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Lobachevsky discarded it. The full impact of the
Lobachevskian method of challenging axioms has probably yet to be felt. It is no exaggeration to call Lobachevsky the Copernicus of Geometry, for geometry is only a part of the vaster domain which he renovated; it might even be just to designate him as a Copernicus of all thought.
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The boldness of his challenge and its successful outcome have inspired mathematicians and scientists in general to challenge other "axioms" or accepted "truths", for example the "law" of causality which, for centuries, have seemed as necessary to straight thinking as Euclid's postulate appeared until
499:
Some mathematicians and historians have wrongly claimed that
Lobachevsky in his studies in non-Euclidean geometry was influenced by Gauss, which is untrue. Gauss himself appreciated Lobachevsky's published works highly, but they never had personal correspondence between them prior to the publication.
381:
of Kazan
University in 1827. In 1832, he married Varvara Alexeyevna Moiseyeva. They had a large number of children (eighteen according to his son's memoirs, though only seven apparently survived into adulthood). He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health:
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It was responsibility to supervise the students and to report their conduct to the principal. Kondyrev avenged himself by submitting very bad reports on
Lobachevsky, even to the extent of accusing him of atheism, a charge which was not at all justified but which might have had tragic consequences
655:
album. In the song, Lehrer portrays a
Russian mathematician who sings about how Lobachevsky influenced him: "And who made me a big success / and brought me wealth and fame? / Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky is his name." Lobachevsky's secret to mathematical success is given as
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His stubbornness, reported atheism, and genius supported his rise as a champion of the proletariat. To the
Soviets, Lobachevsky represented not just the greatness of the common man, emerging from a humble background as he did, he also was a revolutionary of
267:
500:
Although three people—Gauss, Lobachevsky and Bolyai—can be credited with discovery of hyperbolic geometry, Gauss never published his ideas, and
Lobachevsky was the first to present his views to the world mathematical community.
943:(1970) gives December 2, 1792. Further information on Lobachevsky's birthdate can be found in Papadopoulos (2010) However, note that page 207 incorrectly converts 1792-11-20 to 1792-12-02 instead of 1792-12-01
1364:
Though
Lobachevsky appears to have invented non-Euclidean geometry without the help of the Almighty, he built a church on the instructions of the University council. It is said that he was an atheist.
91:
1658:
1168:
by G. M. Polotovsky, PDF page 3: "Н.И.Лобачевский родился в Макарьевском уезде Нижегородской губернии в 1793 году" (quoting A. F. Popov (1857)); page 4: " местом рождения называет Макарьев".
718:), a forgotten colleague who is transferring to teach at another university, gives as the reason behind her departure that Columbia is the only holder of Nikolai Lobachevsky's manuscripts.
395:
445:'s reformulation) that for any given line and point not on the line, there is only one line through the point not intersecting the given line. Lobachevsky would instead develop a
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and mathematics in 1811. In 1814 he became a lecturer at Kazan
University, in 1816 he was promoted to associate professor. In 1822, at the age of 30, he became a full
115:
461:) between 1829 and 1830. In 1829 Lobachevsky wrote a paper about his ideas called "A Concise Outline of the Foundations of Geometry" that was published by the
1141:
A. F. Popov, "Воспоминания о службе и трудах проф. Казанского университета Н. И. Лобачевского" ("Memoirs of the
Service and Work of N. I. Lobachevsky"), 1857
538:, named after two other mathematicians who discovered it independently. In Russia, it is called the Lobachevsky method. Lobachevsky gave the definition of a
338:
origin – Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. He was one of three children. When he was seven, his father, a clerk in a
453:), 1826 to the session of the department of physics and mathematics, and this research was printed in the periodical 'Kazan University Course Notes' as
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was completed in 1823, but was not published in its exact original form until 1909, long after he had died. Lobachevsky was also the author of
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which has many applications. Hyperbolic geometry is frequently referred to as "Lobachevskian geometry" or "Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry".
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843:, translator and editor: A. Papadopoulos, Heritage of European Mathematics Series, Vol. 4, European Mathematical Society. 2010, 310 p.
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one line that can be extended through that point and run parallel to another line of which that point is not part. He developed the
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1317:В 'шнуровой книге' университета сохранилась запись, что Лобачевский 'в значительной мере явил признаки безбожия'.
664:". According to Lehrer, the song is "not intended as a slur on character" and the name was chosen "solely for
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which depends on the distance the point is off the given line. In hyperbolic geometry the sum of angles in a
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377:, teaching mathematics, physics, and astronomy. He served in many administrative positions and became the
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by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856 and was buried in
1166:"К 150-летию со дня смерти Н.И.Лобачевского" ("On the 150th anniversary of the death of N. Lobachevsky")
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A. A. Andronov, "Где и когда родился Н.И.Лобачевский" ("Where and when was Lobachevsky born?"), 1956
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Lobachevsky dictated two versions of that work, a first one in Russian, and a second one in French.
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This is the date given by Kagan (1957) and Andronov (1956) (the latter gives 1 December [
714:, "Dick and the Single Girl" (season 2 episode 24) originally aired on May 11 1997, Sonja Umdahl (
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but was rejected when it was submitted to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences for publication.
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Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky (Jan Łobaczewski in Polish) came from a Polish noble family of the
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wrote about Lobachevsky's influence on the following development of mathematics in his 1937 book
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in which the fifth postulate was not true. This idea was first reported on February 23 (Feb. 11,
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The Fifth Postulate: How Unraveling a Two Thousand Year Old Mystery Unraveled the Universe
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A fictional mathematician named "Lobachevsky" is the subject of songwriter/mathematician
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1385:(corrected reprint ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 56–57.
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This is a quote from G. B. Halsted's translator's preface to his 1914 translation of
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Older sources in Russian—e.g., Popov (1857)—give 1793 rather than 1792, while the
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In 1811, in his student days, Lobachevsky was accused by a vengeful supervisor of
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1191:"Чье имя носит университет" ("After whose name the University has been named")
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God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History
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1295:История и философия науки. Математика, вычислительная техника, информатика
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Non-Euclidean Geometry: A Critical and Historical Study of its Development
1570:"3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick and the Single Girl" (season 2 episode 24)"
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coats-of-arms, and was classified as a Pole in Russian official documents
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novella "Operation Changeling" – which was later expanded into the novel
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The non-Euclidean geometry that Lobachevsky developed is referred to as
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Other sources in Russian—e.g., A. A. Andronov (1956)—give the city of
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coin commemorating the 200th anniversary of Lobachevsky's birth, 1992.
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Another of Lobachevsky's achievements was developing a method for the
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Lobachevsky's main achievement is the development (independently from
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The 1914 English translation by George Bruce Halsted is available at
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1545:"Screen Rant, 10 Stars You Forgot Appeared On 3rd Rock From The Sun"
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website of the Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University Museum
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441:. Euclid's fifth is a rule in Euclidean geometry which states (in
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from 1802, graduating in 1807, and then received a scholarship to
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1298:. Учебноее пособие. Saint Petersburg: БХВ-Петербург. p. 62.
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gave the same definition independently soon after Lobachevsky).
1379:(1982) . "Mathematical Reasoning from Eudoxus to Lobachevsky".
1475:. The University of Michigan Historical Mathematics Collection
1449:. The University of Michigan Historical Mathematics Collection
357:
At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor
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of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work.
1000:
Bell (1986) attributes this quote to another mathematician,
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New Principles of Geometry with Complete Theory of Parallels
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New Principles of Geometry with Complete Theory of Parallels
731:, Vol. I–IV (Russian), Moscow–Leningrad (GITTL), (1946–51).
280:
12 February] 1856) was a Russian mathematician and
354:, which had been founded just three years earlier in 1804.
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Nikolai Lobachevsky was born either in or near the city of
660:!", as long as one is always careful to "call it, please,
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Stamp of 1956 marking the centenary of Lobachevsky's death
593:, an asteroid discovered in 1972, was named in his honour.
361:, a former teacher and friend of the German mathematician
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476:
with the statement that for any given point there exists
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Nikolaj Ivanovič Lobačevskij - Œuvres complètes, tome 2
758:
Application of imaginary geometry to certain integrals
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as a correspondence between two sets of real numbers (
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with the assistance of the ghosts of Lobachevsky and
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A street in Ploiesti, Romania was named in his honor.
513:
Geometrical Investigations on the Theory of Parallels
828:. McGraw Hill 1929. Dover reprint, pp. 360–374.
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19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
342:office, died, and Nikolai moved with his mother to
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20 November] 1792 – 24 February [
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1123:, 1957 (first published in Russian in 1943), p. 26
30:"Lobachevsky" redirects here. For other uses, see
1156:, European Mathematical Society. 2010, pp. 206–7.
787:Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels
736:Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels
1634:Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
1121:N. Lobachevsky and His Contribution to Science
1110:, European Mathematical Society. 2010, p. 208.
821:. Excerpts translated by Henry P. Manning: in
991:rather than the Governorate as his birthplace
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250:
8:
1282:. Rocznik Wschodni. Issue 7–9. 2002. p. 163.
960:, at that time; nominative form in Russian:
729:N. I. Lobachevsky – Complete Collected Works
261:[nʲɪkɐˈlajɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕləbɐˈtɕefskʲɪj]
1382:The Nature and Growth of Modern Mathematics
1699:Academic staff of Kazan Federal University
1529:Liner notes, "The Tom Lehrer Collection",
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794:(tr.). 1891. Reprinted in Roberto Bonola:
705:contains a poem dedicated to Lobachevsky.
79:
59:
1280:Mikołaj Łobaczewski - twórca pangeometrii
685:(1971) – a group of sorcerers navigate a
292:, and also for his fundamental study on
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1609:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1428:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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1333:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 186.
1240:A history of mathematics: Introduction
977:Makaryevsky uezd, Kostroma Governorate
1362:. Taylor & Francis. p. 329.
259:
7:
1269:. Running Press. 2007. pp. 697–703.
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975:Not to be confused with Makaryev in
365:(1777-1855). Lobachevsky received a
334:) in 1792 to parents of Russian and
1153:Nikolai I. Lobachevsky. Pangeometry
1107:Nikolai I. Lobachevsky. Pangeometry
940:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
534:. This method is now known as the
284:, known primarily for his work on
25:
1543:Lennon, Madison (June 16, 2019).
1509:. Touchstone Books. p. 336.
1209:. Touchstone Books. p. 294.
413:'signs of godlessness').
27:Russian mathematician (1792-1856)
1689:Russian people of Polish descent
1620:Website dedicated to Lobachevsky
488:must be less than 180 degrees.
236:
1466:The 1902 German translation by
1292:Петров, Юрий Петрович (2012) .
1242:. Addison-Wesley. 2009. p. 842.
1177:Lobachevsky's biography at the
359:Johann Christian Martin Bartels
346:. Nikolai Lobachevsky attended
252:Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский
860:Gauss–Bolyai–Lobachevsky space
544:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
492:stimulated the development of
1:
1150:Athanase Papadopoulos (ed.),
1104:Athanase Papadopoulos (ed.),
1094:Mathematics Genealogy Project
247:Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
97:
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
928:20 November] 1792).
836:. G. B. Halsted (tr.). 1897.
826:A Source Book in Mathematics
298:Lobachevsky integral formula
32:Lobachevsky (disambiguation)
798:. 1912. Dover reprint 1955.
511:(1835–1838). He also wrote
509:New Foundations of Geometry
120:Nizhny Novgorod Governorate
1715:
1694:Burials at Arskoe Cemetery
1358:"The History of Science".
503:Lobachevsky's magnum opus
37:In this name that follows
36:
29:
1669:Mathematicians from Kazan
1189:Andrey Kalinin's article
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900:Poincaré half-plane model
740:On the Origin of Geometry
699:'s science fiction novel
455:On the Origin of Geometry
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1614:University of St Andrews
1433:University of St Andrews
1033:that was Lobachevsky to
1002:William Kingdon Clifford
839:Nikolai I. Lobachevsky,
306:called Lobachevsky the "
304:William Kingdon Clifford
70:
1492:Papadopoulos 2010, p. v
1015:The Theory of Parallels
805:Lobachevski illuminated
769:Works on Other Subjects
621:was named in his honor.
600:was named in his honor.
472:. Lobachevsky replaced
272:; 1 December [
1674:Russian mathematicians
895:Lobachevsky University
875:Non-Euclidean geometry
687:non-Euclidean universe
638:
619:Lobachevsky University
612:Kazan State University
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570:
536:Dandelin–Gräffe method
490:Non-Euclidean geometry
427:non-Euclidean geometry
328:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
290:Lobachevskian geometry
184:Lobachevskian geometry
156:, Russian Empire
126:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
122:, Russian Empire
1604:"Nikolai Lobachevsky"
1423:"Nikolai Lobachevsky"
1329:Bardi, Jason (2008).
870:Hyperboloid structure
803:Also in: Seth Braver
711:3rd Rock from the Sun
636:
575:
565:
494:differential geometry
288:, otherwise known as
1664:Hyperbolic geometers
1600:Robertson, Edmund F.
1473:"Quod.lib.umich.edu"
1447:"Quod.lib.umich.edu"
1419:Robertson, Edmund F.
885:Lobachevsky function
880:Lobachevsky (crater)
778:English translations
702:Doorways in the Sand
482:angle of parallelism
363:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1598:O'Connor, John J.;
1417:O'Connor, John J.;
1090:Nikolai Lobachevsky
912:Informational notes
865:Hyperbolic geometry
727:Kagan V. F. (ed.):
652:Songs by Tom Lehrer
532:algebraic equations
486:hyperbolic triangle
470:hyperbolic geometry
459:О началах геометрии
294:Dirichlet integrals
286:hyperbolic geometry
72:Николай Лобачевский
64:Nikolai Lobachevsky
1507:Men of Mathematics
1278:Jan Ciechanowicz.
1207:Men of Mathematics
754:Imaginary Geometry
716:Christine Baranski
645:'s humorous song "
639:
629:In popular culture
582:
560:Men of Mathematics
1679:Russian geometers
1516:978-0-671-62818-5
1468:Heinrich Liebmann
1340:978-0-470-46736-7
1238:Victor J. Katz.
1216:978-0-671-62818-5
890:Lobachevsky Medal
855:1858 Lobachevskij
608:mathematics award
604:Lobachevsky Prize
596:The lunar crater
591:1858 Lobachevskij
412:
404:признаки безбожия
367:Master of Science
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207:Academic advisors
191:Scientific career
154:Kazan Governorate
116:Makaryevsky Uyezd
16:(Redirected from
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1684:Russian atheists
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180:Known for
177:
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789:
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669:
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524:approximation
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471:
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440:
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341:
337:
333:
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248:
239:
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212:
209:
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49: and the
48:
44:
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1623:(in Spanish)
1607:
1579:February 26,
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1554:February 27,
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1506:
1497:
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1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1440:
1426:
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1381:
1371:
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1359:
1353:
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1309:. Retrieved
1294:
1287:
1279:
1274:
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910:
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516:
512:
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504:
502:
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477:
467:
462:
458:
454:
423:János Bolyai
420:
388:
356:
317:
302:
246:
245:
190:
85:Portrait by
54:
46:
1654:1856 deaths
1649:1792 births
1549:Screen Rant
1503:Bell, E. T.
1203:Bell, E. T.
1051:Jastrzębiec
841:Pangeometry
823:D. E. Smith
818:Pangeometry
762:Pangeometry
647:Lobachevsky
598:Lobachevsky
517:Pangeometry
515:(1840) and
437:from other
175:(MSc, 1811)
101: 1839
90: [
87:Lev Kryukov
55:Lobachevsky
51:family name
18:Lobachevski
1643:Categories
1479:2012-12-17
1453:2012-12-17
1027:Copernicus
907:References
752:Vol. III:
749:(1835–38).
742:(1829–30).
668:reasons".
658:Plagiarize
643:Tom Lehrer
555:E. T. Bell
505:Geometriya
308:Copernicus
142:1856-02-25
114:Makaryev,
43:patronymic
1398:18 August
1311:18 August
1074:Citations
958:Makaryevo
767:Vol. IV:
745:Vol. II:
478:more than
396:‹See Tfd›
386:, Kazan.
375:professor
314:Biography
231:Signature
169:Education
162:, Russia)
160:Tatarstan
128:, Russia)
47:Ivanovich
1574:Imdb.com
1505:(1986).
1205:(1986).
1019:Vesalius
1017:: "What
963:Макарьев
954:Makaryev
952:spelled
848:See also
760:(1836);
756:(1835);
738:(1840);
734:Vol. I:
675:'s 1969
666:prosodic
662:research
578:1 rouble
576:Russian
540:function
519:(1855).
447:geometry
326:(now in
282:geometer
201:Geometry
1092:at the
1031:Ptolemy
1029:was to
1025:, what
1021:was to
764:(1856).
677:fantasy
610:by the
526:of the
425:) of a
411:
400:Russian
391:atheism
371:physics
322:in the
140: (
1531:Shout!
1513:
1389:
1346:sorts.
1337:
1302:
1213:
1035:Euclid
956:, not
691:Bolyai
585:Honors
550:Impact
439:axioms
431:Euclid
417:Career
379:rector
336:Polish
332:Russia
197:Fields
41:, the
1037:." —
1023:Galen
811:2011.
722:Works
528:roots
344:Kazan
158:(now
150:Kazan
94:]
1581:2024
1556:2024
1511:ISBN
1400:2022
1387:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1313:2022
1300:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1055:Łada
1053:and
926:O.S.
617:The
606:, a
451:O.S.
409:lit.
278:O.S.
274:O.S.
257:IPA:
135:Died
108:Born
809:MAA
671:In
530:of
433:'s
369:in
53:is
45:is
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393:(
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20:)
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