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simply understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another, called a "conduit metaphor". A speaker can put ideas or objects into containers, and then send them along a conduit to a listener who removes the object from the container to make meaning of it. Thus, communication is something that ideas go into, and the container is separate from the ideas themselves. Lakoff and
Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors in use, including "argument is war" and "time is money". Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning. The authors suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine: "Communication is not what one does with the machine, but is the machine itself."
40:
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334:. In a simple metaphor, an obvious attribute of the metaphier exactly characterizes the metaphrand (e.g. "the ship plowed the seas"). With an inexact metaphor, however, a metaphier might have associated attributes or nuances – its paraphiers – that enrich the metaphor because they "project back" to the metaphrand, potentially creating new ideas – the paraphrands – associated thereafter with the metaphrand or even leading to a new metaphor. For example, in the metaphor "Pat is a tornado", the metaphrand is
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879:. In his book "The Myth of Metaphor", Turbayne argues that the use of metaphor is an essential component within the context of any language system which claims to embody richness and depth of understanding. In addition, he clarifies the limitations associated with a literal interpretation of the mechanistic Cartesian and Newtonian depictions of the universe as little more than a "machine" – a concept which continues to underlie much of the
864:(Edinburgh UP), considers the way individual speech adopts and reinforces certain metaphoric paradigms. This involves a critique of both communist and fascist discourse. Underhill's studies are situated in Czech and German, which allows him to demonstrate the ways individuals are thinking both within and resisting the modes by which ideologies seek to appropriate key concepts such as "the people", "the state", "history", and "struggle".
660:, Jan Garret stated "metaphor most brings about learning; for when calls old age "stubble", he creates understanding and knowledge through the genus, since both old age and stubble are things that have lost their bloom." Metaphors, according to Aristotle, have "qualities of the exotic and the fascinating; but at the same time we recognize that strangers do not have the same rights as our fellow citizens".
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351:'psychological spin', suggesting an entirely new metaphor for emotional unpredictability, a possibly apt description for a human being hardly applicable to a tornado. Based on his analysis, Jaynes claims that metaphors not only enhance description, but "increase enormously our powers of perception...and our understanding of , and literally create new objects".
144:(around 1000 B.C.), one finds already vivid and poetic examples of metaphor such as, "The Lord is my rock, my fortress and my deliverer; my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold" and "The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want". Some recent linguistic theories view all language in essence as metaphorical.
1147:"In sum, there are now numerous results from comprehension-oriented studies suggesting that (1) comprehending metaphorical language activates concrete source domain concepts, and that (2) activating particular concrete perceptual or motor knowledge affects subsequent reasoning and language comprehension about a metaphorically connected abstract domain"
857:, in "Washing the Brain", takes on board the dual problem of conceptual metaphor as a framework implicit in the language as a system and the way individuals and ideologies negotiate conceptual metaphors. Neural biological research suggests some metaphors are innate, as demonstrated by reduced metaphorical understanding in psychopathy.
494:. Metaphor works by bringing together concepts from different conceptual domains, whereas metonymy uses one element from a given domain to refer to another closely related element. A metaphor creates new links between otherwise distinct conceptual domains, whereas a metonymy relies on pre-existent links within such domains.
998:. Some sociologists have found his essay useful for thinking about metaphors used in society and for reflecting on their own use of metaphor. Sociologists of religion note the importance of metaphor in religious worldviews, and that it is impossible to think sociologically about religion without metaphor.
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Several other philosophers have embraced the view that metaphors may also be described as examples of a linguistic "category mistake" which have the potential of leading unsuspecting users into considerable obfuscation of thought within the realm of epistemology. Included among them is the
Australian
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Educational psychologist Andrew Ortony gives more explicit detail: "Metaphors are necessary as a communicative device because they allow the transfer of coherent chunks of characteristics -- perceptual, cognitive, emotional and experiential – from a vehicle which is known to a topic which is less so.
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It is said that a metaphor is 'a condensed analogy' or 'analogical fusion' or that they 'operate in a similar fashion' or are 'based on the same mental process' or yet that 'the basic processes of analogy are at work in metaphor'. It is also pointed out that 'a border between metaphor and analogy is
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describes a metaphor as having two parts: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed. In the previous example, "the world" is compared to a stage, describing it with the attributes of "the stage"; "the
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Lakoff and
Johnson greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language, leading scholars to investigate the original ways in which writers used novel metaphors and question the fundamental frameworks of thinking in conceptual metaphors.
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argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action. A common definition of metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another important way. They explain how a metaphor is
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emphasize that metaphors serve to facilitate the understanding of one conceptual domain—typically an abstraction such as "life", "theories" or "ideas"—through expressions that relate to another, more familiar conceptual domain—typically more concrete, such as "journey", "buildings" or "food". For
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which prevails in the modern
Western world. He argues further that the philosophical concept of "substance" or "substratum" has limited meaning at best and that physicalist theories of the universe depend upon mechanistic metaphors which are drawn from deductive logic in the development of their
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shows a tree with contorted, barren limbs. Looking at the painting, we imagine our limbs in a similarly contorted and barren shape, evoking a feeling of strain and distress. Nonlinguistic metaphors may be the foundation of our experience of visual and musical art, as well as dance and other art
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is a metaphor in which the sense of a transferred image has become absent. The phrases "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. The audience does not need to visualize the action; dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some
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This quotation expresses a metaphor because the world is not literally a stage, and most humans are not literally actors and actresses playing roles. By asserting that the world is a stage, Shakespeare uses points of comparison between the world and a stage to convey an understanding about the
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maintain and impose conceptual patterns of thought by introducing, supporting, and adapting fundamental patterns of thinking metaphorically. The question is to what extent the ideology fashion and refashion the idea of the nation as a container with borders, and how enemies and outsiders are
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is inexact: one might understand that 'Pat is powerfully destructive' through the paraphrand of physical and emotional destruction; another person might understand the metaphor as 'Pat can spin out of control'. In the latter case, the paraphier of 'spinning motion' has become the paraphrand
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characterizes metaphors as "nonliteral comparisons in which a word or phrase from one domain of experience is applied to another domain". She argues that since reality is mediated by the language we use to describe it, the metaphors we use shape the world and our interactions to it.
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In so doing they circumvent the problem of specifying one by one each of the often unnameable and innumerable characteristics; they avoid discretizing the perceived continuity of experience and are thus closer to experience and consequently more vivid and memorable."
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offers the following as an example of an implicit metaphor: "That reed was too frail to survive the storm of its sorrows". The reed is the vehicle for the implicit tenor, someone's death, and the storm is the vehicle for the person's sorrows.
970:: "But the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor. It is the one thing that cannot be learnt from others; and it is also a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars."
986:". There is, he suggests, something divine in metaphor: the world itself is God's poem and metaphor is not just a literary or rhetorical figure but an analytic tool that can penetrate the mysteries of God and His creation.
822:. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another. A conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience. For example, we have coherently organized
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effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide (or obscure) clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas. Metaphors are usually meant to create a likeness or an analogy.
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hypotheses. By interpreting such metaphors literally, Turbayne argues that modern man has unknowingly fallen victim to only one of several metaphorical models of the universe which may be more beneficial in nature.
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that metaphors make learning pleasant: "To learn easily is naturally pleasant to all people, and words signify something, so whatever words create knowledge in us are the pleasantest." When discussing
Aristotle's
155:"realm" to another. The new meaning of the word might be derived from an analogy between the two semantic realms, but also from other reasons such as the distortion of the semantic realm - for example in sarcasm.
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Art theorist Robert
Vischer argued that when we look at a painting, we "feel ourselves into it" by imagining our body in the posture of a nonhuman or inanimate object in the painting. For example, the painting
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Vischer, R. (1873) Über das optische
Formgefühl: Ein Beitrag zur Aesthetik. Leipzig: Hermann Credner. For an English translation of selections, see Wind, E. (1963) Art and Anarchy. London: Faber and Faber.
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experiences are a sensory version of metaphor, the "source" domain being the presented stimulus, such as a musical tone, and the target domain, being the experience in another modality, such as color.
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Moran, Richard. 1996. Artifice and persuasion: The work of metaphor in the rhetoric. In Essays on
Aristotle's rhetoric, ed. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, 385–398. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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contributed significantly to this debate on the relationship between culture, language, and linguistic communities. Humboldt remains, however, relatively unknown in
English-speaking nations.
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Some cognitive scholars have attempted to take on board the idea that different languages have evolved radically different concepts and conceptual metaphors, while others hold to the
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McKinnon, AM. (2012). 'Metaphors in and for the
Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche'. Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 203–216.
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Experimental evidence shows that "priming" people with material from one area will influence how they perform tasks and interpret language in a metaphorically related area.
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378:. A metaphor asserts the objects in the comparison are identical on the point of comparison, while a simile merely asserts a similarity through use of words such as
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itself is a metaphor, coming from a Greek term meaning 'transference (of ownership)'. The user of a metaphor alters the reference of the word, "carrying" it from one
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a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them
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442:: A verbal device by which multiple definitions of a word or its homophones are used to give a sentence multiple valid readings, typically to humorous effect.
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defines the metaphor "the most witty and acute, the most strange and marvelous, the most pleasant and useful, the most eloquent and fecund part of the human
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Some recent linguistic theories hold that language evolved from the capability of the brain to create metaphors that link actions and sensations to sounds.
946:, a metaphor is defined as a semantic change based on a similarity in form or function between the original concept and the target concept named by a word.
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A convenient short-hand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following: Conceptual Domain (A) is Conceptual Domain (B), which is what is called a
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is part of a jigsaw in weaving together the feminine threads of a religious history that could be an important new breakthrough for women, she says."
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carries paraphiers such as power, storm and wind, counterclockwise motion, and danger, threat, destruction, etc. The metaphoric meaning of
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Jakobson, Roman (1990). "Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances". In Linda Waugh; Monique Monville-Burston (eds.).
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549:, which like a cuckoo, lays its egg in the nest of another bird, tricking it to believe that it is its own egg. Furthermore, the metaphor
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An extended metaphor, or conceit, sets up a principal subject with several subsidiary subjects or comparisons. In the above quote from
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world" is the tenor, and "a stage" is the vehicle; "men and women" is the secondary tenor, and "players" is the secondary vehicle.
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Johnson, M. & Larson, S. (2003) "Something in the way she moves" – Metaphors of musical motion. Metaphor and Symbol, 18:63–84
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Pittoresco. Marco Boschini, His Critics, and Their Critiques of Painterly Brushwork in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Italy
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Metaphor can serve as a device for persuading an audience of the user's argument or thesis, the so-called rhetorical metaphor.
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The University of Rochester Department of Philosophy- Berkley Essay Prize Competition - History of the Prize Colin Turbayne's
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The University of Rochester Department of Philosophy- Berkley Essay Prize Competition - History of the Prize Colin Turbayne's
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fuzzy' and 'the difference between them might be described (metaphorically) as the distance between things being compared'.
2693:"The interrelation of metaphors and metonymies in sign systems of visual art: An example analysis of works by V. I. Surikov"
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2017:
2614:, trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978. (Toronto:
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M. H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham, A Glossary of Literary Terms, 11th ed. (Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2015), 134.
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Some theorists have suggested that metaphors are not merely stylistic, but that they are cognitively important as well. In
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Ideology and the Market Metaphor in Rational Choice Theory of Religion: A Rhetorical Critique of "Religious Economies"
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Garret, Jan. "Aristotle on Metaphor." , Excerpts from Poetics and Rhetoric. N.p., 28 March 2007. Web. 29 Sept. 2014.
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Aristotle, W. Rhys Roberts, Ingram Bywater, and Friedrich Solmsen. Rhetoric. New York: Modern Library, 1954. Print.
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A mixed metaphor is a metaphor that leaps from one identification to a second inconsistent with the first, e.g.:
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demonstrated how purely rhythmic and harmonic events can express human emotions. It is an open question whether
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because some monarchs do indeed wear a crown, physically. In other words, there is a pre-existent link between
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demonstrates that language or languages cannot be conceived of in anything other than metaphoric terms.
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A root metaphor is the underlying worldview that shapes an individual's understanding of a situation
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Though metaphors can be considered to be "in" language, Underhill's chapter on French, English and
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As a characteristic of speech and writing, metaphors can serve the poetic imagination. This allows
406:: A rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences.
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The term metaphor is used to describe more basic or general aspects of experience and cognition:
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Underhill, James W., Creating Worldviews: Metaphor, Ideology & Language, Edinburgh UP, 2011.
1982:"Failing to take the moral high ground: Psychopathy and the vertical representation of morality"
1864:"Metaphor priming in sentence production: Concrete pictures affect abstract language production"
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Low, Graham (11 February 1999). "An Essay is a Person". In Cameron, Lynne; Low, Graham (eds.).
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If we can hit that bull's-eye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards...
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Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie
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Whittock, T. (1992) The role of metaphor in dance. British Journal of Aesthetics, 32:242–249.
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412:: A mixed metaphor, sometimes used by design and sometimes by accident (a rhetorical fault).
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2777:"Meaning construction in verbomusical environments: Conceptual disintegration and metonymy"
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Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
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953:: "small, gray rodent with a long tail" → "small, gray computer device with a long cord".
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A nonlinguistic metaphor is an association between two nonlinguistic realms of experience
400:: An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject.
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The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language
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386:. For this reason a common-type metaphor is generally considered more forceful than a
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The Mindbrain and Dreams: An Exploration of Dreaming, Thinking, and Artistic Creation
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From a sociological, cultural, or philosophical perspective, one asks to what extent
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525:. There is no physical link between a language and a bird. The reason the metaphors
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Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen
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1821:(4 ed.). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press (published 2009). p. 249.
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Ortony, Andrew (Winter 1975). "Why metaphors are necessary and not just nice".
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is the association of object to an experience outside the object's environment
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An implicit metaphor has no specified tenor, although the vehicle is present.
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Metaphors are often compared with other types of figurative language, such as
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Shook, John. 2005 p. 2451 Biography of Colin Murray Turbayne on Google Books
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Shook, John. 2005 p. 2451 Biography of Colin Murray Turbayne on Google Books
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is an underlying association that is systematic in both language and thought
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displays the characteristics of a magpie, "stealing" from languages such as
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A visual metaphor uses an image to create the link between different ideas
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is a "phoenicuckoo cross with some magpie characteristics", he is using
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Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Lexicon and figurative language
2519:(IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980), Chapters 1–3. (pp. 3–13).
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makes metaphor the conceptual center of his early theory of society in
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Metaphors can be implied and extended throughout pieces of literature.
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Blechner, M. (1988) Differentiating empathy from therapeutic action.
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Murphy, Jeffrie G. "Berkeley and the Metaphor of Mental Substance."
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woman depicting broken candles, a visual metaphor of the end of life
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For example, in the phrase "lands belonging to the crown", the word
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Similitude: An extended simile or metaphor that has a picture part (
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2549:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–48.
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Fass, Dan (1988). "Metonymy and metaphor: what's the difference?".
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2441:(1982). "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy." In
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The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
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The Oxford Companion to The English Language, 2nd Edition (e-book)
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mechanics of the world and the behavior of the people within it.
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Aristotle discusses the creation of metaphors at the end of his
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This article is about the figure of speech. For other uses, see
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Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics
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The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation
1791:"1. The Road Not Taken. Frost, Robert. 1920. Mountain Interval"
904:
Metaphors can map experience between two nonlinguistic realms.
589:
I smell a rat but I'll nip him in the bud" — Irish politician
172:
4452:
2733:
2645:
Herscberger, Ruth (Summer 1943). "The Structure of Metaphor".
2564:
Peters, Wim (2003). "Metonymy as a cross-lingual phenomenon".
439:
2501:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 115–133.
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
2802:
2330:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
1938:
Zoltán Kövecses. (2002) Metaphor: a practical introduction.
1862:
Sato, Manami; Schafer, Amy J.; Bergen, Benjamin K. (2015).
684:, in "The Road Not Taken", to compare a life to a journey.
1487:
The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) pp.653
2122:
Meyer, L. (1956) Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago:
2383:
Models and metaphors: Studies in language and philosophy
596:
This form is often used as a parody of metaphor itself:
393:
The metaphor category contains these specialized types:
1848:
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By (IL:
553:
is employed because, according to Zuckermann, hybridic
490:, the two terms exhibit different fundamental modes of
2052:
Hesse, Mary (1966). "Review of The Myth of Metaphor".
862:
Creating Worldviews: Ideology, Metaphor & Language
826:
about journeys that we rely on in understanding life.
4307:
4147:
3962:
3934:
3869:
3613:
3504:
3402:
3307:
3242:
3165:
2977:
2840:
2739:
Audio illustrations of metaphor as figure of speech
2435:. (1984). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1963:". Critical Sociology, vol 39, no. 4, pp. 529-543.
1277:"Radio 4 – Reith Lectures 2003 – The Emerging Mind"
117:His Acts being seven ages. At first, the infant...
2668:"Having: A Brief History of Metaphor and Meaning"
2195:, Heidelberg: Winter, and Blank, Andreas (1997),
2529:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
1562:
1560:
1980:Meier, Brian P.; et al. (September 2007).
1934:
1932:
816:
598:
587:
418:: Excessive exaggeration to illustrate a point.
2431:. (1978). "What Metaphors Mean." Reprinted in
1818:Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice
213:), 'to carry over, to transfer' and that from
58:sheltering from a tornado of political change.
4125:
2818:
1599:"Working with the metaphor of life and death"
582:. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both.
8:
2365:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2320:This article incorporates material from the
2047:
2045:
2043:
452:
446:
374:Metaphors are most frequently compared with
2399:, in A. Ortony (ed) Metaphor & Thought.
2254:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
1440:Rhetorical Criticism and Theory in Practice
1271:
1269:
322:is equivalent to the metaphor-theory terms
306:is equivalent to the metaphor-theory terms
181:
4132:
4118:
4110:
2825:
2811:
2803:
2744:List of ancient Greek words starting with
2404:Metaphor and Continental Philosophy: From
2229:. Bloomsbury Academic. 1996. p. 578.
2216:(New York: Random House, 1954), 1459a 5–8.
2080:Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2019:Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
578:distinguish between a dead metaphor and a
533:are used is that on the one hand hybridic
113:They have their exits and their entrances
2453:René Dirvens; Ralf Pörings, eds. (2002).
2347:, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
1614:
1540:, 2nd ed (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1910).
810:up explanations, hoping they do not seem
706:A metaphorical visualization of the word
115:And one man in his time plays many parts,
111:And all the men and women merely players;
1915:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1381:
1379:
995:On Truth and Lies in the Non-Moral Sense
774:As a foundation of our conceptual system
186:, 'carrying over', and in turn from the
2634:(1979). "Metaphor," in A. Ortony (ed.)
2433:Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation
1496:The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th edition)
1165:
1140:
259:Other writers employ the general terms
201:), 'transference (of ownership)', from
47:by illustrator S.D. Ehrhart in an 1894
27:Figure of speech of implicit comparison
3496:Types of fiction with multiple endings
1986:Personality and Individual Differences
1369:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1346:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1323:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1307:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
370:An example of mixed metaphor in print.
2227:Cassell Dictionary Italian Literature
2210:The Rhetoric and Poetics of Aristotle
1576:. New York: Oxford University Press.
267:to denote the tenor and the vehicle.
7:
1639:from the original on 2 February 2019
2758:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2628:. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
1852:, 1980), Chapters 1–3. (pp. 3–13).
1733:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1975.tb00666.x
1049:List of English-language metaphors
225:), 'behind, along with, across' +
25:
3899:Third-person omniscient narrative
2547:Researching and Applying Metaphor
2455:Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast
1230:. Oxford University Press. 2018.
1059:Metaphor identification procedure
2466:. Vol. 1. pp. 177–81.
2302:Journal of Contemporary Religion
463:). Similitudes are found in the
2328:", which is licensed under the
1909:Lakoff G.; Johnson M. (2003) .
1769:"Sylvia Plath Forum: Home page"
1054:Literal and figurative language
3287:Conflict between good and evil
2568:. Vol. 14. pp. 1–9.
668:As style in speech and writing
457:), and a point of comparison (
167:derives from the 16th-century
1:
2775:Pérez-Sobrino, Paula (2014).
2638:, Cambridge University Press.
2515:Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M.
2457:. Berlin.: Mouton de Gruyter.
2445:. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago,
1464:"The Knowledge (XXG) Library"
1252:"As You Like It: Entire Play"
2796:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.06.008
1880:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.09.010
1659:"Zapp Brannigan (Character)"
233:
221:
209:
197:
2616:University of Toronto Press
2447:University of Chicago Press
2149:Contemporary Psychoanalysis
2124:University of Chicago Press
1850:University of Chicago Press
680:, every one"; and enabling
54:shows a farm woman labeled
4532:
2753:Metaphor and Phenomenology
2691:Somov, Georgij Yu (2013).
2626:The Philosophy of Rhetoric
1998:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.001
1507:"Definition of ANTITHESIS"
745:
642:In rhetoric and literature
513:. On the other hand, when
486:Metaphor is distinct from
479:
246:The Philosophy of Rhetoric
227:
215:
203:
191:
29:
3926:Stream of unconsciousness
3457:Falling action/Catastasis
2666:Rudmin, Floyd W. (1991).
2419:The Semantics of Metaphor
1521:"Definition of HYPERBOLE"
1365:12 September 2007 at the
934:In historical linguistics
806:them in discussions, and
800:simmer on the back-burner
294:, plus two new concepts,
32:Metaphor (disambiguation)
3294:Self-fulfilling prophecy
2414:New York, NY: Routledge.
2387:Cornell University Press
2357:. Trans. I. Bywater. In
2293:McKinnon, A. M. (2012).
1967:12 November 2014 at the
1773:www.sylviaplathforum.com
1551:"Definition of METONYMY"
1434:Pierce, Dann L. (2003).
1321:cdasc3D%2367010 μεταφέρω
1203:"Definition of METAPHOR"
1175:"Definition of METAPHOR"
237:), 'to bear, to carry'.
109:All the world's a stage,
3921:Stream of consciousness
3384:Suspension of disbelief
2574:10.3115/1118975.1118976
2523:Lakoff, George (1980).
2054:Foundations of Language
1959:McKinnon, AM. (2013). "
1940:Oxford University Press
1538:Die Gleichnisreden Jesu
1371:A Greek-English Lexicon
1348:A Greek-English Lexicon
1325:A Greek-English Lexicon
1309:A Greek-English Lexicon
888:Nonlinguistic metaphors
860:James W. Underhill, in
649:writes in his work the
355:As a type of comparison
177:, which comes from the
173:
96:All the world's a stage
3462:Denouement/Catastrophe
3443:Rising action/Epitasis
2767:19 August 2014 at the
2594:18 August 2014 at the
2423:Metaphor & Thought
2421:, in A. Ortony (ed.),
2402:Clive Cazeaux (2007).
2361:. (1984). 2 Vols. Ed.
1064:Metaphor in philosophy
944:historical linguistics
927:Caspar David Friedrich
901:
881:scientific materialism
844:Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
828:
710:
621:
594:
453:
447:
430:Jesus' teaching method
371:
182:
140:In the ancient Hebrew
134:
59:
3808:Utopian and dystopian
2784:Journal of Pragmatics
2709:10.1515/sem-2013-0003
2600:David Punter (2007).
2472:10.3115/991635.991671
2443:Margins of Philosophy
2250:Sohm, Philip (1991).
2199:, Tübingen: Niemeyer.
1779:on 12 September 2010.
1342:29 March 2008 at the
1254:. Shakespeare.mit.edu
1115:Tertium comparationis
1099:Reification (fallacy)
895:
877:Colin Murray Turbayne
798:over them, lets them
705:
482:Metaphor and metonymy
460:tertium comparationis
362:
269:Cognitive linguistics
106:
42:
3362:Narrative techniques
3142:Story within a story
2954:Supporting character
2636:Metaphor and Thought
2604:, London, Routledge.
2526:Metaphors We Live By
2517:Metaphors We Live By
2417:L. J. Cohen (1979).
2134:Blechner, M. (2018)
2110:The Myth of Metaphor
2095:The Myth of Metaphor
1912:Metaphors We Live By
1749:. Sylvia Plath Forum
1509:. 15 September 2023.
1398:. Houghton Mifflin.
851:Wilhelm von Humboldt
755:Metaphors We Live By
742:Conceptual metaphors
476:Metaphor vs metonymy
4465:Rhetorical question
4067:Political narrative
3909:Unreliable narrator
3766:Speculative fiction
3474:Nonlinear narrative
3422:Three-act structure
3282:Deal with the Devil
2724:History of metaphor
2672:Syracuse Law Review
2397:More about Metaphor
2304:. pp. 203–216.
1597:Barker, P. (2000).
1568:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1523:. 5 September 2023.
1303:6 July 2007 at the
1024:Conceptual blending
990:Friedrich Nietzsche
960:Historical theories
820:conceptual metaphor
779:Cognitive linguists
748:Conceptual metaphor
726:conceptual metaphor
691:Larger applications
451:), a reality part (
338:; the metaphier is
241:Parts of a metaphor
122:William Shakespeare
4045:Narrative paradigm
4040:Narrative identity
3970:Dominant narrative
3916:Multiple narrators
3200:Fictional location
3043:Dramatic structure
2332:but not under the
1721:Educational Theory
1616:10.1136/mh.26.2.97
1603:Medical Humanities
1079:Origin of language
902:
719:cognitive metaphor
711:
515:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
372:
60:
56:"Democratic Party"
4511:Figures of speech
4488:
4487:
4259:Hysteron proteron
4141:Figures of speech
4107:
4106:
4050:Narrative therapy
3484:television series
3429:Freytag's Pyramid
3272:Moral development
3175:Alternate history
2885:False protagonist
2647:The Kenyan Review
2556:978-0-521-64964-3
2536:978-0-226-46801-3
2508:978-0-674-63536-4
2481:978-963-8431-56-1
2214:Friedrich Solmsen
1948:978-0-19-514511-3
1922:978-0-226-46801-3
1868:Acta Psychologica
1237:978-0-19-107387-8
977:literary theorist
465:parables of Jesus
286:coined the terms
163:The English word
98:" monologue from
45:political cartoon
16:(Redirected from
4523:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4030:Literary science
3573:Narrative poetry
3469:Linear narrative
3379:Stylistic device
3374:Show, don't tell
3337:Figure of speech
3127:Shaggy dog story
2870:Characterization
2827:
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2112:on rochester.edu
2105:
2099:
2097:on rochester.edu
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1775:. Archived from
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1415:on 7 August 2019
1414:
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1127:World Hypotheses
1084:Origin of speech
1034:Experience model
980:Emanuele Tesauro
909:Leonard B. Meyer
869:ethnolinguistics
790:facts, tries to
619:
519:Israeli language
517:argues that the
456:
450:
342:. As metaphier,
279:, respectively.
236:
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68:figure of speech
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4438:Personification
4303:
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4035:Literary theory
3975:Fiction writing
3958:
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3500:
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3303:
3238:
3161:
3032:Deus ex machina
2973:
2959:Title character
2944:Stock character
2890:Focal character
2836:
2831:
2779:
2774:
2769:Wayback Machine
2755:article in the
2720:
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2596:Wayback Machine
2563:
2557:
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2461:
2452:
2439:Jacques Derrida
2429:Donald Davidson
2363:Jonathan Barnes
2341:Stefano Arduini
2315:
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2280:oregonstate.edu
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1121:War as metaphor
1094:Personification
1004:
962:
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922:The Lonely Tree
896:Tombstone of a
890:
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3149:
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3139:
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3124:
3122:Self-insertion
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Poetic justice
3104:
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3065:
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2865:Character flaw
2862:
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2832:
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2718:External links
2716:
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2713:
2703:(193): 31–66.
2688:
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2653:(3): 433–443.
2642:
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2622:I. A. Richards
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2343:(2007). (ed.)
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2189:Joachim Grzega
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2100:
2085:
2071:
2060:(3): 282–284.
2039:
2024:
2010:
1992:(4): 757–767.
1972:
1952:
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1854:
1841:
1827:
1813:Foss, Sonja K.
1804:
1793:. Bartleby.com
1782:
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1534:Adolf Jülicher
1526:
1512:
1498:
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1480:
1468:newspapers.com
1455:
1448:
1436:"Chapter Five"
1426:
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1387:Jaynes, Julian
1375:
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1039:Hypocatastasis
1036:
1031:
1026:
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1016:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1000:
961:
958:
938:In historical
935:
932:
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839:represented.
775:
772:
746:Main article:
743:
740:
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735:
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722:
692:
689:
669:
666:
643:
640:
625:As You Like It
616:Zapp Brannigan
606:
570:
567:
480:Main article:
477:
474:
469:
468:
443:
437:
426:Aesop's fables
419:
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356:
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253:I. A. Richards
242:
239:
160:
157:
149: metaphor
127:As You Like It
107:
101:As You Like It
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4448:Procatalepsis
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4244:Homeoteleuton
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4232:
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4097:
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4084:Screenwriting
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4075:
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4070:
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3905:
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3900:
3897:
3896:
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3892:
3890:
3889:Second-person
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
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3868:
3860:
3857:
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3818:
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3800:
3799:
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3793:Magic realism
3791:
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3779:
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3727:
3725:
3724:Psychological
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Philosophical
3702:
3700:
3697:
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3690:
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3629:Autobiography
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3569:
3568:Narrative art
3566:
3564:
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3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
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3526:Flash fiction
3524:
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3521:
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3430:
3427:
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3417:Act structure
3415:
3414:
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3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
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3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
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3355:
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3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
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3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
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3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
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3234:Worldbuilding
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3227:
3221:
3218:
3217:
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3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
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3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
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3082:
3081:Kishōtenketsu
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:In medias res
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Foreshadowing
3051:
3049:
3048:Eucatastrophe
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Chekhov's gun
3009:
3005:
3002:
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2997:
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2900:Gothic double
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Deuteragonist
2878:
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2868:
2866:
2863:
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2860:Character arc
2858:
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2847:
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2835:
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2823:
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2236:9780304704644
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2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
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2163:
2157:
2154:
2151:, 24:301–310.
2150:
2144:
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2119:
2116:
2113:
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2081:
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2046:
2044:
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2037:7 (1965):176.
2036:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1897:
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1664:
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1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1609:(2): 97–102.
1608:
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1583:9780199812790
1579:
1575:
1574:
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1449:9780072500875
1445:
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1427:
1411:
1407:
1405:0-618-05707-2
1401:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:, on Perseus.
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:, on Perseus.
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:, on Perseus.
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:, on Perseus.
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
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1291:
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1270:
1266:
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1247:
1244:
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1128:
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996:
991:
987:
985:
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971:
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968:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:For example,
947:
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933:
931:
928:
924:
923:
916:
914:
910:
907:
899:
894:
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872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
855:Andrew Goatly
852:
849:
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832:
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825:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
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789:
785:
782:example: one
780:
773:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:George Lakoff
757:
756:
749:
741:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
700:
697:
696:Sonja K. Foss
690:
688:
685:
683:
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675:
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628:
626:
617:
613:
612:
605:
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586:
583:
581:
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575:dead metaphor
568:
566:
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282:Psychologist
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4458:Antanaclasis
4422:
4362:Epanorthosis
4279:Polysyndeton
4172:Antimetabole
4157:Alliteration
4089:Storytelling
3904:Subjectivity
3894:Third-person
3884:First-person
3518:
3327:Comic relief
3261:
3079:
3072:
3063:Flashforward
3030:
3004:Origin story
2986:
2949:Straight man
2904:
2787:
2783:
2763:
2756:
2749:, on Perseus
2745:
2728:
2700:
2696:
2680:. Retrieved
2675:
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2608:Paul Ricoeur
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2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1989:
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1911:
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1871:
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1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1785:
1777:the original
1772:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1741:
1727:(1): 45–53.
1724:
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1668:21 September
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
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1410:the original
1391:
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1182:. Retrieved
1178:
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1019:Colemanballs
1014:Camel's nose
1009:Alliteration
994:
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937:
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769:
764:Mark Johnson
753:
751:
712:
694:
686:
682:Robert Frost
674:Sylvia Plath
671:
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651:
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637:
632:M. H. Abrams
629:
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542:
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36:
4347:Catachresis
4332:Antonomasia
4327:Antiphrasis
4269:Parallelism
4219:Epanalepsis
4182:Aposiopesis
4162:Anadiplosis
4094:Tellability
4060:Metafiction
4055:Narratology
3827:Theological
3719:Pop culture
3600:Short story
3578:Epic poetry
3299:Time travel
3112:Red herring
3097:Plot device
3068:Frame story
3021:Cliffhanger
2964:Tritagonist
2939:Protagonist
2790:: 130–151.
2729:In Our Time
2632:John Searle
2499:On Language
2322:Citizendium
1874:: 136–142.
1044:Ideasthesia
1029:Description
913:synesthesia
848:philologist
591:Boyle Roche
410:Catachresis
250:rhetorician
4495:Categories
4475:Synecdoche
4379:Dysphemism
4352:Ecphonesis
4342:Apostrophe
4284:Spoonerism
4274:Polyptoton
4254:Hyperbaton
4229:Epistrophe
4214:Consonance
4177:Antithesis
3980:Continuity
3849:Nonfiction
3813:Underwater
3709:Picaresque
3684:Historical
3669:Epistolary
3541:Fairy tale
3452:Peripeteia
3434:Exposition
3190:Dreamworld
3132:Stereotype
3102:Plot twist
2850:Antagonist
2682:11 October
2624:. (1936).
2385:, Ithaca:
2003:1 November
1643:1 February
1473:11 January
1419:24 October
1155:References
1109:Synecdoche
836:ideologies
812:half-baked
786:a book of
614:character
454:Sachhälfte
448:Bildhälfte
404:Antithesis
304:Metaphrand
296:paraphrand
288:metaphrand
248:(1936) by
169:Old French
80:antithesis
72:rhetorical
70:that, for
18:Metaphoric
4506:Metaphors
4480:Tautology
4406:Apophasis
4384:Euphemism
4367:Hyperbole
4357:Ekphrasis
4249:Hypallage
4239:Hendiadys
4234:Epizeuxis
4224:Epiphrase
4192:Asyndeton
4187:Assonance
3871:Narration
3820:Superhero
3744:Chivalric
3729:Religious
3714:Political
3649:Adventure
3634:Biography
3556:Tall tale
3404:Structure
3389:Symbolism
3357:Narration
3257:Leitmotif
3185:Crossover
3180:Backstory
3137:Story arc
3087:MacGuffin
3058:Flashback
2999:Backstory
2875:Confidant
2855:Archenemy
2842:Character
2834:Narrative
2697:Semiotica
2393:Max Black
2379:Max Black
2369:Max Black
2351:Aristotle
2345:Metaphors
2324:article "
1888:0001-6918
1834:4 October
1389:(2000) .
1172:Compare:
1160:Citations
984:intellect
846:. German
824:knowledge
647:Aristotle
602:Checkmate
416:Hyperbole
320:Metaphier
300:paraphier
292:metaphier
210:metapherō
198:metaphorá
183:metaphora
174:métaphore
159:Etymology
84:hyperbole
4501:Metaphor
4443:Pleonasm
4433:Oxymoron
4428:Metonymy
4423:Metaphor
4396:Innuendo
4372:Adynaton
4337:Aphorism
4322:Allusion
4317:Allegory
4289:Symploce
4264:Isocolon
4197:Chiasmus
4167:Anaphora
4077:Glossary
4072:Rhetoric
3879:Diegesis
3859:Creative
3832:Thriller
3781:Southern
3699:Paranoid
3694:Nautical
3605:Vignette
3563:Gamebook
3531:Folklore
3438:Protasis
3317:Allegory
3262:Metaphor
3220:parallel
3215:universe
3195:Dystopia
3152:Suspense
3038:Dialogue
3026:Conflict
2934:Narrator
2906:Hamartia
2765:Archived
2610:(1975).
2602:Metaphor
2592:Archived
2395:(1979).
2381:(1962).
2373:Metaphor
2371:(1954).
2326:Metaphor
2191:(2004),
2066:25000234
1965:Archived
1896:25443987
1815:(1988).
1637:Archived
1633:25309973
1625:23670145
1570:(2020).
1363:Archived
1340:Archived
1301:Archived
1298:μεταφορά
1184:29 March
1089:Pataphor
1074:Misnomer
1069:Metonymy
1002:See also
678:redcoats
658:Rhetoric
652:Rhetoric
611:Futurama
607:—
569:Subtypes
523:metaphor
511:monarchy
503:metonymy
488:metonymy
398:Allegory
204:μεταφέρω
192:μεταφορά
165:metaphor
153:semantic
147:The word
88:metonymy
64:metaphor
52:magazine
4418:Litotes
4411:Sarcasm
4389:Meiosis
4149:Schemes
4007:Prequel
3963:Related
3949:Present
3842:Western
3798:Science
3771:Fantasy
3739:Romance
3689:Mystery
3674:Ergodic
3639:Fiction
3595:Parable
3590:Novella
3520:Fabliau
3491:Premise
3342:Imagery
3332:Diction
3210:country
3167:Setting
3147:Subplot
2969:Villain
2922:Byronic
2732:at the
2659:4332426
2582:8267864
2490:9557558
2410:Derrida
2355:Poetics
2313:Sources
1797:4 March
1753:4 March
1283:4 March
1258:4 March
1212:4 April
1104:Sarcasm
974:Baroque
967:Poetics
930:forms.
784:devours
563:English
555:Israeli
547:Yiddish
543:Israeli
535:Israeli
527:phoenix
492:thought
422:Parable
376:similes
366:Asherah
348:tornado
344:tornado
340:tornado
324:vehicle
4470:Simile
4309:Tropes
4299:Zeugma
4294:Tmesis
4202:Climax
4011:Sequel
3995:Retcon
3990:Reboot
3954:Future
3788:Horror
3776:Gothic
3761:Satire
3679:Erotic
3546:Legend
3448:Climax
3322:Bathos
3229:Utopia
3117:Reveal
3016:Cliché
2994:Action
2988:Ab ovo
2927:Tragic
2657:
2580:
2553:
2533:
2505:
2488:
2478:
2258:
2233:
2212:, ed.
2064:
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1886:
1825:
1631:
1623:
1580:
1446:
1402:
1234:
942:or in
898:Jewish
794:them,
792:digest
580:cliché
559:Arabic
551:magpie
539:Hebrew
531:cuckoo
388:simile
332:source
330:, and
328:figure
316:ground
314:, and
312:target
277:source
273:target
265:figure
261:ground
142:psalms
92:simile
90:, and
4401:Irony
4018:Genre
3985:Canon
3936:Tense
3854:Novel
3837:Urban
3749:Prose
3734:Rogue
3659:Crime
3654:Comic
3615:Genre
3585:Novel
3536:Fable
3514:Drama
3479:films
3309:Style
3277:Motif
3267:Moral
3252:Irony
3244:Theme
3157:Trope
2780:(PDF)
2746:μετα-
2678:: 163
2655:JSTOR
2618:1977)
2578:S2CID
2486:S2CID
2298:(PDF)
2062:JSTOR
2034:Ratio
1747:"Cut"
1629:S2CID
1413:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1279:. BBC
1135:Notes
951:mouse
808:cooks
796:stews
708:anger
507:crown
501:is a
499:crown
434:Bible
364:"The
308:tenor
234:pherō
188:Greek
179:Latin
171:word
130:, 2/7
66:is a
4207:Anti
4023:List
3944:Past
3803:Hard
3756:Saga
3664:Docu
3620:List
3551:Myth
3506:Form
3394:Tone
3367:Hook
3352:Mood
3347:Mode
3205:city
3092:Pace
2979:Plot
2917:Anti
2912:Hero
2895:Foil
2701:2013
2684:2013
2551:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2406:Kant
2334:GFDL
2256:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2208:Cf.
2187:Cf.
2005:2016
1944:ISBN
1942:US.
1917:ISBN
1892:PMID
1884:ISSN
1836:2018
1823:ISBN
1799:2012
1755:2012
1670:2014
1663:IMDb
1645:2019
1621:PMID
1578:ISBN
1475:2024
1444:ISBN
1421:2019
1400:ISBN
1360:φέρω
1337:μετά
1285:2012
1260:2012
1232:ISBN
1214:2024
1186:2016
762:and
561:and
529:and
509:and
380:like
298:and
290:and
275:and
263:and
228:φέρω
222:meta
216:μετά
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4453:Pun
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2792:doi
2734:BBC
2726:on
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2408:to
1994:doi
1876:doi
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