161:. Each line on this graph shows the SPL required for frequencies to be perceived as equally loud, and different curves pertain to different sound pressure levels. It also shows that humans with normal hearing are most sensitive to sounds around 2–4 kHz, with sensitivity declining to either side of this region. A complete model of the perception of loudness will include the integration of SPL by frequency.
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38:
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around 2002, proposes that some listeners with sensorineural hearing loss may exhibit a normal rate of loudness growth, but instead have an elevated loudness at their threshold. That is, the softest sound that is audible to these listeners is louder than the softest sound audible to normal listeners.
99:
loudness), DIN 45631 and ASA/ANSI S3.4, have a more general scope and are often used to characterize loudness of environmental noise. More modern standards, such as
Nordtest ACOU112 and ISO/AWI 532-3 (in progress) take into account other components of loudness, such as onset rate, time variation and
192:
or in the brain) is present, the perception of loudness is altered. Sounds at low levels (often perceived by those without hearing loss as relatively quiet) are no longer audible to the hearing impaired, but sounds at high levels often are perceived as having the same loudness as they would for an
72:. More formally, it is defined as the "attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud". The relation of physical attributes of sound to perceived loudness consists of physical, physiological and psychological components. The study of
347:
in production is measured in accordance with ITU-R BS.1770 in units of LKFS. Work began on ITU-R BS.1770 in 2001 after 0 dBFS+ level distortion in converters and lossy codecs had become evident; and the original Leq(RLB) loudness metric was proposed by
Gilbert Soulodre in 2003. Based on data from
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curve to correspond roughly with the equal loudness characteristic of the ear. Loudness compensation is intended to make the recorded music sound more natural when played at a lower levels by boosting low frequencies, to which the ear is less sensitive at lower sound pressure levels.
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was added. This work was carried out in 2008 by the EBU. The improvements were brought back into BS.1770-2. ITU subsequently updated the true-peak metric (BS.1770-3) and added provision for even more audio channels, for instance
172:
of a sine wave was adjusted by the user to equal the perceived loudness of the sound being evaluated. Contemporary standards for measurement of loudness are based on the summation of energy in
204:
Loudness recruitment posits that loudness grows more rapidly for certain listeners than normal listeners with changes in level. This theory has been accepted as the classical explanation.
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that equalizes perceived level such that, for instance, commercials do not sound louder than television programs. Loudness normalization schemes exist for a number of audio applications.
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refer to the relative loudness of different segments of electronically reproduced sounds, such as for broadcasting and cinema. Others, such as ISO 532A (Stevens loudness, measured in
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and numerous broadcasters contributed to the listening tests. Loudness levels measured according to the Leq(RLB) specified in ITU-R BS.1770 are reported in
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American
National Standards Institute, "American national psychoacoustical terminology" S3.20, 1973, American Standards Association.
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143:(SPL), frequency content and duration of a sound. The relationship between SPL and loudness of a single tone can be approximated by
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154:, indicates that loudness increases with a higher exponent at low and high levels and with a lower exponent at moderate levels.
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follows human sensitivity to sound and describes relative perceived loudness for at quiet to moderate speech levels, around 40
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In different industries, loudness may have different meanings and different measurement standards. Some definitions, such as
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Loudness, a subjective measure, is often confused with physical measures of sound strength such as sound pressure,
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attempt to compensate measurements to correspond to loudness as perceived by the typical human.
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EBU Recommendation R 128: Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio signals
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The ITU-R BS.1770 measurement system was improved for made multi-channel applications (
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subjective listening tests, Leq(RLB) compared favorably to numerous other algorithms.
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The sensitivity of the human ear changes as a function of frequency, as shown in the
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of sound can therefore be approximated by a power function with an exponent of 0.3.
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unimpaired listener. This phenomenon can be explained by two theories, called
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375:). To make the loudness metric cross-genre friendly, a relative measurement
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Historically, loudness was measured using an ear-balancing method with an
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in which SPL has an exponent of 0.67. A more precise model known as the
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Normalization systems built into streaming services such as
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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
643:"It's not recruitment-gasp!! It's softness imperception"
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Measuring Noise: From Ear-Balance to Self-Registration
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471:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
255:Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act
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428:The relationship between loudness and energy
241:Loudness normalization is a specific type of
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330:) units have been used to measure loudness.
228:feature on some consumer stereos alters the
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1480:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
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464:"Loudness of tone pulses in a free field"
139:The perception of loudness is related to
1348:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
207:Softness imperception, a term coined by
445:
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27:Subjective perception of sound pressure
1210:High-context and low-context cultures
762:International Telecommunication Union
556:"To honor Stevens and repeal his law"
7:
1559:Computer processing of body language
1574:List of facial expression databases
1564:Emotion recognition in conversation
411:, loudness measurement in astronomy
605:10.1093/oso/9780198887768.003.0004
25:
1458:Childhood disintegrative disorder
733:Olson, Harry F. (February 1972).
660:10.1097/01.HJ.0000293012.17887.b4
523:Encyclopedia of Perception Vol. 1
805:
676:Circuit Troubleshooting Handbook
1:
735:"The Measurement of Loudness"
579:"The Measurement of Loudness"
520:Goldstein, E. Bruce (2009).
76:is included in the topic of
1475:Nonverbal learning disorder
1053:Speech-independent gestures
1026:Facial Action Coding System
713:European Broadcasting Union
30:For the Japanese band, see
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1215:Interpersonal relationship
1016:Body-to-body communication
224:control associated with a
186:sensorineural hearing loss
41:The horizontal axis shows
29:
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990:
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1630:Behavioral communication
462:Poulsen, Torben (1981).
1070:Interpersonal synchrony
971:Nonverbal communication
404:Sending loudness rating
266:Movie and home theaters
80:and employs methods of
1667:Monastic sign lexicons
1358:Emotional intelligence
757:Recommendation BS.1770
674:Lenk, John D. (1998).
53:
1657:Impression management
865:Fundamental frequency
653:(3): 10, 12, 14, 15.
577:Olson, Harry (1972).
526:. Sage. p. 147.
226:loudness compensation
199:softness imperception
190:damage to the cochlea
40:
1672:Verbal communication
1625:Animal communication
1543:Targeted advertising
1060:Haptic communication
814:at Wikimedia Commons
195:loudness recruitment
159:equal-loudness graph
151:Exponential function
141:sound pressure level
105:sound pressure level
1681:Non-verbal language
1569:Gesture recognition
1416:Further information
1306:Emotion recognition
1257:Silent service code
483:1981ASAJ...69.1786P
382:22.2 surround sound
345:loudness monitoring
243:audio normalization
145:Stevens's power law
1707:Art and literature
1662:Meta-communication
1650:Passive-aggressive
1579:Sentiment analysis
1280:Non-verbal leakage
919:Sympathetic string
373:5.1 surround sound
230:frequency response
100:spectral masking.
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1757:Elements of music
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1438:Asperger syndrome
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1388:Social competence
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1036:Subtle expression
1021:Facial expression
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914:Spectral envelope
810:Media related to
121:Weighting filters
74:apparent loudness
16:(Redirected from
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477:(6): 1786–1790.
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394:Dynamics (music)
323:(loudness level
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682:. p. 163.
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209:Mary Florentine
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113:sound intensity
78:psychoacoustics
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32:Loudness (band)
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641:(March 2003).
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1200:Display rules
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764:. August 2012
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715:. August 2011
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1523:Cold reading
1516:Applications
1490:Neuroanatomy
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1135:Paralanguage
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902:Rustle noise
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1502:Limbic lobe
1267:Unconscious
1250:Missed call
1220:Social norm
1195:Conventions
1085:Eye contact
783:"Leq Meter"
680:McGraw-Hill
334:A-weighting
307:Measurement
135:Explanation
125:A-weighting
117:sound power
1751:Categories
1635:Aggressive
1605:Paul Ekman
1588:Key people
1552:Technology
1538:Poker tell
1383:Social cue
1190:Chronemics
1140:Intonation
984:Modalities
788:2015-12-15
768:2013-05-31
719:2013-04-22
440:References
315:(loudness
290:ReplayGain
166:audiometer
149:Inflected
66:subjective
1762:Acoustics
1640:Assertive
1448:Fragile X
1433:Aprosodia
1426:Disorders
1373:Semiotics
1301:Deception
1107:Proxemics
1097:Olfaction
1080:Oculesics
1065:Imitation
430:intensity
343:Relative
260:EBU R 128
249:Broadcast
170:amplitude
58:acoustics
44:frequency
1470:Dyssemia
1316:Intimacy
1236:Emoticon
1145:Loudness
1075:Laughter
1011:Kinesics
1002:Blushing
995:Physical
929:Waveform
924:Tonality
892:Overtone
877:Loudness
812:Loudness
744:: 18–22.
554:(2006).
388:See also
369:monaural
272:Dialnorm
222:loudness
123:such as
109:decibels
62:loudness
1724:Subtext
1645:Passive
1614:Related
1205:Habitus
1150:Prosody
1102:Posture
1043:Gesture
507:7190836
499:7240592
479:Bibcode
364:units.
300:YouTube
296:Spotify
97:Zwicker
64:is the
18:Loudest
1698:Tadoma
1443:Autism
1398:Unsaid
1363:Nunchi
1240:Smiley
1160:Stress
1155:Rhythm
1125:Affect
1117:Speech
908:Sawari
871:Jivari
849:Timbre
686:
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319:) and
285:iTunes
1229:Other
897:Pitch
887:Noise
742:Audio
738:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
620:532,
503:S2CID
467:(PDF)
416:Notes
354:Dolby
338:phons
184:When
93:sones
50:Hertz
1714:Mime
1165:Tone
1048:List
684:ISBN
628:S3.4
626:ANSI
528:ISBN
495:PMID
377:gate
362:LKFS
356:and
321:phon
313:sone
298:and
220:The
197:and
129:LKFS
127:and
107:(in
655:doi
622:DIN
618:IEC
601:doi
487:doi
371:to
350:CBC
115:or
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56:In
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327:N
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