34:
57:
42:
285:
were experimenting with the magnetic properties of lodestone to make a "south-pointing spoon" for divination. When it is placed on a smooth bronze plate, the spoon would invariably rotate to a north–south axis. While this has been shown to work, archaeologists have yet to discover an actual spoon
293:
artifact (a shaped and grooved magnetic bar) in North
America, astronomer John Carlson suggests that lodestone may have been used by the Olmec more than a thousand years prior to the Chinese discovery. Carlson speculates that the Olmecs, for astrological or
298:
purposes, used similar artifacts as a directional device, or to orient their temples, the dwellings of the living, or the interments of the dead. Detailed analysis of the Olmec artifact revealed that the "bar" was composed of
136:
The process by which lodestone is created has long been an open question in geology. Only a small amount of the magnetite on the Earth is found magnetized as lodestone. Ordinary magnetite is attracted to a
338:
330:
about +1190, followed soon afterwards by Guyot de
Provins in +1205 and Jacques de Vitry in +1269. All other European claims have been excluded by detailed study..."
1272:
1084:
Carlson, J. B. (1975). "Lodestone
Compass: Chinese or Olmec Primacy?: Multidisciplinary analysis of an Olmec hematite artifact from San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico".
799:, Meyer and Zeller, 1839, p. 989) means "Magnesian stone". It is uncertain whether the adjective μαγνῆτις "of Magnesia" should be taken to refer to the city
353:
or 'little Earth'), which was used to illustrate the Earth's magnetic fields and the function of mariners' compasses. One contemporary writer, the satirist
730:
345:'s signet ring reportedly contained a lodestone which was capable of lifting more than 200 times its own weight. And in 17th century London, the
208:
is too weak to magnetize a lodestone by itself. The leading theory is that lodestones are magnetized by the strong magnetic fields surrounding
145:(resistance to demagnetization) to stay magnetized for long. Microscopic examination of lodestones has found them to be made of magnetite (Fe
476:
212:
bolts. This is supported by the observation that they are mostly found near the surface of the Earth, rather than buried at great depth.
116:
Lodestone is one of only a very few minerals that is found naturally magnetized. Magnetite is black or brownish-black, with a metallic
46:
1037:
883:
713:
429:
1267:
1233:
770:
539:
512:
459:
402:
703:
660:
Wasilewski, Peter; Günther
Kletetschka (1999). "Lodestone: Nature's only permanent magnet - What it is and how it gets charged".
625:
361:"made a paper of Steel Filings prick up themselves one upon the back of another, that they stood pointing like the Bristles of a
1277:
635:
502:
271:
come or it attracts it." The earliest mention of a needle's attraction appears in a work composed between 20 and 100 AD, the
121:
662:
1142:
220:
One of the earliest known references to lodestone's magnetic properties was made by 6th century BC Greek philosopher
27:
224:, whom the ancient Greeks credited with discovering lodestone's attraction to iron and other lodestones. The name
587:
201:
812:
419:
1282:
592:
365:; and gave such Life and Merriment to a Parcel of Needles, that they danc'd as if the devil were in them."
1069:
Clerks and
Craftsmen in China and the West: Lectures and Addresses on the History of Science and Technology
1172:
738:
1093:
671:
248:
describes using magnetic properties of the lodestone to remove arrows embedded in a person's body.
231:
154:
142:
125:
117:
1226:
Sympathetic
Attractions: Magnetic Practices, Beliefs, and Symbolism in Eighteenth-Century England
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320:
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326:"A century of research has pushed back the first mention of the magnetic compass in Europe to
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600:
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908:
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449:
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33:
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in 1756, possibly to secure her husband's appointment as
Chancellor of Oxford University.
88:
421:
Rock-forming
Minerals: Non-silicates: oxides, hydroxides and sulphides, Volume 5A, 2nd Ed
1097:
675:
185:. This inhomogeneous crystalline structure gives this variety of magnetite sufficient
848:
808:
141:
as iron and steel are, but does not tend to become magnetized itself; it has too low a
138:
104:
555:
91:
through lodestones. Pieces of lodestone, suspended so they could turn, were the first
1261:
928:
786:
581:
346:
68:
1129:
342:
205:
41:
1206:
794:
333:
Lodestones have frequently been displayed as valuable or prestigious objects. The
251:
The earliest
Chinese literary reference to magnetism occurs in the 4th-century BC
1105:
817:
815:
itself (whence came the colonist who founded the Lydian city); see, for example,
760:
56:
50:
448:
Du Trémolet de
Lacheisserie, Étienne; Damien Gignoux; Michel Schlenker (2005).
337:
in Oxford contains a lodestone adorned with a gilt coronet that was donated by
1145:
Magnetism and Archaeology: Magnetic Oxides in the First American Civilization,
186:
96:
1113:
762:
The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 B.C. to the 1940s
267:, from the 2nd century BC, it is explicitly stated that "the lodestone makes
1252:
209:
197:
182:
178:
158:
84:
72:
20:
1121:
107:
means "course stone" or "leading stone", from the now-obsolete meaning of
605:: 'Literally 'way-stone', from the use of the magnet in guiding mariners.'
683:
385:
Hurlbut, Cornelius Searle; W. Edwin Sharp; Edward Salisbury Dana (1998).
354:
304:
300:
295:
282:
235:
174:
989:
854:
273:
257:
920:
501:
Merrill, Ronald T.; Michael W. McElhinny; Phillip L. McFadden (1998).
1055:
The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations)
899:
Li, Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole II. Aimant et Boussole".
705:
Synthesis, Properties and Mineralogy of Important Inorganic Materials
226:
76:
1015:
Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom
109:
912:
281:): "A lodestone attracts a needle." In the 2nd century BC, Chinese
994:
804:
290:
55:
40:
32:
418:
Bowles, J. F. W.; R. A. Howie; D. J. Vaughan; J. Zussman (2011).
268:
80:
170:
737:. US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Archived from
939:: "La pierre d'aimant fait venir le fer ou elle l'attire."
1147:
p. 1097, Elsevier, Physica B+C 86-88 (1977), S. 1091-1099
477:"Lodestone and Needle: The rise of the magnetic compass"
349:
displayed a 6-inch (15 cm) spherical lodestone (a
997:
takes up straws, and a load-stone attracts needles" (
19:
For a general description of the mineral itself, see
580:
386:
424:. UK: Geological Society of London. p. 403.
1189:The Electromagnet, and Electromagnetic Mechanism
729:Brand, Mike; Sharon Neaves; Emily Smith (1995).
1079:
1077:
735:Museum of Electricity and Magnetism, Mag Lab U
998:
979:
960:
954:
953:) of the "Almanac of the Last Autumn Month" (
948:
859:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
534:. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 6, 18.
531:The Shorter Science and Civilization in China
8:
1071:. Cambridge: University Press, 1970, p. 241.
630:. Harvard University Press. pp. 14–20.
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
1195:. London: E. & F. N. Spon. p. 128.
627:Driving Force: The Natural Magic of Magnets
1017:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 108.
443:
441:
1057:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 42.
708:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 114–115.
697:
695:
693:
196:The other question is how lodestones get
528:Needham, Joseph; Colin A. Ronan (1986).
374:
60:Lodestone attracting small bits of iron
1273:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
380:
378:
1030:Chinese Fans: Artistry and Aesthetics
389:Dana's minerals and how to study them
7:
1228:. Princeton University. p. 23.
601:participating institution membership
37:Lodestone attracting some iron nails
189:to remain magnetized and thus be a
765:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 2.
230:may come from lodestones found in
14:
1211:The Royal Society Picture Library
560:Merriam-Webster online dictionary
475:Dill, J. Gregory (Jan–Feb 2003).
319:that accounted for the anomalous
286:made of magnetite in a Han tomb.
75:. They are naturally occurring
1032:. Long River Press. p. 98.
393:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
95:, and their importance to early
876:Encyclopedia of Chinese History
811:) or after the Greek region of
504:The Magnetic Field of the Earth
253:Book of the Devil Valley Master
1173:"Inv. 47759 - Sphaera article"
1:
1053:Curtis Wright, David (2001).
624:Livingston, James D. (1996).
507:. Academic Press. p. 3.
289:Based on his discovery of an
169:), often with impurity metal
1106:10.1126/science.189.4205.753
759:Keithley, Joseph F. (1999).
663:Geophysical Research Letters
562:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2009
16:Naturally magnetized mineral
1186:Thompson, Sylvanus (1891).
702:Warner, Terence E. (2012).
1301:
838:. 10th ed. (2006), p. 458.
454:. Springer. pp. 3–6.
28:Lodestone (disambiguation)
25:
18:
999:
980:
961:
955:
949:
878:. Routledge. p. 98.
860:
847:The section "Fanying 2" (
588:Oxford English Dictionary
99:is indicated by the name
1268:Ancient Greek technology
936:Liu-che-tch'ouen-ts'ieou
874:Dillon, Michael (2017).
87:was first discovered in
1224:Fara, Patricia (1996).
1171:Kell, Patricia (1996).
834:See also: Paul Hewitt,
593:Oxford University Press
451:Magnetism: Fundamentals
124:of 5.5–6.5 and a black
1028:Qian, Gonglin (2000).
976:A Last Word on Dragons
483:. Navigator Publishing
481:Ocean Navigator online
202:Earth's magnetic field
71:pieces of the mineral
61:
53:
38:
1278:Iron(II,III) minerals
59:
44:
36:
1159:Clerks and Craftsmen
789:term μαγνῆτις λίθος
684:10.1029/1999GL900496
261:). In the chronicle
83:. The property of
79:, which can attract
26:For other uses, see
1098:1975Sci...189..753C
1013:Tom, K. S. (1989).
933:un passage dans le
861:其察言也，不失若磁石之取鍼，舌之取燔骨
801:Magnesia ad Sipylum
676:1999GeoRL..26.2275W
591:(Online ed.).
143:magnetic coercivity
113:as "journey, way".
943:From the section "
836:Conceptual Physics
321:remanent magnetism
279:Balanced Inquiries
93:magnetic compasses
62:
54:
39:
1092:(4205): 753–760.
822:Language Hat blog
599:(Subscription or
323:of the artifact.
222:Thales of Miletus
45:Lodestone in the
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974:In the section "
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357:, noted how the
335:Ashmolean Museum
328:Alexander Neckam
245:Sushruta Samhita
191:permanent magnet
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791:magnētis lithos
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670:(15): 2275–78.
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1283:Oxide minerals
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1247:External links
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1143:Evans, B. J.,
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913:10.1086/348315
907:(2): 175–196.
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240:ancient Indian
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835:
826:. Retrieved
821:
807:(modern-day
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761:
754:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
734:
724:
704:
667:
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586:
575:
564:. Retrieved
559:
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485:. Retrieved
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362:
358:
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343:Isaac Newton
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64:
63:
47:Hall of Gems
1207:"A terella"
731:"Lodestone"
582:"lodestone"
556:"Lodestone"
103:, which in
51:Smithsonian
1262:Categories
745:2009-06-21
637:0674216458
603:required.)
566:2009-06-12
487:2011-10-01
369:References
283:geomancers
198:magnetized
187:coercivity
155:inclusions
97:navigation
69:magnetized
65:Lodestones
1253:Lodestone
1161:, p. 240.
1157:Needham,
1114:0036-8075
1000:頓牟掇芥，磁石引針
987:) of the
962:慈石召鐵，或引之也
929:143585290
363:Hedge-Hog
296:geomantic
210:lightning
183:manganese
179:aluminium
161:(cubic Fe
159:maghemite
101:lodestone
89:antiquity
85:magnetism
73:magnetite
21:Magnetite
1130:33186517
1122:17777565
985:Luanlong
945:Jingtong
828:22 March
818:"Magnet"
813:Magnesia
359:terrella
355:Ned Ward
351:terrella
305:titanium
301:hematite
236:Anatolia
232:Magnesia
175:titanium
1094:Bibcode
1086:Science
990:Lunheng
855:Guiguzi
672:Bibcode
274:Lunheng
258:Guiguzi
216:History
204:at 0.5
200:. The
153:) with
77:magnets
49:of the
1232:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1036:
927:
921:227361
919:
882:
769:
712:
634:
538:
511:
458:
428:
401:
227:magnet
181:, and
132:Origin
126:streak
118:luster
1193:(PDF)
1126:S2CID
995:Amber
925:S2CID
917:JSTOR
851:) of
805:Lydia
793:(see
787:Greek
597:
303:with
291:Olmec
238:.The
206:gauss
1230:ISBN
1118:PMID
1110:ISSN
1034:ISBN
959:): "
901:Isis
880:ISBN
853:The
849:反應第二
830:2013
785:The
767:ISBN
710:ISBN
632:ISBN
536:ISBN
509:ISBN
456:ISBN
426:ISBN
399:ISBN
269:iron
171:ions
120:, a
110:lode
81:iron
1102:doi
1090:189
993:: "
981:亂龍篇
978:" (
956:季秋紀
947:" (
909:doi
858:: "
803:in
680:doi
309:2–x
173:of
157:of
1264::
1209:.
1124:.
1116:.
1108:.
1100:.
1088:.
1076:^
1003:).
965:]"
950:精通
931:.
923:.
915:.
905:45
864:".
820:.
733:.
692:^
678:.
668:26
666:.
646:^
610:^
585:.
558:.
479:.
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