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is optimally cultivated in hedge rows to help protect the blooms from wind damage and to facilitate harvesting them. In
Bulgaria, damask roses are grown in long hedges, while in Turkey, individual plants are spaced apart along trenches. Gathering the flowers is intense manual labor. The harvesting
757:
called the "Valley of Roses". The distillate from these roses is called "Bulgarian rose oil" and "Bulgarian rose otto". While families still operate their own small distilleries and produce what is denominated "village oil", the commercialization of rose oil as a high quality product is carefully
1097:
Rosa damascena Mill is the hybrid between R. gallica and R. Phoenicia and is the member of
Rosaceae family with more than 200 species and 18,000 cultivars around the world. R. damascena as the king of flowers has been the symbol of love, purity, faith and beauty since the ancient times. It was
784:
and powdered roses are used in Middle
Eastern and Indian cuisine. Rose water is often sprinkled on meat dishes, while rose powder is added to sauces. Chicken with rose is a popular dish in Middle Eastern cuisine. Whole flowers, or petals, are also used in the herbal tea
342:
are pinnate, with five (rarely seven) leaflets. The roses are a light to moderate pink to light red. The relatively small flowers grow in groups. The bush has an informal shape. It is considered an important type of
541:, gifted him one circa 1540. Although this latter claim is of dubious veracity as Linacre died in 1524, 16 years before the introduction of the rose to the royal garden took place.
766:. The roses are still grown by the small family farms but the flowers are brought to stills established and regulated by the cooperative for distillation and quality control.
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period for roses is dependent on weather conditions and locations: between as long as a month in cooler conditions, or as short as 16-20 days in hotter seasons.
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Modern
Western cookery does not use roses or rose water much. However, it was a popular ingredient in ancient times and continued to be popular well into the
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392:(Duhamel) Rowley) have a longer flowering season, extending into the autumn; they are otherwise not distinguishable from the summer damasks.
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For centuries, the Damask rose has symbolized beauty and love. The fragrance of the rose has been captured and preserved in the form of
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972:"A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (Rosa damascena) and its therapeutic and healing properties"
577:, the Bengali writer, recalls that Hindus in East Bengal did not cultivate it because it was "looked upon as an Islamic flower".
2708:
774:
Damask roses are used in cooking as a flavouring ingredient or spice. They are an ingredient in the spice mixture denominated
338:
growing to 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) tall, the stems densely armed with stout, curved prickles and stiff bristles. The
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from the Damask rose. An attempt has been made to restore this industry as an alternative for farmers who produce
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and "rose concrete". The flower petals are also edible. They may be used to flavor food, as a garnish, as an
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is a cultivated flower that is not found growing wild. Recent genetic tests indicate that it is a hybrid of
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originated from Iran and essential oil extracting from its flowers has been started since 7th century A.D.
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by a method that can be traced to ancient times in the Middle East and later to the Indian subcontinent.
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has been developed since Roman times. It is cultivated for commercial use in an area in the vicinity of
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The flowers are renowned for their fine fragrance, and are commercially harvested for
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The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran.
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831:. It has seen some revival in television cooking in the twenty-first century.
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1135:. University of California Libraries. New York : Putnam. p. 387.
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631: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Afghan Rose Oil, An
Attractive Fragrance for International Markets
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600:
1049:"Rosa damascena as holy ancient herb with novel applications"
498:, is sometimes credited for bringing the Damask rose from
283:, has made some genetic contributions to the Damask rose.
1112:"The city gardener: the damask rose's history and appeal"
476:, which indicates a probable origin in the foothills of
714:
are the major producers of rose oil from the different
414:, as are Bourbon, Portland and hybrid perpetual roses.
883:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1037:, Vol. 259, Issues 1-2, 23 December 2000, pages 53-9.
374:) have a short flowering season, only in the summer.
2534:
2483:
2442:
2165:
1655:
1356:
734:also contribute significantly to the world market.
429:'Trigintipetala' is considered to be a synonym of
1132:The world's progress : a dictionary of dates
1053:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
2294:
291:(either "rose otto" or "rose absolute") used in
533:, and a third account is that the physician of
440:'Celsiana' is a flowering semi-double variety.
277:. DNA analysis has shown that a third species,
1316:Roses of Constantinople - Damask Rose Kazanlik
1305:Gernot Katzer's Spice Dictionary - Damask Rose
544:There is a history of fragrance production in
258:(Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Balkans) is a
1336:
506:. The name of the rose refers to the city of
8:
1180:"State flower and individual island flowers"
315:In 2019, Damascus rose was inscribed to the
1224:"History and Utilization of Rosa damascena"
737:The cultivation of the "Bulgarian rose" as
2522:
1343:
1329:
1321:
46:
31:
1082:
1064:
691:Learn how and when to remove this message
317:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
938:
936:
912:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
758:regulated by a state cooperative in the
355:The hybrid is divided in two varieties:
1144:
1142:
1011:United States Department of Agriculture
1002:Germplasm Resources Information Network
857:
1206:The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian
1047:Mahboubi, Mohaddese (1 January 2016).
1217:
1215:
881:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
2789:b5ba7df4-de34-4cce-a4eb-e33829360df2
1208:. London: Hogarth Press. p. 21.
863:
861:
629:adding citations to reliable sources
1031:Triparental Origin of Damask Roses
27:Species of plant in the genus Rosa
25:
2841:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:732237-1
1292:
1280:
959:The Rose: An Illustrated History
875:Rosa × damascena
605:
567:, is the official flower of the
529:brought it to their colonies in
59:
945:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
616:needs additional citations for
307:. It is the national flower of
1707:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
1129:Putnam, George Palmer (1878).
525:Other accounts state that the
230:), more commonly known as the
1:
1222:Widrlechner, Mark P. (1981).
1110:Selina Denman (25 May 2016).
1033:, Iwata H1, Kato T, Ohno S.,
1007:Agricultural Research Service
303:, and preserved in sugar as
2930:Taxa named by Philip Miller
1519:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
1066:10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.09.005
470:crossed with the pollen of
2946:
1310:Rosa harvesting in Meimand
1441:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
1351:Culinary herbs and spices
1204:Chaudhuri, Nirad (1987).
187:
180:
56:Scientific classification
54:
45:
34:
2339:Montreal steak seasoning
1184:Hawaii State Legislature
943:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
406:is derived in part from
514:, known for its steel (
490:, who took part in the
2295:
957:*Harkness, P. (2003).
452:
417:The cultivar known as
234:, or sometimes as the
559:The flower, known in
451:
331:The Damask rose is a
2190:Beau monde seasoning
1555:Limnophila aromatica
1289:at Wikimedia Commons
846:Miracle of the roses
625:improve this article
2314:Jamaican jerk spice
1936:Japanese pricklyash
1160:on 24 February 2017
473:Rosa fedtschenkoana
323:cultural heritage.
280:Rosa fedtschenkoana
2290:Herbes de Provence
1921:Grains of paradise
1784:Crushed red pepper
1498:Houttuynia cordata
1240:10.1007/BF02859214
640:"Rosa × damascena"
453:
2915:Flora of Pakistan
2887:
2886:
2797:Open Tree of Life
2528:Taxon identifiers
2519:
2518:
2491:Chinese herbology
2369:Pumpkin pie spice
2349:Old Bay Seasoning
2309:Italian seasoning
2255:Five-spice powder
1557:(rice-paddy herb)
1400:Indian bay leaf (
1285:Media related to
1116:The National News
701:
700:
693:
675:
492:Siege of Damascus
319:as an element of
208:
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16:(Redirected from
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2910:Medicinal plants
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2766:NHMSYS0000462454
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2566:Rosa × damascena
2555:
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2107:Tasmanian pepper
2088:Sichuan pepper (
2043:Pomegranate seed
1857:Dill / Dill seed
1712:Brazilian pepper
1675:Alligator pepper
1429:garlic / Chinese
1345:
1338:
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1322:
1299:Rosa × damascena
1297:Data related to
1296:
1287:Rosa × damascena
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1209:
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1156:. Archived from
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914:. Archived from
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799:Turkish delights
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2479:
2438:
2414:Tandoori masala
2161:
2038:Peruvian pepper
1926:Grains of Selim
1911:Aromatic ginger
1844:Bunium persicum
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1352:
1349:
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1228:Economic Botany
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921:on 26 June 2015
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535:King Henry VIII
494:in 1148 at the
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265:, derived from
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1275:External links
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1270:
1269:
1211:
1196:
1171:
1138:
1121:
1102:
1039:
1023:
995:trigintipetala
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904:BSBI List 2007
894:
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569:Island of Maui
546:Kabul Province
539:Thomas Linacre
527:ancient Romans
496:second crusade
488:Robert de Brie
445:
442:
427:Rosa damascena
423:trigintipetala
394:
393:
378:Autumn Damasks
375:
360:Summer Damasks
352:
349:
328:
325:
240:Bulgarian rose
206:
205:
200:
195: damascena
185:
184:
178:
177:
173: damascena
166:
164:
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159:
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52:
51:
43:
42:
40: damascena
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2942:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Hybrid plants
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2916:
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2878:
2873:
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2400:
2397:
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2390:
2387:
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2384:Ras el hanout
2382:
2380:
2379:Quatre épices
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
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2352:
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2327:
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2320:
2319:Khmeli suneli
2317:
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2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
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2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Garlic powder
2263:
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2258:
2256:
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2241:
2238:
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2233:
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2218:
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2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Bouquet garni
2198:
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2186:
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2178:
2176:
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2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Litsea cubeba
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Juniper berry
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
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1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Celery powder
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
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1700:
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1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:Lemon verbena
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
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1503:
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1398:
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1371:
1369:
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1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1317:
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1311:
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1300:
1295:
1291:
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1249:
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1233:
1229:
1225:
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1197:
1185:
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946:
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826:
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
804:
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796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
778:
777:ras el hanout
770:Culinary uses
769:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
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695:
692:
684:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642: –
641:
637:
636:Find sources:
630:
626:
620:
619:
614:This section
612:
608:
603:
602:
596:
594:
591:
587:
580:
578:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
522:) and roses.
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
481:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
443:
441:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:
400:
391:
390:semperflorens
387:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
357:
356:
350:
348:
346:
341:
337:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
282:
281:
276:
275:
274:Rosa moschata
270:
269:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
222:
218:
217:
213:
203:
198:
196:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:Tracheophytes
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2535:
2364:Powder-douce
2354:Panch phoron
2324:Lemon pepper
2260:Garam masala
2250:Fines herbes
2230:Curry powder
2210:Chaat masala
2089:
2068:Sarsaparilla
2057:
2028:Onion powder
1976:Mango-ginger
1842:
1835:
1769:Chili powder
1554:
1544:Lemon myrtle
1501:
1497:
1452:
1451:Vietnamese (
1401:
1365:
1234:(1): 42–58.
1231:
1227:
1205:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1151:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1059:(1): 10–16.
1056:
1052:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1000:
994:
991:Rosa gallica
990:
983:
975:
966:
958:
953:
947:. Macmillan.
944:
923:. Retrieved
916:the original
903:
897:
885:. Retrieved
880:
874:
818:
811:
803:rice pudding
786:
775:
773:
742:
738:
736:
723:
719:
702:
687:
678:
668:
661:
654:
647:
635:
623:Please help
618:verification
615:
589:
585:
584:
573:
564:
558:
543:
524:
518:), fabrics (
516:Damask steel
482:
478:central Asia
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:Rosa gallica
418:
416:
411:
407:
402:
398:
395:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
330:
313:
295:and to make
285:
278:
272:
268:Rosa gallica
266:
256:Đulbešećerka
255:
252:Castile rose
251:
248:Ispahan rose
247:
243:
239:
236:Iranian Rose
235:
231:
224:
215:
211:
210:
209:
190:
188:
168:
167:
155:
118:
105:
92:
79:
35:
29:
2748:NatureServe
2686:iNaturalist
2560:Wikispecies
2463:Bangladeshi
2394:Sharena sol
2389:Recado rojo
2374:Qâlat daqqa
2334:Mixed spice
2270:Garlic salt
2235:Doubanjiang
1971:Long pepper
1931:Horseradish
1749:Celery seed
1622:Sanshō leaf
1539:Lemon grass
1016:11 December
821:Renaissance
581:Cultivation
550:Afghanistan
537:, named as
483:The French
464:R. moschata
396:The hybrid
327:Description
232:Damask rose
99:Angiosperms
2894:Categories
2810:Plant List
2501:Marination
2496:Herbal tea
2458:Australian
2454:By region
2429:Yuzu koshō
2419:Thuna paha
2359:Persillade
2112:Tonka bean
2048:Poppy seed
1956:Dried lime
1879:Fingerroot
1794:New Mexico
1702:Asafoetida
1534:Lemon balm
1492:Hoja santa
1472:Curry leaf
925:17 October
887:1 February
869:USDA, NRCS
852:References
814:rose water
782:Rose water
762:region of
651:newspapers
468:R. gallica
403:centifolia
388:nothovar.
370:nothovar.
301:herbal tea
297:rose water
2815:rjp-51644
2652:200011239
2511:Spice rub
2506:Seasoning
2473:Pakistani
2304:Idli podi
2275:Gochujang
2225:Crab boil
2142:Yuzu zest
2073:Sassafras
1961:Liquorice
1867:Fenugreek
1804:Cultivars
1312:; Photos.
1248:0013-0001
1189:7 October
1075:2225-4110
961:. Firefly
791:ice cream
743:damascena
724:damascena
716:cultivars
681:July 2018
590:damascena
480:or Iran.
460:damascena
435:damascena
412:damascena
386:damascena
372:damascena
368:damascena
351:Varieties
333:deciduous
293:perfumery
244:Taif rose
226:damascene
216:damascena
163:Species:
69:Kingdom:
2861:VASCAN:
2854:27801141
2849:Tropicos
2753:2.141817
2727:11126140
2714:732237-1
2545:Wikidata
2450:Culinary
2424:Vadouvan
2399:Shichimi
2297:Húng lìu
2117:Turmeric
2102:Tamarind
1951:Korarima
1884:Galangal
1852:Deulkkae
1811:Cinnamon
1789:Jalapeño
1779:Chipotle
1727:Cardamom
1680:Allspice
1647:Woodruff
1637:Tarragon
1602:Rosemary
1567:Marjoram
1529:Lavender
1524:Kkaennip
1462:Culantro
1446:Bolivian
1395:Bay leaf
1367:Angelica
1264:22291892
1093:26870673
974:. 2004.
871:(n.d.).
841:Rose Oil
835:See also
825:marzipan
755:Bulgaria
747:Kazanlak
708:Bulgaria
597:Rose oil
565:Lokelani
561:Hawaiian
508:Damascus
485:Crusader
345:Old Rose
289:rose oil
169:R.
145:Rosaceae
141:Family:
112:Eudicots
18:Lokelani
2802:5146739
2691:1455863
2665:7390572
2551:Q578904
2434:Za'atar
2329:Mitmita
2280:Harissa
2195:Berbere
2185:Baharat
2152:Zereshk
2147:Zedoary
2127:Vanilla
2090:huājiāo
2063:Saffron
2053:Radhuni
2033:Paprika
2018:Njangsa
2013:Nigella
1991:Mustard
1889:greater
1799:Tabasco
1774:Cayenne
1754:Charoli
1722:Caraway
1717:Camphor
1685:Amchoor
1597:Perilla
1592:Parsley
1587:Oregano
1582:Mitsuba
1577:Mugwort
1502:giấp cá
1482:Epazote
1453:rau răm
1419:Chervil
1256:4254246
1164:29 June
1084:4737971
809:, etc.
787:zuhurat
760:Isparta
751:Karlovo
665:scholar
531:England
444:History
305:gulkand
151:Genus:
135:Rosales
131:Order:
73:Plantae
2905:Spices
2823:PLANTS
2786:NZOR:
2639:180559
2613:622606
2600:222580
2587:152843
2584:APDB:
2468:Indian
2285:Hawaij
2240:Douchi
2215:Chaunk
2180:Advieh
2175:Adjika
2167:Blends
2137:Wasabi
2078:Sesame
2023:Nutmeg
1986:Mahleb
1981:Mastic
1916:Golpar
1906:Ginger
1901:Garlic
1894:lesser
1862:Fennel
1759:Chenpi
1739:Cassia
1670:Ajwain
1665:Aonori
1657:Spices
1632:Sorrel
1617:Savory
1562:Lovage
1509:Hyssop
1436:Cicely
1424:Chives
1414:Borage
1402:tejpat
1262:
1254:
1246:
1091:
1081:
1073:
829:turrón
807:yogurt
764:Turkey
728:France
712:Turkey
667:
660:
653:
646:
638:
520:Damask
504:Europe
421:forma
340:leaves
321:Syrian
263:hybrid
254:, and
125:Rosids
2925:Roses
2900:Herbs
2864:20312
2740:24824
2722:IRMNG
2701:14095
2698:IPA:
2634:EUNIS
2626:ROSDM
2574:APA:
2443:Lists
2409:Tajin
2404:Tabil
2245:Duqqa
2205:Buknu
2122:Uzazi
2097:Sumac
2083:Shiso
2006:white
2001:brown
1996:black
1946:Kokum
1831:Cumin
1826:Cubeb
1816:Clove
1764:Chili
1732:black
1690:Anise
1642:Thyme
1627:Shiso
1514:Jimbu
1467:Cress
1409:Boldo
1388:Lemon
1373:Basil
1358:Herbs
1260:S2CID
1252:JSTOR
919:(xls)
908:(xls)
732:India
672:JSTOR
658:books
554:opium
512:Syria
500:Syria
336:shrub
221:Latin
202:Mill.
191:Rosa
119:Clade
106:Clade
93:Clade
80:Clade
36:Rosa
2836:POWO
2828:RODA
2779:3765
2774:NCBI
2735:ITIS
2709:IPNI
2678:5328
2673:GRIN
2660:GBIF
2621:EPPO
2595:APNI
2577:5337
2157:Zest
2058:Rose
1872:blue
1695:star
1612:Sage
1572:Mint
1487:Hemp
1477:Dill
1383:Thai
1378:Holy
1244:ISSN
1191:2019
1166:2017
1089:PMID
1071:ISSN
1035:Gene
1018:2017
927:2014
889:2016
749:and
739:Rosa
730:and
720:Rosa
710:and
704:Iran
644:news
586:Rosa
456:Rosa
431:Rosa
408:Rosa
399:Rosa
309:Iran
271:and
260:rose
228:rose
223:for
212:Rosa
156:Rosa
2872:WFO
2761:NBN
2647:FNA
2608:EoL
1607:Rue
1236:doi
1079:PMC
1061:doi
993:f.
827:or
795:jam
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