962:
737:(central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and
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instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F) a lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver
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substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime.
1727:
System.Fundamentals.Firmware.CS.UEFISecureBoot.ConnectedStandby ... Platforms shall be UEFI Class Three (see UEFI Industry Group, Evaluating UEFI using
Commercially Available Platforms and Solutions, version 0.3, for a definition) with no Compatibility Support Module installed or installable. BIOS
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motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard,
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exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the
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checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from a peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For
406:
Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century (like the
402:
typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components.
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and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.
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containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The
362:
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called
650:
include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the
479:, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
451:
A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.
910:
motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models).
338:
In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous
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with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed
267:
describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other
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designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other
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720:(PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a
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278:
Motherboard for a personal desktop computer from the 1990s; showing the typical components and interfaces which are found on a motherboard. This model follows the Baby
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930:). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc.
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often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to
390:. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any
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Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called
696:, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various
612:) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.
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x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded
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and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the
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Block diagram of an early 2000s motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots
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A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to
773:, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in
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The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993. This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for
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111:
1184:. UEFI is a successor to BIOS that became popular after Microsoft began requiring it for a system to be certified to run
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and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the
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322:, the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a
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on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed
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Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as
228:
means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the
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and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.
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When the computer is powered on, the boot firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This
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In desktop PCs and notebook computers, the motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a
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power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based
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415:). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems.
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1169:(ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk.
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slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to
995:, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until the late 1990s; since then, most have required
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1003:, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional
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Dell
Precision T3600 System Motherboard, used in professional CAD Workstations. Manufactured in 2012
2002:
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A typical motherboard will have a different number of connections depending on its standard and
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architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed.
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Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of
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210:, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the
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were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane.
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and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some
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computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and
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of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and
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Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically
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of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include
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cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors. Note the large
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and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the
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at 25 MHz, which was directly accessible via a connector on the back of the casing
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1444:"CPU Socket Types Explained: From Socket 5 To BGA [MakeUseOf Explains]"
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had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid
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741:(laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the
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447:; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board.
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1711:"Windows Hardware Certification Requirements for Client and Server Systems"
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486:, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various
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An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting
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A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three
593:(the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
1635:
The healthy PC: preventive care and home remedies for your computer
596:
Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer
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Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called
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projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors.
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can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use a
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2154:
1583:"Faults & Failures: Leaking Capacitors Muck up Motherboards"
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1656:"-- GIGABYTE, --Geeks Column of the Week - All Solid Capacitor"
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connector at the back right is its only peripheral interface.
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chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals:
343:
of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system.
222:
connectors, and other components integrated for general use.
1144:
come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps".
1080:
Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on the other hand, use
725:
which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard.
1195:(POST) may include testing some of the following things:
1741:"Microsoft: All You Need to Know About Windows 8 on ARM"
1165:
example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had
878:
Temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow
769:
on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one
29:
Main printed circuit board used for a computing device
346:
The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the
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2033:
1976:
1905:
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1831:
1581:Chiu, Yu-Tzu; Moore, Samuel K. (January 31, 2003).
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1779:The Making of a Motherboard: Gigabyte Factory Tour
965:A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors
516:, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.
1728:emulation and legacy PC/AT boot must be disabled.
1180:, as did the boot ROM on the original IBM PC, or
765:, it is now possible to include support for many
260:cards, and a variety of other custom components.
568:in modern motherboards) containing the system's
957:A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right)
761:With the steadily declining costs and size of
2338:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
1805:
1774:The Making of a Motherboard: ECS Factory Tour
882:to monitor the health of computer components.
8:
1041:read/write errors, can be attributed not to
1495:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1471:"Pinout of the PCI-Express Power Connector"
708:standard form factor — even those found in
2225:
1837:
1812:
1798:
1790:
1293:devices, such as a USB mass storage device
1784:Front Panel I/O Connectivity Design Guide
504:may be installed. In the case of CPUs in
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
273:
1409:
1398:(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)
1376:Switched-mode power supply#Applications
1337:List of computer hardware manufacturers
282:, used in many desktop PCs of the time.
1751:from the original on December 27, 2018
1488:
1176:motherboard designs contains either a
1124:that initializes hardware devices and
1717:from the original on November 5, 2021
943:wireless network interface controller
868:Wireless network interface controller
838:supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and
586:to synchronize the various components
550:which forms an interface between the
7:
2343:List of pioneers in computer science
1477:from the original on October 4, 2013
500:(or CPU slots) in which one or more
299:computer (1990) with microprocessor
202:, and provides connectors for other
69:adding citations to reliable sources
1666:from the original on March 27, 2017
1518:from the original on April 27, 2015
1548:from the original on June 21, 2015
1450:from the original on April 7, 2015
1034:to allow for heat sink placement.
663:were provided as expansion cards.
271:with limited expansion abilities.
25:
1424:from the original on May 13, 2007
1352:Peripheral Component Interconnect
991:, or a single fan mounted on the
655:. Additional peripherals such as
1418:"Golden Oldies: 1993 mainboards"
45:
1637:McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003
1585:. IEEE Spectrum. Archived from
394:at all; higher-end systems for
56:needs additional citations for
802:Integrated graphics controller
318:Prior to the invention of the
1:
2333:History of computing hardware
1611:. Low-esr.com. Archived from
1571:, vol. 21, pp. 216-221. 2003.
1512:"The CPU and the motherboard"
1207:inserted into slots, such as
1019:system instead of many fans.
493:Modern motherboards include:
2201:Network interface controller
1609:"Capacitor lifetime formula"
1284:Security devices, such as a
1172:The boot firmware in modern
34:Motherboard (disambiguation)
1998:Refreshable braille display
1940:Refreshable braille display
1713:. Microsoft. January 2013.
1147:Microcomputers such as the
975:Motherboards are generally
949:Temperature and reliability
933:In newer motherboards, the
2385:
968:
685:
678:to dissipate excess heat.
582:which produces the system
31:
1469:W1zzard (April 6, 2005).
1381:Symmetric multiprocessing
1311:Basic Input/Output System
1305:Accelerated Graphics Port
190:(PCB) in general-purpose
1690:Adafruit Learning System
1060:Modern motherboards use
700:sizes. As of 2024, most
674:and mounting points for
309:digital signal processor
218:and memory controllers,
2107:Central processing unit
1542:Intel® Visual BIOS Wiki
1104:Motherboards contain a
1062:electrolytic capacitors
788:drives, and historical
688:Motherboard form factor
329:central processing unit
196:central processing unit
1153:central processor unit
966:
958:
797:floppy-disk controller
777:and budget computers.
758:
749:Integrated peripherals
558:, and peripheral buses
508:packages, such as the
448:
436:
315:
283:
148:
1615:on September 15, 2013
1371:Single-board computer
1230:, and fan speeds for
964:
956:
887:Peripheral card slots
836:integrated sound card
756:
704:motherboards use the
443:The motherboard of a
442:
426:
294:
277:
188:printed circuit board
146:
1686:"Bootloading Basics"
1589:on February 19, 2003
1446:. January 25, 2013.
1327:Computer case screws
851:for connection to a
668:thermal design power
263:Similarly, the term
65:improve this article
32:For other uses, see
1232:hardware monitoring
1094:embedded controller
763:integrated circuits
562:Non-volatile memory
523:modules containing
356:reverse engineering
331:(CPU), memory, and
2369:IBM PC compatibles
1286:fingerprint reader
1193:Power-On Self Test
967:
959:
849:network controller
759:
640:personal computers
471:, controllers for
449:
445:Samsung Galaxy SII
437:
316:
284:
149:
2351:
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2321:
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2251:Analog audio jack
1972:
1971:
1786:- v1.3 (pdf file)
1280:solid-state drive
1174:IBM PC compatible
1134:peripheral device
1024:small form factor
775:small form factor
718:power supply unit
400:computer graphics
380:floppy disk drive
250:host bus adapters
141:
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115:
16:(Redirected from
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1877:Optical trackpad
1842:Pointing devices
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1209:conventional PCI
1130:operating system
1082:solid capacitors
1055:capacitor plague
1028:home theater PCs
1013:operating system
971:Computer cooling
782:Disk controllers
739:server computers
702:desktop computer
657:disk controllers
469:external storage
457:desktop computer
280:AT (form factor)
269:embedded systems
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1276:Hard disk drive
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1205:Expansion cards
1157:program counter
1155:would load its
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989:Passive cooling
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889:
855:and to receive
812:graphics, with
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690:
684:
666:Given the high
591:expansion cards
580:clock generator
564:chips (usually
506:ball grid array
502:microprocessors
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409:tablet computer
392:expansion cards
303:operated at 25
295:Mainboard of a
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1978:Output devices
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1882:Pointing stick
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1769:
1768:External links
1766:
1763:
1762:
1732:
1702:
1677:
1647:
1633:Carey Holzman
1626:
1600:
1573:
1559:
1538:"Temperatures"
1529:
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1435:
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1332:Expansion card
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1299:
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1294:
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1282:
1273:
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1258:
1253:
1244:
1239:used to store
1234:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1167:Cassette BASIC
1120:) that stores
1101:
1098:
1064:to filter the
1045:or peripheral
1026:computers and
969:Main article:
950:
947:
937:slots are for
906:). A standard
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
870:
865:
859:
843:
833:
799:
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750:
747:
730:
727:
686:Main article:
683:
680:
624:
623:
613:
602:graphics cards
594:
587:
576:
559:
544:
527:chips. Can be
517:
461:microprocessor
420:
417:
388:parallel ports
320:microprocessor
312:Motorola 56001
301:Motorola 68040
288:
285:
254:TV tuner cards
234:daughterboards
186:) is the main
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2381:
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2309:
2306:
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2301:
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2283:Parallel port
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2110:
2109:
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2100:
2099:Computer case
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2026:
2025:Graphics card
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
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1996:
1992:
1989:
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1948:
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1923:Graphics card
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1919:
1918:Image scanner
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1833:Input devices
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1767:
1755:September 30,
1750:
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1643:0-07-222923-3
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1143:
1139:
1138:bootstrapping
1135:
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1127:
1123:
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1111:
1107:
1100:Bootstrapping
1099:
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1091:
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1056:
1052:
1049:but to aging
1048:
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1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:water cooling
1014:
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1005:computer fans
1002:
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654:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
632:mouse devices
629:
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581:
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539:, or onboard
538:
534:
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526:
522:
518:
515:
514:Goldmont Plus
511:
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255:
251:
247:
246:network cards
243:
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217:
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209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:circuit board
162:
158:
155:(also called
154:
145:
135:
132:
124:
121:December 2023
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
80:"Motherboard"
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
39:
35:
27:
19:
2189:Power MOSFET
2172:Power supply
2141:Data storage
2118:
2077:Flash memory
2055:Optical disc
2037:data storage
1753:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1726:
1719:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:February 21,
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1634:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1576:
1568:c't Magazine
1566:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1505:
1479:. Retrieved
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1412:
1347:Overclocking
1322:CMOS battery
1224:Temperatures
1219:floppy drive
1190:
1171:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:. The terms
1103:
1087:
1079:
1070:electrolytes
1059:
1036:
1021:
993:power supply
974:
932:
913:
897:
890:
760:
732:
694:form factors
691:
665:
661:serial ports
642:such as the
625:
598:power supply
584:clock signal
566:flash memory
492:
481:
475:display and
454:
450:
405:
384:serial ports
361:
345:
337:
317:
264:
262:
229:
225:
224:
216:input/output
183:
176:system board
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
150:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
38:
26:
2364:Motherboard
2288:Serial port
2279:(IEEE 1394)
2256:DisplayPort
2246:Thunderbolt
2119:Motherboard
2082:Memory card
2050:Floppy disk
1892:Touchscreen
1745:PC Magazine
1363:PCI Express
1237:CMOS memory
1217:Historical
1213:PCI Express
1108:(and later
1092:chip or an
999:mounted on
900:PCI-Express
893:form factor
826:DisplayPort
804:supporting
795:Historical
767:peripherals
729:CPU sockets
682:Form factor
610:Radeon R600
556:main memory
498:CPU sockets
465:main memory
433:AT keyboard
398:gaming and
333:peripherals
242:video cards
238:sound cards
226:Motherboard
206:. Unlike a
204:peripherals
184:logic board
182:computers,
153:motherboard
2358:Categories
2035:Removable
2020:Sound card
1950:Sound chip
1945:Sound card
1935:Microphone
1825:components
1619:October 2,
1593:October 2,
1481:October 2,
1404:References
1317:Chip creep
1256:Sound card
1200:Video card
1051:capacitors
1032:components
1001:heat sinks
981:heat sinks
977:air cooled
875:controller
864:controller
735:CPU socket
672:heat sinks
589:Slots for
455:A typical
198:(CPU) and
172:base board
91:newspapers
2298:PS/2 port
2293:Game port
2206:Fax modem
2045:Disk pack
1897:Trackball
1860:Light pen
1454:April 12,
1186:Windows 8
1118:NOR flash
1090:super I/O
924:Crossfire
873:Bluetooth
743:Intel x86
710:Macintosh
636:keyboards
606:GeForce 8
365:Super I/O
341:S-100 bus
324:backplane
265:mainboard
258:IEEE 1394
220:interface
208:backplane
192:computers
178:, or, in
157:mainboard
18:Mainboard
2277:FireWire
2270:Obsolete
2236:Ethernet
2015:Speakers
1913:Keyboard
1887:Touchpad
1822:computer
1749:Archived
1715:Archived
1664:Archived
1645:page 174
1552:June 21,
1546:Archived
1522:June 21,
1516:Archived
1491:cite web
1475:Archived
1448:Archived
1428:June 27,
1422:Archived
1298:See also
1247:Keyboard
1228:voltages
1149:Apple II
1122:firmware
1047:hardware
1043:software
997:CPU fans
880:software
857:Internet
846:Ethernet
722:microATX
653:IBM PCjr
644:Apple II
638:. Early
570:firmware
512:and the
510:VIA Nano
459:has its
411:and the
372:keyboard
348:Apple II
297:NeXTcube
2326:Related
2229:Current
2070:Blu-ray
2008:Plotter
2003:Printer
1986:Monitor
1962:Softcam
1870:Optical
1721:July 3,
1271:DVD-ROM
1132:from a
1074:voltage
941:and/or
548:chipset
484:chipset
413:netbook
287:History
212:chipset
105:scholar
2184:MOSFET
2124:Memory
1991:Screen
1957:Webcam
1820:Basic
1670:May 6,
1641:
1365:(PCIe)
1354:(PCI)
1313:(BIOS)
1267:CD-ROM
1114:EEPROM
922:) and
920:Nvidia
842:output
840:S/PDIF
832:output
828:, and
792:drives
648:IBM PC
604:(e.g.
541:LPDDRx
419:Design
386:, and
352:IBM PC
307:and a
230:mother
200:memory
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2303:eSATA
2221:Ports
1906:Other
1865:Mouse
1358:PCI-X
1307:(AGP)
1251:mouse
1126:boots
1110:EPROM
1022:Some
985:crash
979:with
926:(for
918:(for
488:buses
477:sound
473:video
376:mouse
180:Apple
112:JSTOR
98:books
2261:HDMI
2177:SMPS
2165:SSHD
2159:NVMe
2155:SATA
2134:BIOS
1757:2013
1723:2020
1697:2024
1672:2017
1639:ISBN
1621:2013
1595:2013
1554:2015
1524:2015
1497:link
1483:2013
1456:2015
1430:2007
1396:UEFI
1278:and
1249:and
1241:BIOS
1211:and
1182:UEFI
1178:BIOS
1142:boot
1140:and
1009:BIOS
908:EATX
822:HDMI
808:and
790:PATA
786:SATA
784:for
712:and
698:case
676:fans
659:and
646:and
634:and
630:for
621:NVMe
619:and
617:SATA
608:and
578:The
574:BIOS
546:The
537:DDR5
533:DDR4
529:DDR3
525:DRAM
521:DIMM
374:and
369:PS/2
350:and
161:main
84:news
2313:VGA
2308:DVI
2241:USB
2194:VRM
2151:SSD
2146:HDD
2129:RAM
2065:DVD
1928:GPU
1391:U.2
1342:M.2
1291:USB
1269:or
1162:RAM
1128:an
1106:ROM
1039:I/O
1011:or
939:SSD
935:M.2
928:AMD
916:SLI
904:PCI
862:USB
853:LAN
818:DVI
814:VGA
771:PCB
714:Sun
706:ATX
628:USB
572:or
552:CPU
429:ISA
305:MHz
214:'s
67:by
2360::
2157:/
2060:CD
1747:.
1743:.
1725:.
1688:.
1662:.
1658:.
1544:.
1540:.
1493:}}
1489:{{
1420:.
1226:,
1188:.
1116:,
1112:,
1096:.
1066:DC
1057:.
987:.
945:.
895:.
830:TV
824:,
820:,
816:,
810:3D
806:2D
733:A
554:,
535:,
531:,
463:,
396:3D
382:,
378:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
236::
174:,
170:,
168:MB
166:,
159:,
151:A
2161:)
2153:(
1813:e
1806:t
1799:v
1759:.
1699:.
1674:.
1623:.
1597:.
1556:.
1526:.
1499:)
1485:.
1458:.
1432:.
543:.
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
