55:
1117:
1011:
709:
424:
836:
774:
589:, including al-Jubba, al-Nawbakhti, ibn Abdak al-Jurjani and Abu'l Qasim al-Balkhi al-Ka'bi. He was also well acquainted with previous Mu'tazilite literature. His reasoning, his phraseology, and his expressed high esteem for Mu'tazilities could suggest that he was one of their number. However, Shboul points out that his extant works do not specifically state that he was.
936:); "and when they wish to express that it is the capital of the Empire because of its greatness they say Istan Bulin. They do not call it Constantinople. It is only Arabs who so designate it". A present-day analogy would be the use of the phrases "I am going Downtown" or "I am going into the City" by those who live near say Chicago or London respectively.
879:, al-Mas'udi presented most of his material based on his personal observations and contacts made while traveling. He informed the Arabic reader that the Rus were more than just a few traders. They were a diverse and varied collection of peoples. He noted their independent attitude, the absence of a strong central authority among them and
1091:
keep singing until the caliph falls asleep. Then a handsome young man arrives, snatches the lute from the singer's hand and shows him how it really should be done. On awakening Harun is told of this and suggests his singer had a supernatural visitation. Al-Mas'udi quotes the lines (five in
English) of this remarkable song.
394:. The author of this work compares himself to a man who, having found pearls of all kinds and colours, gathers them together into a necklace and makes them into an ornament that its possessor guards with great care. My aim has been to trace the lands and the histories of many peoples, and I have no other.
1090:
There is the tale (p. 28 ff.) of the arrow that landed at al-Mansur's feet with verses inscribed in each of the three feathers and along the shaft causing him to investigate the unjust imprisonment of a distinguished notable from
Hamadan. There is the story of the singer Harun al-Rashid asks to
561:
The sciences were financially supported, honoured everywhere, universally pursued; they were like tall edifices supported by strong foundations. Then the
Christian religion appeared in Byzantium and the centres of learning were eliminated, their vestiges effaced and the edifice of Greek learning was
501:
and most large towns and cities had paper mills. Available cheap writing material contributed to the lively intellectual life. Al-Mas'udi often refers readers to his other books, assuming their availability. The high literacy and vigor of the
Islamic world with its rich cultural heritage of Greek
800:
with his personal experiences in the western part of the subcontinent. He demonstrates a deep understanding of historical change, tracing current conditions to the unfolding of events over generations and centuries. He perceived the significance of interstate relations and of the interaction of
684:
He also was keenly interested in the earlier events of the
Arabian peninsula. He recognized that Arabia had a long and rich history. He also was well-aware of the mixture of interesting facts in pre-Islamic times, in myths and controversial details from competing tribes and even referred to the
508:
was writing. Islamic
Abbasid society of al-Mas'udi's world manifested a knowledge seeking, perceptive analytical attitude and scholarly-minded people associated naturally in this highly civilized atmosphere. Al-Mas'udi was a pupil, or junior colleague, of prominent intellectuals, including the
1094:
These anecdotes provide glimpses of other aspects of these prominent people, sharing, actually, greater realization of their humanity and the human concerns of their officials and ordinary subjects. One of the more interesting passages is the account of the symposium held at the home of
974:, for example). He mentioned that one of the most dangerous routes to travel is to the land of the Zanj, "I have sailed on many seas, but I do not know of one more dangerous than that of Zanj", also saying that several captains that he had sailed with drowned. He knows less of
784:
Ahmad Shboul notes that al-Mas'udi is distinguished above his contemporaries for the extent of his interest in and coverage of the non-Islamic lands and peoples of his day. Other authors, even
Christians writing in Arabic in the Caliphate, had less to say about the
488:
Al-Mas'udi lived at a time when books were available and cheap. Major cities like
Baghdad had large public libraries and many individuals, such as as-Suli, a friend of Mas‘udi's, had private libraries, often containing thousands of volumes. Early in the
662:. He is aware that there were kings before this, but is unclear on their names and reigns. He also seems unfamiliar with such additional aspects of Greek political life as Athenian democratic institutions. The same holds for Rome prior to
996:" ... is the land of winds and sand. There the wind drives mills and raises water from the streams, whereby gardens are irrigated. There is in the world, and God alone knows it, no place where more frequent use is made of the winds"
389:
The information we have gathered here is the fruit of long years of research and painful efforts of our voyages and journeys across the East and the West, and of the various nations that lie beyond the regions of
828:, though this was no longer the case by al-Mas'udi's time. He conveyed the great diversity of Turkic peoples, including the distinction between sedentary and nomadic Turks. He spoke of the significance of the
541:
writings. It is probable that al-Mas'udi met al-Razi and al-Farabi, but only a meeting with al-Farabi's pupil Yahya ibn Adi, of whom he spoke highly, is recorded. He was familiar with the medical work of
820:, and mentioned, though less detailed than for India, Chinese beliefs. His brief portrayal of Southeast Asia stands out for its degree of accuracy and clarity. He surveyed the vast areas inhabited by
4001:
3887:
335:, and other parts of India, especially the western coast; and he voyaged more than once to East Africa. He also sailed on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and the Caspian.
3527:
378:
Little is known of his means and funding of his extensive travels within and beyond the lands of Islam, and it has been speculated that like many travelers he was involved in trade.
898:, even internal political events and the unfolding of palace coups. He recorded the effect of the westward migration of various tribes upon the Byzantines, especially the invading
54:
3535:
1146:
1040:
738:
453:
4016:
1290:
1943:
1079:. This is in the form of more than two hundred passages, many of these containing amusing and informative anecdotes. The very first one recounts the meeting of
1103:
on the topic of love. A dozen leading thinkers provide their definition of love and then a thirteenth, a Magian judge, speaks at greater length on that theme.
883:. He was very well informed on Rus trade with the Byzantines and on the competence of the Rus in sailing merchant vessels and warships. He was aware that the
989:
In general his surviving works reveal an intensely curious mind, a universalist eagerly acquiring as extensive a background of the entire world as possible.
3903:
3518:
970:
Al-Mas'udi's global interest included Africa. He was well aware of peoples in the eastern portion of the continent (mentioning interesting details of the
986:. He described the relations of African states with each other and with Islam. He provided material on the cultures and beliefs of non-Islamic Africans.
1221:
5 vols. Universite
Libanaise, Beirut, 1966–74. Incomplete revised French edition by Pellat. Lunde and Stone's English edition of Abbasid material, 1989.
307:
Al-Mas'udi's travels actually occupied most of his life from at least 903/915 CE to very near the end of his life. His journeys took him to most of the
1594:
1472:
1083:
and a blind poet unaware of the identity of his distinguished interlocutor. The poet on two separate occasions recites praise poems for the defeated
3895:
3011:
1273:
school. Al-Subki claimed he found al-Mas'udi's notes of ibn Surayj's lectures. Al-Mas'udi also met Shafi'ites during his stay in Egypt. He also met
1075:
Lunde and Stone have provided the
English reader with a fluent translation of some three-quarters of al-Mas'udi's material on the Abbasids from the
1677:
1353:
574:
school. Al-Subki claimed he found al-Mas'udi's notes of Ibn Surayj's lectures. Al-Mas'udi also met Shafi'ites during his stay in Egypt. He met
562:
obliterated. Everything the ancient Greeks had brought to light vanished, and the discoveries of the ancients were altered beyond recognition.
3361:
1798:
1756:
1671:
677:
In al-Mas'udi's view the greatest contribution of the Greeks was philosophy. He was aware of the progression of Greek philosophy from the
654:
His wide-ranging interests included the Greeks and the Romans. Again, like other Arabic historians, he was unclear on Greece before the
592:
Al-Mas'udi included the history of the ancient civilizations that had occupied the land upon which Islam later spread. He mentions the
1786:"Masūdī, al-." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006.
1747:
902:. He spoke of Byzantine relations with western Europe. And, of course, he was attentively interested in Byzantine-Islamic relations.
4011:
4006:
3326:
1936:
1644:
1168:
1062:
760:
475:
2555:
619:
Al-Mas'udi was aware of the influence of ancient Babylon on Persia. He had access to a wealth of translations by scholars such as
3601:
2156:
293:
1281:
such as Ibn Jabir and Niftawayh; modern scholarship leans toward the view that al-Mas'udi was an adherent of the latter school.
917:) can be traced to his writings during the year 947, centuries before the eventual Ottoman use of this term. He writes that the
582:
such as Ibn Jabir and Niftawayh; modern scholarship leans toward the view that al-Mas'udi was an adherent of the latter school.
3511:
2991:
906:
3806:
3693:
3616:
944:
3801:
2393:
1404:
566:
He mentions meeting influential jurists and cites the work of others and indicates training in jurisprudence. According to
4026:
3234:
526:
215:
3662:
1194:, about one-fifth its length, containing new material on the Byzantines, that al-Mas'udi wrote shortly before his death.
600:, Egyptians and Persians among others. He is also the only Arab historian to refer (albeit indirectly) to the kingdom of
1929:
1625:, ed. Michael Bentley. Chapter 1: "The Evolution of Two Asian Historiographical Traditions". Routledge Publishing. 2002.
1382:
631:
priests. He thus had access to much material, factual and mythical. Like other Arabic historians, he was unclear on the
1129:
1023:
802:
721:
436:
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1139:
1133:
1125:
1033:
1027:
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731:
725:
717:
446:
440:
432:
1570:
Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. ""Արա և Շամիրամ" առասպելի մի արձագանքը արաբ պատմիչ Մասուդի մոտ" ("An Echo of the Legend of '
3504:
3166:
2928:
2141:
1335:
He mentions meeting a number of influential jurists and the work of others and indicates training in jurisprudence.
880:
2986:
2903:
2810:
2800:
2682:
2565:
1973:
1952:
1254:
1150:
1044:
742:
457:
3760:
3196:
3098:
2976:
2692:
2356:
2301:
1580:
1480:
60:
3703:
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2677:
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His normal inquiries of travelers and extensive reading of previous writers were supplemented in the case of
4021:
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philosophy, Persian literature, Indian mathematics, contrasted with that of Europe, when the author of the
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3389:
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3206:
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1234:
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Some early commentators on al-Masudi indicate the influence of religious antagonisms. The Sunni scholar
777:
Al-Mas'udi's atlas of the world (reversed on the North–South axis) also includes a continent west of the
3118:
2996:
2933:
2229:
835:
504:
348:
3134:
2871:
2713:
2254:
1661:
1241:. Even before al-Masudi's work was available in a European languages, orientalists had compared him to
3991:
3950:
3734:
3641:
3382:
3347:
3026:
2938:
2856:
2647:
2259:
2146:
2080:
2050:
2045:
1895:
1345:
1319:
1266:
567:
550:, with the geographical work of Marinus and with the studies of Islamic geographers and astronomers.
3996:
3967:
3938:
3926:
3555:
3375:
3333:
3319:
3264:
3176:
2825:
2805:
2291:
2090:
1999:
1983:
1852:
1374:
1210:
895:
685:
similarity between some of this material and the legendary and story telling contributions of some
659:
655:
640:
547:
279:
252:
171:
773:
3775:
3698:
3672:
3596:
3259:
3239:
3083:
3078:
2830:
2580:
1848:
1551:
Abbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of Abbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 January 2002
1206:
1100:
860:
632:
517:
and ibn Anbari. He was acquainted with famous poets, including Kashajim, whom he probably met in
368:
132:
3857:
3811:
2981:
2408:
303:
of Arabs. Al-Masudi mentions a number of scholar associates he encountered during his journeys:
1258:
3842:
3565:
3294:
3244:
2846:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2473:
2423:
2341:
2316:
2224:
1794:
1752:
1667:
1640:
1571:
1300:
1214:
1084:
856:
790:
671:
613:
593:
490:
359:, a convert-to-Islam whom he met in Syria where his last years were divided between there and
316:
137:
80:
1780:
3912:
3873:
3591:
3586:
3449:
3403:
3088:
2971:
2866:
2861:
2815:
2418:
2204:
1978:
1915:
1542:
1424:
1379:Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում (The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia)
852:
797:
786:
494:
639:). He was much clearer on the more recent dynasties and his estimation of the time between
3729:
3368:
3289:
2632:
2590:
2388:
2306:
1238:
1217:, Imprimerie impériale, 1861–69; Imprimerie nationale, 1871–77. Revised Arabic edition by
1096:
952:
636:
498:
243:
196:
90:
3484:
2908:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1835:
3744:
3581:
3470:
3201:
3171:
2851:
2545:
2463:
2311:
2100:
2024:
1831:
1295:
1218:
930:
914:
864:
821:
686:
624:
356:
1462:. Transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, Kegan Paul. London and New York, 1989, p. 11.
355:
from him. He presumably gathered information on Byzantium from the Byzantine admiral,
3985:
3944:
3765:
3724:
3636:
3417:
3001:
2687:
2672:
2530:
2510:
2458:
2428:
2029:
2019:
1899:
1811:
940:
926:
663:
156:
117:
939:
He has some knowledge of other peoples of eastern and western Europe, even far away
3770:
3739:
3631:
3626:
3550:
3181:
2770:
2595:
2550:
2296:
2161:
2116:
2095:
2070:
1230:
983:
868:
817:
332:
300:
2234:
1783:." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 December 2006.
1323:
1270:
604:, when he speaks about the wars between the Assyrians (led by the legendary Queen
586:
571:
1396:
3780:
3046:
2943:
2708:
2560:
2525:
2438:
2413:
2151:
2075:
2014:
975:
888:
667:
628:
597:
402:
in 956 CE; however, only a draft version from 947 is extant. Al-Mas'udi in his
320:
627:
into Arabic. In his travels, he also personally consulted Persian scholars and
3719:
3621:
3560:
3410:
2733:
2637:
2627:
2540:
2520:
2515:
2403:
2336:
2239:
2199:
2194:
2121:
2060:
2055:
1776:, transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, Kegan Paul, London and New York, 1989
1326:
school. Al-Subki claimed he found al-Mas'udi's notes of ibn Surayj's lectures.
1262:
876:
872:
813:
644:
510:
247:
219:
1549:
and the Genre of Usul al-Fiqh in Ninth Century Baghdad," pg. 333. Taken from
3847:
3657:
3006:
2723:
2667:
2642:
2398:
2136:
2085:
2065:
2009:
2004:
1575:
1242:
1080:
884:
778:
648:
609:
605:
534:
530:
514:
372:
340:
267:
239:
227:
152:
789:
than al-Mas'udi. He also described the geography of many lands beyond the
3816:
3667:
3611:
2820:
2453:
2433:
2219:
2214:
1265:
believed he espoused heretical Mu'tazili doctrine. However, according to
960:
910:
522:
364:
296:
231:
223:
666:. However, he is the earliest extant Arabic author to mention the Roman
3826:
3821:
3677:
3477:
2209:
1663:
Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour
964:
963:
to his own time. He makes several references to people interpreted as
899:
844:
829:
312:
285:
284:
Apart from what al-Mas'udi writes of himself little is known. Born in
263:
235:
148:
76:
17:
3785:
2728:
2718:
2585:
1911:
1554:
1278:
1274:
979:
967:, described by him as Majus, they came to Al-Andalus from the North.
918:
840:
825:
601:
579:
575:
570:, al-Mas'udi was a student of Ibn Surayj, the leading scholar of the
518:
324:
308:
1921:
1710:
For reception of the French translation in Europe see Ahmad Shboul,
557:
al-Mas'udi wrote his famous condemnation of revelation over reason:
1322:
al-Mas'udi was a student of ibn Surayj, the leading scholar of the
1269:
al-Mas'udi was a student of ibn Surayj, the leading scholar of the
493:
the art of papermaking was brought to the Islamic world by Chinese
3932:
3442:
3424:
1557:: Peeters Publishers and the Department of Oriental Studies, 2004.
948:
834:
772:
543:
538:
391:
360:
352:
344:
328:
97:
905:
One example of al-Mas'udi's influence on Muslim knowledge of the
793:, as well as the customs and religious beliefs of many peoples.
971:
3500:
1925:
1233:
compared al-Masudi to the second century A.D. Greek geographer
921:(i.e. the Byzantines of the tenth century) call it "the City" (
863:. Again, while he may have read such earlier Arabic authors as
1245:, the ancient Greek historian called "The Father of History."
1110:
1087:
to the Abbasid caliph; al-Mansur good naturedly rewards him.
1004:
702:
417:
824:, commenting on what had been the extensive authority of the
351:
on the coast of the Persian Gulf and received information on
1745:"Masʿūdī, Abuʾul-ḤasanʿAlī Ibn al-Ḥusayn Ibn ʿAlī al-".
363:. In Egypt he found a copy of a Frankish king list from
3528:
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
1473:"Saudi Aramco World : The Model of the Historians"
1257:
wrote: " books are imprecise because he was a Shi‘a, a
947:. He names it, though he is sketchy about it. He knows
234:
and prolific author of over twenty works on theology,
1584:. № 4 (31), 1965, pp. 249–253. With Russian abstract.
257:
169:
3960:
3886:
3866:
3835:
3794:
3753:
3712:
3686:
3650:
3574:
3543:
3534:
3434:
3311:
3282:
3252:
3228:
3215:
3189:
3160:
3147:
3127:
3106:
3072:
3059:
3039:
3019:
2965:
2952:
2921:
2897:
2884:
2839:
2793:
2759:
2746:
2701:
2655:
2621:
2608:
2573:
2504:
2491:
2446:
2382:
2369:
2349:
2285:
2272:
2247:
2188:
2175:
2109:
2038:
1992:
1966:
1959:
1595:"Saudi Aramco World : The Islands of the Moon"
398:We know that al-Mas'udi wrote a revised edition of
198:
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī
179:
At-Tanbih wa al-'Ashraf ("Admonition and Revision")
162:
144:
128:
123:
113:
108:
86:
68:
39:
4002:10th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate
1190:), 'Book of Admonition and Revision'; an abridged
1789:Tolan, John, Giles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens,
1900:"Kitāb At-Tanbīh Wa'l-Ischrāf auctore al-Masūdī"
1751:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1970–1980.
1237:, while others compared him to the Roman writer
1138:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1032:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
730:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
445:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1291:List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
994:
647:is much more accurately depicted than it is in
559:
521:. He was well read in philosophy, the works of
387:
305:
978:, though he names such contemporary states as
855:is an important early source for the study of
299:. It is believed that he was a member of Banu
3512:
1937:
894:Al-Mas'udi was also very well informed about
812:, underlined the importance of the revolt by
176:("The Meadows of Gold and the Mines of Gems")
27:"Masudi" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1660:Meredith, Martin (2014-09-11). "Chapter 9".
1185:
992:Al-Masudi describes Sistan, Iran in 947 AD:
805:in the various states of the subcontinent.
413:
202:
43:
1843:, Arabic edition and French translation of
832:and provided much fresh material on them.
3540:
3519:
3505:
3497:
3225:
3157:
3069:
2962:
2894:
2756:
2618:
2501:
2379:
2282:
2185:
1963:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1203:Kitāb Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma‘ādin al-Jawhar
53:
36:
34:10th-century Arab historian and geographer
1169:Learn how and when to remove this message
1063:Learn how and when to remove this message
761:Learn how and when to remove this message
476:Learn how and when to remove this message
1431:, Oxford University Press (2004), p. 195
1201:(Arabic text with French translation of
1791:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
1311:
204:أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي
4017:Geographers from the Abbasid Caliphate
1578:' Found with Arab Historian Masudi").
1444:. London: Ithaca Press, 1979, pp. 3–4.
1381:(in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenian SSR:
226:. He is sometimes referred to as the "
3362:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1538:
1536:
414:al-Mas'udi's intellectual environment
7:
1454:
1452:
1450:
331:and Egypt. He also travelled to the
172:Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma'ādin al-Jawhar
1904:Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum
1186:
891:are two separate bodies of water.
839:In the year 933 Al-Masudi mentions
406:states that the revised edition of
270:, social commentary and biography.
203:
44:
1793:Princeton University Press. 2013.
1748:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1000:
274:Birth, travels and literary output
25:
3327:History of the Prophets and Kings
1824:Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems
1774:The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids
1545:, "Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari's
1515:The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids
1460:The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids
955:capital. He obtained a copy of a
347:although he is known to have met
3602:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
1115:
1009:
707:
422:
2992:Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha
1680:from the original on 2024-01-17
1407:from the original on 2022-04-09
1356:from the original on 2022-04-12
929:, which lacks the letter p: so
847:islands: "The Perfume Islands".
3617:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
1553:. Edited by James Montgomery.
1429:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1:
1836:Vol.1 (only volume published)
1699:Studies in ancient technology
699:Travels in lands beyond Islam
250:, his celebrated magnum opus
208:
1769:, Ithaca Press, London, 1979
1383:Armenian Academy of Sciences
1182:Kitab at-Tanbih wa-l-'Ishraf
909:is that the use of the name
635:, though he knew of Kurush (
371:that had been written by an
339:Al-Mas'udi may have reached
3853:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
3341:Concise History of Humanity
3114:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
2394:'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi
1623:Companion to Historiography
1001:al-Mas'udi and the Abbasids
258:
197:
170:
59:Roof figure of al-Mas'udi,
4048:
3905:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
3897:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
3167:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri
2929:Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh
1817:The Book of Golden Meadows
1639:. Bloomsbury. p. 23.
1547:al-Bayan 'an Usul al-Ahkam
1513:Lunde and Stone, Mas'udi.
277:
26:
2904:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari
2683:Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani
238:(Islamic and universal),
186:
104:
52:
4012:10th-century geographers
4007:10th-century Arab people
3802:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
3197:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar
2977:Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi
2693:Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi
2357:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi
2302:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
1815:at Medieval Sourcebook:
1767:Al-Mas'udi and His World
1712:Al-Mas'udi and His World
1581:Patma-Banasirakan Handes
1528:Al-Mas'udi and His World
1502:Al-Mas'udi and His World
1442:Al-Mas'udi and His World
1124:This article includes a
1018:This article includes a
716:This article includes a
689:and Indian books to the
585:Al-Mas'udi knew leading
509:philologists al-Zajjaj,
431:This article includes a
410:contained 365 chapters.
319:and other region of the
288:, he was descended from
61:Naturhistorisches Museum
3464:Biographical dictionary
3457:Biographical evaluation
2776:Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali
2663:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
2327:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
2322:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
2157:Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani
1906:(in Arabic and Latin),
1732:Siyar A'alam al-Nubala
1375:Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N.
1153:more precise citations.
1047:more precise citations.
957:list of Frankish rulers
745:more precise citations.
692:Thousand and One Nights
460:more precise citations.
29:Masudi (disambiguation)
3920:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
3807:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
3397:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
3390:History of the Caliphs
3270:Karim agha Shakikhanov
3207:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
2914:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali
2811:ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni
2801:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
2536:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari
2479:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1910:, Lugdunum Batavorum (
1701:. Vol. 9. Brill, 1964.
1666:. Simon and Schuster.
1635:Christys, Ann (2015).
998:
848:
843:sailors, who call the
808:He described previous
781:
658:dynasty that produced
564:
396:
337:
262:) combines universal
3704:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
3355:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya
3119:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh
2997:Osman Aga of Temesvar
2934:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
2678:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi
2230:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
1187:كتاب التنبیه والأشراف
838:
776:
505:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
278:Further information:
4027:Writers from Baghdad
3735:Ibn Said al-Maghribi
3383:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
3348:The Complete History
3027:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
2939:Abd al-Fattah Fumani
2648:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
2081:Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar
2051:Khalifah ibn Khayyat
1599:saudiaramcoworld.com
1477:saudiaramcoworld.com
1440:Shboul, Ahmad A. M.
1249:Religious influences
555:The Meadows of Gold,
383:The Meadows of Gold,
3939:The Meadows of Gold
3556:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
3320:The Meadows of Gold
3265:Ahmad bey Javanshir
3177:Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf
2826:Iskandar Beg Munshi
2806:Muhammad Khwandamir
2292:Mohammed al-Baydhaq
2091:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
2000:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
1984:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
1853:Pavet de Courteille
1765:Shboul, Ahmad A. M.
1211:Pavet de Courteille
945:Anglo-Saxon England
851:His account of the
660:Alexander the Great
641:Alexander the Great
548:Ptolemaic astronomy
381:Towards the end of
290:Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud
280:The Meadows of Gold
253:The Meadows of Gold
109:Academic background
95:(September, 956 AD)
4032:Explorers of India
3776:Hamdallah Mustawfi
3699:Muhammad al-Idrisi
3673:Mahmud al-Kashgari
3597:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
3260:Mirza Adigozal bey
3240:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
3135:Ahmed Resmî Efendi
3084:Mohammed al-Qadiri
3079:Mohammed al-Ifrani
3007:Al-Hasan al-Burini
2831:Sharafkhan Bidlisi
2581:Hamdallah Mustawfi
2255:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
1898:, M. J. de (ed.),
1894:Al-Masūdī (1870),
1849:Barbier de Meynard
1213:. 9 vols. Paris,
1207:Barbier de Meynard
1126:list of references
1101:Yahya the Barmakid
1020:list of references
861:history of Ukraine
849:
803:Muslims and Hindus
782:
718:list of references
633:Achaemenid dynasty
433:list of references
385:al-Mas'udi wrote:
349:Abu Zaid al-Sirafi
230:of the Arabs". A
138:Middle Abbasid era
133:Islamic golden age
3979:
3978:
3882:
3881:
3843:Sulaiman Al Mahri
3663:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
3642:Qudama ibn Ja'far
3566:Sulaiman al-Tajir
3494:
3493:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3295:Mastoureh Ardalan
3278:
3277:
3245:Ahmed Cevad Pasha
3143:
3142:
3055:
3054:
3035:
3034:
2880:
2879:
2742:
2741:
2604:
2603:
2487:
2486:
2474:Ata-Malik Juvayni
2424:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
2365:
2364:
2317:Usama ibn Munqidh
2268:
2267:
2260:Abu Sa'id Gardezi
2147:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
2046:Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam
1953:Muslim historians
1855:, Paris 1861–77;
1826:; translation of
1799:978-0-691-14705-5
1779:Haywood. John A.
1758:978-0-684-10114-9
1673:978-1-4711-3546-0
1301:Abbasid Caliphate
1215:Societe Asiatique
1205:). Translated by
1199:Les Prairies d’or
1179:
1178:
1171:
1099:'s famous vizier
1073:
1072:
1065:
896:Byzantine affairs
791:Abbasid Caliphate
771:
770:
763:
672:Romulus and Remus
614:Ara the Beautiful
486:
485:
478:
292:, a companion of
190:
189:
81:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
4039:
3927:Mu'jam Al-Buldan
3913:Tabula Rogeriana
3907:(ibn Khordadbeh)
3592:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
3587:Ahmad ibn Rustah
3541:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3450:Islamic calendar
3404:Tarikh al-Yaqubi
3376:Kitab al-I'tibar
3334:Mu'jam al-Buldan
3226:
3158:
3089:Khalil al-Muradi
3070:
2972:Ibrahim Petchevi
2963:
2895:
2867:Mustafa Selaniki
2862:Sadeddin Effendi
2816:Nizamuddin Ahmad
2757:
2619:
2502:
2380:
2283:
2205:Said al-Andalusi
2186:
1979:Urwah ibn Zubayr
1964:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1918:
1834:, London, 1841.
1762:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1637:Vikings in Spain
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1591:
1585:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1543:Devin J. Stewart
1540:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1479:. Archived from
1469:
1463:
1456:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1425:John L. Esposito
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1350:History of Islam
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1192:Muruj adh-Dhahab
1189:
1188:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1149:this article by
1140:inline citations
1119:
1118:
1111:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1043:this article by
1034:inline citations
1013:
1012:
1005:
787:Byzantine Empire
766:
759:
755:
752:
746:
741:this article by
732:inline citations
711:
710:
703:
481:
474:
470:
467:
461:
456:this article by
447:inline citations
426:
425:
418:
408:Muruj adh-dhahab
400:Muruj adh-dhahab
323:; as well as to
266:with scientific
261:
213:
210:
206:
205:
200:
175:
57:
47:
46:
37:
21:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3956:
3951:Kitab al-Kharaj
3878:
3862:
3831:
3812:Ahmad ibn Mājid
3790:
3749:
3730:Yaqut al-Hamawi
3708:
3682:
3646:
3570:
3530:
3525:
3495:
3490:
3430:
3369:Futuh al-Buldan
3299:
3290:Mahmud Bayazidi
3274:
3248:
3224:
3211:
3185:
3156:
3139:
3123:
3102:
3068:
3051:
3031:
3015:
2961:
2948:
2917:
2893:
2876:
2835:
2789:
2755:
2738:
2697:
2651:
2633:Ibn Taghribirdi
2617:
2600:
2591:Ziauddin Barani
2569:
2500:
2483:
2442:
2409:Ibn al-Kardabūs
2389:Yaqut al-Hamawi
2378:
2361:
2345:
2307:Ibn al-Qalanisi
2281:
2264:
2243:
2184:
2171:
2105:
2034:
1988:
1974:Aban bin Uthman
1955:
1950:
1893:
1845:Muruj al-dhahab
1828:Muruj al-dhahab
1813:Muruj al-dhahab
1808:
1759:
1744:
1741:
1739:Further reading
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:Lisan al-Mizan
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1647:
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1593:
1592:
1588:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1287:
1277:in Baghdad and
1251:
1239:Pliny the Elder
1228:
1175:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1144:
1130:related reading
1120:
1116:
1109:
1097:Harun al-Rashid
1077:Muruj al-dhahab
1069:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1024:related reading
1014:
1010:
1003:
907:Byzantine world
857:Russian history
810:rulers in China
767:
756:
750:
747:
736:
722:related reading
712:
708:
701:
637:Cyrus the Great
578:in Baghdad and
499:battle of Talas
482:
471:
465:
462:
451:
437:related reading
427:
423:
416:
294:Islamic prophet
282:
276:
259:Murūj al-Dhahab
244:natural science
211:
182:
135:
96:
94:
91:Jumada al-Thani
75:
73:
64:
48:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4045:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Khazar studies
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3745:Ibn al-Mujawir
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3582:Ibn Khordadbeh
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3471:Hadith studies
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3202:Agha Ahmad Ali
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Mohammad Farid
3169:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Munejjim Bashi
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Matrakçı Nasuh
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:Mar'i al-Karmi
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Ibn al-Tiqtaqa
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Minhaj-i-Siraj
2466:
2464:Ibn Isfandiyar
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:Ibn al-Sam'ani
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Hilal al-Sabi'
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
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1970:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1891:
1838:
1832:Aloys Sprenger
1821:
1807:
1806:External links
1804:
1803:
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1777:
1770:
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1697:R. J. Forbes.
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2457:
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2020:Sayf ibn Umar
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
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1841:Prairies d'or
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1605:on 2011-07-08
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1398:
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1385:. p. 15.
1384:
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982:, Kawkaw and
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927:Arabic script
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913:(in place of
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723:
719:
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705:
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688:
682:
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679:pre-Socratics
675:
673:
669:
668:founding myth
665:
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301:Hudhayl tribe
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163:Notable works
161:
158:
157:jurisprudence
154:
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147:
143:
139:
134:
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127:
124:Academic work
122:
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82:
78:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
38:
30:
19:
3968:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3867:17th century
3836:16th century
3795:15th century
3771:Ibn al-Wardi
3754:14th century
3740:Ibn al-Nafis
3713:13th century
3687:12th century
3651:11th century
3632:Al-Muqaddasi
3627:Ibn al-Faqih
3606:
3575:10th century
3551:Al-Khwarizmi
3485:Isra'iliyyat
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3423:
3416:
3409:
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3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3182:Jurji Zaydan
3148:19th century
3060:18th century
2982:Kâtip Çelebi
2909:Katib Çelebi
2885:17th century
2872:Taşköprüzade
2771:Mujir al-Din
2747:16th century
2714:Aşıkpaşazade
2609:15th century
2596:Hafiz-i Abru
2566:al-ʽAsqalani
2551:Ibn al-Furat
2492:14th century
2419:Ibn al-Athir
2370:13th century
2297:Ibn al-Jawzi
2273:12th century
2176:11th century
2162:Al-Musabbihi
2131:
2117:Ibn al-Nadim
2110:10th century
2096:Ibn Qutaybah
2071:Al-Baladhuri
1907:
1903:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1790:
1781:Mas'udi, al-
1773:
1766:
1746:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1662:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1598:
1589:
1579:
1562:
1550:
1546:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1504:, pp. 68–69.
1501:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1476:
1467:
1459:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1400:
1397:"Al-Masʿūdī"
1391:
1378:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1331:
1314:
1252:
1231:Ernest Renan
1229:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1156:
1145:Please help
1137:
1093:
1089:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1050:
1039:Please help
1031:
995:
991:
988:
969:
938:
933:
922:
904:
893:
869:Ibn al-Faqih
850:
818:Tang dynasty
816:in the late
807:
795:
783:
757:
748:
737:Please help
729:
690:
683:
676:
653:
618:
591:
587:Mu'tazilites
584:
565:
560:
554:
552:
531:Aristotelian
503:
487:
472:
463:
452:Please help
444:
407:
403:
399:
397:
388:
382:
380:
377:
338:
333:Indus Valley
306:
283:
251:
214:–956, was a
192:
191:
3992:890s births
3781:Ibn Battuta
3761:Al-Dimashqi
3544:9th century
3536:Geographers
3253:Azerbaijani
3047:Ahmad Khani
2944:Mohsin Fani
2852:Lûtfi Pasha
2847:Mustafa Âlî
2781:Ibn al-Qadi
2561:Ibn Khaldun
2556:Al-Mufaddal
2526:Ibn Battuta
2439:Ibn Abi Zar
2414:Ibn al-Adim
2312:Ibn ʽAsakir
2152:Abu al-Arab
2101:Al-Mada'ini
2039:9th century
2025:Al-Mada'ini
2015:Abu Mikhnaf
1993:8th century
1967:7th century
1714:, p. xviii.
1530:, pp. 29ff.
1346:"Al Masudi"
1263:Adh-Dhahabi
1151:introducing
1045:introducing
976:West Africa
889:Caspian Sea
743:introducing
629:Zoroastrian
598:Babylonians
533:thought of
491:Abbasid era
466:August 2009
458:introducing
321:Caspian Sea
311:provinces,
195:(full name
3997:956 deaths
3986:Categories
3961:Influences
3899:(al-Bakrī)
3766:Abu'l-Fida
3720:Ibn Jubayr
3622:Ibn Hawqal
3411:Muqaddimah
3099:al-Jabarti
3094:al-Zayyani
3012:Abdi Pasha
2734:Tursun Beg
2638:Al-Sakhawi
2628:al-Maqrizi
2541:Ibn Kathir
2521:Al-Dhahabi
2516:Ibn Idhari
2511:Abu'l-Fida
2404:Ibn Jubayr
2337:Al-Jawwani
2332:Ibn Hammad
2240:Ibn Bassam
2200:Ibn Hayyan
2195:Ibn Faradi
2122:Ibn Duraid
2056:Ibn Hisham
2030:Ibn Lahi'a
1960:Historians
1684:2023-12-26
1609:2011-08-27
1487:2011-08-27
1458:[Mas‘udi.
1411:2021-06-06
1401:Britannica
1360:2014-09-26
877:Ibn Fadlan
873:ibn Rustah
814:Huang Chao
656:Macedonian
511:ibn Duraid
497:after the
373:Andalusian
248:philosophy
220:geographer
212: 896
193:al-Masʿūdī
118:al-Shafi'i
114:Influences
72:282–283 AH
41:al-Masʿūdī
3971:(Ptolemy)
3969:Geography
3858:Amīn Rāzī
3848:Piri Reis
3658:Al-Biruni
3607:Al-Masudi
3235:Ali Amiri
2724:Ibn Kemal
2668:Mirkhvand
2643:Al-Suyuti
2399:Ibn Amira
2235:Al-Quda'i
2137:Miskawayh
2132:Al-Masudi
2086:Al-Azraqi
2066:Al-Tabari
2010:Al-Waqidi
2005:Ibn Ishaq
1772:Mas'udi,
1324:Shafi'ite
1275:Zahirites
1271:Shafi'ite
1259:Muʿtazili
1255:Ibn Hajar
1243:Herodotus
1235:Pausanias
1226:Reception
1159:June 2019
1081:al-Mansur
1053:June 2019
885:Black Sea
779:Old World
751:June 2019
649:al-Tabari
610:Armenians
606:Semiramis
594:Assyrians
576:Zahirites
572:Shafi'ite
535:al-Farabi
515:Niftawayh
495:prisoners
341:Sri Lanka
268:geography
240:geography
228:Herodotus
216:historian
153:geography
3817:Zheng He
3694:al-Zuhri
3668:Al-Bakri
3612:Istakhri
3435:Concepts
3020:Chagatai
2821:Firishta
2766:Ibn Iyas
2709:Oruç Bey
2454:Ibn Bibi
2434:Al-Qifti
2220:Ibn Hazm
2215:Al-Bakri
2167:al-Kindi
2076:Ibn Sa'd
1678:Archived
1576:Shamiram
1526:Shboul.
1517:, p. 14.
1500:Shboul.
1405:Archived
1377:(1965).
1354:Archived
1320:Al-Subki
1285:See also
1267:Al-Subki
1085:Umayyads
953:Frankish
911:Istanbul
887:and the
859:and the
681:onward.
645:Ardashir
612:(led by
568:al-Subki
539:Platonic
537:and the
523:al-Kindi
375:bishop.
369:Louis IV
297:Muhammad
232:polymath
224:traveler
93:, 345 AH
74:(896 AD)
63:, Vienna
45:المسعودي
3827:Fei Xin
3822:Ma Huan
3678:Domiyat
3561:Ya'qubi
3478:Tabaqat
3283:Kurdish
3229:Ottoman
3216:Turkish
3190:Persian
3128:Turkish
3107:Persian
3040:Kurdish
2966:Ottoman
2953:Turkish
2922:Persian
2840:Turkish
2794:Persian
2702:Turkish
2656:Persian
2574:Persian
2447:Persian
2350:Persian
2248:Persian
2210:Al-Udri
2142:al-Suli
2061:Ya'qubi
1889:Vol.9/9
1885:Vol.8/9
1881:Vol.7/9
1877:Vol.6/9
1873:Vol.5/9
1869:Vol.4/9
1865:Vol.3/9
1861:Vol.2/9
1857:Vol.1/9
1819:, c.940
1427:(ed.),
1147:improve
1041:improve
965:Vikings
951:as the
941:Britain
925:in the
900:Bulgars
845:Comoros
830:Khazars
739:improve
546:, with
527:al-Razi
454:improve
317:Georgia
313:Armenia
309:Persian
286:Baghdad
264:history
236:history
149:History
100:, Egypt
77:Baghdad
18:Masoodi
3786:Lin Nu
3161:Arabic
3073:Arabic
2898:Arabic
2760:Arabic
2729:Neshri
2719:Enveri
2622:Arabic
2586:Wassaf
2505:Arabic
2383:Arabic
2286:Arabic
2189:Arabic
1912:Leiden
1797:
1755:
1670:
1643:
1555:Leuven
1279:Aleppo
980:Zagawa
961:Clovis
919:Greeks
841:Muslim
826:Khaqan
664:Caesar
608:) and
602:Urartu
580:Aleppo
529:, the
519:Aleppo
404:Tanbih
365:Clovis
325:Arabia
3933:Rihla
3888:Works
3443:Isnad
3425:Rihla
1916:Brill
1896:Goeje
1307:Notes
1132:, or
1107:Works
1026:, or
984:Ghana
959:from
949:Paris
934:polin
931:Greek
923:bulin
798:India
724:, or
623:from
544:Galen
439:, or
392:Islam
361:Egypt
353:China
345:China
329:Syria
98:Cairo
1851:and
1795:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1574:and
1566:See
1261:.".
1209:and
972:Zanj
943:and
875:and
643:and
525:and
343:and
246:and
222:and
87:Died
69:Born
1914:):
1847:by
1830:by
1572:Ara
853:Rus
670:of
616:).
553:In
367:to
207:),
129:Era
3988::
1902:,
1887:,
1883:,
1879:,
1875:,
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1676:.
1597:.
1535:^
1475:.
1449:^
1403:.
1399:.
1352:.
1348:.
1136:,
1128:,
1030:,
1022:,
871:,
867:,
728:,
720:,
695:.
674:.
651:.
596:,
513:,
443:,
435:,
327:,
315:,
242:,
218:,
209:c.
201:,
155:,
151:,
79:,
3520:e
3513:t
3506:v
1945:e
1938:t
1931:v
1908:8
1801:.
1761:.
1687:.
1649:.
1612:.
1490:.
1414:.
1363:.
1184:(
1172:)
1166:(
1161:)
1157:(
1143:.
1066:)
1060:(
1055:)
1051:(
1037:.
764:)
758:(
753:)
749:(
735:.
479:)
473:(
468:)
464:(
450:.
256:(
140:)
136:(
31:.
20:)
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