, S (1966). 2873: 2867: 2866: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2717:. Archived from 2692: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671:2060/19730017658 2639: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2598: 2592:. Archived from 2567: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2541: 2535:. Archived from 2510: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2485:on March 4, 2016 2484: 2478:. Archived from 2453: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2428:on March 4, 2016 2427: 2421:. Archived from 2396: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2371:on March 3, 2016 2370: 2364:. Archived from 2338: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143:. Archived from 2131:Epstein, Ethan. 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2102: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2011: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1913: 1876: 1858: 1827: 1817: 1807: 1772: 1770: 1735: 1733: 1731:2060/20000081750 1723: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1633: 1631: 1596: 1594: 1559: 1554:. Archived from 1538:(C10): 9707–14. 1513: 1511: 1509: 1500:. Archived from 1451: 1436: 1421: 1406: 1360:. Lindzen is an 1325: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1262: 1243:reliable sources 1220: 1219: 1212: 1123:Jerry D. Mahlman 1112:Kerry A. Emanuel 1025:, Lindzen said: 874:Contrary to the 575:solar insolation 528:Richard M. Goody 492:, the theory of 351:, followed by a 343:Bachelor of Arts 261:Richard M. Goody 256:Doctoral advisor 250: 62: 59:February 8, 1940 58: 56: 39: 21: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5308: 5307: 5294: 5274:Happer, William 5271: 5260: 5255:, Physics World 5249: 5244:Weekly Standard 5231: 5224: 5212: 5198: 5196: 5184: 5181: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5072:"Archived copy" 5070: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4989: 4987: 4980: 4977:Wayback Machine 4970: 4966: 4943:(19): 1440–50. 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4909:Griffith Review 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4694:Reason Magazine 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4663:Reason Magazine 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4601:. March 4, 2017 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4495:on May 24, 2007 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471:Wayback Machine 4462: 4458: 4453:on May 1, 2015. 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4412: 4403: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4188:Lavoisier Group 4183: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4013:10.1.1.362.5742 3989: 3988: 3984: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3902:Schekman, Randy 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3751:. Real Climate. 3746: 3745: 3741: 3725:10.1.1.232.8350 3710:(18): 2713–15. 3701: 3700: 3696: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3630:Wayback Machine 3621: 3617: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3514: 3510:Zhu, X (2005). 3509: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3442:on May 22, 2013 3439: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3385:on July 6, 2007 3376: 3375: 3371: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3168:Booker, J. R.; 3167: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2885:J. Geophys. Res 2880: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2701:(10): 2265–97. 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2648:(11): 738–802. 2637: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2599:on May 22, 2013 2596: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2542:on May 22, 2013 2539: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1879: 1830: 1775: 1738: 1691: 1651:(16): 8335–42. 1636: 1599: 1577:(17): 2418–36. 1562: 1523: 1520: 1507: 1505: 1498: 1471: 1468: 1439: 1424: 1409: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1374: 1336:(NAS), and the 1326: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1263: 1261: 1240: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1101: 1062: 1000: 976:climate science 952: 929: 927:IPCC activities 913: 890: 886: 882: 831:computer models 816: 791: 786: 747: 726:Stephen B. Fels 721: 705:John M. Wallace 697:James R. Holton 651:Richard J. Reed 635: 594:Hough functions 571:Manfred Siebert 551: 543:ozone depletion 506: 498:planetary waves 475: 459:Alfred P. Sloan 426:(1965–67), the 401:iris hypothesis 365: 348:magna cum laude 308: 248: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 195: 173: 171: 166: 164: 160: 155: 124: 120: 115: 111: 109:Iris hypothesis 82:Alma mater 69: 63: 60: 54: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5292: 5269: 5258: 5247: 5237: 5222: 5219:, Faculty, MIT 5210: 5205: 5180: 5179:External links 5177: 5176: 5175: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5063: 5048: 5031: 5005: 4964: 4923: 4894: 4866: 4824: 4791: 4763: 4735: 4707: 4696:. June 8, 2005 4681: 4654:Bailey, Ronald 4645: 4612: 4586: 4558: 4539: 4506: 4479: 4456: 4434: 4421:New York Times 4401: 4382: 4357: 4341: 4325: 4297: 4281: 4266: 4236: 4200: 4171: 4159:The Hill Times 4145: 4106: 4092: 4084:10.17226/10139 4061: 4035: 3982: 3945:(4): 377–390. 3929: 3893: 3881:New York Times 3864: 3824: 3803:(16): L16705. 3780: 3754: 3739: 3694: 3675: 3634: 3615: 3574: 3539: 3502: 3476:(6): 1038–44. 3453: 3396: 3369: 3348:(6): 1076–80. 3325: 3323:, p. 330. 3313: 3264: 3207: 3160: 3158:, p. 329. 3148: 3136: 3128: 3104: 3039: 2996: 2953: 2930:(395): 18–42. 2910: 2891:(13): 3201–9. 2868: 2825: 2806:(5): 295–301. 2783: 2764: 2749: 2728: 2677: 2625: 2610: 2553: 2496: 2439: 2382: 2342:J. Atmos. Sci. 2324: 2311:Cato Institute 2295: 2274: 2238: 2221: 2209:"Publications" 2200: 2177: 2158: 2123: 2090: 2067: 2038: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1932: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1877: 1828: 1773: 1736: 1689: 1634: 1597: 1560: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1496: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1447:The Australian 1437: 1422: 1407: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1328: 1327: 1251:poorly sourced 1224: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1168:Peabody Energy 1100: 1097: 1085:David B. Cohen 1081:Kyoto Protocol 1061: 1058: 1052:New York Times 999: 996: 956:Cato Institute 951: 948: 928: 925: 912: 909: 904:Andrew Dessler 888: 884: 880: 852:, Director of 839:carbon dioxide 814: 805:and thus more 790: 787: 785: 782: 746: 743: 720: 717: 634: 631: 623:Sydney Chapman 550: 547: 505: 502: 488:of the middle 482:photochemistry 474: 471: 467:Cato Institute 452:Sydney Chapman 389:heat transport 364: 361: 331:National Merit 307: 304: 288:photochemistry 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 252: 251: 240: 234: 233: 204: 200: 199: 190: 186: 185: 179: 178: 174:Member of the 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 138:Nadine Lindzen 136: 132: 131: 129:photochemistry 106: 105:Known for 102: 101: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 64: 50: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5415: 5404: 5403:Living people 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5302:, May 1, 2012 5301: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134:(4): 329–37, 5133: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5044:(record), ISI 5043: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4764: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4371: 4367: 4366:"Transcripts" 4361: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4218:National Post 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4172: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3960:10.1.1.167.11 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470:J. 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Dordrecht, 3117: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841:(4): 426–34. 2840: 2837:(in German). 2836: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800:Mon. Wea. Rev 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:J. Atmos. Sci 2689: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Mon. Wea. Rev 2636: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576:(3): 350–59. 2575: 2571: 2570:J. Atmos. Sci 2564: 2557: 2554: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519:(3): 344–49. 2518: 2514: 2513:J. Atmos. 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Sci 1944: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1856:10.1.1.167.11 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841:(4): 377–90. 1840: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706:(3): 417–32. 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614:(3): 288–99. 1613: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1372:Personal life 1371: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1321: 1313: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1271: – 1270: 1266: 1265:Find sources: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 997: 995: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 972:Koch brothers 969: 965: 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 938: 934: 926: 924: 922: 918: 910: 908: 905: 901: 900: 894: 877: 872: 870: 867: 866:Ultra-Plinian 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:Gavin Schmidt 848: 847:climatologist 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 824: 820: 812: 808: 804: 803:cirrus clouds 800: 796: 795:infrared iris 788: 783: 781: 779: 775: 771: 768:, as well as 767: 766:gravity waves 762: 760: 756: 752: 744: 742: 740: 735: 731: 730:superrotation 727: 718: 716: 714: 708: 706: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 665: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 647:Arthur Berson 644: 640: 632: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 604: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 548: 546: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 503: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 472: 470: 468: 464: 461:Professor of 460: 455: 453: 449: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383:instability, 382: 378: 375:meteorology, 374: 370: 362: 360: 358: 354: 350: 349: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 305: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 265: 262: 259: 257: 253: 246: 245: 241: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 205: 201: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 169: 163: 158: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 61:(age 84) 51: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5299: 5281: 5262: 5251: 5240:Long profile 5227: 5215: 5197:, retrieved 5193:the original 5187: 5167:, retrieved 5160:the original 5131: 5127: 5113:Bibliography 5086:. 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