318:
38:
605:
397:, and with calculated deference made a deep impression on the young prince, developing with him a close friendship that was to have a decisive effect in the course of the war. Cyrus began funding Sparta's war effort on a large scale, and was encouraged to increase the pay of Lysander's crews from three to four obols, increasing their morale and Lysander's popularity among them. Once back in Ephesus, Lysander summoned a conference of influential oligarchs from all over the Greek cities in the Aegean, encouraged them to organize into political clubs (
408:
498:, Cyrus and the oligarchic clubs which Lysander had sponsored all sent embassies to Sparta requesting the former admiral's return to command. The Spartan government consented, a sign of confidence in his ability and an endorsement of his policy of supporting oligarchies in the Greek cities. As Spartan law did not allow an admiral to hold office twice, Lysander was instead appointed the secretary (
713:
them against the
Persian King Artaxerxes II. Lysander was arguably hoping to receive command of the Spartan forces not joining the campaign. However, Agesilaus had become resentful of Lysander's power and influence. So Agesilaus frustrated the plans of his former mentor and left Lysander in command of the troops in the Hellespont, far from Sparta and mainland Greece.
415:
470:. At first, the Spartan was content to refuse battle and let his higher wages, funded by Cyrus, encourage desertions among the enemy crews. Eventually, however, one of the Athenian officers, despite orders to stay put, was drawn into a fight with an advance party of Peloponnesian ships. Lysander gave a timely order for his entire fleet to advance, and
431:
592:, ordered the razing of Athens's city walls and the burning of its fleet, and sent for female flautists from the city to play music as the deed was carried out. He also oversaw a meeting of the Athenian assembly which effectively abolished Athens's democracy and replaced it with a governing board of thirty oligarchs (the
773:
Following
Lysander's death, Agesilaus II "discovered" an abortive scheme by Lysander to increase his power by making the Spartan kingships collective and that the Spartan king should not automatically be given the leadership of the army. There is argument amongst historians as to whether this was an
712:
Hoping to restore the juntas of oligarchic partisans that he had put in place after the defeat of the
Athenians in 404 BC, Lysander arranged for Agesilaus II, the Eurypontid Spartan king, to take command of the Greeks against Persia in 396 BC. The Spartans had been called on by the Ionians to assist
680:
was then fought between
Athenian exiles who had defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied Piraeus and a Spartan force sent to combat them. In the battle, the Spartans defeated the exiles, despite their stiff resistance. Despite opposition from Lysander, after the battle Pausanias
639:
Lysander amassed a huge fortune from his victories against the
Athenians and brought the riches home to Sparta. For centuries the possession of money was illegal in Lacedaemonia, but the newly minted navy required funds and Persia could not be trusted to maintain financial support. Roman historian
522:. In the summer, Lysander's principal benefactor, Cyrus, was summoned to the deathbed of his father, the King, and, before departing, took the extraordinary step of entrusting the Spartan with his entire treasury and with the revenues from the Persian-ruled cities under his administration.
317:
556:(colonists) home in order to overcrowd the city and hasten its surrender through famine. In many Greek cities, he installed ten-man governing boards (decarchies) whose members were selected from the oligarchic clubs he had sponsored earlier, supported and supervised by a Spartan
474:
the intruder before they had properly deployed for battle, inflicting modest losses. Alcibiades, who had been away on urgent business, returned upon hearing of this setback and again offered battle off
Ephesus, but Lysander once more refused, and the Athenians had to withdraw.
579:
in autumn 405 BC, Lysander began establishing contacts with
Athenian oligarchic exiles and sponsored their return to the city as one of the conditions for peace, which was finally concluded in spring 404 BC. Lysander received the surrender of the last of Athens's allies,
401:), and promised to put them in power in their respective cities in the event of Athens' defeat. In doing so, Lysander created in effect a network of clients who were loyal to him personally and contributed to Sparta's war effort with increased eagerness.
813:, Lysander was the first Greek to whom the cities erected altars and sacrificed to him as to a god and the Samians voted that their festival of Hera should be called Lysandreia. He was also the first Greek who had songs of triumph written about him.
644:
strongly condemns
Lysander's introduction of money; despite being publicly held, he argues its mere presence corrupted rank-and-file Spartans who witnessed their government's newfound value for it. Corruption quickly followed; while general
506:, with the understanding that the latter would allow Lysander to take the lead. Making his base at Ephesus again, the Spartan began gathering and rebuilding the remnants of the Peloponnesian fleet in the
636:. He sought Persian assistance for the Athenians. However, the Spartans decided that Alcibiades must be removed and Lysander, with the help of Pharnabazus, arranged the assassination of Alcibiades.
782:
Lysander is one of the main protagonists of the history of Greece by
Xenophon, a contemporary. For other (later) sources he remains an ambiguous figure. For instance, while the Roman biographer
525:
Lysander finally set sail with some 125–150 ships, and among his early actions, which are variously reported by the sources, were the massacre and enslavement of the population of Iasus and
732:(with the backing of the Achaemenid Empire) and ordered Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus set out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through
549:
the
Athenians and captured most of their vessels as they were still ashore and unmanned. The entire Athenian fleet was gone, and Sparta had finally won the Peloponnesian War.
620:
After storming and seizing Samos, Lysander returned to Sparta. Alcibiades, the former Athenian leader, emerged after the Spartan victory at Aegospotami and took refuge in
393:
in response to an earlier Spartan embassy requesting increased aid in the war against Athens. Lysander promptly went to meet Cyrus at his headquarters in nearby
545:
in the opposing shore of the straits. For several days Lysander refused battle, studying the opponent's moves, until, during a moment of enemy carelessness, he
560:(military governor). Democrats and other opponents of his narrow oligarchies were often massacred or banished. In a propaganda gesture he restored places like
552:
Now in full command of the seas, Lysander began touring the Aegean to receive the surrender of enemy strongholds, ordering all captured Athenian garrisons and
837:
1849:
1854:
486:. Callicratidas' ability to continue the war at sea was neatly sabotaged when Lysander returned all the donated funds to Cyrus when he left office.
305:. Nothing is known of Lysander's actual career before he was elected, in 408 BC, to Sparta's annual office of admiral, to conduct the long-running
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and, in successive battles, defeated first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which included Lysander) in the
916:
584:, in the summer of 404 BC, after which he went in person to Athens in response to an appeal by Athenian oligarchs. On the anniversary of the
786:
charges him with "cruelty and perfidy", Lysander – according to Xenophon – nonetheless spared the population of captured Greek
262:
Lysander's vision for Sparta differed from most Spartans; he wanted to overthrow the Athenian Empire and replace it with Spartan hegemony.
37:
1869:
1751:
446:
1465:
270:
Little is known of Lysander's early life. His year of birth is estimated at 454 BC. Some ancient authors record that his mother was a
774:
invention to discredit Lysander after his death. However, in the view of Nigel Kennell, the plot fits with what we know of Lysander.
1844:
1622:
1416:
407:
1864:
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665:, led the democratic resistance to the new oligarchic government. In 403 BC, he commanded a small force of exiles that invaded
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1005:
The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians
906:
629:
613:
685:, arranged a settlement between the two parties which allowed the re-establishment of democratic government in Athens.
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698:
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Lysander still had influence in Sparta despite his setbacks in Athens. He was able to persuade the Spartans to select
705:, and to persuade the Spartans to support Cyrus the Younger in his unsuccessful rebellion against his older brother,
462:
As Lysander was fitting out his vessels at Ephesus, an Athenian fleet roughly the size of his own, led by the famous
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to an end. He then played a key role in Sparta's domination of Greece for the next decade until his death at the
20:
923:. Some manuscript sources have "Aristocleitus", but "Aristocritus" appears in contemporary inscriptions, e.g.
1586:
1564:
706:
682:
1839:
1760:
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342:
286:, Lysander grew up in poverty and showed himself obedient, conformed to norms, and had a "manly spirit".
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510:, once again with the full cooperation of his Greek allies and Cyrus. In the meantime, Lysander visited
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537:, forcing the Athenians to send their fleet, 180 ships, in pursuit. Lysander set up anchor at
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Following an unsuccessful attempt to bring about Athens's surrender with a show of force off
514:, an ally of Sparta, and deceitfully massacred some leading democrats during the festival of
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908:
Greeks Bearing Gifts: The Public Use of Private Relationships in the Greek World, 435–323 BC
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It was custom in the Spartan upbringing for a young adult to be assigned as the "inspirer" (
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ferried treasure home, he embezzled a great amount and was condemned to death in absentia.
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to populations whom the Athenians had forcibly uprooted throughout the course of the war.
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in early 405 BC to place his own adherents in power; replacing Miletus' democracy with an
42:
Lysander outside the walls of Athens, ordering their destruction. 19th century lithograph.
724:. The Spartans prepared to send out an army against this new alliance of Athens, Thebes,
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302:
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770:, Lysander was killed after bringing his forces too near to the walls of the city.
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297:) of an adolescent, and Lysander was matched in this role with the future king
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or slave. Lysander's father was Aristocritus, who was a member of the Spartan
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The Spartans arranged for two armies, one under Lysander and the other under
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after this victory and, in accordance with the Spartan law, was replaced by
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80:
1340:
1177:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 380- 381; Charles D. Hamilton,
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Back in Sparta by 395 BC, Lysander was instrumental in starting a war with
1224:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 385–386; Charles D. Hamilton,
822:"Where the lion's skin does not reach, it must be patched with the fox's".
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War
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He boasted about cheating "boys with knuckle-bones and men with oaths".
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702:
673:. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants, Critias, was killed in the battle.
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389:, who had been appointed by his father as governor of the provinces of
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1267:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 65, 85; Paul Cartledge,
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1069:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 37–38; Paul Cartledge,
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1305:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, 204, 407 (note 22)
1284:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 44; Nigel M. Kennell,
1039:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 36, 37; Donald Kagan,
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378:
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1301:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 62–63; Mark Munn,
377:, which he turned into the Peloponnesian League's naval base in
1447:
19:
This article is about the Spartan admiral. For other uses, see
758:. Lysander arrived before Pausanias and persuaded the city of
502:) or second-in-command to Callicratidas's eventual successor,
362:
212:
182:
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to threaten the route of grain transports to Athens from the
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701:, as the new Eurypontid Spartan king following the death of
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and plundered it, while the Athenians took up a position at
194:
164:
361:, where he collected some more ships, and made his way to
1241:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 43, 45, 163
251:
in 405 BC, forcing Athens to capitulate and bringing the
203:
173:
1151:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 38, 39, 60
1116:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 317–318, 319
766:. He then advanced to Haliartus with his troops. In the
892:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
754:, to rendezvous at and attack the city of Haliartus in
1399:"Spartans, a new history", Nigel Kennell, 2010, p. 134
1138:"Spartans, a new history", Nigel Kennell, 2010, p. 126
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and other Greek cities, which came to be known as the
1318:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, 220
282:
but was not a member of a royal family. According to
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200:
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176:
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The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrates
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The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrates
1254:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 44, 59
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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 382–383
1103:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 310–311
1077:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 306–307
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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 305–306
859:
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661:, who had been exiled from Athens by the Spartans'
494:After Callicratidas was defeated and killed at the
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106:
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28:
16:
Spartan military and political leader (died 395 BC)
357:, Lysander set out with 30 triremes. He sailed to
608:The assassination of the exiled Athenian general
1228:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 40
1211:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 39
1181:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 39
1056:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, 37
243:military and political leader. He destroyed the
1164:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 380
1129:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 318
1090:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 310
1026:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987, 301
373:, gathering ships, until he finally arrived at
381:. His arrival was shortly followed by that of
1459:
1194:, London: Duckworth, 1987, 91; Donald Kagan,
1073:, London: Duckworth, 1987, 81; Donald Kagan,
8:
1381:
1379:
894:. Boston: Little, Brown and co. p. 861.
529:, allies of Athens. He continued toward the
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478:However, Lysander ceased to be the Spartan
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911:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
839:Lysandre de Sparte. Histoire et traditions
333:, and Spartan admiral Lysander (right) in
25:
1288:, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, 202
414:
853:
1440:– The Internet Classics Archive on MIT
865:Lysander und der Peloponnesische Krieg
466:, set up anchor at the nearby port of
7:
1432:Ancient/classical history (Lysander)
880:, Cornell University, 1987, p. 300.
278:; that is, he claimed descent from
1411:by Frank William Walbank Page 213
1269:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta
1192:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta
1071:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta
990:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta
977:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta
14:
1850:Spartans of the Peloponnesian War
1271:, London: Duckworth, 1987, 91, 93
836:Bommelaer, Jean-François (1981).
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413:
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385:, young son of the Persian king
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36:
1855:Ancient Greeks killed in battle
1222:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
1196:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
1175:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
1162:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
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1114:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
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1024:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
1008:. W. Tegg and Company. p.
878:The Fall of the Athenian Empire
842:(in French). Paris: De Boccard.
430:
337:. The encounter was related by
817:Sayings attributed to Lysander
801:aircraft was named after him.
1:
992:, London: Duckworth, 1987, 79
979:, London: Duckworth, 1987, 29
905:Mitchell, Lynette G. (2002).
867:, Berlin: Akademie (1964), 13
616:, at the request of Lysander.
325:(left), Achaemenid satrap of
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353:on the eastern shore of the
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960:University of Massachusetts
588:, Lysander sailed into the
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1870:Ancient Greek LGBTQ people
1512:On the Malice of Herodotus
1388:, Life of Eminent Greeks .
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18:
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21:Lysander (disambiguation)
1845:Ancient Spartan admirals
1002:Rollin, Charles (1851).
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1865:4th-century BC Spartans
1860:5th-century BC Spartans
1770:Translators and editors
1286:Spartans: A New History
890:Smith, William (1867).
707:Artaxerxes II of Persia
239:454 BC – 395 BC) was a
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346:
343:Francesco Antonio Grue
1835:5th-century BC births
1409:The Hellenistic World
1297:Charles D. Hamilton,
1280:Charles D. Hamilton,
1263:Charles D. Hamilton,
1250:Charles D. Hamilton,
1237:Charles D. Hamilton,
1207:Charles D. Hamilton,
1147:Charles D. Hamilton,
1065:Charles D. Hamilton,
1052:Charles D. Hamilton,
1035:Charles D. Hamilton,
958:. Life of Lysander. (
925:Inscriptiones Graecae
657:The Athenian general
607:
320:
301:, the younger son of
249:Battle of Aegospotami
122:Battle of Aegospotami
1438:Lysander by Plutarch
683:Agiad King of Sparta
653:Resistance by Athens
447:class=notpageimage|
78:59) (2418 years ago)
1545:Alexander the Great
768:Battle of Haliartus
762:to revolt from the
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746:Battle of Haliartus
496:Battle of Arginusae
257:Battle of Haliartus
134:Battle of Haliartus
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671:Battle of Munychia
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347:
321:Encounter between
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1809:Comparison extant
1739:Tiberius Gracchus
1505:De genio Socratis
1345:Gutenberg Project
918:978-0-521-89330-5
799:Westland Lysander
678:Battle of Piraeus
663:puppet government
612:was organized by
600:Command in Athens
586:Battle of Salamis
323:Cyrus the Younger
307:Peloponnesian War
253:Peloponnesian War
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1812:Four unpaired
1810:
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1789:
1784:
1779:
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1743:Gaius Gracchus
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
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1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1582:Cato the Elder
1575:
1558:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
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1494:
1491:Parallel Lives
1486:
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1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1470:
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1441:
1435:
1427:
1426:External links
1424:
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1392:
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1307:
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1173:Donald Kagan,
1166:
1160:Donald Kagan,
1153:
1140:
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1125:Donald Kagan,
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1112:Donald Kagan,
1105:
1099:Donald Kagan,
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1022:Donald Kagan,
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863:Detlef Lotze,
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811:Duris of Samos
806:
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744:Main article:
741:
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722:Corinthian War
690:
687:
654:
651:
632:, its Persian
601:
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594:Thirty Tyrants
491:
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314:
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293:) or "lover" (
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128:Corinthian War
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1840:395 BC deaths
1838:
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1417:0-674-38726-0
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1360:, pp. 28, 29.
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809:According to
805:Commemoration
804:
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303:Archidamus II
300:
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247:fleet at the
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154:
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120:
118:
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109:
105:
102:
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92:
89:
85:
82:
74:395 BC (aged
73:
69:
65: 454 BC
60:
56:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1813:
1797:Thomas North
1757:Themistocles
1708:Gaius Marius
1640:
1552:
1496:
1489:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1315:
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1066:
1061:
1053:
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1018:
1004:
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989:
984:
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971:
907:
900:
891:
885:
877:
872:
864:
838:
808:
796:
781:
772:
749:
715:
711:
695:Agesilaus II
692:
675:
656:
638:
619:
574:
551:
524:
499:
493:
490:Vice-admiral
477:
461:
450:Location of
398:
348:
345:(1618–1673).
294:
290:
288:
269:
261:
152:
151:
139:
126:
107:Battles/wars
1880:Heracleidae
1787:John Dryden
1668:Philopoemen
1605:Demosthenes
1434:– About.com
1356:Cartledge,
1314:Mark Munn,
689:Final years
659:Thrasybulus
630:Pharnabazus
614:Pharnabazes
543:Aegospotami
355:Peloponnese
329:and son of
276:Heracleidae
48:Native name
1829:Categories
1672:Flamininus
1565:Artaxerxes
1540:Coriolanus
1536:Alcibiades
1369:Hamilton,
1341:Wikisource
964:Wikisource
848:References
760:Orchomenus
626:Asia Minor
610:Alcibiades
531:Hellespont
500:epistoleus
464:Alcibiades
399:hetaireiai
391:Asia Minor
327:Asia Minor
266:Early life
87:Allegiance
1735:Cleomenes
1722:Sertorius
1695:Poplicola
1690:Agesilaus
1663:Marcellus
1659:Pelopidas
1596:Demetrius
1578:Aristides
1474:Works of
1371:Agesilaus
1358:Agesilaos
1337:Hellenica
792:Lampsacus
547:surprised
539:Lampsacus
535:Black Sea
520:Oligarchy
472:drove off
331:Darius II
299:Agesilaus
291:eispnelas
232:Lysandros
227:Λύσανδρος
81:Haliartus
52:Λύσανδρος
1761:Camillus
1748:Timoleon
1654:Lycurgus
1641:Lysander
1632:Lucullus
1627:Pericles
1476:Plutarch
1373:, p. 19.
1333:Xenophon
952:Plutarch
790:such as
647:Gylippus
642:Plutarch
554:cleruchs
516:Dionysus
454:and the
339:Xenophon
284:Plutarch
280:Heracles
245:Athenian
153:Lysander
30:Lysander
1726:Eumenes
1717:Theseus
1713:Romulus
1704:Pyrrhus
1677:Phocion
1587:Crassus
1498:Moralia
830:Sources
756:Boeotia
726:Corinth
703:Agis II
622:Phrygia
590:Piraeus
558:harmost
527:Cedreae
512:Miletus
480:navarch
452:Ephesus
438:Ephesus
375:Ephesus
367:Miletus
351:Gythium
313:Admiral
295:erastes
241:Spartan
140:†
101:Navarch
1686:Pompey
1623:Fabius
1618:Brutus
1609:Cicero
1600:Antony
1591:Nicias
1415:
915:
788:poleis
778:Legacy
734:Thrace
718:Thebes
697:, his
667:Attica
634:satrap
577:Attica
570:Scione
562:Aegina
508:Aegean
504:Aracus
468:Notium
395:Sardis
387:Darius
359:Rhodes
335:Sardis
136:
91:Sparta
1814:Lives
1699:Solon
1645:Sulla
1636:Cimon
1569:Galba
1529:Lives
1483:Works
956:Lives
740:Death
730:Argos
628:with
582:Samos
566:Melos
383:Cyrus
379:Ionia
371:Chios
349:From
272:helot
222:Greek
1759:and
1750:and
1737:and
1731:Agis
1724:and
1715:and
1706:and
1697:and
1688:and
1679:and
1670:and
1661:and
1652:and
1650:Numa
1643:and
1634:and
1625:and
1616:and
1614:Dion
1607:and
1598:and
1589:and
1580:and
1573:Otho
1567:and
1554:life
1547:and
1538:and
1413:ISBN
913:ISBN
797:The
728:and
681:the
676:The
568:and
97:Rank
71:Died
58:Born
1339:. (
1010:110
596:).
363:Cos
1831::
1741:/
1733:/
1571:/
1563:/
1378:^
1335:,
1323:^
954:,
932:^
856:^
794:.
736:.
709:.
564:,
369:,
365:,
341:.
259:.
237:c.
235:;
224::
220:;
213:ər
195:aɪ
183:ər
165:aɪ
76:c.
62:c.
1557:)
1551:(
1514:"
1510:"
1507:"
1503:"
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1347:)
1343:/
1012:.
966:)
962:/
921:.
216:/
210:d
207:n
204:æ
201:s
198:ˌ
192:l
189:ˈ
186:,
180:d
177:n
174:æ
171:s
168:ˈ
162:l
159:/
155:(
23:.
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