20:
62:
42:
1590:
107:
in diameter, and usually consist of flexible basal part that inserts into the cell membrane, a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller "hairs". They reverse the thrust caused when a flagellum beats. The consequence is that the cell is drawn into the water and particles of food are drawn to
411:
1631:
19:
344:
383:
Bouck, G.B. 1971. The structure, origin, and comnposition of the tubular mastigonemes of the
Ochromonas flagellum. J. Cell. Biol., 50: 362-384
168:
tripartite (= straminipilous) hairs: with three regions (a base, a tubular shaft, and one or more terminal hairs). Occurs in most
37:) with two unequal (heterokont) flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tubular tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth
1655:
404:
54:
1624:
81:
70:
1670:
397:
297:
Loeffler, F. (1889). Eine neue
Methode zum Färbern der Mikroorganismen, im besonderen ihrer Wimperhaare und Geisseln.
286:
1617:
1106:
61:
1346:
25:
1650:
1543:
1482:
1421:
1135:
1503:
1494:
1665:
1660:
1487:
115:
whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs but may have extensions , e.g., in
302:
1431:
192:
512:
373:
1477:
1436:
1601:
1080:
271:
256:
240:
1451:
1295:
1242:
1194:
1153:
1118:
1111:
1048:
925:
851:
184:
1227:
459:
188:
1411:
1252:
1162:
1148:
949:
805:
753:
610:
529:
389:
159:
133:
129:
121:
hairy flagella (= tinsel, flimmer, pleuronematic flagella): with hairs (= mastigonemes
1644:
1508:
1341:
1313:
1217:
1190:
1187:
1121:
615:
589:
539:
155:
66:
50:
1597:
1528:
1498:
1358:
1009:
861:
856:
758:
694:
558:
424:
420:
173:
137:
116:
93:
213:
1558:
1533:
1521:
1336:
1290:
1091:
1058:
1038:
959:
872:
743:
639:
574:
549:
497:
480:
169:
163:
97:
57:, with a smooth flagellum (1) and a long flagellum covered with mastigonemes (3)
46:
41:
30:
1572:
1567:
1548:
1538:
1516:
1172:
1096:
916:
887:
815:
794:
680:
665:
553:
507:
449:
141:
34:
1553:
1426:
1416:
1280:
1262:
1237:
1206:
1167:
1019:
999:
985:
964:
892:
789:
772:
675:
654:
600:
563:
492:
471:
104:
85:
1446:
1441:
1353:
1318:
1247:
1232:
1222:
1101:
1024:
975:
939:
906:
820:
732:
629:
584:
464:
444:
100:
89:
16:
Tubular "hairs" that cover the flagella of algae and assist in movement
1382:
1363:
882:
836:
475:
428:
1589:
326:
Petersen, J. B. (1929). Beiträge zur
Kenntnis der Flagellatengeißeln.
1285:
1143:
846:
722:
502:
454:
1257:
825:
487:
60:
40:
18:
393:
339:
Vlk, W. (1931). Uber die
Struktur der Heterokontengeisseln.
147:
with stiff hairs (= tubular hairs, retronemes, mastigonemes
128:
with fine hairs (= non tubular, or simple hairs): occurs in
313:
Fischer, A. (1894). Über die Geißeln einiger
Flagellaten.
211:
Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. (1995).
1605:
355:
Deflandre, G. (1934). Sur la structure des flagelles.
239:. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. p. 65,
1468:
1402:
1327:
1304:
1271:
1204:
1078:
1071:
1046:
1037:
1007:
998:
973:
947:
938:
914:
905:
870:
834:
803:
780:
771:
741:
720:
702:
693:
663:
637:
628:
598:
572:
537:
528:
521:
435:
299:Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde
191:by some, their existence would be confirmed with
253:Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology
187:dates from the nineteenth century. Considered
1625:
405:
285:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7,
154:bipartite hairs: with two regions. Occurs in
8:
103:. Stramenopile hairs are approximately 15
1632:
1618:
1075:
1043:
1004:
944:
911:
777:
699:
634:
534:
525:
412:
398:
390:
370:Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa
251:Barsanti, Laura; Gualtieri, Paolo (2006).
214:Algae : An introduction to phycology
88:. Flimsy hairs attach to the flagella of
92:flagellates, while stiff hairs occur in
235:South, G.R. & Whittick, A. (1987).
204:
108:the surface of heterotrophic species.
255:. Florida, USA: CRC Press. pp. 60-63,
315:Jahrbuch für wissenchaftliche Botanik
270:. Academic Press, London. pp. 57-79,
7:
1586:
1584:
183:Observations of mastigonemes using
1604:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
111:Typology of flagella with hairs:
14:
268:The Fine Structure of Algal Cells
217:, Cambridge University Press, UK.
84:"hairs" that attach to protistan
1588:
328:Saertryk af Botanisk Tidsskrift.
1159:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
1:
1129:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
226:Webster & Weber (2007).
73:. Mastigonemes not visible.
1687:
1583:
372:. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
237:Introduction to Phycology
450:Mastigophora/Flagellates
357:Annales de Protistologie
1656:Eukaryotic cell anatomy
1488:Baas-Becking hypothesis
368:Pitelka, D. R. (1963).
26:Cafeteria roenbergensis
1483:Microbial biogeography
341:Botanisch Centralblatt
74:
58:
38:
503:Fungus-like organisms
64:
44:
23:Schematic drawing of
22:
1218:Simple cell membrane
1154:Pseudoparenchymatous
1142:Filamentous/trichal/
1126:Colonial flagellated
1059:Collar of microvilli
266:Dodge, J.D. (1973).
1432:Contractile vacuole
1383:Meiosis in protists
1364:Mitosis in protists
1342:Multinucleate cells
564:Flagellar apparatus
513:Ambiregnal protists
455:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
359:Vol. IV, pp. 31-54.
281:Lee, R. E. (2008).
193:electron microscopy
1671:Cell biology stubs
1263:Periplast/pellicle
986:Periplast/pellicle
926:Cruciform division
75:
65:Two cryptomonads (
59:
39:
1613:
1612:
1581:
1580:
1478:Microbial ecology
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1437:Eyespot apparatus
1067:
1066:
1049:Choanoflagellates
1033:
1032:
994:
993:
934:
933:
901:
900:
767:
766:
689:
688:
624:
623:
1678:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1592:
1585:
1452:Mastigont system
1405:
1330:
1307:
1296:Gliding motility
1274:
1211:
1156:/plektenchymatic
1112:Amoeboflagellate
1085:
1076:
1052:
1044:
1013:
1005:
979:
953:
945:
919:
912:
876:
840:
809:
783:
778:
747:
726:
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669:
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604:
578:
542:
535:
526:
414:
407:
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366:
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331:
330:Bd. 40. 5. Heft.
324:
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311:
305:
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185:light microscopy
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1677:
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1638:
1582:
1577:
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1328:
1323:
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1300:
1272:
1267:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1082:
1079:
1063:
1047:
1029:
1008:
990:
974:
969:
948:
930:
915:
897:
871:
866:
835:
830:
806:Dinoflagellates
804:
799:
781:
763:
742:
737:
721:
716:
703:
685:
664:
659:
638:
620:
599:
594:
573:
568:
538:
517:
438:classifications
437:
431:
418:
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382:
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367:
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338:
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321:
312:
308:
296:
292:
280:
276:
265:
261:
250:
246:
234:
230:
225:
221:
210:
206:
201:
151:), divided in:
125:), divided in:
45:A chrysomonad (
17:
12:
11:
5:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:Siphonocladous
1178:
1170:
1163:Multinucleated
1160:
1157:
1151:
1149:Parenchymatous
1146:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
991:
989:
988:
982:
980:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
956:
954:
950:Kinetoplastids
942:
936:
935:
932:
931:
929:
928:
922:
920:
909:
903:
902:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
841:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
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812:
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800:
798:
797:
792:
786:
784:
775:
769:
768:
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762:
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756:
750:
748:
739:
738:
736:
735:
729:
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718:
717:
715:
714:
708:
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697:
691:
690:
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686:
684:
683:
678:
672:
670:
661:
660:
658:
657:
652:
646:
644:
632:
626:
625:
622:
621:
619:
618:
616:Phycobilisomes
613:
611:Pit connection
607:
605:
596:
595:
593:
592:
590:Phycobilisomes
587:
581:
579:
570:
569:
567:
566:
561:
556:
545:
543:
540:Chloroplastida
532:
530:Archaeplastida
523:
519:
518:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
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490:
485:
484:
483:
478:
469:
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419:
417:
416:
409:
402:
394:
386:
385:
376:
361:
348:
332:
319:
306:
301:, 6, 209–224.
290:
274:
259:
244:
228:
219:
203:
202:
200:
197:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
166:
160:Prasinophyceae
145:
134:Dinoflagellata
130:Euglenophyceae
119:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1683:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Algal anatomy
1649:
1648:
1646:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:article is a
1599:
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1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
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1551:
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1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Fertilization
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
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1473:
1467:
1453:
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1438:
1435:
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1430:
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1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:Pleuromitosis
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Hydrogenosome
1312:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
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1279:
1278:
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1236:
1234:
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1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:Multicellular
1186:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:Dictyostelids
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
987:
984:
983:
981:
977:
972:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
946:
943:
941:
937:
927:
924:
923:
921:
918:
913:
910:
908:
904:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
873:Apicomplexans
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
838:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
807:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
779:
776:
774:
770:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
745:
740:
734:
731:
730:
728:
724:
719:
713:
710:
709:
707:
701:
698:
696:
695:Stramenopiles
692:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
667:
662:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
645:
641:
636:
633:
631:
627:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
602:
597:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
576:
571:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:
544:
541:
536:
533:
531:
527:
524:
520:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
442:
440:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
395:
392:
380:
377:
374:
371:
365:
362:
358:
352:
349:
345:
343:48: 214–220.
342:
336:
333:
329:
323:
320:
316:
310:
307:
303:
300:
294:
291:
287:
284:
278:
275:
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269:
263:
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232:
229:
223:
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205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
175:
174:Stramenopiles
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
156:Cryptophyceae
153:
152:
150:
149:sensu stricto
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
124:
120:
118:
114:
113:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
68:
67:Cryptophyceae
63:
56:
52:
51:Chrysophyceae
48:
43:
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
1606:expanding it
1598:cell biology
1595:
1529:Heterotrophy
1499:Reproduction
1374:Orthomitosis
1359:Heterokaryon
1306:Mitochondria
1207:Cell surface
1083:organization
1039:Opisthokonta
862:Micronucleus
857:Macronucleus
759:Pneumatocyst
711:
649:
575:Glaucophytes
559:Phragmoplast
498:Thallophytes
425:Protistology
421:Microbiology
379:
369:
364:
356:
351:
340:
335:
327:
322:
317:26: 187-235.
314:
309:
298:
293:
282:
277:
267:
262:
252:
247:
236:
231:
222:
212:
207:
182:
148:
138:Haptophyceae
122:
117:Opisthokonta
110:
94:stramenopile
78:Mastigonemes
77:
76:
24:
1666:Flagellates
1661:Heterokonts
1559:Necrotrophy
1544:Saprotrophy
1534:Phagotrophy
1522:Phototrophy
1515:Nutrition:
1504:Life cycles
1495:Development
1469:Ecology and
1337:Nucleomorph
1291:Pseudopodia
1092:Unicellular
976:Euglenoidea
960:Kinetoplast
744:Brown algae
712:Mastigoneme
650:Mastigoneme
640:Cryptophyta
550:green algae
508:Slime molds
170:Heterokonta
164:Heterokonta
162:, and some
98:cryptophyte
47:Heterokonta
35:Bicosoecida
31:Heterokonta
1645:Categories
1573:Auxotrophy
1568:Mixotrophy
1549:Parasitism
1539:Osmotrophy
1517:Autotrophy
1471:physiology
1347:Plasmodium
1273:Locomotion
1209:structures
1173:Coenocytic
917:Phytomyxea
888:Apicoplast
816:Dinokaryon
795:Trichocyst
666:Haptophyte
554:Phycoplast
522:Morphology
493:Cryptogams
199:References
142:Pavlovales
123:sensu lato
1554:Biotrophy
1427:Extrusome
1417:Cytostome
1281:Flagellum
1238:Cell wall
1197:/histonal
1177:Siphonous
1168:Syncytial
1136:Coenobial
1132:Sarcinoid
1081:Levels of
1020:Macrocyst
1000:Amoebozoa
965:Glycosome
893:Microneme
773:Alveolata
681:Haptonema
676:Coccolith
655:Periplast
601:Red algae
585:Cyanelles
472:Infusoria
283:Phycology
189:artifacts
1447:Axostyle
1442:Pyrenoid
1422:Fimbriae
1354:Dikaryon
1319:Mitosome
1248:Skeleton
1233:Frustule
1223:Mucilage
1195:tissular
1119:Colonial
1102:Amoeboid
1097:Monadoid
1025:Sorocarp
940:Excavate
907:Rhizaria
837:Ciliates
821:Dinocyst
782:General:
733:Frustule
704:General:
630:Hacrobia
481:Sporozoa
476:Ciliates
465:Heliozoa
445:Protozoa
429:Protists
101:protists
90:euglenid
86:flagella
69:) under
53:) under
1390:Zygotic
1387:Gametic
1329:Nucleus
1107:Coccoid
1072:General
883:Rhoptry
790:Alveoli
723:Diatoms
460:Testate
136:, some
82:lateral
1393:Sporic
1371:Closed
1286:Cilium
1243:Lorica
1144:hyphal
852:Cirrus
847:Cilium
754:Lamina
436:Former
1596:This
1404:Other
1258:Theca
1228:Scale
826:Theca
488:Algae
1602:stub
1412:Cyst
1368:Open
1253:Test
1191:s.s.
1122:s.s.
96:and
80:are
552:":
71:SEM
55:TEM
1647::
427::
423::
304:.
195:.
158:,
132:,
105:nm
49::
33::
1633:e
1626:t
1619:v
1608:.
1497:/
1193:/
1051::
1012::
978::
952::
875::
839::
808::
746::
725::
668::
642::
603::
577::
548:"
474:/
413:e
406:t
399:v
346:.
288:.
242:.
172:/
144:)
140:(
29:(
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