Aldus Manutius - Knowledge (XXG)

306: 1000:, by Publius Papinius Statius, where he warned "no one is allowed to print this without penalty." In the Bibliothèque du Roi on 16 March 1503, Manutius tried to warn off those who plagiarized his content, "it happens that in the city of Lyon our books appeared under my name, but full of errors... and deceived unwary buyers due to the similarity of typography and format....Furthermore, the paper is of poor quality and has a heavy odour, and the typography, if you examine it closely, exudes a sort of (as one might phrase it) 'Frenchiness'." He described the counterfeit's typographical errors in detail so that readers might distinguish a real Aldine from a fake. In spite of his efforts, the Lyonese printers were quick to use Manutius's critique to improve their counterfeits. 790: 862:, a straightforward text. During the 15th century, books were often chained to a reading platform to protect valuable property, requiring the reader to stay stationary. Publishers often added commentary to their published classics. Thus, pages became overloaded with scholarship and serious material which produced a large book that was difficult to transport. The Aldine Press removed these inconveniences; Manutius's books were "published without commentary and in smaller sizes, usually octavos of five by eight or four by six inches." His famous octavo editions are often regarded as the first prototype of the mass-market paperback. 1036: 44: 1009:

These woodcuts soon came to Venice and were viewed as part of the "new humanist manuscript." The woodcut images "included aspects of both continuity and discontinuity that involved the activity of Manutius, who was called upon to wholly explicate the new potential of the printed book and deal with the crisis of the illumination." Many of the Aldine Press's publications contained illumination, but Manutius let patrons decide the illumination details while he worked to translate and publish.

891: 3871:, vol. 45, no. 24 (14 December 2023), pp. 7–9. " wanted to save the world by printing the classics.... Everywhere he looked was work and more work: corrupted manuscripts, fragments; nothing was complete, nothing was fully preserved.... As an editor, Aldus said he had to 'assume mind-set'... And yet 'I have never yet produced a book with which I felt satisfied.' ... 'I am... content to be oppressed, content to be unhappy.' A true Renaissance perfectionist.... 457: 3994: 277: 1054:. Torresani and Manutius were already business partners, but the marriage combined the two partners' shares in the publishing business. After the marriage, Manutius lived at Torresani's house. Shrinking in popularity, in 1506 the Aldine Press was moved to a house now covered by a bank building in the Venice square, 1138:

1994 marked the 500th anniversary of Aldus Manutius's first publication. On Manutius, Paul F. Grendler wrote, "Aldus ensured the survival of a large number of ancient texts and greatly facilitated the diffusion of the values, enthusiasms, and scholarship of Italian Renaissance Humanism to the rest of

983:

included Manutius's privilege from the Doge of Venice indicating that any use or imitation of Manutius's Greek and Italic typefaces was forbidden. Despite trying to have the typeface protected legally, Manutius could not stop printers outside of Venice from using his work, which led to the typeface's

973:

by Virgil was the first completed book in italic type. A falling out between Manutius and Griffo brought Griffo to leave and supply other publishers with the italic type originally commissioned by the Aldine Press. Griffo only made one set of punches for the Aldine Press, which were used until 1559.

1159:

The quality and popularity of Manutius's work made it more expensive in the 20th century than others published around the same time. In 1991, Martin Lowry found that an auction in New York took place where "initial prices of $ 6,000 – $ 8,000 and $ 8,000 – $ 12,000 were

1008:

Before the printing press and during the Italian Renaissance, illuminated manuscripts were individually created by a credited artist. When print publishing became popular, woodcuts were used to mass-illuminate works. The woodcuts were often reused in several editions, thereby decreasing their value.

1089:

to provide capital letters for the Aldine Press's italic type. He died the next month, 6 February, and "with his death, the importance of Italy as a seminal and dynamic force in printing came to an end." Torresani and his two sons carried on the business during the youth of Manutius's children, and

739:

Manutius did not hold the same power of innovation over Latin classics as with Greek classics because the publication of these works started 30 years before his time. To promote the Aldine editions in Latin, Manutius promoted the quality of his publications through his prefaces. Manutius was on the

410:

and gave him lands in Carpi. Manutius determined that Venice was the best location for his work, settling there in 1490. In Venice, Manutius began gathering publishing contracts, at which point he met Andrea Torresano, who was also engaged in print publishing. Torresano and Manutius became lifelong

1155:

The Palazzo dei Pio chapel in Carpi has a painted mural that includes Aldus Manutius along with Alberto and Leonello Pio. In Bassiano, Manutius's birthplace, a monument was erected to commemorate the 450th year since Manutius's death. The inscription is Manutius's own words: "for the abundance of

1147:

The Aldine Press produced more than 100 editions from 1495 to 1505. The majority were Greek classics, but many notable Latin and Italian works were published as well. Aldus often produced small-format editions that were cheap and sold readily. These inexpensive books—the first paperbacks—were, as

949:

presumes the handwriting of scribes Pomponio Leto and Bartolomeo Sanvito was the inspiration for the typeface. Other scholars believe the first Greek typeface was derived from the handwriting of Immanuel Rhusotas, another scribe during the time of Manutius. The Aldine Press commissioned the first

823:

Manutius's editions of the classics were so highly respected that the dolphin-and-anchor device was almost immediately pirated by French and Italian publishers. Many modern organizations use the image of a dolphin wrapped around an anchor. The device has been used by the nineteenth-century London

205:. Manutius devoted the later part of his life to publishing and disseminating rare texts. His interest in and preservation of Greek manuscripts mark him as an innovative publisher of his age dedicated to the editions he produced. Aldus Manutius introduced the small portable book format with his 992:

As the Aldine Press grew in popularity, Aldine counterfeits also increased. Manutius acquired privileges for his printing press from the Venetian Senate, specifically, for "his types, his pioneering octavo format, and even individual texts." Pope Alexander VI in 1502 and Pope Julius II in 1514

735:

and Petrarch using Bernardo Bembo's personal manuscript collection. Pietro Bembo worked with Manutius from 1501 to 1502 to provide an accurate edition of Dante and Petrarch and also introduced punctuation. Bembo later made a diagram of sins to illustrate the 1515 Aldine edition of Dante.

597:

With the Aldine Press's increasing popularity, people would come to visit the shop, interrupting Manutius's work. Manutius put up a sign that read, "Whoever you are, Aldus asks you again and again what it is you want from him. State your business briefly and then immediately go away."

669:

scholars, in 1502 to promote Greek studies. Symonds writes that the New Academy's "rules were written in Greek, its members spoke Greek, their names were Hellenized, and their official titles were Greek." Members of the New Academy included Desiderius Erasmus, Pietro Bembo, and

228:

in their original Greek form were pure and unadulterated by translation. Before Manutius, publishers rarely printed volumes in Greek, mainly due to the complexity of providing a standardized Greek typeface. Manutius published rare manuscripts in their original Greek and

453:, each held fifty per cent of the press. From Torresano's fifty per cent, Manutius was given one-fifth, but accounts are unclear as to whether Manutius's one-fifth refers to ten per cent of the Aldine Press or ownership exclusively to one-fifth of Torresano's share. 1098:

won a lawsuit against his Torresani relatives for sole ownership of Manutius' italic typeface and in 1539 led the press with the Sons of Aldus imprint alongside his brothers until his death in 1574. The publishing symbol and motto were never wholly abandoned by the

1151:

Erasmus was impressed by Manutius; "in a long passage he extols the 'tireless efforts' of Manutius in restoring ancient learning, truly 'a Herculean task,' and he announces that 'Aldus is building up a library which has no other limits than the world itself'."

605:

and book design while publishing lower-cost editions. This was carried out under continual difficulties, including problems arising from strikes among his workmen, unauthorized use of Manutius's materials by rivals, and frequent interruptions by war.

877: 1012:

Prefatory letters, popular in first editions of Latin works years before, were also common for Aldine editions. Manutius used the Aldine editions to ask scholarly questions and provide information for his readers. In the preface of

3503: 549:. His research using Manutius's resources and Greek scholars enabled him to expand his collection of proverbs from 819 entries to 3,260 entries. The Aldine press published this newly expanded collection of proverbs, 3641: 1065:

who were looking for two criminals. Manutius's guide ran in fear, taking with him all of Manutius's personal effects. This suspicious activity led the guards to arrest Manutius. Manutius knew the Marquis of Mantua,

709:. He called these "Precursors of the Greek Library" because they served as guides to the Greek language. Under Manutius's supervision, the Aldine Press published 75 texts by Classical Greek and Byzantine authors. 614:

Before Manutius, there were fewer than ten Greek titles in print, most of which had to be imported from the Accursius Press of Milan. Only four Italian towns were authorized to produce Greek publications: Milan,

261:

and tutored Pico's nephews, the lords of Carpi, Alberto and Leonello Pio. While a tutor, Manutius published two works for his pupils and their mother. In his late thirties or early forties, Manutius settled in

852:, also refers to a handheld weapon, a hint that Aldus intended the books in his Portable Library to be the weapons of scholars. It was for these pocket-sized classics Aldus designed the italic font. 945:

to create the new typeface. The handwriting reproduced for the many Aldine Press typefaces is a topic of conflicting opinions by scholars; Symonds (1911) suggests Petrarch's handwriting, while the

646:

Manutius desired to "inspire and refine his readers by inundating them with Greek." He originally came to Venice because of its many Greek resources; Venice held Greek manuscripts from the time of

3027:

Farrington, Lynne (2015). ""Though I could lead a quiet and peaceful life, I have chosen one full of toil and trouble":1 Aldus Manutius and the printing history of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili".

1285:

referenced Manutius while meditating on the poetic connotations of the semicolon in her Northrop Frye lecture on "Stillness" at the University of Toronto's The Centre for Comparative Literature.

1070:, and wrote letters to him to explain the situation, but it took six days until Manutius's imprisonment was brought to Gonzaga's attention. While waiting, Manutius spent five days in jail in 545:

Erasmus was working on. Erasmus travelled to Venice, where he spent his first ten months working at the Aldine Press. He lived in Manutius and Torresano's home, where he shared a room with

858:

Many scholars consider the development of the portable book as Manutius's most celebrated contribution to printing and publishing. These mobile books were the first known appearance of an

855:

Manutius converted to the smaller format in 1501 with the publication of Virgil. As time went on, Manutius self-advertised his portable format through the dedication pages he published.

1213:

devoted to him. One of the novel's characters, Griffo Gerritszoon, designs a fictitious font called "Gerritszoon" that is preinstalled on every Mac, in allusion to Manutius's associate

816:

meaning "make haste slowly," indicating quickness combined with firmness in the execution of a great scheme. The symbol and phrase were taken from a Roman coin minted during Emperor

3510: 744:

let Manutius publish the missing parts of Valerius Maximus's work, which Cuspinianus "had found in a manuscript in Vienna." Francesco Negri let Manutius publish the missing text of

1061:

In March 1506, Manutius decided to travel for six months in search of new and reliable manuscripts. While travelling with a guide, Manutius was stopped by border guards of the

1082:(after 30 March 1509) with an accompanying work by Manutius on Horatian metrics dedicated to Carles was contingent on this experience and Manutius's connection with Carles. 482:. Manutius started the first volume of his Aristotle edition in 1495. Four more volumes were published together in 1497 and 1498. The Aldine Press produced nine comedies of 387:. In Carpi, Manutius shared a close bond with his student, Alberto Pio. At the end of the 1480s, Manutius published two works addressed to his two pupils and their mother, 674:. M.J.C. Lowry, a lecturer in history at the University of Warwick, has a different view, regarding the New Academy as a hopeful dream rather than an organized institute. 3633: 4074: 305: 3701: 541:

with Erasmus's translation from Greek into Latin. With the success and accuracy of their first collaboration, Manutius agreed to publish the expanded version of the

233:

forms. He commissioned the creation of typefaces in Greek and Latin resembling the humanist handwriting of his time; typefaces that are the first known precursor of

931:'s curator for printed books and bindings, writes that Manutius intended "to make available in type a face comfortable for its readers" with the cursive typeface. 923:. Manutius commissioned typefaces designed to look like the handwriting of humanists both in Latin and Greek in order to uphold the manuscript tradition. In the 237:. As the Aldine Press grew in popularity, Manutius's innovations were quickly copied across Italy despite his efforts to prevent the piracy of Aldine editions. 4094: 4089: 873:. His Greek octavos were double the price at 60 soldi. For context, a master mason would earn about 50 soldi a day to make between 50 and 100 ducats a year. 662:, the Aldine Press commissioned a typeface based on classical Greek manuscripts so that readers could experience the original Greek text more authentically. 4079: 3734: 361: 865:

The octavos were moderately priced considering the known average salaries of the time, but they were not cheap. Manutius priced his Latin octavos at 30

993:

granted Manutius printing privileges from the papacy. This did not stop Aldine Press counterfeits, as there was little penalty for piracy at the time.

1067: 494:

poems that Manutius published in July 1501. In addition to editing Greek manuscripts, Manutius corrected and improved texts originally published in

3862: 1985: 4059: 2070: 4054: 4049: 3841: 3826: 3592:

Pincus, Debra (2008). "Giovanni Bellini's Humanist Signature: Pietro Bembo, Aldus Manutius and Humanism in Early Sixteenth-Century Venice".

4069: 1913: 950:

Greek script designed "with accents and letters cast separately and combined by the compositor." The typeface was first used in publishing

411:

business partners, and for their first contract together Manutius hired Torresano to print the first edition of his Latin grammar book the

1139:

Europe". "He jettisoned commentary because he felt that it prevented the dialogue between author and reader that the Renaissance prized."

844:

Manutius described his new format of books as "libelli portatiles in formam enchiridii" ("portable small books in the form of a manual").

3425: 3371:

Art of the Printed Book, 1455–1955: Masterpieces of Typograph through Five Centuries from the Collections of the Pierpont Morgan Library

1201: 3975: 3891: 3808: 3689: 3668: 3540: 3295: 367:, Manutius was granted citizenship of the town of Carpi on 8 March 1480 where he owned local property, and in 1482 he travelled to 3608: 1040: 1023:(1502), he argues that Heroides 17, 19, and 21 (the letters of Helen, Hero, and Cudippe, respectively) were the work of the poet 974:

Griffo's original italic type did not include capital letters, so many of the Aldine Press publications forwent capital letters.

380: 4084: 825: 640: 372: 4039: 1872: 789: 3744: 525:

through the Aldine Press. Erasmus's original letter to Manutius inquires about the printer's proposed plans: a Greek

1104: 763: 270: 677:

Manutius spoke Greek in his household and employed thirty Greek speakers at the Aldine Press. Greek speakers from

4064: 3998: 3930: 1259: 882: 768: 748:, which Negri found in Romania, and "a manuscript from Britain made an improved edition of Prudentius possible." 2186: 693:

were written in Greek, and the prefaces to Manutius's editions were also in Greek. Manutius printed editions of

659: 586:

tried to lessen Venice's influence. Manutius reappeared in 1513 with an edition of Plato that he dedicated to

442: 643:

produced Greek passages but required the minimal Greek letters to be left blank and later filled in by hand.

4023: 1938:

Partial list of Humanist authors translated and published by the Aldine Press under Manutius's supervision:

1071: 928: 571: 3867: 3719: 1275: 574:, and other Greek collaborators to translate for the Aldine Press. He published an edition of minor Greek 533:

bible. Through correspondence, the two came to an agreement. In December 1507, the Aldine Press published

357: 289: 240:

Because of the Aldine Press's growing reputation for meticulous, accurate publications, Dutch philosopher

1114:

Bible but never saw it come to fruition. However, before his death Manutius had begun an edition of the

954:

by Constantine Lascaris in 1495. The Roman typeface was finished later the same year and Pietro Bembo's

829: 671: 384: 266:

to become a print publisher. He met Andrea Torresano in Venice and the two co-founded the Aldine Press.

43: 338: 334: 1236:, was named after Manutius and used his profile as part of their company logo. Aldus was purchased by 4044: 1864: 1687: 1075: 1062: 895: 438: 198: 118: 3905:"Aldo Manuzio a Los Angeles. La collezione Ahmanson-Murphy all'University of California Los Angeles" 3850: 3846: 1868: 1294:

A partial list of works translated and published by the Aldine Press under Manutius's supervision.

1035: 786:

and was produced in higher-than-normal print runs (1,000 rather than the usual 200 to 500 copies).

740:

lookout for rare manuscripts, but often found instead missing parts of previously published works.

698: 318: 996:

Manutius attempted to discourage piracy with blunt warnings at the end of his publications, as in

3044: 2011: 920: 741: 655: 521: 510: 506: 450: 246: 99: 1969: 3971: 3887: 3858: 3837: 3822: 3804: 3685: 3664: 3536: 3291: 1847: 1225: 1221:

is used as the name of the fictional corporation that owns and markets the "Gerritszoon" font.

1186: 1086: 1044: 723: 583: 546: 213:

book. He also helped to standardize use of punctuation including the comma and the semicolon.

3934: 3916: 3196: 3036: 2043: 2001: 1959: 1779: 1759: 1691: 1266: 1248: 1214: 1182: 938: 890: 727:

in 1496, which was the Aldine Press's first Latin publication by a contemporary author. The

718: 376: 350: 322: 183: 147: 1027:, whom Ovid refers to as Amores. In another preface Manutius explains how a sundial works. 269:

Manutius is also known as "Aldus Manutius the Elder" to distinguish him from his grandson,

3552: 1095: 1091: 1051: 624: 530: 3724: 456: 2033: 1901: 1806: 1233: 1210: 1024: 942: 728: 647: 567: 446: 407: 342: 285: 281: 217: 3614: 685:

and their calligraphy was a model for the casts used for Greek type. Instructions for

4033: 3873: 3729: 3457: 3430:. Self-Publishing Review: Professional book reviews and editorial services since 2008 3285: 3048: 1885: 1802: 1786: 1237: 1119: 1019: 979: 811: 774: 515: 388: 293: 258: 4018: 3936:

Annales de l'imprimerie des Alde, ou Histoire des trois Manuce et de leurs éditions

3613:. Central Rappahannock Regional Library Inspiring Lifelong Learning. Archived from 1193: 1127: 1100: 756: 487: 483: 430: 424: 225: 202: 130: 81: 3040: 845: 3946:

Print culture in Renaissance Italy: The editor and the vernacular text, 1470–1600

665:

While publishing Greek manuscripts, Manutius founded the New Academy, a group of

406:

Giovanni Pico and Alberto Pio's families funded the starting costs of Manutius's

309:

Bust of Aldo Manuzio. Panteon Veneto; Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti

2612:

Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.

1282: 1270: 1206: 962: 935: 916: 833: 783: 690: 234: 3787: 3234:"Anne Carson's Public Lecture: "Stillness", Centre for Comparative Literature" 3233: 1919: 1733: 1683: 1115: 1111: 806: 686: 682: 628: 602: 587: 209:, which revolutionized personal reading and are the predecessor of the modern 4014: 3738:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 624–626. 1909: 1673: 1229: 817: 752: 666: 632: 479: 368: 221: 210: 3748: 3493:

The World of Aldus Manutius: Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice

1209:

features a fictionalized version of Aldus Manutius, as well as a fictional

1103:

until the expiration of their firm in its third generation of operation by

721:

authors. Manutius launched Pietro Bembo's career as a writer by publishing

650:

and was home to a large cluster of Greek scholars who travelled there from

3993: 3920: 3307:

Barker, Nicolas (2016). "A Manuscript Made For Pier Francesco Barbarigo".

915:, but at the time, printed works imitated formal manuscript hands, either 809:

in June 1502. The dolphin-and-anchor symbol is associated with the phrase

3634:"A Tribute to the Printer Aldus Manutius, and the Roots of the Paperback" 3482:

Nicholas Jenson and the Rise of Venetian Publishing in Renaissance Europe

1823: 1798: 1763: 1729: 1725: 579: 495: 491: 314: 73: 832:. The international honour society for library and information science, 805:

Manutius adopted the image of a dolphin wrapped around an anchor as his

17: 3968:

Five Centuries Later. Aldus Manutius: Culture, Typography and Philology

3834:

The Afterlife of Aldus: Posthumous Fame, Collectors and the Book Trade.

3238: 1856: 1819: 1773: 1719: 1713: 1709: 965:

and was used by Manutius until 1501. Five italic words were printed in

912: 620: 478:

The press's first great achievement was a five-volume folio edition of

346: 241: 4004: 2238: 2236: 2193:(in Italian). Vol. 96. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. 1156:

good books which, we hope, will finally put to flight all ignorance."

658:, in 1468, donated his large Greek manuscript collection. To preserve 2018: 1834: 1767: 1743: 1703: 1697: 1123: 1079: 1050:

In 1505, Manutius married Maria, the daughter of Andrea Torresani of

899: 779: 616: 575: 551: 538: 263: 95: 3957:

Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation

3904: 961:

Manutius and Griffo's original typeface is the first known model of

876: 276: 1265:"Manuzio" ("Manutius" in the English translation) is the name of a 590:

in a preface that compares the miseries of warfare and the woes of

4008: 1905: 1815: 1749: 1034: 889: 870: 866: 788: 732: 678: 651: 636: 591: 559:, Erasmus helped Manutius proofread a Greek edition of Plutarch's 526: 499: 468: 455: 330: 304: 230: 3197:

Student Publications Spotlight: Aldus Journal of Translation 2016

2866: 2864: 433:, established in 1494, had its first publication in March 1495: 317:

between 1449 and 1452. He grew up in a wealthy family during the

3682:

The Greek Editions of Aldus Manutius And His Greek Collaborators

3661:

The Evolution of Type: A Graphic Guide to 100 Landmark Typefaces

3581:

Olin, John C. (1994). "Chapter 3: Erasmus and Aldus Manutius.".

2584: 2582: 1791: 1014: 717:

Along with Greek classics, the Aldine Press published Latin and

379:. Pico recommended Manutius to become the tutor of his nephews, 326: 254: 77: 3723: 1078:, president of the Milanese Senate. A new, improved edition of 3702:"Student Publications Spotlight: Aldus Journal of Translation" 1658:

Partial list of Latin editions published during his lifetime:

356:

Most of Manutius's early life is rather unknown. According to

197: – 6 February 1515) was an Italian printer and 3351: 3160: 594:

with the sublime and tranquil objects of the student's life.

162: 3836:

Warburg Institute colloquia, 32. London: Warburg Institute.

3574:. San Francisco Bay Cities Club of Printing House Craftsman. 1181:

Manutius's name is the inspiration for Progetto Manuzio, an

1074:

and another night in Canneto. He was eventually released by

391:—both works were published in Venice by Baptista de Tortis: 3884:

Aldus Manutius: Printer and publisher of Renaissance Venice

3287:

In Aedibus Aldi: The Legacy of Aldus Manutius and His Press

3263: 3261: 2328: 2326: 2105: 2103: 1196:

was named after Aldus Manutius and dedicated to his memory.

171: 168: 153: 3504:"The 'New Academy' of Aldus Manutius: a Renaissance dream" 3427:

Deconstructing Bembo: Typographic Beauty and Bloody Murder

1228:, a software company founded in Seattle in 1985 known for 464: 165: 159: 3939:(in French) (3rd ed.). A Paris: chez Jules Renouard. 2632: 2630: 2369: 2367: 2365: 3331:

A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450–2000

2819: 2621: 2525: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2456: 2454: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 371:

for a time with his longtime friend and fellow student,

341:

in the early 1470s. From 1475 to 1478, Manutius studied

220:

texts for his readers because he believed that works by

2743: 2741: 1217:, the designer of italic type. The Aldine Press' motto 1085:

Manutius wrote his will on 16 January 1515 instructing

3509:. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Archived from 958:

was the first book published in the new Roman script.

3704:. Brown University: Office of Global Engagement. 2016 2289: 2287: 1302:

Greek editions published during Manutius's lifetime:

1094:, Manutius's son, born 1512, took over the business. 820:'s reign that was given to Manutius by Pietro Bembo. 174: 3002: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2807: 2783: 2317: 2254: 2242: 2160: 1998:

Urania, Meteora, The Gardens of the Hesperides, etc.

1992:

The Land and Customs of the Zygians call Circassians

731:

hired the Aldine Press to produce accurate texts of

244:sought out Manutius to publish his translations of 156: 150: 125: 114: 106: 88: 57: 34: 3819:Aldus Manutius: A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze. 3817:Clemons, G. Scott, and H. George Fletcher.(2015). 509:suspended the press for a time. During that time, 257:to become a humanist scholar. He was friends with 2026:, Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (September 1508) 1356:Thesaurus, Corn of Amalthea and Gardens of Adones 563:along with many other Aldine Press publications. 3382:Aldus Manutius A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze 1172:started at $ 25,000 – $ 30,000." 3801:Aldus Manutius: Humanism and the Latin Classics 3610:Mr. Penumbra's 24-Hour Bookstore by Robin Sloan 3447:Aldus Manutius: Humanism and the Latin Classics 3112: 2882: 2870: 2855: 2843: 2795: 2588: 2513: 2356: 2344: 886:, an illustrated book printed by Aldus Manutius 836:, uses the dolphin and anchor as its insignia. 3855:Aldus Manutius: The Invention of the Publisher 3459:Aldus Manutius: Humanist, Teacher, and Printer 1421:Epistolae diversorum philosophorum oratorum... 1262:to Aldus Manutius and San Francisco to Venice. 898:copy of the Aldine Vergil of 1501, printed on 513:asked Manutius to publish his translations of 321:and in his youth was sent to Rome to become a 3747:. The Source of the Originals. Archived from 2069:Magazine, Smithsonian; Nadeau, Barbie Latza. 1535:Commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics 582:(1509). Printing work halted again while the 27:Italian printer and humanist (1449/1452–1515) 8: 3061: 2990: 2966: 2771: 2732: 2720: 2696: 2684: 2660: 2648: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2215: 2203: 2172: 2109: 3572:John Henry Nash: The Aldus of San Francisco 3184: 2573: 1256:John Henry Nash: The Aldus of San Francisco 3014: 2708: 42: 31: 3849:, "Case-endings and Calamity" (review of 3832:Kray, Jill and Paolo Sachet, eds. (2018) 3632:Schuessler, Jennifer (26 February 2015). 3208: 1944:Instructional Principles of Latin Grammar 383:and Leonello Pio, princes of the town of 313:Aldus Manutius was born close to Rome in 3124: 3073: 3051:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 2954: 2636: 2433: 2397: 2094: 1537:, Ioannes Grammaticus (Philoponus), 1504 1457:Poetae Christiani Veteres, second volume 875: 275: 4075:Italian typographers and type designers 4005:Exhibit on Aldus Manutius and his press 3471:Pietro Bembo: Lover, linguist, cardinal 3252: 3148: 2460: 2373: 2332: 2148: 2061: 1666:, Julius Firmicus, October 1499. & 1451:Poetae Christiani Veteres, first volume 471:); shown here is the first page of the 399:(March/May 1487 to March 1491) and the 3309:Aldus Manutius: The making of the myth 2820:Angerhofer, Maxwell & Maxwell 1995 2759: 2747: 2622:Angerhofer, Maxwell & Maxwell 1995 2526:Angerhofer, Maxwell & Maxwell 1995 2472: 2121: 911:Everyday handwriting in Venice was in 3284:Angerhofer; Maxwell; Maxwell (1995). 3267: 3136: 2978: 2942: 2930: 2831: 2672: 2501: 2484: 2445: 2421: 2409: 2385: 2071:"The Man Who Changed Reading Forever" 1978:, Aldus Manutius (February–June 1501) 1624:, Alexander of Aphrodisias, 1513/1514 1622:Commentary On the Topics of Aristotle 1126:, the first-ever to be published; it 793:Imprint of Aldus Manutius, in Bembo, 375:, where he stayed two years to study 7: 3085: 2600: 2305: 2293: 2278: 2266: 2227: 2191:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 1582:Greek Orators (2 volumes), 1508–1509 1332:Epitome of the Eight Parts of Speech 1004:Illuminated manuscripts and prefaces 751:The press printed first editions of 555:, in 1508. After the publication of 463:printed by Aldus Manutius, 1495–98 ( 435:Erotemata cum interpretatione Latina 4095:15th-century Italian businesspeople 4090:Italian businesspeople in retailing 3413:Fletcher III, Harry George (1988). 3402:Fletcher III, Harry George (1995). 3352:"Beta Phi Mu Honor Society Website" 3220: 3100:The Library: An Illustrated History 627:, and they only published works by 4080:People from the Province of Latina 3473:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3342:Aldo Manuzio Renaissance in Venice 3161:TYPE GALLERY – LINOTYPE ALDUS 2018 3102:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 74. 1994:, Giorgio Interiano (October 1502) 601:Manutius strove for excellence in 253:In his youth, Manutius studied in 25: 3583:Erasmus, Utopia & the Jesuits 1465:, Constantine Lascaris, 1501–1503 1398:Prolegomena to the Deipnosophists 1380:Institutiones Graecae Grammatices 850:A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze 3992: 3878:Make haste slowly." (p. 8.) 3644:from the original on 30 May 2018 3462:. The John Carter Brown Library. 3172: 3003:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2919:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2907:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2895:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2808:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2784:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2318:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2255:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2243:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 2161:Beltramini & Gasparotto 2016 1481:History of the Peloponnesian War 1251:, is named after Aldus Manutius. 1202:Mr. Penumbra's 24-Hour Bookstore 880:A page from Francesco Colonna's 146: 3966:Vacalebre, Natale, ed. (2018). 3745:"TYPE GALLERY – LINOTYPE ALDUS" 3340:Beltramini; Gasparotto (2016). 1946:, Aldus Manutius (5 March 1493) 1880:On the Meaning of Archaic Words 578:(1508) and the lesser works of 3373:. The Pierpont Morgan Library. 1570:, Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1504–1505 1416:Catalogues of Aldus's editions 465:Libreria antiquaria Pregliasco 280:Aldus Manutius, pictured with 1: 4060:Italian Renaissance humanists 3948:. Cambridge University Press. 3041:10.1080/02666286.2015.1023076 1549:, Gregorius Nazianzenus, 1504 1185:free text project similar to 1168:in Jenson's editions: Aldus' 1128:appeared posthumously in 1518 984:popularity outside of Italy. 415:, published on 9 March 1493. 373:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 191: 65: 4055:16th-century Venetian people 4050:15th-century Venetian people 3821:New York: The Grolier Club. 3803:. Harvard University Press. 3417:. Bernard M. Rosenthal, Inc. 1952:, Lorenzo Maioli (July 1497) 1853:Horace (after 30 March 1509) 1543:, Flavius Philostratus, 1504 1245:Aldus Journal of Translation 977:The 1502 publication of the 4070:Italian publishers (people) 3585:. Fordham University Press. 3495:. Cornell University Press. 3449:. Harvard University Press. 3404:In praise of Aldus Manutius 3369:Blumenthal, Joseph (1973). 3113:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2883:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2871:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2856:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2844:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2796:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2589:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2514:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2357:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 2345:Clemons & Fletcher 2015 1541:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 1471:, Stephanus Byzantius, 1502 1441:, Nonnus of Panopolis, 1501 927:Harry George Fletcher III, 216:Manutius wanted to produce 4111: 4011:, Brigham Young University 3944:Richardson, Brian (1994). 3857:, Reaktion, October 2023, 3776:Stampa e Cultura in Europa 3424:Friedlander, Joel (2009). 3380:Clemons; Fletcher (2015). 3333:. Oxford University Press. 1976:Rudiments of Latin Grammar 1463:De octo partibus orationis 1148:ever, a boon to scholars. 1118:, also known as the Greek 1105:Aldus Manutius the Younger 934:Manutius commissioned the 869:, which was a fourth of a 778:. The 1501 publication of 713:Latin and Italian classics 422: 271:Aldus Manutius the Younger 48:Manutius, illustration in 3786:Calasso, Roberto (2015). 3773:Braida, Lodovica (2003). 3570:O'day, Edward F. (1928). 3290:. Harold B. Lee Library. 2185:Pignatti, Franco (2019). 1756:Christian Poets, Volume 2 1680:Christian Poets, Volume 1 1670:, Manilius (October 1499) 1382:, U. Bolzanius, 1497/1498 883:Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 769:Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 413:Institutiones grammaticae 337:and attended lectures by 41: 3886:. J. Paul Getty Museum. 3799:Manutius, Aldus (2017). 3789:The Art of the Publisher 3680:Staikos, K. Sp. (2016). 3320:Aldus and His Dream Book 3318:Barolini, Helen (1992). 1928:Lucretius (January 1515) 1513:, Ammonius Hermiae, 1503 1326:Rules of the New Academy 1170:Hypnerotomachia Polifili 1039:Aldo Manuzio (left) and 660:ancient Greek literature 654:. Venice was also where 443:Pier Francesco Barbarigo 397:Epistola Catherinae Piae 135:Founding the New Academy 110:Aldus Manutius the Elder 50:Vita di Aldo Pio Manuzio 4024:Works by Aldus Manutius 4015:Works by Aldus Manutius 3882:Martin, Davies (1995). 3735:Encyclopædia Britannica 3720:Symonds, John Addington 3533:Books: A Living History 3469:Kidwell, Carol (2004). 3456:Grendler, Paul (1984). 3445:Grant, John N. (2017). 3395:. Secker & Warburg. 3098:Murray, Stuart (2009). 1950:Gleanings in Dialectics 1493:Historiarum libri novem 1352:, Theocritus, 1495–1496 988:Counterfeits and piracy 969:in 1500 and in 1501 an 929:Pierpont Morgan Library 441:. Andrea Torresano and 363:Encyclopædia Britannica 4085:Printers of incunabula 3903:Nuovo, Angela (2016). 3868:London Review of Books 3743:Zapf, Hermann (2018). 3535:. Getty Publications. 3531:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 3502:Lowry, M.J.C. (1976). 3491:Lowry, Martin (1979). 3484:. Basil Blackwell Inc. 3480:Lowry, Martin (1991). 1840:Vergil (December 1505) 1827:, Ovid (February 1503) 1811:, Ovid (December 1502) 1648:, Aldus Manutius, 1515 1594:, M. Chrysoloras, 1512 1499:Tragoediae septendecim 1346:, Theodorus Gaza, 1495 1192:A typeface created by 1110:Manutius dreamed of a 1047: 998:Sylvarum libri quinque 967:St. Catherine of Siena 903: 887: 797: 782:introduced the use of 475: 358:John Addington Symonds 310: 297: 187: 4009:Harold B. Lee Library 3921:10.4403/jlis.it-11426 3659:Seddon, Tony (2015). 3391:Eco, Umberto (1989). 1925:Vergil (October 1514) 1894:, Cicero (March 1514) 1529:Anthology of Epigrams 1477:, Julius Pollux, 1502 1247:, a publication from 1038: 893: 879: 792: 681:prepared and proofed 572:Ioannis Grigoropoulos 543:Adagiorum collectanea 459: 308: 279: 4001:at Wikimedia Commons 3955:Truss, Lynn (2004). 3594:Artibus et Historiae 3329:Beal, Peter (2011). 2552:, pp. 7, 43–59. 2218:, pp. 3, 40–41. 2075:Smithsonian Magazine 1882:, Festus (June 1513) 1876:, Cicero (June 1513) 1837:(after 4 April 1503) 1412:, Aristophanes, 1498 1370:, I. Crastonus, 1497 1368:Dictionarium Graecum 1364:, Theophrastus, 1497 1160:quotes on copies of 1063:Marquisate of Mantua 896:John Rylands Library 439:Constantine Lascaris 121:, printer, publisher 119:Renaissance humanist 4040:15th-century births 3931:Renouard, Ant. Aug. 3684:. Oak Knoll Press. 3555:. Liber Liber. 2018 3393:Foucault's pendulum 3384:. The Grolier Club. 3344:. Marsilio Editori. 3311:. Marsilio Editori. 3270:, pp. ix–viii. 3255:, pp. 113–115. 2448:, pp. 378–420. 2187:"Torresano, Andrea" 2024:Adagiorum Chiliades 1612:Greek Orators, 1513 1600:, C. lascaris, 1512 1558:, Demosthenes, 1504 1531:, M. Planudes, 1503 1429:, Dioscorides, 1499 1374:Hours of the Virgin 1276:Foucault's Pendulum 925:New Aldine Studies, 699:Musaeus Grammaticus 566:Manutius relied on 557:Adagiorum Chiliades 552:Adagiorum Chiliades 473:Posterior Analytics 319:Italian Renaissance 142:Aldus Pius Manutius 3751:on 25 January 2023 3617:on 25 October 2017 3415:New Aldine Studies 2012:Adriano Castellesi 1986:Gianfrancesco Pico 1562:Horae in Laudem... 1547:Carmina ad bene... 1511:De interpretatione 1483:, Thucydides, 1502 1404:Nicomachean Ethics 1392:History of animals 1362:Historia Plantarum 1316:, Musaeus, c. 1495 1048: 947:New Aldine Studies 919:or the humanistic 904: 888: 807:publisher's device 798: 672:Scipio Fortiguerra 656:Cardinal Bessarion 535:Iphigenia in Aulis 522:Iphigenia in Aulis 511:Desiderius Erasmus 507:Second Italian War 476: 451:Agostino Barbarigo 311: 298: 247:Iphigenia in Aulis 100:Republic of Venice 3997:Media related to 3842:978-1-908590-55-8 3827:978-1-6058-3061-2 3663:. Firefly Books. 3406:. Morgan Library. 3127:, pp. 15–16. 3076:, pp. 22–24. 3062:Fletcher III 1988 2991:Fletcher III 1988 2981:, pp. 85–88. 2967:Fletcher III 1988 2897:, pp. 91–92. 2810:, pp. 84–85. 2772:Fletcher III 1988 2762:, pp. 81–86. 2733:Fletcher III 1988 2721:Fletcher III 1988 2699:, pp. 77–82. 2697:Fletcher III 1988 2687:, pp. 88–91. 2685:Fletcher III 1988 2661:Fletcher III 1988 2649:Fletcher III 1988 2562:Fletcher III 1988 2550:Fletcher III 1995 2538:Fletcher III 1995 2436:, pp. 13–14. 2424:, pp. 72–73. 2400:, pp. 12–14. 2347:, pp. 55–70. 2335:, pp. 59–64. 2308:, pp. 47–52. 2281:, pp. 46–47. 2269:, pp. 39–44. 2216:Fletcher III 1988 2204:Fletcher III 1988 2173:Fletcher III 1988 2110:Fletcher III 1988 2004:(May–August 1505) 1848:Pliny the Younger 1740:Letter to Friends 1642:, Athenaeus, 1514 1636:, Hesychius, 1514 1607:Orators' Speeches 1501:, Euripides, 1503 1495:, Herodotus, 1502 1489:, Sophocles, 1502 1427:De materia medica 1406:, Aristotle, 1498 1400:, Athenaeus, 1498 1394:, Aristotle, 1497 1388:, Aristotle, 1497 1340:, Aristotle, 1495 1226:Aldus Corporation 1187:Project Gutenberg 1087:Giulio Campagnola 1068:Francesco Gonzaga 1045:Bernardino Loschi 902:and hand-coloured 826:William Pickering 801:Imprint and motto 764:Francesco Colonna 755:collected works, 639:. Venice printer 584:League of Cambrai 547:Girolamo Aleandro 393:Musarum Panagyris 360:, writing in the 339:Domizio Calderini 335:Gaspare da Verona 139: 138: 16:(Redirected from 4102: 4065:Italian printers 3996: 3981: 3960: 3949: 3940: 3924: 3897: 3863:978 1 78914 7797 3814: 3793: 3780: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3739: 3727: 3725:"Manutius" 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3674: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3601: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3546: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3516:on 10 March 2022 3515: 3508: 3496: 3485: 3474: 3463: 3450: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3418: 3407: 3396: 3385: 3374: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3345: 3334: 3323: 3322:. Italica Press. 3312: 3301: 3271: 3265: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3185:Friedlander 2009 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3029:Word & Image 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2993:, pp. 7–13. 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2574:Beta Phi Mu 2018 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2528:, pp. 5–14. 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2066: 2046:(September 1514) 2044:Jacopo Sannazaro 2014:(September 1505) 2002:Giovanni Pontano 1960:Angelo Poliziano 1892:Rhetorical Works 1871:and his brother 1780:Valerius Maximus 1692:John of Damascus 1588:, Plutarch, 1509 1525:, Xenophon, 1503 1334:, Lascaris, 1495 1314:Hero and Leander 1267:vanity publisher 1249:Brown University 1215:Francesco Griffo 1134:Modern influence 1122:translated from 939:Francesco Griffo 705:, and the Greek 695:Hero and Leander 445:, nephew of the 377:Greek literature 365:Eleventh Edition 353:as his teacher. 351:Battista Guarino 323:humanist scholar 201:who founded the 196: 195: 1449/1452 193: 188:Aldo Pio Manuzio 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 107:Other names 70: 69: 1449/1452 67: 46: 32: 21: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4030: 4029: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959:. Gotham Books. 3954: 3943: 3929: 3902: 3894: 3881: 3811: 3798: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3766:Further reading 3763: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3718: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3692: 3679: 3671: 3658: 3647: 3645: 3631: 3620: 3618: 3606: 3591: 3580: 3569: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3543: 3530: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3490: 3479: 3468: 3455: 3444: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3412: 3401: 3390: 3379: 3368: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3339: 3328: 3317: 3306: 3298: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3015:Blumenthal 1973 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969:, pp. 1–8. 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2945:, p. xxiv. 2941: 2937: 2933:, p. xvii. 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774:, pp. 2–5. 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2709:Schuessler 2015 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2651:, pp. 4–5. 2647: 2643: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2564:, pp. 4–7. 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2504:, p. xxii. 2500: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2175:, pp. 1–3. 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2049: 1970:Niccolò Perotti 1936: 1931: 1888:(December 1513) 1850:(November 1508) 1722:(December 1501) 1676:(December 1500) 1656: 1651: 1579:, Erasmus, 1508 1300: 1292: 1178: 1162:Decor Puellarum 1145: 1136: 1076:Geoffroy Carles 1041:Alberto III Pio 1033: 1006: 990: 909: 848:, described in 842: 803: 746:Julius Firmicus 715: 612: 427: 421: 303: 194: 149: 145: 134: 102: 93: 92:6 February 1515 84: 71: 68: 64: 63: 53: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026:at Archive.org 4021: 4012: 4002: 3999:Aldus Manutius 3988: 3987:External links 3985: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3950: 3941: 3926: 3925: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3879: 3847:Maglaque, Erin 3844: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3794: 3782: 3781: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3740: 3730:Chisholm, Hugh 3715: 3714: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3655: 3654: 3638:New York Times 3628: 3627: 3603: 3602: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3565: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3498: 3497: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3440: 3420: 3419: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3397: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3364: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3257: 3245: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 137. 3129: 3117: 3115:, p. 320. 3105: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3019: 3007: 3005:, p. 131. 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2921:, p. 102. 2911: 2899: 2887: 2885:, p. 142. 2875: 2873:, p. 146. 2860: 2858:, p. 144. 2848: 2846:, p. 141. 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2786:, p. 160. 2776: 2764: 2752: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2675:, p. 142. 2665: 2653: 2641: 2626: 2614: 2605: 2593: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2516:, p. 102. 2506: 2489: 2487:, p. 223. 2477: 2475:, p. 100. 2465: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2412:, p. 177. 2402: 2390: 2388:, p. 183. 2378: 2376:, p. 625. 2361: 2349: 2337: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2257:, p. 127. 2247: 2245:, p. 295. 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2177: 2165: 2163:, p. 157. 2153: 2151:, p. 624. 2126: 2114: 2099: 2087: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2037: 2036:(January 1513) 2034:Ercole Strozzi 2027: 2015: 2005: 1995: 1989: 1982:On Imagination 1979: 1973: 1963: 1956:Complete Works 1953: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1934:Humanist works 1932: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1898:On Agriculture 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1841: 1838: 1828: 1812: 1807:Remedia amoris 1805:, Ars amandi, 1795: 1794:(October 1502) 1783: 1782:(October 1502) 1777: 1771: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1736:(January 1502) 1723: 1717: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1694:(January 1501) 1677: 1671: 1660: 1655: 1654:Latin classics 1652: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1640:Deipnosophists 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1616:Complete works 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1519:, Ulpian, 1503 1514: 1508: 1507:, Lucian, 1503 1505:Complete works 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1435:, Aratus, 1499 1430: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1310:, c. 1494–1495 1308:Galeomyomachia 1304: 1299: 1298:Greek editions 1296: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1263: 1252: 1241: 1222: 1211:secret society 1197: 1190: 1177: 1174: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1032: 1029: 1005: 1002: 989: 986: 921:littera antica 908: 905: 841: 838: 802: 799: 772:, and Dante's 757:Pietro Bembo's 714: 711: 703:Galeomyomachia 648:Constantinople 611: 610:Greek classics 608: 568:Marcus Musurus 537:in an 80-page 423:Main article: 420: 417: 408:printing press 302: 299: 286:Pequot Library 282:William Caxton 137: 136: 127: 126:Known for 123: 122: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 94: 90: 86: 85: 72: 61: 59: 55: 54: 47: 39: 38: 36:Aldus Manutius 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4107: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977:9788822266019 3973: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3893:9780892363445 3889: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874:Festina lente 3870: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851:Oren Margolis 3848: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3810:9780674971639 3806: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3691:9781584563426 3687: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3670:9781770855045 3666: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3607:Sais, Mercy. 3605: 3604: 3600:(58): 89–119. 3599: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3542:9781606060834 3538: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3297:9780842523295 3293: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3125:Barolini 1992 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3088:, p. 45. 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3074:Grendler 1984 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035:(2): 88–101. 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3017:, p. 11. 3016: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2957:, p. 84. 2956: 2955:Barolini 1992 2951: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2909:, p. 92. 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2834:, p. 78. 2833: 2828: 2825: 2822:, p. 49. 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2798:, p. 90. 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2750:, p. 81. 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735:, p. 77. 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2663:, p. 88. 2662: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2639:, p. 22. 2638: 2637:Grendler 1984 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591:, p. 97. 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2463:, p. 18. 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434:Barolini 1992 2430: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398:Barolini 1992 2394: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2359:, p. 94. 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320:, p. 85. 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2296:, p. 47. 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230:, p. 46. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2124:, p. 22. 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Barolini 1992 2091: 2088: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1922:(August 1514) 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886:Julius Caesar 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1787:Metamorphoses 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776:(August 1502) 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1716:(August 1501) 1715: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618:, Plato, 1513 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410:Nine Comedies 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271:Umberto Eco's 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1238:Adobe Systems 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219:festina lente 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166:Aulus Gellius 1163: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Old Testament 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1031:Personal life 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1020:Metamorphoses 1016: 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 994: 987: 985: 982: 981: 980:Metamorphoses 975: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 948: 944: 940: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 906: 901: 897: 892: 885: 884: 878: 874: 872: 868: 863: 861: 856: 853: 851: 847: 839: 837: 835: 831: 827: 821: 819: 815: 813: 812:festina lente 808: 800: 796: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 776: 775:Divine Comedy 771: 770: 765: 761: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 737: 734: 730: 726: 725: 720: 712: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 609: 607: 604: 599: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 518: 517: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486:in 1498, and 485: 481: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 426: 418: 416: 414: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:Caterina Pico 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 364: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 329:, he studied 328: 324: 320: 316: 307: 300: 295: 294:Tiffany Glass 291: 287: 283: 278: 274: 272: 267: 265: 260: 259:Giovanni Pico 256: 251: 249: 248: 243: 238: 236: 232: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 189: 185: 179: 143: 132: 129:Founding the 128: 124: 120: 117: 115:Occupation(s) 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 60: 56: 51: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 4019:Open Library 3967: 3956: 3945: 3935: 3912: 3908: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3865:, 206 pp.), 3854: 3833: 3818: 3800: 3788: 3777: 3774: 3753:. Retrieved 3749:the original 3733: 3706:. Retrieved 3681: 3660: 3646:. Retrieved 3637: 3619:. Retrieved 3615:the original 3609: 3597: 3593: 3582: 3571: 3557:. Retrieved 3532: 3518:. Retrieved 3511:the original 3492: 3481: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3432:. Retrieved 3426: 3414: 3403: 3392: 3381: 3370: 3356:. Retrieved 3341: 3330: 3319: 3308: 3286: 3253:Staikos 2016 3248: 3237: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3149:Manuzio 2018 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2728: 2723:, p. 5. 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2624:, p. 2. 2617: 2608: 2596: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2540:, p. 7. 2533: 2521: 2509: 2480: 2468: 2461:Kidwell 2004 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2374:Symonds 1911 2352: 2340: 2333:Staikos 2016 2313: 2301: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2223: 2211: 2206:, p. 3. 2199: 2190: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2149:Symonds 1911 2117: 2112:, p. 1. 2097:, p. 1. 2090: 2078:. Retrieved 2074: 2064: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2007: 1997: 1991: 1988:(April 1501) 1981: 1975: 1965: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1897: 1891: 1879: 1862: 1859:(April 1509) 1843: 1830: 1814: 1797: 1785: 1755: 1752:(April 1502) 1746:(April 1502) 1739: 1700:(April 1501) 1679: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1603:Pindar, 1513 1597: 1591: 1585: 1576: 1568:Posthomerica 1567: 1561: 1555: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1523:Paralipomena 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1293: 1290:Publications 1274: 1255: 1244: 1218: 1200: 1194:Hermann Zapf 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1109: 1101:Aldine Press 1084: 1072:Casal Romano 1060: 1055: 1049: 1018: 1011: 1007: 997: 995: 991: 978: 976: 970: 966: 960: 955: 951: 946: 933: 924: 910: 881: 864: 860:editio minor 859: 857: 854: 849: 843: 822: 810: 804: 794: 784:italic print 773: 767: 759: 750: 745: 738: 729:Bembo family 722: 716: 706: 702: 694: 676: 664: 645: 613: 600: 596: 565: 560: 556: 550: 542: 534: 520: 514: 504: 498:, Rome, and 488:Pietro Bembo 484:Aristophanes 477: 472: 460: 434: 431:Aldine Press 428: 425:Aldine Press 419:Aldine Press 412: 405: 400: 396: 392: 362: 355: 312: 268: 252: 245: 239: 226:Aristophanes 215: 206: 203:Aldine Press 141: 140: 131:Aldine Press 82:Papal States 62:Aldo Manuzio 49: 29: 4045:1515 deaths 3970:. Olschki. 3915:(1): 1–24. 2760:Barker 2016 2748:Barker 2016 2473:Pincus 2008 2122:Seddon 2015 2080:19 November 2032:, Tito and 1972:(July 1499) 1966:Cornucopiae 1962:(July 1498) 1863:Letters to 1770:(June 1502) 1668:Astronomica 1664:Astronomica 1573:Aesop, 1505 1552:Homer, 1504 1517:Prolegomena 1475:Onomasticon 1283:Anne Carson 1273:1988 novel 1207:Robin Sloan 1090:eventually 1056:Campo Manin 963:italic type 936:punchcutter 917:blackletter 846:Enchiridion 834:Beta Phi Mu 795:Gli Asolani 753:Poliziano's 742:Cuspinianus 687:typesetters 683:manuscripts 641:John Speyer 235:italic type 4034:Categories 3268:Grant 2017 3209:O'day 1928 3137:Lowry 1991 2979:Grant 2017 2943:Grant 2017 2931:Grant 2017 2832:Lyons 2011 2673:Lowry 1979 2502:Grant 2017 2485:Grant 2017 2446:Lowry 1976 2422:Lowry 1979 2410:Lowry 1991 2386:Lowry 1991 2052:References 2008:On Hunting 1920:Quintilian 1916:(May 1514) 1734:Propertius 1706:(May 1501) 1684:Prudentius 1469:De urbibus 1433:Phaenomena 1199:The novel 1176:References 1116:Septuagint 1112:trilingual 840:Enchiridia 629:Theocritus 603:typography 588:Pope Leo X 492:Petrarch's 401:Paraenesis 301:Early life 207:enchiridia 3553:"Manuzio" 3086:Olin 1994 3049:193189159 2601:Beal 2011 2306:Olin 1994 2294:Olin 1994 2279:Olin 1994 2267:Olin 1994 2228:Olin 1994 2057:Citations 1914:Palladius 1910:Columella 1674:Lucretius 1592:Erotemata 1577:Adagiorum 1487:Tragedies 1439:Metabole 1328:, c. 1501 1322:, c. 1497 1260:John Nash 1254:The book 1230:PageMaker 952:Erotemata 907:Typefaces 830:Doubleday 828:, and by 818:Vespasian 667:Hellenist 633:Isocrates 480:Aristotle 461:Aristotle 395:with its 369:Mirandola 290:Southport 222:Aristotle 211:paperback 133:at Venice 3933:(1834). 3722:(1911). 3642:Archived 3221:Eco 1989 1831:Homilies 1824:Ex Ponto 1799:Heroides 1764:Iuvencus 1760:Sedulius 1730:Tibullus 1726:Catullus 1586:Opuscula 1556:Orations 1258:relates 1240:in 1994. 1234:FreeHand 956:De Aetna 824:firm of 724:De Aetna 625:Florence 580:Plutarch 531:polyglot 496:Florence 403:(1490). 315:Bassiano 199:humanist 74:Bassiano 18:Manutius 4007:at the 3909:JLIS.it 3755:30 June 3732:(ed.). 3708:29 June 3621:29 June 3559:29 June 3434:29 June 3358:30 June 3277:Sources 3239:YouTube 2040:Arcadia 1873:Quintus 1865:Atticus 1857:Sallust 1844:Letters 1820:Tristia 1774:Statius 1720:Martial 1714:Persius 1710:Juvenal 1688:Prosper 1646:Grammar 1634:Lexikon 1598:Epitome 1386:Physics 1344:Grammar 1338:Organon 1320:Psalter 1183:Italian 1025:Sabinus 943:Bologna 913:cursive 760:Asolani 719:Italian 707:Psalter 691:binders 621:Vicenza 576:orators 561:Moralia 490:edited 381:Alberto 347:Ferrara 242:Erasmus 184:Italian 3974: 3890: 3861: 3840: 3825: 3807: 3688: 3667: 3648:18 May 3539: 3354:. 2018 3294: 3047: 2019:Adages 1869:Brutus 1835:Origen 1809:, etc. 1803:Amores 1768:Arator 1744:Cicero 1712:& 1704:Horace 1698:Vergil 1630:, 1514 1609:, 1513 1564:, 1504 1459:, 1502 1453:, 1501 1447:, 1501 1445:Bibbia 1423:, 1499 1376:, 1497 1358:, 1496 1350:Idylls 1143:Legacy 1124:Hebrew 1096:Paulus 1092:Paulus 1080:Horace 900:vellum 780:Virgil 701:, the 635:, and 623:, and 617:Venice 539:octavo 529:and a 516:Hecuba 333:under 264:Venice 96:Venice 76:(near 52:(1759) 3728:. In 3520:7 May 3514:(PDF) 3507:(PDF) 3045:S2CID 2030:Poems 1906:Varro 1816:Fasti 1750:Lucan 1052:Asola 971:Opera 871:ducat 867:soldi 733:Dante 679:Crete 652:Crete 637:Homer 592:Italy 527:Plato 500:Milan 469:Turin 385:Carpi 349:with 343:Greek 331:Latin 325:. In 296:panel 284:, at 231:Latin 218:Greek 3972:ISBN 3888:ISBN 3859:ISBN 3838:ISBN 3823:ISBN 3805:ISBN 3757:2017 3710:2017 3686:ISBN 3665:ISBN 3650:2018 3623:2017 3561:2017 3537:ISBN 3522:2018 3436:2017 3360:2017 3292:ISBN 3173:Sais 2082:2023 1902:Cato 1792:Ovid 1628:Suda 1243:The 1232:and 1224:The 1164:and 1015:Ovid 894:The 689:and 519:and 505:The 447:Doge 429:The 327:Rome 255:Rome 89:Died 78:Rome 58:Born 4017:at 3917:doi 3037:doi 2022:or 1269:in 1205:by 1043:by 1017:'s 941:of 766:'s 697:by 437:by 345:in 292:on 224:or 80:), 4036:: 3911:. 3907:. 3853:, 3640:. 3636:. 3598:29 3596:. 3260:^ 3236:. 3043:. 3033:31 3031:. 2863:^ 2740:^ 2629:^ 2581:^ 2492:^ 2453:^ 2364:^ 2325:^ 2286:^ 2235:^ 2189:. 2129:^ 2102:^ 2073:. 2042:, 2010:, 2000:, 1984:, 1968:, 1958:, 1912:, 1908:, 1904:, 1900:, 1867:, 1846:, 1833:, 1822:, 1818:, 1801:, 1790:, 1766:, 1762:, 1758:, 1742:, 1732:, 1728:, 1690:, 1686:, 1682:, 1130:. 1107:. 1058:. 762:, 631:, 619:, 570:, 502:. 467:, 449:, 288:, 273:. 250:. 192:c. 190:; 186:: 182:; 163:uː 160:nj 98:, 66:c. 3980:. 3923:. 3919:: 3913:7 3896:. 3876:. 3829:. 3813:. 3792:. 3779:. 3759:. 3712:. 3694:. 3673:. 3652:. 3625:. 3563:. 3545:. 3524:. 3438:. 3362:. 3300:. 3242:. 3223:. 3211:. 3199:. 3187:. 3175:. 3163:. 3151:. 3064:. 3039:: 2711:. 2603:. 2576:. 2084:. 1279:. 1189:. 814:, 178:/ 175:s 172:ə 169:i 166:ʃ 157:ˈ 154:ə 151:m 148:/ 144:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index