906:
818:-secreting neurons that innervate GnRH-1 neurons also can stimulate GnRH-1 release. These GABA neurons also possess ERs and may be responsible for the GnRH-1 surge. Part of the inhibitory action of endorphins on GnRH-1 release is through inhibition of these GABA neurons. Rupture of the ovarian follicle at ovulation causes a drastic reduction in estrogen synthesis and a marked increase in secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum in the ovary, reinstating a predominantly negative feedback on hypothalamic secretion of GnRH-1.
992:
1348:
42:
587:
410:
976:
4936:
699:
2750:
1364:. More purified forms of urinary gonadotropins may reduce the LH portion in relation to FSH. Recombinant luteinizing hormone is available as lutropin alfa (Luveris). All these medications have to be given parenterally. They are commonly used in infertility therapy to stimulate follicular development, the notable one being in
809:
and androgens) generally have negative feedback effects on GnRH-1 release at the level of the hypothalamus and at the gonadotropes, reducing their sensitivity to GnRH. Positive feedback by estrogens also occurs in the gonadal axis of female mammals and is responsible for the midcycle surge of LH that
968:(IU). When quantifying the amount of LH in a sample in IUs, it is important to know which international standard your lot of LH was calibrated against since they can vary broadly from year to year. For human urinary LH, one IU is defined as 1/189th of an ampule denoted 96/602 and distributed by the
842:
under the control of LH. LH binds to LH receptors on the membrane surface of Leydig cells. Binding to this receptor causes an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger, which allows cholesterol to translocate into the mitochondria. Within the mitochondria, cholesterol
932:
are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known, but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation, and that they are somewhat averagely regular, with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a
1032:
recommends using their test twice per day. If testing once per day, no significant difference has been found between testing LH in the morning versus in the evening, in relation to conception rates, and recommendations of what time in the day to take the test varies between manufacturers and
862:. When bloodstream testosterone levels are low, the pituitary gland is stimulated to release LH. As the levels of testosterone increase, it will act on the pituitary through a negative feedback loop and inhibit the release of GnRH and LH consequently. Androgens (including testosterone and
896:
Some research has observed an inverse relationship between circulating LH and CNS LH levels. After ovariectomy (a procedure used to mimic menopause) in female mice, circulating LH levels surge while CNS levels of LH fall. Treatments that lower circulating LH restore LH levels in the CNS.
1085:
Persistently high LH levels are indicative of situations where the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to a pituitary production of both LH and FSH. While this is typical in menopause, it is abnormal in the reproductive years. There it may be a sign of:
1011:
ovulation predictor kits (OPK, also LH-kit) that are performed, typically daily, around the time ovulation may be expected. A conversion from a negative to a positive reading would suggest that ovulation is about to occur within 24–48 hours, giving women two days to engage in
1671:
le
Cotonnec JY, Porchet HC, Beltrami V, Munafo A (February 1998). "Clinical pharmacology of recombinant human luteinizing hormone: Part I. Pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to healthy female volunteers and comparison with urinary human luteinizing hormone".
478:, which is a mass of cells that forms in an ovary after an ovum (egg) has been discharged but remains unfertilized. The corpus luteum is so named because it often has a distinctive yellow color. The process of forming the corpus luteum is known as "
866:) inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the pineal gland, leading to increased melatonin and reduced LH and FSH by melatonin-induced increase of Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) synthesis and secretion. Testosterone can also be aromatized into
1543:
Louvet JP, Harman SM, Ross GT (May 1975). "Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin, human interstitial cell stimulating hormone and human follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian weights in estrogen-primed hypophysectomized immature female rats".
924:
may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression, with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower, respectively, the cycle progresses compared to an average
843:
is converted to pregnenolone by CYP11A1. Pregnenolone is then converted to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). DHEA is then converted to androstenedione by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and then finally converted to testosterone by
2165:"Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion by testosterone in men requires aromatization for its pituitary but not its hypothalamic effects: evidence from the tandem study of normal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-deficient men"
1027:
The recommended testing frequency differs between manufacturers. For example, the
Clearblue test is taken daily, and an increased frequency does not decrease the risk of missing an LH surge. On the other hand, the Chinese company
1387:
entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. A study shows that LH via a PKA signaling pathway regulates the phosphorylation and localization of DRP1 within mitochondria of the
4386:
1432:
Ujihara M, Yamamoto K, Nomura K, Toyoshima S, Demura H, Nakamura Y, et al. (June 1992). "Subunit-specific sulphation of oligosaccharides relating to charge-heterogeneity in porcine lutrophin isoforms".
814:(Kp) release from kiss1 neurons in the ARC, estrogens stimulate Kp release from the Kp neurons in the AVPV. As estrogens' levels gradually increase the positive effect predominates, leading to the LH surge.
1371:
Often, HCG medication is used as an LH substitute because it activates the same receptor. Medically used hCG is derived from urine of pregnant women, is less costly, and has a longer half-life than LH.
1150:
Diminished secretion of LH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifest in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females,
5006:
2805:
Valdes-Socin H, Salvi R, Daly AF, Gaillard RC, Quatresooz P, Tebeu PM, et al. (December 2004). "Hypogonadism in a patient with a mutation in the luteinizing hormone beta-subunit gene".
4981:
2691:
Martinez AR, Bernardus RE, Vermeiden JP, Schoemaker J (March 1994). "Time schedules of intrauterine insemination after urinary luteinizing hormone surge detection and pregnancy results".
4379:
2748:, Welle HB, Marko M, "Method of inhibiting luteinizing hormone secretion with 6,7-benzomorphan derivatives", issued 27 September 1983, assigned to ACF Chemiefarma NV.
2881:"Luteinizing hormone regulates the phosphorylation and localization of the mitochondrial effector dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1) and steroidogenesis in the bovine corpus luteum"
557:
and both stimulate the same receptor. However, the hCG beta subunit contains an additional 24 amino acids, and the two hormones differ in the composition of their sugar moieties.
1239:
4372:
3517:
2965:
4643:
549:
vary. LH has a beta subunit of 120 amino acids (LHB) that confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for the specificity of the interaction with the
958:
During reproductive years, typical levels are between 1 and 20 IU/L. Physiologic high LH levels are seen during the LH surge (v.s.) and typically last 48 hours.
2460:
955:. Since LH is secreted as pulses, it is necessary to follow its concentration over a sufficient period of time to get proper information about its blood level.
213:
72:
3883:
3855:
3752:
778:, which stimulates elevated GnRH secretion, triggering a surge in LH. The increase in LH production only lasts for 24 to 48 hours. This "LH surge" triggers
3535:
3135:
2212:
Stoléru SG, Ennaji A, Cournot A, Spira A (1993). "LH pulsatile secretion and testosterone blood levels are influenced by sexual arousal in human males".
670:
13.32. In contrast to the alpha gene activity, beta LH subunit gene activity is restricted to the pituitary gonadotropic cells. It is regulated by the
3085:
2991:
4415:
4395:
3711:
2999:
2662:
847:(HSD17B). The onset of puberty is controlled by two major hormones: FSH initiates spermatogenesis and LH signals the release of testosterone, an
1521:
774:
after production by the dominant follicle exceeds a certain threshold. Exceptionally high levels of estradiol induce hypothalamic production of
4799:
3250:
3009:
530:
940:
are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown, but only the beginning of menstruation is given.
4971:
4961:
4692:
3953:
3484:
2077:
Tilbrook AJ, Clarke IJ (March 2001). "Negative feedback regulation of the secretion and actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in males".
1841:
3635:
5011:
4956:
4364:
3530:
3525:
2958:
608:
431:
206:
191:
1033:
healthcare workers. Tests may be read manually using a color-change paper strip, or digitally with the assistance of reading electronics.
3316:
3220:
844:
237:
96:
3596:
1979:"Dehydroepiandrosterone-Regulated Testosterone Biosynthesis via Activation of the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Primary Rat Leydig Cells"
3568:
4986:
1075:
of pituitary or central origin, LH and FSH levels may be in the reproductive range instead of the low levels typical for their age.
634:
457:
524:(hCG). The protein dimer contains 2 glycopeptidic subunits (labeled alpha- and beta- subunits) that are non-covalently associated:
4056:
909:
225:
84:
972:, corresponding to approximately 0.04656 ÎĽg of LH protein for a single IU, but older standard versions are still widely in use.
3630:
2951:
2421:"Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle"
1269:
218:
77:
4464:
4162:
3785:
3721:
3615:
3290:
2974:
1129:
1124:
671:
612:
435:
361:
782:, thereby not only releasing the egg from the follicle, but also initiating the conversion of the residual follicle into a
4966:
4177:
3645:
3620:
4926:
4852:
4716:
4667:
4234:
4229:
3971:
3686:
3433:
3172:
3167:
1316:
905:
799:
554:
521:
513:
393:
57:
2611:
1732:"Hirsutism, virilism, polycystic ovarian disease, and the steroid-gonadotropin-feedback system: a career retrospective"
3716:
3696:
3501:
3441:
870:(E2) to inhibit LH. E2 decreases pulse amplitude and responsiveness to GnRH from the hypothalamus onto the pituitary.
791:
517:
2468:
597:
420:
553:. This beta subunit contains an amino acid sequence that exhibits large homologies with that of the beta subunit of
4792:
4342:
4224:
747:
616:
601:
439:
424:
4991:
4847:
4347:
3905:
3332:
1118:
1079:
1622:"A review of luteinising hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin when used in assisted reproductive technology"
3976:
3159:
2943:
2937:
1168:
1048:
357:
1051:, with tests commonly available in the range 10–40 m.i.u. (the lower the number, the higher the sensitivity).
1708:
5001:
4662:
4205:
3489:
2531:"Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation"
1158:
1017:
991:
815:
1938:"Cytochrome b(5) modulation of 17{alpha} hydroxylase and 17-20 lyase (CYP17) activities in steroidogenesis"
1343:
4976:
4519:
4051:
4028:
3780:
3561:
3395:
2114:"Central and direct regulation of testicular activity by gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and its receptor"
1209:(inducing an initial stimulation (flare up) followed by permanent blockage of the GnRH pituitary receptor)
890:
4746:
4731:
230:
89:
4996:
4785:
4634:
4404:
3425:
3387:
509:
283:
2491:
798:
occurs, LH levels will decrease, and luteal function will instead be maintained by the action of hCG (
4711:
3437:
1529:
1183:
1103:
142:
2766:"Hypogonadism caused by a single amino acid substitution in the beta subunit of luteinizing hormone"
1082:; however, it would be unusual for them to have LH levels outside of the normal reproductive range.
933:
woman's average cycle length is shorter or longer, respectively, than the average of the population.
4337:
3943:
3938:
3910:
3873:
3706:
3655:
3429:
3353:
3273:
1296:
1090:
996:
965:
863:
794:. LH is necessary to maintain luteal function for the second two weeks of the menstrual cycle. If
4857:
4504:
4407:
3678:
3407:
3357:
2637:
2572:"Comparison of several one-step home urinary luteinizing hormone detection test kits to OvuQuick"
2237:
2008:
1188:
1095:
1072:
1013:
886:
767:
4587:
4514:
4762:
4597:
4592:
4577:
4557:
4542:
2933:
4567:
4489:
4439:
4434:
3865:
3554:
3445:
2912:
2832:
2787:
2708:
2593:
2552:
2442:
2401:
2350:
2332:
2291:
2229:
2194:
2145:
2094:
2059:
2000:
1959:
1918:
1869:
1837:
1812:
1761:
1689:
1653:
1602:
1561:
1499:
1450:
1163:
1041:
979:
755:
706:
In both males and females, LH works upon endocrine cells in the gonads to produce androgens.
569:
of LH is 20 minutes, shorter than that of FSH (3–4 hours) and hCG (24 hours). The biological
353:
4572:
2731:
542:
in almost all other vertebrate species (glycoprotein hormones do not exist in invertebrates).
4726:
4721:
4444:
3832:
3827:
3403:
3336:
3328:
3306:
3020:
2902:
2892:
2853:
2822:
2814:
2777:
2700:
2583:
2542:
2432:
2391:
2381:
2340:
2322:
2281:
2273:
2221:
2184:
2176:
2135:
2125:
2086:
2049:
2039:
1990:
1949:
1908:
1900:
1802:
1792:
1751:
1743:
1681:
1643:
1633:
1592:
1553:
1489:
1481:
1442:
1305:
742:, LH receptors are also expressed on the maturing follicle, which causes it to produce more
731:
287:
278:
137:
1325:
893:(CNS) may be of relevance to understanding and treating post-menopausal cognitive decline.
873:
Changes in LH and testosterone blood levels and pulse secretions are induced by changes in
4940:
4157:
3790:
3585:
3399:
3210:
2163:
Pitteloud N, Dwyer AA, DeCruz S, Lee H, Boepple PA, Crowley WF, et al. (March 2008).
1384:
1380:
1347:
1201:
1178:
1173:
1099:
1078:
During the reproductive years, relatively elevated LH is frequently seen in patients with
913:
852:
754:. Previously, the preovulatory LH surge was attributed to a decrease in estrogen-mediated
562:
307:
166:
1383:
is a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.
1054:
As sperm can stay viable in the woman for several days, LH tests are not recommended for
146:
2345:
2310:
1581:"Structural biology of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors: insights to signaling"
961:
In males over 18 years of age, reference ranges have been estimated to be 1.8–8.6 IU/L.
482:," and thus the hormone that triggers this process is termed the "luteinizing" hormone.
4892:
4741:
4309:
4278:
4250:
4195:
4090:
3807:
3738:
3495:
3411:
3377:
3365:
3187:
2907:
2880:
2396:
2369:
2286:
2261:
2189:
2164:
2140:
2113:
2054:
2027:
1913:
1888:
1807:
1780:
1756:
1731:
1648:
1621:
1494:
1469:
1113:
1058:
practices, as the LH surge typically occurs after the beginning of the fertile window.
874:
735:
2588:
2571:
2112:
Ubuka T, Son YL, Tobari Y, Narihiro M, Bentley GE, Kriegsfeld LJ, et al. (2014).
1685:
4950:
4862:
4677:
4319:
4095:
3797:
3760:
2370:"Luteinizing Hormone Involvement in Aging Female Cognition: Not All Is Estrogen Loss"
2225:
1389:
1361:
1336:
1055:
783:
667:
491:
475:
373:
2241:
2012:
1781:"The Neurosteroid Progesterone Underlies Estrogen Positive Feedback of the LH Surge"
41:
4877:
4808:
4102:
4038:
4023:
3986:
3933:
3900:
3640:
3607:
3283:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3150:
2983:
2879:
Plewes MR, Hou X, Talbott HA, Zhang P, Wood JR, Cupp AS, et al. (April 2020).
2764:
Weiss J, Axelrod L, Whitcomb RW, Harris PE, Crowley WF, Jameson JL (January 1992).
1252:
1247:
1206:
1193:
1139:
839:
827:
775:
763:
727:
675:
656:
502:
494:
479:
389:
1831:
254:
113:
4908:
4509:
4484:
4469:
4286:
4263:
3765:
3668:
3466:
3417:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3277:
3267:
3075:
3060:
3040:
2782:
2765:
2508:
2277:
1861:
885:
Luteinizing hormone receptors are located in areas of the brain associated with
787:
687:
586:
550:
539:
535:
409:
385:
317:
176:
2547:
2530:
2327:
2090:
1747:
1003:
The detection of a surge in release of luteinizing hormone indicates impending
4842:
4837:
4827:
4736:
4682:
4609:
4547:
4459:
4454:
4314:
4200:
3850:
3802:
3731:
3726:
3461:
3391:
3182:
3126:
3101:
3035:
3030:
2745:
2704:
1597:
1580:
1485:
1409:
1357:
1151:
1108:
1021:
811:
715:
698:
261:
120:
2446:
2386:
2336:
2309:
Than S, Moran C, Beare R, Vincent A, Lane E, Collyer TA, et al. (2023).
2130:
2044:
1797:
1446:
4872:
4832:
4624:
4619:
4562:
4552:
4499:
4494:
4479:
4474:
4449:
4117:
4046:
3928:
3840:
3775:
3701:
3421:
3381:
3263:
3259:
3232:
3131:
3111:
3106:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3025:
2615:
2437:
2420:
1904:
1638:
1037:
1004:
952:
948:
867:
806:
795:
779:
771:
751:
743:
739:
723:
570:
566:
505:
molecule; one alpha and one beta subunit make the full, functional protein.
498:
369:
2916:
2891:(4). Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology: 5299–5316.
2836:
2597:
2556:
2405:
2354:
2295:
2198:
2149:
2098:
2063:
2004:
1963:
1922:
1873:
1816:
1765:
1657:
1606:
1557:
1503:
17:
2897:
2791:
2712:
2233:
1693:
1565:
1470:"Gonadotropin regulation by pulsatile GnRH: Signaling and gene expression"
1454:
975:
770:. Some studies, however, attribute the LH surge to positive feedback from
364:(GnRH) from the hypothalamus. In females, an acute rise of LH known as an
4887:
4822:
4614:
4604:
4582:
4532:
4268:
4167:
4149:
4107:
4085:
4008:
4000:
3981:
3963:
3892:
3770:
3663:
3625:
3324:
3121:
3096:
2818:
2180:
858:
LH is released from the pituitary gland, and is controlled by pulses of
848:
719:
266:
125:
1954:
1937:
4644:
4537:
4172:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4013:
3948:
3819:
3577:
3456:
1008:
690:
do not affect genetic activity for the beta subunit production of LH.
683:
679:
349:
2827:
1995:
1978:
1154:
is commonly observed. Conditions with very low LH secretions include:
4913:
4882:
4296:
4258:
4077:
4018:
2509:"WHO International Standard, Luteinizing Hormone, Human, Recombinant"
1138:
Note: A medical drug for inhibiting luteinizing hormone secretion is
831:
573:
of LH is 23 hours subcutaneous or terminal half life of 10-12 hours.
249:
108:
851:
that exerts both endocrine activity and intratesticular activity on
802:), a hormone very similar to LH but secreted from the new placenta.
2728:
Cambridge Guide to
Infertility Management and Assisted Reproduction
4329:
4304:
4215:
4187:
3920:
990:
974:
969:
471:
1278:
859:
835:
759:
648:
242:
101:
4781:
4777:
4416:
4396:
4368:
3550:
2947:
2570:
Nielsen MS, Barton SD, Hatasaka HH, Stanford JB (August 2001).
1356:
Luteinizing hormone is available mixed with FSH in the form of
1036:
Tests for luteinizing hormone may be combined with testing for
3251:
1709:"Gonadotropins: Luteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormones"
1365:
1134:
Pregnancy – BetaHCG can mimic LH so tests may show elevated LH
746:. Eventually, when the follicle has fully matured, a spike in
580:
403:
4693:
392:. It acts synergistically with follicle-stimulating hormone (
2262:"Luteinizing hormone: Evidence for direct action in the CNS"
1736:
American
Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
3546:
2490:
WHO Expert
Committee on Biological Standardization (2003).
565:
affects bioactivity and speed of degradation. The biologic
2260:
Blair JA, Bhatta S, McGee H, Casadesus G (November 2015).
2529:
Dunson DB, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR (July 1999).
2492:"Proposed International Standard for Luteinizing Hormone"
2311:"Cognitive trajectories during the menopausal transition"
2028:"Role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Spermatogenesis"
1224:
474:"luteus," meaning "yellow." This is in reference to the
4649:
Tooltip
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor
2516:
National
Institute for Biological Standards and Control
534:
of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, and contain 92
4754:
3518:
3317:
3291:
3284:
3221:
2992:
2975:
766:, subsequently stimulating the release of LH from the
750:
production by the follicle inhibits the production of
4924:
2368:
Bhatta S, Blair JA, Casadesus G (24 September 2018).
1476:. Signaling Pathways Regulating Pituitary Functions.
2612:"Ovulation Predictor Kit Frequently Asked Questions"
2169:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1977:
Liu L, Kang J, Ding X, Chen D, Zhou Y, Ma H (2015).
786:
that, in turn, produces progesterone to prepare the
4901:
4815:
4691:
4642:
4633:
4414:
4328:
4295:
4277:
4249:
4214:
4186:
4148:
4125:
4116:
4076:
4069:
4037:
3999:
3962:
3919:
3891:
3882:
3864:
3818:
3751:
3677:
3654:
3606:
3595:
3584:
3315:Sex steroid agonists (via negative feedback on the
3305:
3209:
3200:
3158:
3149:
3084:
3008:
2990:
1936:Akhtar MK, Kelly SL, Kaderbhai MA (November 2005).
1889:"Leydig cells: formation, function, and regulation"
1411:
GCSE Science
Revision Biology "The Menstrual Cycle"
1335:
1315:
1295:
1290:
1268:
1263:
1238:
1233:
313:
303:
298:
277:
272:
260:
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236:
224:
212:
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172:
162:
157:
136:
131:
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
63:
53:
48:
34:
3219:Sex steroid antagonists (via disinhibition of the
5007:Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
810:stimulates ovulation. Although estrogens inhibit
666:gene is localized in the LHB/CGB gene cluster on
4982:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins
1855:
1853:
4421:Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
4401:Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
2848:
2846:
2026:Oduwole OO, Peltoketo H, Huhtaniemi IT (2018).
1868:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1304:
3454:Others (mixed or unknown mechanism of action):
3256:Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators
2461:"Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum"
508:Its structure is similar to that of the other
4793:
4698:Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor
4380:
3562:
2959:
982:strip for urine LH, used to predict ovulation
8:
1220:
1047:The sensitivity of LH tests are measured in
999:by menstrual cycle day relative to ovulation
27:Gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis
615:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
438:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4800:
4786:
4778:
4737:Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin)
4683:Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin)
4639:
4387:
4373:
4365:
4122:
4073:
3888:
3603:
3592:
3569:
3555:
3547:
3206:
3155:
3005:
2966:
2952:
2944:
1346:
376:. In males, where LH had also been called
295:
154:
40:
2936:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2906:
2896:
2826:
2781:
2587:
2546:
2436:
2395:
2385:
2344:
2326:
2285:
2188:
2139:
2129:
2053:
2043:
1994:
1953:
1912:
1806:
1796:
1779:Micevych P, Sinchak K (2 December 2011).
1755:
1647:
1637:
1596:
1515:
1513:
1493:
1324:
635:Learn how and when to remove this message
458:Learn how and when to remove this message
2638:"Clear Blue Ovulation Test Instructions"
1468:Stamatiades GA, Kaiser UB (March 2018).
904:
697:
4931:
1887:Zirkin BR, Papadopoulos V (July 2018).
1579:Jiang X, Dias JA, He X (January 2014).
1401:
912:of luteinizing hormone (LH) during the
360:. The production of LH is regulated by
3296:Tooltip gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2980:Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2730:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1860:Nedresky D, Singh G (September 2022).
1626:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1620:Ezcurra D, Humaidan P (October 2014).
1337:
1219:
910:Reference ranges for the blood content
187:
31:
2255:
2253:
2251:
378:interstitial cell–stimulating hormone
7:
3521:and gonadotropin receptor modulators
2497:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1983:Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry
1585:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
1474:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
1251:
613:adding citations to reliable sources
470:The term luteinizing comes from the
436:adding citations to reliable sources
192:Luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide
2807:The New England Journal of Medicine
2770:The New England Journal of Medicine
561:The different composition of these
35:Chorionic Luteinizing hormone alpha
947:LH levels are normally low during
25:
3536:Progestogens and antiprogestogens
3136:+estradiol/norethisterone acetate
1862:"Physiology, Luteinizing Hormone"
838:(GnRH). The Leydig cells produce
4934:
4057:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
2614:. Fertility Plus. Archived from
845:17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
585:
408:
1836:. Academic Press. p. 126.
1040:in tests such as the Clearblue
734:growth, specifically affecting
1526:Essentials of Human Physiology
1125:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
860:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
836:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
672:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
362:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1:
2589:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01881-7
1686:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00501-3
1360:, and other forms of urinary
889:. The role of LH role in the
4972:Gynaecological endocrinology
4962:Genes on human chromosome 19
4853:Human chorionic gonadotropin
4717:Follicle-stimulating hormone
4668:Human chorionic gonadotropin
3434:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
3173:Human chorionic gonadotropin
3168:Follicle-stimulating hormone
2226:10.1016/0306-4530(93)90005-6
1942:The Journal of Endocrinology
1198:Gonadal suppression therapy
800:human chorionic gonadotropin
722:and hormonal precursors for
718:in the ovaries that provide
522:human chorionic gonadotropin
514:follicle-stimulating hormone
5012:Anterior pituitary hormones
4957:Genes on human chromosome 6
3531:Estrogens and antiestrogens
3526:Androgens and antiandrogens
3442:medroxyprogesterone acetate
2783:10.1056/NEJM199201163260306
2693:Gynecological Endocrinology
2278:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.020
1830:Norris DO, Carr JA (2013).
1711:. Colorado State University
1030:Nantong Egens Biotechnology
726:production. At the time of
518:thyroid-stimulating hormone
5028:
4225:Insulin-like growth factor
2374:Frontiers in Endocrinology
2328:10.3389/frdem.2023.1098693
2118:Frontiers in Endocrinology
2091:10.1095/biolreprod64.3.735
2032:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1785:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1748:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2011
1730:Mahesh VB (January 2012).
4848:Gonadotropin preparations
3479:
2858:European Medicines Agency
2705:10.3109/09513599409028450
2663:"Advanced Ovulation Test"
2465:Mayo Medical Laboratories
1598:10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.021
1486:10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.015
1119:Polycystic ovary syndrome
1080:polycystic ovary syndrome
951:and in women, high after
702:Effects of LH on the body
294:
153:
39:
4987:Drugs developed by Merck
4485:Leuprorelin (leuprolide)
3061:Leuprorelin (leuprolide)
2938:Medical Subject Headings
2548:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835
2387:10.3389/fendo.2018.00544
2214:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2131:10.3389/fendo.2014.00008
2045:10.3389/fendo.2018.00763
1833:Vertebrate Endocrinology
1798:10.3389/fendo.2011.00090
1522:"Section 5/5ch9/s5ch9_5"
1169:Hypothalamic suppression
1049:milli international unit
1007:. LH can be detected by
662:The luteinizing hormone
358:anterior pituitary gland
4663:Choriogonadotropin alfa
2576:Fertility and Sterility
2425:WikiJournal of Medicine
2079:Biology of Reproduction
1893:Biology of Reproduction
1707:Bowen R (13 May 2004).
1674:Fertility and Sterility
1639:10.1186/1477-7827-12-95
1376:Role in phosphorylation
1018:artificial insemination
938:Inter-woman variability
930:Inter-cycle variability
748:17α-hydroxyprogesterone
372:and development of the
4520:Zoptarelin doxorubicin
4052:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
4029:Pancreatic polypeptide
1558:10.1210/endo-96-5-1179
1447:10.1093/glycob/2.3.225
1020:with the intention of
1000:
983:
944:
891:central nervous system
703:
4598:Teverelix (antarelix)
4405:gonadotropin receptor
3426:chlormadinone acetate
2898:10.1096/fj.201902958R
2438:10.15347/wjm/2014.001
2315:Frontiers in Dementia
2266:Hormones and Behavior
1905:10.1093/biolre/ioy059
994:
978:
908:
834:and is regulated by
701:
510:glycoprotein hormones
4967:Recombinant proteins
4712:Corifollitropin alfa
4578:Ornirelix (ornitide)
3438:gestonorone caproate
3274:Aromatase inhibitors
2819:10.1056/NEJMoa040326
2681:Version 1.1 02/11/15
2471:on 25 September 2016
2419:Häggström M (2014).
2181:10.1210/jc.2007-2156
1392:cells of the ovary.
1184:Female athlete triad
1104:Klinefelter syndrome
987:Predicting ovulation
881:Effects in the brain
609:improve this section
432:improve this section
4868:Luteinizing hormone
4747:Varfollitropin alfa
4732:Follitropin epsilon
4673:Luteinizing hormone
4338:Natriuretic peptide
3656:Posterior pituitary
3641:Somatostatin (GHIH)
3430:cyproterone acetate
3358:prolactin releasers
3178:Luteinizing hormone
2934:Luteinizing+Hormone
1955:10.1677/joe.1.06375
1230:
1221:Luteinizing hormone
1159:Pasqualini syndrome
1091:Premature menopause
966:international units
936:The ranges denoted
928:The ranges denoted
922:By biological stage
920:The ranges denoted
864:dihydrotestosterone
738:. With the rise in
338:luteinising hormone
330:Luteinizing hormone
4858:Interferon beta-1a
3679:Anterior pituitary
3506:Never to phase III
3408:diethylstilbestrol
2860:. 29 November 2000
2726:Meniru GI (2001).
2535:Human Reproduction
1189:Hyperprolactinemia
1130:Testicular failure
1096:Gonadal dysgenesis
1073:precocious puberty
1014:sexual intercourse
1001:
984:
964:LH is measured in
945:
887:cognitive function
805:Gonadal steroids (
768:anterior pituitary
710:Effects in females
704:
354:gonadotropic cells
4922:
4921:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4568:Iturelix (antide)
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4245:
4244:
4065:
4064:
3995:
3994:
3747:
3746:
3544:
3543:
3475:
3474:
3446:megestrol acetate
3337:nandrolone esters
3329:anabolic steroids
3307:Antigonadotropins
3196:
3195:
3145:
3144:
2813:(25): 2619–2625.
1996:10.1159/000430150
1843:978-0-12-396465-6
1532:on 24 March 2016.
1354:
1353:
1282:
1164:Kallmann syndrome
1123:Certain forms of
1071:In children with
1042:fertility monitor
980:Lateral flow test
826:LH acts upon the
756:negative feedback
645:
644:
637:
468:
467:
460:
384:), it stimulates
327:
326:
323:
322:
186:
185:
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
5019:
4992:Peptide hormones
4939:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4779:
4756:
4727:Follitropin beta
4722:Follitropin alfa
4699:
4695:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4445:Azagly-nafarelin
4422:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4366:
4123:
4118:Digestive system
4074:
3889:
3828:Thyroid hormones
3604:
3593:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3520:
3404:ethinylestradiol
3400:estradiol esters
3319:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3257:
3253:
3223:
3211:Progonadotropins
3207:
3156:
3021:Azagly-nafarelin
3006:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:on 12 March 2012
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2541:(7): 1835–1839.
2526:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2467:. Archived from
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2330:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1989:(5): 1778–1792.
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1552:(5): 1179–1186.
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:. Archived from
1517:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1308:
1280:
1277:
1255:
1231:
1228:
1226:
877:in human males.
822:Effects in males
730:, FSH initiates
640:
633:
629:
626:
620:
589:
581:
563:oligosaccharides
538:in human but 96
463:
456:
452:
449:
443:
412:
404:
336:, also known as
296:
188:
155:
67:HCG, GPHa, GPHA1
44:
32:
21:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5016:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4897:
4811:
4806:
4776:
4767:
4697:
4687:
4648:
4629:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4393:
4363:
4354:
4324:
4291:
4273:
4241:
4210:
4182:
4144:
4112:
4061:
4033:
3991:
3958:
3915:
3878:
3860:
3844:
3836:
3814:
3798:Adrenal medulla
3791:Androstenedione
3743:
3673:
3650:
3598:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3545:
3540:
3511:
3496:Clinical trials
3471:
3350:
3301:
3295:
3255:
3202:
3192:
3141:
3080:
2997:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2642:Ovulation Guide
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1414:, 17 April 2018
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1385:Steroidogenesis
1381:Phosphorylation
1378:
1331:
1311:
1286:
1259:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:As a medication
1202:GnRH antagonist
1179:Eating disorder
1174:Hypopituitarism
1148:
1100:Turner syndrome
1069:
1064:
989:
943:
914:menstrual cycle
903:
883:
853:spermatogenesis
824:
790:for a possible
736:granulosa cells
712:
696:
641:
630:
624:
621:
606:
590:
579:
488:
464:
453:
447:
444:
429:
413:
402:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Human hormones
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4893:Tegafur/uracil
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4742:Urofollitropin
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4702:
4700:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4653:
4651:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4425:
4423:
4412:
4411:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4251:Adipose tissue
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Enteroglucagon
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4096:Beta thymosins
4093:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3808:Norepinephrine
3805:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3761:Adrenal cortex
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3415:
3412:paroxypropione
3385:
3378:chlorpromazine
3366:metoclopramide
3348:
3344:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3281:
3271:
3244:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3188:Urofollitropin
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2988:
2987:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:External links
2926:
2923:
2922:
2871:
2854:"Luveris EPAR"
2842:
2797:
2776:(3): 179–183.
2756:
2737:
2718:
2683:
2654:
2629:
2603:
2582:(2): 384–387.
2562:
2521:
2500:
2482:
2452:
2411:
2360:
2301:
2247:
2220:(3): 205–218.
2204:
2175:(3): 784–791.
2155:
2104:
2085:(3): 735–742.
2069:
2018:
1969:
1948:(2): 267–274.
1928:
1899:(1): 101–111.
1879:
1849:
1842:
1822:
1771:
1722:
1699:
1680:(2): 189–194.
1663:
1612:
1591:(1): 424–451.
1571:
1535:
1509:
1460:
1441:(3): 225–231.
1424:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1377:
1374:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1114:Swyer syndrome
1111:
1106:
1093:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Disease states
1060:
988:
985:
942:
941:
934:
926:
917:
902:
899:
882:
879:
875:sexual arousal
823:
820:
711:
708:
695:
692:
668:chromosome 19q
655:is located on
643:
642:
593:
591:
584:
578:
575:
559:
558:
543:
531:alpha subunits
487:
484:
466:
465:
416:
414:
407:
401:
398:
388:production of
344:and sometimes
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
292:
291:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
151:
150:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5024:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Glycoproteins
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4928:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Levothyroxine
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4764:
4761:
4760:Non-peptides:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Lutropin alfa
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:Non-peptides:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4320:Prostaglandin
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:Hypothalamic–
3594:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3248:
3247:Antiestrogens
3245:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:Antiandrogens
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Gonadotropins
3148:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2984:gonadotropins
2978:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:FASEB Journal
2882:
2875:
2872:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2671:
2670:Homehealth-UK
2664:
2658:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:(1): E4–E18.
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:Endocrinology
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1390:steroidogenic
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:gonadotropins
1359:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1338:ECHA InfoCard
1334:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1283: Rx-only
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:Clinical data
1232:
1229:lutropin alfa
1215:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1056:contraceptive
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
998:
997:fertilization
993:
986:
981:
977:
973:
971:
967:
962:
959:
956:
954:
950:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
915:
911:
907:
901:Normal levels
900:
898:
894:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:corpus luteum
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
707:
700:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
657:chromosome 6q
654:
653:alpha subunit
650:
639:
636:
628:
618:
614:
610:
604:
603:
599:
594:This section
592:
588:
583:
582:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
556:
552:
548:
547:beta subunits
544:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
526:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
493:
492:heterodimeric
485:
483:
481:
480:luteinization
477:
476:corpus luteum
473:
462:
459:
451:
441:
437:
433:
427:
426:
422:
417:This section
415:
411:
406:
405:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:corpus luteum
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
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100:
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82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4997:Sex hormones
4878:Mitoxantrone
4867:
4809:Merck Serono
4759:
4753:
4708:
4705:
4672:
4659:
4656:
4635:Gonadotropin
4601:
4529:
4527:Antagonists:
4526:
4431:
4428:
4103:Thymopoietin
4039:Pineal gland
4024:Somatostatin
3987:Progesterone
3934:Progesterone
3901:Testosterone
3884:Gonadal axis
3856:Thyroid axis
3753:Adrenal axis
3691:
3608:Hypothalamus
3453:
3418:Progestogens
3333:testosterone
3314:
3241:enzalutamide
3237:bicalutamide
3218:
3177:
3160:Preparations
3119:Non-peptide:
3118:
3093:
3017:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2857:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2740:
2727:
2721:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2606:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2515:
2503:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2464:
2455:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2269:
2265:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1865:
1832:
1825:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1702:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:the original
1525:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1438:
1435:Glycobiology
1434:
1427:
1416:, retrieved
1410:
1404:
1379:
1370:
1355:
1270:Legal status
1264:Legal status
1207:GnRH agonist
1194:Hypogonadism
1149:
1140:butinazocine
1137:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1053:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1002:
963:
960:
957:
946:
937:
929:
921:
895:
884:
872:
857:
840:testosterone
828:Leydig cells
825:
804:
792:implantation
776:progesterone
764:hypothalamus
728:menstruation
714:LH supports
713:
705:
688:sex hormones
676:hypothalamus
664:beta subunit
663:
661:
652:
646:
631:
622:
607:Please help
595:
560:
546:
529:
507:
503:glycoprotein
495:glycoprotein
489:
469:
454:
445:
430:Please help
418:
390:testosterone
381:
377:
365:
352:produced by
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
286:
145:
64:Alt. symbols
29:
4909:Merck Group
4510:Triptorelin
4505:Salmon GnRH
4470:Gonadorelin
4287:Osteocalcin
4264:Adiponectin
4091:Thymosin α1
3866:Parathyroid
3766:Aldosterone
3669:Vasopressin
3492:from market
3467:Metallibure
3374:haloperidol
3370:risperidone
3362:domperidone
3354:antagonists
3341:oxandrolone
3278:anastrozole
3268:enclomifene
3086:Antagonists
3076:Triptorelin
3041:Gonadorelin
1866:StatPearls
1480:: 131–141.
1344:100.029.680
1306:152923-57-4
1291:Identifiers
788:endometrium
716:theca cells
625:August 2024
551:LH receptor
540:amino acids
536:amino acids
520:(TSH), and
448:August 2024
386:Leydig cell
368:, triggers
308:Swiss-model
198:Identifiers
167:Swiss-model
49:Identifiers
18:Luteinizing
4951:Categories
4843:Efalizumab
4838:Cladribine
4828:Bisoprolol
4610:Linzagolix
4588:Prazarelix
4548:Cetrorelix
4515:Zoptarelin
4460:Fertirelin
4455:Deslorelin
4408:modulators
4315:Calcitriol
4201:Peptide YY
3851:Calcitonin
3803:Adrenaline
3732:Lipotropin
3727:Endorphins
3462:Gestrinone
3422:progestins
3392:bifluranol
3360:) (incl.,
3203:(indirect)
3183:Menotropin
3127:Linzagolix
3102:Cetrorelix
3036:Fertirelin
3031:Deslorelin
2995:modulators
2828:2268/23485
2746:US 4406904
2699:(1): 1–5.
2675:19 January
2647:19 January
2475:1 December
1520:Nosek TM.
1396:References
1358:menotropin
1326:3JGY52XJNA
1297:CAS Number
1152:amenorrhea
1146:Deficiency
1109:Castration
1022:conceiving
995:Chance of
812:kisspeptin
732:follicular
674:from the
501:unit is a
304:Structures
299:Search for
273:Other data
163:Structures
158:Search for
132:Other data
4873:Metformin
4833:Cetuximab
4763:ADX-61623
4709:Peptides:
4706:Agonists:
4660:Peptides:
4657:Agonists:
4625:Sufugolix
4620:Relugolix
4593:Ramorelix
4563:Ganirelix
4558:Detirelix
4553:Degarelix
4543:Azaline B
4530:Peptides:
4500:Peforelin
4495:Nafarelin
4480:Histrelin
4475:Goserelin
4450:Buserelin
4432:Peptides:
4429:Agonists:
4086:Thymosins
4047:Melatonin
3929:Estradiol
3776:Cortisone
3702:Prolactin
3599:pituitary
3586:Endocrine
3502:Phase III
3490:Withdrawn
3396:estradiol
3388:Estrogens
3382:sulpiride
3325:Androgens
3264:clomifene
3260:tamoxifen
3233:flutamide
3132:Relugolix
3112:Ganirelix
3107:Degarelix
3071:Peforelin
3066:Nafarelin
3056:Lecirelin
3051:Histrelin
3046:Goserelin
3026:Buserelin
3000:analogues
2447:2002-4436
2337:2813-3919
2272:: 57–62.
1632:(1): 95.
1368:therapy.
1038:estradiol
1005:ovulation
953:menopause
949:childhood
868:estradiol
807:estrogens
796:pregnancy
780:ovulation
772:estradiol
752:estrogens
744:estradiol
740:estrogens
724:estradiol
720:androgens
596:does not
571:half-life
567:half-life
499:monomeric
486:Structure
419:does not
400:Etymology
370:ovulation
346:lutrophin
255:NM_000894
214:NCBI gene
114:NM_000735
73:NCBI gene
4941:Medicine
4888:Serostim
4823:Avelumab
4816:Products
4615:Opigolix
4605:Elagolix
4583:Ozarelix
4533:Abarelix
4490:Lutrelin
4440:Avorelin
4435:Alarelin
4279:Skeleton
4269:Resistin
4168:Secretin
4150:Duodenum
4108:Thymulin
4009:Glucagon
4001:Pancreas
3982:Estrogen
3964:Placenta
3771:Cortisol
3664:Oxytocin
3626:Dopamine
3578:Hormones
3514:See also
3424:, e.g.,
3390:(incl.,
3351:receptor
3287:agonists
3122:Elagolix
3097:Abarelix
3094:Peptide:
3018:Peptide:
3010:Agonists
2917:32077149
2837:15602022
2622:12 March
2598:11476792
2557:10402400
2406:30319538
2355:39081973
2346:11285668
2296:26172857
2242:23595343
2199:18073301
2150:24478760
2099:11207186
2064:30619093
2013:13816368
2005:26184424
1964:16293774
1923:29566165
1874:30969514
1817:22654832
1766:22028409
1715:12 March
1658:25280580
1607:24001578
1504:29102564
1418:23 March
1240:ATC code
849:androgen
694:Function
651:for the
490:LH is a
366:LH surge
342:lutropin
318:InterPro
177:InterPro
4902:Related
4573:LXT-101
4538:Acyline
4173:Motilin
4140:Ghrelin
4135:Gastrin
4127:Stomach
4014:Insulin
3949:Relaxin
3944:Inhibin
3939:Activin
3911:Inhibin
3820:Thyroid
3457:Danazol
3420:(incl.
3331:(e.g.,
3289:(e.g.,
3276:(e.g.,
3258:(e.g.,
3231:(e.g.,
2998:(incl.
2908:7136153
2864:23 July
2792:1727547
2713:8059611
2397:6165885
2380:: 544.
2287:4741372
2234:8516424
2190:2266963
2141:3902780
2055:6302021
2038:: 763.
1914:6044347
1808:3356049
1757:3328092
1694:9496327
1649:4287577
1566:1122882
1495:5812824
1455:1498420
1256:)
1250: (
1248:G03GA07
1009:urinary
830:of the
762:in the
684:activin
680:Inhibin
659:12.21.
617:removed
602:sources
516:(FSH),
497:. Each
440:removed
425:sources
356:in the
350:hormone
348:) is a
314:Domains
284:Chr. 19
262:UniProt
173:Domains
147:q14-q21
121:UniProt
4927:Portal
4914:Serono
4883:Saizen
4645:LH/hCG
4297:Kidney
4259:Leptin
4218:/other
4078:Thymus
4019:Amylin
3893:Testis
3786:DHEA-S
3588:glands
3485:WHO-EM
3201:Others
2940:(MeSH)
2915:
2905:
2835:
2790:
2752:
2711:
2596:
2555:
2445:
2404:
2394:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2294:
2284:
2240:
2232:
2197:
2187:
2148:
2138:
2097:
2062:
2052:
2011:
2003:
1962:
1921:
1911:
1872:
1840:
1815:
1805:
1791:: 90.
1764:
1754:
1692:
1656:
1646:
1605:
1564:
1502:
1492:
1453:
1067:Excess
925:cycle.
832:testis
686:, and
267:P01229
250:RefSeq
243:152780
203:Symbol
143:Chr. 6
126:P01215
109:RefSeq
102:118850
54:Symbol
4330:Heart
4305:Renin
4235:IGF-2
4230:IGF-1
4216:Liver
4206:GLP-1
4188:Ileum
4070:Other
3954:GnSAF
3921:Ovary
3252:SERMs
2666:(PDF)
2512:(PDF)
2495:(PDF)
2431:(1).
2238:S2CID
2124:: 8.
2009:S2CID
970:NIBSC
577:Genes
472:Latin
288:q13.3
279:Locus
138:Locus
4755:NAMs
4465:GnRH
4417:GnRH
4403:and
4397:GnRH
3781:DHEA
3717:ACTH
3712:CLIP
3707:POMC
3636:GHRH
3616:GnRH
3519:GnRH
3320:axis
3292:GnRH
3285:GnRH
3224:axis
2993:GnRH
2982:and
2976:GnRH
2913:PMID
2866:2024
2833:PMID
2788:PMID
2709:PMID
2677:2018
2649:2018
2624:2012
2594:PMID
2553:PMID
2477:2012
2443:ISSN
2402:PMID
2351:PMID
2333:ISSN
2292:PMID
2230:PMID
2195:PMID
2146:PMID
2095:PMID
2060:PMID
2001:PMID
1960:PMID
1919:PMID
1870:PMID
1838:ISBN
1813:PMID
1762:PMID
1717:2012
1690:PMID
1654:PMID
1603:PMID
1562:PMID
1500:PMID
1451:PMID
1420:2022
1317:UNII
816:GABA
760:GnRH
649:gene
647:The
600:any
598:cite
545:The
528:The
423:any
421:cite
382:ICSH
238:OMIM
231:6584
226:HGNC
219:3972
97:OMIM
90:1885
85:HGNC
78:1081
4694:FSH
4348:BNP
4343:ANP
4310:EPO
4178:VIP
4163:GIP
4158:CCK
3977:HPL
3972:hCG
3906:AMH
3874:PTH
3722:MSH
3697:TSH
3687:FSH
3646:MCH
3631:CRH
3621:TRH
3318:HPG
3222:HPG
2903:PMC
2893:doi
2823:hdl
2815:doi
2811:351
2778:doi
2774:326
2701:doi
2584:doi
2543:doi
2433:doi
2392:PMC
2382:doi
2341:PMC
2323:doi
2282:PMC
2274:doi
2222:doi
2185:PMC
2177:doi
2136:PMC
2126:doi
2087:doi
2050:PMC
2040:doi
1991:doi
1950:doi
1946:187
1909:PMC
1901:doi
1803:PMC
1793:doi
1752:PMC
1744:doi
1740:302
1682:doi
1644:PMC
1634:doi
1593:doi
1589:382
1554:doi
1490:PMC
1482:doi
1478:463
1443:doi
1366:IVF
1253:WHO
1225:INN
1016:or
758:of
611:by
555:hCG
434:by
396:).
394:FSH
207:LHB
58:CGA
4953::
4600:;
3739:GH
3692:LH
3498::
3444:,
3440:,
3436:,
3432:,
3428:,
3410:,
3406:,
3402:,
3398:,
3394:,
3380:,
3376:,
3372:,
3368:,
3364:,
3339:,
3335:,
3322:):
3266:,
3262:,
3239:,
3235:,
3226:):
2911:.
2901:.
2889:34
2887:.
2883:.
2856:.
2845:^
2831:.
2821:.
2809:.
2786:.
2772:.
2768:.
2732:67
2707:.
2695:.
2668:.
2640:.
2592:.
2580:76
2578:.
2574:.
2551:.
2539:14
2537:.
2533:.
2514:.
2463:.
2441:.
2427:.
2423:.
2400:.
2390:.
2376:.
2372:.
2349:.
2339:.
2331:.
2321:.
2317:.
2313:.
2290:.
2280:.
2270:76
2268:.
2264:.
2250:^
2236:.
2228:.
2218:18
2216:.
2193:.
2183:.
2173:93
2171:.
2167:.
2144:.
2134:.
2120:.
2116:.
2093:.
2083:64
2081:.
2058:.
2048:.
2034:.
2030:.
2007:.
1999:.
1987:36
1985:.
1981:.
1958:.
1944:.
1940:.
1917:.
1907:.
1897:99
1895:.
1891:.
1864:.
1852:^
1811:.
1801:.
1787:.
1783:.
1760:.
1750:.
1738:.
1734:.
1688:.
1678:69
1676:.
1652:.
1642:.
1630:12
1628:.
1624:.
1601:.
1587:.
1583:.
1560:.
1550:96
1548:.
1524:.
1512:^
1498:.
1488:.
1472:.
1449:.
1437:.
1279:EU
1142:.
1102:,
1098:,
1044:.
1024:.
916:.
855:.
682:,
678:.
512:,
340:,
334:LH
4929::
4801:e
4794:t
4787:v
4757::
4388:e
4381:t
4374:v
3843:4
3841:T
3835:3
3833:T
3570:e
3563:t
3556:v
3448:)
3414:)
3384:)
3356:(
3349:2
3347:D
3343:)
3327:/
3298:)
3280:)
3270:)
3249:/
3243:)
3138:)
3134:(
3002:)
2967:e
2960:t
2953:v
2919:.
2895::
2868:.
2839:.
2825::
2817::
2794:.
2780::
2734:.
2715:.
2703::
2697:8
2679:.
2651:.
2626:.
2600:.
2586::
2559:.
2545::
2518:.
2479:.
2449:.
2435::
2429:1
2408:.
2384::
2378:9
2357:.
2325::
2319:2
2298:.
2276::
2244:.
2224::
2201:.
2179::
2152:.
2128::
2122:5
2101:.
2089::
2066:.
2042::
2036:9
2015:.
1993::
1966:.
1952::
1925:.
1903::
1876:.
1846:.
1819:.
1795::
1789:2
1768:.
1746::
1719:.
1696:.
1684::
1660:.
1636::
1609:.
1595::
1568:.
1556::
1506:.
1484::
1457:.
1445::
1439:2
1281::
1227::
638:)
632:(
627:)
623:(
619:.
605:.
461:)
455:(
450:)
446:(
442:.
428:.
380:(
332:(
20:)
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