740:
894:
33:
890:) of paper, known as web presses. Another innovation was the continuous dampening system first introduced by Dahlgren, instead of the old method (conventional dampening) which is still used on older presses, using rollers covered with molleton (cloth) that absorbs the water. This increased control of the water flow to the plate and allowed for better ink and water balance. Recent dampening systems include a "delta effect or vario", which slows the roller in contact with the plate, thus creating a sweeping movement over the ink image to clean impurities known as "hickies".
847:
636:
839:
792:
65:
605:") substance, while the negative image would be water-retaining ("hydrophilic"). Thus, when the plate is introduced to a compatible printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image and the water will clean the negative image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer and more detailed print runs than the older physical methods of printing (e.g., intaglio printing, letterpress printing).
1102:, invited a number of 20th-century artists to explore the complexities of fine art printing. Mourlot encouraged the painters to work directly on lithographic stones in order to create original artworks that could then be executed under the direction of master printers in small editions. The combination of modern artist and master printer resulted in lithographs that were used as posters to promote the artists' work.
857:
The plate is affixed to a cylinder on a printing press. Dampening rollers apply water, which covers the blank portions of the plate but is repelled by the emulsion of the image area. Hydrophobic ink, which is repelled by the water and only adheres to the emulsion of the image area, is then applied by
735:
is then rolled over the surface. The water repels the greasy ink but the hydrophobic areas left by the original drawing material accept it. When the hydrophobic image is loaded with ink, the stone and paper are run through a press that applies even pressure over the surface, transferring the ink to
626:
word for "stone"). After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did
565:
plate or cylinder, rather than by direct contact of the two. This technique keeps the paper dry and allows high speed fully automated operation. It has mostly replaced traditional lithography for medium- and high-volume printing: since the 1960s, most books and magazines, especially when
1171:(screen printing). Fine art prints of this type are published by artists and publishers worldwide, and are widely accepted and collected. The separations for both processes are hand-drawn by the artist. The serilith technique is used primarily to create fine art limited print editions.
766:
865:, which squeezes away the water, picks up the ink and transfers it to the paper with uniform pressure. The paper passes between the blanket cylinder and a counter-pressure or impression cylinder and the image is transferred to the paper. Because the image is first transferred, or
534:(water attracting). For printing, the stone was first moistened. The water only adhered to the gum-treated parts, making them even more oil-repellant. An oil-based ink was then applied, and would stick only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a blank
835:) device known as a platesetter. The positive image is the emulsion that remains after imaging. Non-image portions of the emulsion have traditionally been removed by a chemical process, though in recent times, plates have become available that do not require such processing.
747:
Senefelder had experimented during the early 19th century with multicolor lithography; in his 1819 book, he predicted that the process would eventually be perfected and used to reproduce paintings. Multi-color printing was introduced by a new process developed by
803:
High-volume lithography is used to produce posters, maps, books, newspapers, and packaging—just about any smooth, mass-produced item with print and graphics on it. Most books, indeed all types of high-volume text, are printed using offset lithography.
1659:. Library Company of Philadelphia. Provides an historic overview of the commercial trade in Philadelphia and links to a biographical dictionary of over 500 Philadelphia lithographers and catalog of more than 1300 lithographs documenting Philadelphia.
712:, the printer then removes any excess of the greasy drawing material, but a hydrophobic molecular film of it remains tightly bonded to the surface of the stone, rejecting the gum arabic and water, but ready to accept the oily ink.
773:"Lithography, or printing from soft stone, largely took the place of engraving in the production of English commercial maps after about 1852. It was a quick, cheap process and had been used to print British army maps during the
708:, and gum arabic on all non-image surfaces. The gum solution penetrates into the pores of the stone, completely surrounding the original image with a hydrophilic layer that will not accept the printing ink. Using lithographic
831:. After development, the emulsion shows a reverse of the negative image, which is thus a duplicate of the original (positive) image. The image on the plate emulsion can also be created by direct laser imaging in a CTP (
739:
901:
This press is also called an ink pyramid because the ink is transferred through several layers of rollers with different purposes. Fast lithographic 'web' printing presses are commonly used in newspaper production.
999:
of 1828. By the mid-century the initial enthusiasm had somewhat diminished in both countries, although the use of lithography was increasingly favored for commercial applications, which included the prints of
913:
enabled print shops to produce negatives for platemaking directly from digital input, skipping the intermediate step of photographing an actual page layout. The development of the digital
861:
If this image were transferred directly to paper, it would create a mirror-type image and the paper would become too wet. Instead, the plate rolls against a cylinder covered with a rubber
1098:, a Parisian printshop founded in 1852 by the Mourlot family. The Atelier Mourlot originally specialized in the printing of wallpaper; but it was transformed when the founder's grandson,
886:
with multiple units (each containing one printing plate) that can print multi-color images in one pass on both sides of the sheet, and presses that accommodate continuous rolls (
917:
during the late 20th century eliminated film negatives altogether by exposing printing plates directly from digital input, a process known as computer-to-plate printing.
909:
made it possible for type and images to be modified easily on personal computers for eventual printing by desktop or commercial presses. The development of digital
1016:
in
Germany. In 1862 the publisher Cadart tried to initiate a portfolio of lithographs by various artists, which was not successful but included several prints by
1156:, and the development of the medium has been greatly influenced by when and where these have been established. An American scene for lithography was founded by
655:, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible. A wide range of oil-based media is available, but the durability of the image on the stone depends on the
429:
819:
or paper printing plates are used instead of stone tablets. Modern printing plates have a brushed or roughened texture and are covered with a photosensitive
756:. A separate stone was used for each color, and a print went through the press separately for each stone. The main challenge was to keep the images aligned (
1296:
762:). This method lent itself to images consisting of large areas of flat color, and resulted in the characteristic poster designs of this period.
1452:, Discussion of the Requisite Qualities of Lithographic Limestone, with Report on Tests of the Lithographic Stone of Mitchell County, Iowa,
1641:
943:
to Paris in 1816, largely succeeded in resolving the technical problems, and during the 1820s lithography was adopted by artists such as
882:
Many innovations and technical refinements have been made in printing processes and presses over the years, including the development of
715:
When printing, the stone is kept wet with water. The water is naturally attracted to the layer of gum and salt created by the acid wash.
1349:
Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and
Communication, Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 11.
976:
1518:
History of 20th century lithography by
Picasso, Matisse, Chagall, Braque, Leger at Atelier Mourlot, French Institute Alliance Française
1148:
is considered a master of lithography, and many of his prints were created using this process. More than other printmaking techniques,
518:
Originally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth and flat
1167:
process is sometimes used. Seriliths are mixed-media original prints created in a process in which an artist uses the lithograph and
1437:
1416:
1337:
422:
1665:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on lithography
1632:
Detailed examination of the processes involved in the creation of a typical scholarly lithographic illustration in the 19th century
601:
Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the positive part of an image is a water-repelling ("
561:
or "offset lithography" is an elaboration of lithography in which the ink is transferred from the plate to the paper by means of a
777:. Most of the commercial maps of the second half of the 19th century were lithographed and unattractive, though accurate enough."
1196:
893:
1704:
1662:
935:, mainly because technical difficulties remained to be overcome. Germany was the main center of production in this period.
1694:
1588:
1504:
Specimens of
Polyautography, Consisting of Impressions taken from Original Drawings, Made on Stone purposely for this Work
616:
in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography": "lithos" (
32:
549:
coating applied to a flexible plastic or metal plate. The printing plates, whether stone or metal, can be created by a
415:
846:
553:
process, a method that may be referred to as "photolithography" (although the term usually refers to a vaguely similar
1689:
1549:
743:
This very early colour lithograph from 1835 uses large washes of orange and cyan with black ink providing the details.
1520:
1453:
659:
content of the material being used, and its ability to withstand water and acid. After the drawing of the image, an
635:
1714:
1653:. University of Delaware Library. Includes citations for 19th century books using early lithographic illustrations.
1201:
1157:
984:
376:
838:
791:
331:
651:. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium (hydrophobic) such as a
470:
453:
1699:
1009:
851:
515:
and some other, mostly older, types of printed matter, not for those made by modern commercial lithography.
1211:
824:
570:
496:
446:
101:
37:
1622:
Extensive information on Honoré Daumier and his life and work, including his entire output of lithographs
1237:
1033:
968:
964:
758:
221:
191:
1602:, Aloys Senefelder, (Eng. trans. 1911) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries;
566:
illustrated in colour, are printed with offset lithography from photographically created metal plates.
1607:
1709:
1684:
1153:
1137:
590:
241:
64:
1468:
How to
Identify Prints: a complete guide to manual and mechanical processes from woodcut to ink jet
1248:
1216:
1141:
1025:
944:
926:
507:
and maps. Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. A
281:
56:
988:
980:
936:
906:
749:
613:
586:
499:) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor
81:
1047:, whose work went on to inspire a new generation of poster designers and painters, most notably
1594:
530:("etch") that made the parts of the stone's surface that were not protected by the grease more
1433:
1412:
1333:
1253:
1001:
832:
753:
271:
251:
181:
1650:
1394:
683:) is applied to the stone. The function of this solution is to create a hydrophilic layer of
1631:
1449:
1232:
1075:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1005:
765:
660:
609:
554:
500:
396:
351:
311:
24:
1286:
991:, London also became a center, and some of Géricault's prints were in fact produced there.
1524:
1099:
1091:
972:
875:
786:
684:
558:
321:
261:
211:
151:
1502:
1376:
1040:
1332:
Meggs, Philip B. A History of
Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146,
827:
of the desired image is placed in contact with the emulsion and the plate is exposed to
1186:
1181:
1113:
1109:
1059:
992:
883:
796:
774:
341:
301:
111:
1657:
Philadelphia on Stone: The First Fifty Years of
Commercial Lithography in Philadelphia
1578:
1678:
1360:
1315:
1291:
1133:
1121:
1055:. By 1900 the medium in both color and monotone was an accepted part of printmaking.
1013:
956:
931:
During the early years of the 19th century, lithography had only a limited effect on
623:
545:
In modern commercial lithography, the image is transferred or created as a patterned
523:
1227:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1021:
960:
716:
640:
484:
91:
1083:
1036:
to maintain the price had now been realized, and the medium became more accepted.
948:
1243:
1206:
1191:
1020:. The revival began during the 1870s, especially in France with artists such as
932:
914:
910:
828:
724:
668:
550:
512:
504:
492:
386:
1490:
1144:
are a few of the artists who have produced most of their prints in the medium.
955:(1803), which had experimental works by a number of British artists including
799:. Original size 33 cm × 24 cm (13.0 in × 9.4 in).
538:
sheet, producing a printed page. This traditional technique is still used for
1656:
1595:
Museum of Modern Art information on printing techniques and examples of prints
1480:
Lynam, Edward. 1944. British Maps and Map Makers. London: W. Collins. Page 46.
1258:
1222:
1149:
1105:
1071:
720:
709:
664:
648:
602:
531:
527:
291:
231:
201:
1300:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 785–789.
1168:
1090:, rediscovered the largely undeveloped artform of lithography thanks to the
812:
808:
582:
574:
519:
366:
141:
20:
1553:
1039:
In the 1890s, color lithography gained success in part by the emergence of
1032:
producing much of their work in this manner. The need for strictly limited
807:
For offset lithography, which depends on photographic processes, flexible
1517:
1117:
940:
820:
539:
488:
161:
1599:
1087:
1079:
1067:
732:
728:
578:
546:
126:
593:, wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.
1409:
Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography: A-I, index, Volume 1.
869:
to the rubber blanket cylinder, this reproduction method is known as
652:
562:
476:
459:
511:
is something printed by lithography, but this term is only used for
1285:
1029:
1017:
892:
845:
837:
816:
790:
764:
738:
656:
634:
535:
31:
1627:
Digital work catalog to 4000 lithographs and 1000 wood engravings
1636:
1603:
1626:
995:
in
Bordeaux produced his last series of prints by lithography—
617:
19:
This article is about a printing method. For rock types, see
1613:
1669:
1646:
lithographs at the
Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University
1663:
Prints & People: A Social
History of Printed Pictures
1621:
569:
As a printing technology, lithography is different from
1058:
During the 20th century, a group of artists, including
795:
1902 Polish lithograph map of the western parts of the
44:(1903), with the range of tones fading toward the edges
1152:
in lithography still largely depend on access to good
1012:
also continued to practice the medium in France, and
522:
plate. The stone was then treated with a mixture of
585:to score cavities to contain the printing ink; and
395:
385:
375:
365:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
260:
250:
240:
230:
220:
210:
200:
190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
125:
110:
100:
90:
80:
1163:As a special form of lithography, the serilith or
495:of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (
1240:, inventor of the four-color lithographic press
1328:
1326:
1324:
842:Lithography press for printing maps in Munich
423:
8:
1539:Wellfleet Press: Secaucus, New Jersey, 1989
1454:Iowa Geological Survey Annual Report, 1902
430:
416:
63:
47:
1651:A brief historic overview of Lithography
1279:
1277:
1275:
897:Archive of lithographic stones in Munich
647:Lithography works because of the mutual
23:. For the microfabrication process, see
1470:. Spain: Thames and Hudson. p. 1c.
1271:
55:
555:microelectronics manufacturing process
77:
1430:Classical Optics and Its Applications
7:
1432:. Cambridge University Press (2002)
1379:" section of "Printmaking" article.
1365:. London: T. Fisher Unwin Publisher.
1614:Theo De Smedt's website, author of
1456:, Des Moines, 1903; pages 339–352.
1383:online. Accessed 23 November 2021.
1284:Brooks, Frederick Vincent (1911).
951:. After early experiments such as
503:and was initially used mostly for
14:
921:Lithography as an artistic medium
1197:German inventors and discoverers
1051:, and former student of Chéret,
1507:. London: Philipp André. 1803.
573:(gravure), wherein a plate is
1:
1589:Private Libraries Association
1411:Taylor & Francis (2008).
1362:Lithography and Lithographers
736:the paper and off the stone.
356:
131:
116:
1600:The Invention of Lithography
1395:"Digital & Photographic"
1312:The Technique of Lithography
1219:, lithography using MeV ions
769:A lithographer at work, 1880
608:Lithography was invented by
597:The principle of lithography
1375:Peterdi, Gabor F. (2021): "
1045:father of the modern poster
1004:, published in newspapers.
953:Specimens of Polyautography
939:, who moved his press from
781:Modern lithographic process
1731:
1637:Nederlands Steendrukmuseum
1537:Twentieth Century Posters.
1466:Gascoigne, Bamber (1988).
924:
784:
752:(France) in 1837 known as
649:repulsion of oil and water
618:
469:
466: 'stone' and
452:
18:
1202:History of graphic design
377:Thermal-transfer printing
1585:Early Lithographed Books
667:, weakly acidified with
643:print of a map of Munich
631:Lithography on limestone
491:originally based on the
252:Photostat and rectigraph
1407:Hannavy, John. editor.
1381:Encyclopedia Britannica
1359:Pennel ER, ed. (1915).
1297:Encyclopædia Britannica
852:Bibliotheca Alexandrina
850:Lithography machine in
483: 'to write') is a
51:Part of a series on the
1523:July 23, 2012, at the
1310:Weaver, Peter. (1964)
1212:List of art techniques
977:Henry Richard Greville
898:
854:
843:
800:
770:
744:
644:
639:Lithography stone and
497:lithographic limestone
102:Intaglio (printmaking)
45:
38:Charles Marion Russell
1705:Planographic printing
1587:. Pinner, Middlesex:
1550:"What is a Serilith?"
1238:Theodore Regensteiner
997:The Bulls of Bordeaux
969:Thomas Barker of Bath
925:Further information:
896:
849:
841:
825:photographic negative
794:
768:
742:
638:
222:Hot metal typesetting
35:
1695:Communication design
1616:"What's lithography"
1397:. St Barnabas Press.
1138:Susan Dorothea White
1010:Jean-François Millet
858:the inking rollers.
591:letterpress printing
242:Daisy wheel printing
1428:Mansuripur, Masud.
1287:"Lithography"
1249:Stencil lithography
1217:Proton beam writing
1142:Robert Rauschenberg
1026:Henri Fantin-Latour
927:List of printmakers
282:Dot matrix printing
57:History of printing
1690:1796 introductions
1556:on 9 November 2007
1535:Mourlot, Fernand.
1160:in New York City.
989:William Henry Pyne
937:Godefroy Engelmann
907:desktop publishing
899:
871:offset lithography
855:
844:
801:
771:
750:Godefroy Engelmann
745:
645:
614:Kingdom of Bavaria
587:woodblock printing
367:Solid ink printing
82:Woodblock printing
46:
16:Printing technique
1715:Visual arts media
1583:Twyman, Michael.
1579:About Lithography
1254:Stereolithography
833:computer-to-plate
829:ultraviolet light
754:chromolithography
571:intaglio printing
440:
439:
405:
404:
272:Spirit duplicator
182:Chromolithography
1722:
1668:Czech author of
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1552:. Archived from
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1281:
1233:Photolithography
1158:Robert Blackburn
1094:, also known as
1053:Georges de Feure
1049:Toulouse-Lautrec
1006:Rodolphe Bresdin
707:
706:
705:
697:
696:
682:
681:
680:
661:aqueous solution
621:
620:
610:Alois Senefelder
501:Alois Senefelder
480:
473:
463:
456:
432:
425:
418:
397:Digital printing
361:
358:
352:Thermal printing
312:Phototypesetting
136:
133:
121:
118:
78:
67:
48:
42:The Custer Fight
36:A lithograph of
25:microlithography
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1675:
1674:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1525:Wayback Machine
1516:
1512:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1491:compassrose.com
1489:see diagram at
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1322:
1309:
1305:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1177:
1165:seriolithograph
1100:Fernand Mourlot
1096:Atelier Mourlot
1092:Mourlot Studios
1043:, known as the
985:Henry Singleton
973:Thomas Stothard
929:
923:
876:offset printing
789:
787:Offset printing
783:
704:
701:
700:
699:
695:
692:
691:
690:
688:
685:calcium nitrate
679:
676:
675:
674:
672:
633:
599:
559:Offset printing
513:fine art prints
436:
407:
406:
359:
332:Dye-sublimation
322:Inkjet printing
262:Screen printing
212:Offset printing
152:Relief printing
134:
119:
75:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Graphic design
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1597:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1573:External links
1571:
1568:
1567:
1541:
1528:
1510:
1494:
1482:
1473:
1458:
1442:
1421:
1400:
1385:
1368:
1351:
1342:
1320:
1303:
1292:Chisholm, Hugh
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Color printing
1184:
1182:Block printing
1178:
1176:
1173:
1114:Alphonse Mucha
1110:George Bellows
981:Richard Cooper
922:
919:
905:The advent of
797:Russian Empire
785:Main article:
782:
779:
775:Peninsular War
702:
693:
677:
632:
629:
627:the opposite.
598:
595:
505:musical scores
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
354:
348:
347:
344:
342:Laser printing
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
302:Spark printing
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
228:
227:
224:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
129:
123:
122:
114:
112:Printing press
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1727:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:9780521804998
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:9780415972352
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1393:Hill, James.
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:0-471-29198-6
1335:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:B.T. Batsford
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:David Hockney
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Pablo Picasso
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Adolph Menzel
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Benjamin West
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
895:
891:
889:
885:
880:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
859:
853:
848:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
798:
793:
788:
780:
778:
776:
767:
763:
761:
760:
755:
751:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
686:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
637:
630:
628:
625:
624:Ancient Greek
615:
611:
606:
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:printmaking.
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:immiscibility
490:
486:
482:
479:
472:
468:
465:
462:
455:
451:
448:
447:Ancient Greek
444:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
411:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
368:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
233:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
130:
128:
124:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1643:
1642:Delacroix's
1615:
1584:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1544:
1536:
1531:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1429:
1424:
1408:
1403:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1228:Photogravure
1164:
1162:
1146:M. C. Escher
1130:Jasper Johns
1126:Eleanor Coen
1104:
1095:
1057:
1044:
1041:Jules Chéret
1038:
1022:Odilon Redon
996:
961:Henry Fuseli
952:
930:
911:imagesetters
904:
900:
887:
881:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
856:
806:
802:
772:
757:
746:
731:loaded with
717:Printing ink
714:
646:
641:mirror image
607:
600:
568:
551:photographic
544:
517:
508:
485:planographic
477:
474:
467:
460:
457:
450:
442:
441:
192:Rotary press
171:
92:Movable type
41:
29:
1710:Printmaking
1685:Lithography
1670:lithography
1608:layered PDF
1419:. page 865.
1377:Lithography
1244:Rotogravure
1207:Lineography
1192:Flexography
1150:printmakers
965:James Barry
933:printmaking
915:platesetter
759:in register
725:linseed oil
721:drying oils
669:nitric acid
603:hydrophobic
532:hydrophilic
443:Lithography
387:3D printing
360: 1972
172:Lithography
135: 1515
120: 1440
1679:Categories
1560:2 November
1450:A. B. Hoen
1440:. page 416
1314:. London:
1266:References
1259:Typography
1223:Photochrom
1106:Grant Wood
710:turpentine
665:gum arabic
653:wax crayon
528:gum arabic
509:lithograph
487:method of
445:(from
292:Xerography
232:Mimeograph
202:Hectograph
74:Techniques
1169:serigraph
949:Géricault
945:Delacroix
813:polyester
719:based on
622:) is the
524:weak acid
520:limestone
142:Mezzotint
21:Lithology
1521:Archived
1318:, p. 49.
1175:See also
1154:printers
1118:Max Kahn
1034:editions
941:Mulhouse
821:emulsion
809:aluminum
723:such as
583:stippled
575:engraved
540:fine art
489:printing
162:Aquatint
1610:format)
1294:(ed.).
1088:Picasso
1080:Matisse
1068:Chagall
1002:Daumier
987:, and
884:presses
863:blanket
733:pigment
729:varnish
612:in the
547:polymer
127:Etching
1591:, 1990
1436:
1415:
1336:
1140:, and
1086:, and
1064:Calder
1060:Braque
867:offset
687:salt,
579:etched
563:rubber
478:gráphō
461:líthos
1644:Faust
1290:. In
1076:Léger
1030:Degas
1018:Manet
823:. A
817:mylar
689:Ca(NO
657:lipid
619:λιθος
581:, or
536:paper
471:γράφω
454:λίθος
449:
1606:and
1604:DjVu
1562:2007
1434:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1084:Miró
1072:Dufy
1028:and
1008:and
993:Goya
947:and
888:webs
727:and
557:).
526:and
401:1991
391:1986
381:1981
371:1972
346:1969
336:1957
326:1950
316:1949
306:1940
296:1938
286:1925
276:1923
266:1911
256:1907
246:1889
236:1885
226:1884
216:1875
206:1860
196:1843
186:1837
176:1796
166:1772
156:1690
146:1642
106:1430
96:1040
975:,
971:,
963:,
873:or
673:HNO
663:of
589:or
86:200
40:'s
1681::
1323:^
1274:^
1136:,
1132:,
1128:,
1124:,
1120:,
1116:,
1112:,
1108:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1024:,
983:,
979:,
967:,
959:,
879:.
815:,
811:,
577:,
357:c.
132:c.
117:c.
1564:.
1340:.
703:2
698:)
694:3
678:3
671:(
481:)
475:(
464:)
458:(
431:e
424:t
417:v
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
