545:, p. 4 writes, "For many the term 'Aztec' refers strictly to the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan (the Mexica people), or perhaps the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, the highland basin where the Mexica and certain other Aztec groups lived. I believe it makes more sense to expand the definition of "Aztec" to include the peoples of nearby highland valleys in addition to the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico. In the final few centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519 the peoples of this wider area all spoke the Nahuatl language (the language of the Aztecs), and they all traced their origins to a mythical place called Aztlan (Aztlan is the origin of the term "Aztec," a modern label that was not used by the Aztecs themselves)"
398:(Main Temple) and nearby buildings are rich in the symbolism of Aztec cosmology that linked rain and fertility, warfare, sacrifice, and imperialism with the sacred mission to preserve the sun and the cosmic order. The Templo Mayor was "the site of large-scale sacrifices of enemy warriors which served intertwined political and religious ends (Berdan 1982: 111â119; Carrasco 1991)." It was a double pyramid-temple dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient Central Mexican rain god, and Huitzilopochtli, the Mexica tribal nomen, who, as the politically dominant deity in Mexico, was associated with the sun. Over time, the Mexica separated Huitzilopochtli from
557:, p. 1 writes, "These people I call the Nahuas, a name they sometimes used themselves and the one that has become current today in Mexico, in preference to Aztecs. The latter term has several decisive disadvantages: it implies a quasi-national unity that did not exist, it directs attention to an ephemeral imperial agglomeration, it is attached specifically to the pre-conquest period, and by the standards of the time, its use for anyone other than the Mexica (the inhabitants of the imperial capital, Tenochtitlan) would have been improper even if it had been the Mexica's primary designation, which it was not"
70:
446:
in these parts...And now, in the time of this plague, having tested the faith of those who come to confess, very few respond properly prior to the confession; thus we can be certain that, though preached to more than fifty years, if they were now left alone, if the
Spanish nation were not to intercede, I am certain that in less than fifty years there would be no trace of the preaching which has been done for them.
323:
413:. The city of Tenochitlan was destroyed, looted and the treasures stolen by the victorious Spanish and Tlaxcaltec soldiers, though not nearly as much gold as the Spanish had hoped for. Many Mexica women were kidnapped and raped by the invaders, with the higher-ranking soldiers taking the more attractive women for themselves. Forbidden from resettling in their destroyed home, which was rebuilt as
445:
s regards the
Catholic Faith, is a sterile land and very laborious to cultivate, where the Catholic Faith has very shallow roots, and with much labor little fruit is produced, and from little cause that which is planted and cultivated withers. It seems to me the Catholic Faith can endure little time
421:
and convert to
Christianity. Mexica rituals and worship were banned and harshly suppressed, and their idols cast down and destroyed by Spanish monks. Mexica children were forcibly taken to newly established Christian schools where they were indoctrinated into Christian beliefs and Spanish culture,
1482:
Willermet, Cathy, Heather J.H. Edgar, Corey
Ragsdale, and B. Scott Aubry. "Biodistances Among Mexica, Maya, Toltec, and Totonac Groups of Central and Coastal Mexico / Las Distancias BiolĂłgicas Entre Los Mexicas, Mayas, Toltecas, y Totonacas de MĂ©xico Central y Zona Costera." Chungara: Revista De
855:
Cathy
Willermet et al., "Biodistances Among Mexica, Maya, Toltec, and Totonac Groups of Central and Coastal Mexico / Las Distancias BiolĂłgicas Entre Los Mexicas, Mayas, Toltecas, y Totonacas de MĂ©xico Central y Zona Costera." Chungara: Revista De AntropologĂa Chilena 45, no. 3 (2013),
915:
478:
In the 21st century, the
Mexican government does not recognize ethnicity by ancestry but by language spoken, making the number of Mexica people in Mexico difficult to estimate. They are instead broadly grouped together with all Nahuatl-speaking people, collectively known as
281:.The builders of the city are references to different names âAzteca,â âMexica,â or âTenochcaâ in the most reliable sources, indicating that a number of different indigenous tribes settled in the area within different primary sources.
450:
As a result of their defeat, subjugation, overwork and numerous waves of epidemics, the Mexica population declined dramatically, dropping perhaps as much as 90% by 1600. This number had recovered somewhat by 1821, but following
302:"people of". The term "Aztec" often today refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan, MÄxihcah Tenochcah, a tribal designation referring only to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, excluding those of Tlatelolco or
391:. Only a few years after Tenochtitlan was founded, the Mexica dominated the political landscape in Central Mexico until being defeated by the Spanish and their indigenous allies, mainly enemies of the Mexica, in 1519.
904:
Emily
Umberger "Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli: Political Dimensions of Aztec Deities." In Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity, edited by Baquedano Elizabeth, 83-112. University Press of Colorado, (2014)
462:
were largely suppressed during the colonial period as they were associated with pre-Christian beliefs, they experienced a revival in the 19th century following
Mexican independence. Since then, names such as
1475:
Umberger, Emily. "Tezcatlipoca and
Huitzilopochtli: Political Dimensions of Aztec Deities." In Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity, edited by Baquedano Elizabeth, 83â112. University Press of Colorado,
455:, Mexica and other indigenous peoples once again found themselves marginalized by government policy, which sought to minimize indigenous Mexican culture in favor of a blended Spanish-Mexican heritage.
160:
222:â has been more common when referring to the Mexica and the two names have become largely interchangeable. When a distinction is made, Mexica are one (dominant) group within the Aztecs.
372:
as a grand, well-ordered metropolis. However, the story of its rise from the muddy lake beds in the Valley of Mexico is one of unrelenting struggle, rivalries, conflict, and suffering.
364:, where they finally saw the eagle and cactus on an island on the lake. There, "they took refuge..., naming their settlement Tenochtitlan (Among the Stone-Prickly Pear Cactus Fruit)."
1435:
Peregrine, Peter N., and Melvin. Ember, eds. 2002. Encyclopedia of
Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America. 1 online resource (XXIX, 462 pages) vols. Boston, MA: Springer US.
483:. In 2020, there were estimated to be over 1.6 million Nahuatl speakers living in Mexico, as well as several thousand Nahuatl-speaking immigrants from Mexico living in the
886:
Peter N. Peregrine et al. Ember, eds. 2002. Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America. 1 online resource (XXIX, 462 pages) vols. Boston, MA: Springer US, 33.
1353:
Evans, Susan Toby. "Postclassic Cultures of Mesoamerica." In Encyclopedia of Archaeology, edited by Deborah M. Pearsall. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2008.
360:, had given them. They were to find "an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a prickly pear cactus," and build their city there. Eventually, they came to
1507:
1359:
Keber, Eloise Quiñones. "Nahua Rulers, Pre Hispanic." In Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture, edited by Michael S. Werner. Routledge, 1998.
498:
race category. 387,122 people identified themselves as Aztec for the census, making Aztecs the largest non-mixed Native American group in the United States.
402:, another god that was more predominantly idolized, redefining their relative realms of power, reshaping the myths, and making him politically superior.
475:
as first names and surnames have become more prevalent in Mexican culture and among Mexican immigrant communities abroad, such as in the United States.
379:("Place of the Spherical Earth Mound"), the Tlatelolca were to become Tenochtitlan's persistent rivals in the Valley of Mexico. After the rise of the
874:
Eloise Q. Keber "Nahua Rulers, Pre Hispanic." In Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture, edited by Michael S. Werner. Routledge, 1998.
375:
A dissident group of Mexica separated from the main body and built another city on an island north of Tenochtitlan in 1337. Calling their new home
1347:
Berdan, Frances F. "Mesoamerica: Mexica." In Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture, edited by Michael S. Werner. Routledge, 1998.
684:
Frances F. Berdan "Mesoamerica: Mexica." In Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture, edited by Michael S. Werner. Routledge, 1998.
426:, as well as mines and other civil projects, such as digging canals. Some of the remaining military and nobility, including the last emperor,
1458:
1413:
1386:
967:
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406:
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Umberger, Emily. "Antiques, Revivals, and References to the past in Aztec Art." RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, no. 13 (1987): 62â105.
1406:
The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
584:
437:
However, the sincerity of the Mexica conversion to Christianity was questioned by some of the Spanish missionaries, such as the monk
211:
overthrew Spanish dominion in 1821. In the 21st century, the government of Mexico broadly classifies all Nahuatl-speaking peoples as
1319:
368:
was founded in 1325, but other researchers and anthropologists believe the year to be 1345. The city was described by conquistador
1156:
895:
Emily Umberger "Antiques, Revivals, and References to the past in Aztec Art." RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, no. 13 (1987): 66.
1442:
827:
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Carrasco, DavĂd. The Aztecs: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. US: Oxford University Press (2012), p 17.
624:
916:"What the Textbooks Have To Say About the Conquest of Mexico: Some Suggestions for Questions to Ask of the Evidence | AHA"
431:
1378:
1286:
1180:
383:, the Tenochca Mexica, the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan, assumed a dominant position over their two allied city-states,
452:
208:
1360:
405:
The Mexica were overthrown by the Tlaxcaltec-Spanish alliance in 1521. The area was expanded upon in the wake of the
369:
356:(Hicks 2008; Weaver 1972)." According to legend, the Mexica were searching for a sign which one of their main gods,
352:, whose location is unknown. The Mexica were the last group to arrive. There they "encountered the remnants of the
1230:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Data for Nearly 1,500 Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups, Tribes and Villages"
940:
491:
464:
334:
260:
1348:
438:
441:, who wrote during another epidemic in 1576 that he was doubtful of a permanent Christian presence in Mexico.
215:. While the Mexica no longer exist as a distinct group, aspects of Mexica language and culture still remain.
1366:
600:
251:. The group was also known as the Culhua-Mexica in recognition of its kinship alliance with the neighboring
31:
727:
Chimalpahin's Conquest: A Nahua Historian's Rewriting of Francisco Lopez de Gomara's La conquista de Mexico
968:
https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/71/3/413/146248/Spanish-Society-in-Mexico-City-After-the-Conquest
526:. As of 2020, Nahuatl is spoken by over 1.6 million Nahua people, almost 7% of whom do not speak Spanish.
289:
422:
and the surviving Mexica men and women were sent to work in newly-established Spanish estates, known as
376:
192:
1314:
Andrews, James Richard. Introduction to classical Nahuatl. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.
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1361:
NAHUA RULERS, PRE-HISPANIC | Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture - Credo Reference
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468:
252:
1325:
Barlow, Robert H. (1945). "Some Remarks On The Term "Aztec Empire"". The Americas. 1 (3): 345â349.
1436:
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69:
1108:"Modern-Day Conquistadors: The Decline of Nahuatl, and the Status of Mexican Bilingual Education"
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in other areas. The form of Nahuatl used in the 16th century, when it began to be written in the
384:
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MESOAMERICA: MEXICA | Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture - Credo Reference
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with its own dynastic lineage. In 1521, their empire was overthrown by an alliance of Spanish
394:
Once established in Tenochtitlan, the Mexica built grand temples for different purposes. The
306:. The term Aztec is often used very broadly to refer not only to the Mexica, but also to the
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580:(1990). Wired Humanities Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved August 29, 2012, from
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for several centuries. The Mexica of Tenochtitlan were additionally referred to as the "
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1338:
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235:
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113:
191:, in 1325. A dissident group in Tenochtitlan separated and founded the settlement of
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247:), originally referring to the interconnected settlements in the valley that is now
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Postclassic Cultures of Mesoamerica | Encyclopedia of Archaeology - Credo Reference
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109:
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LeĂłn-Portilla, Miguel (2000). "Aztecas, disquisiciones sobre un gentilicio".
1396:
1093:
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519:
494:, the United States government recognized âAztecâ as an ethnicity under the
410:
349:
294:
601:"An Indigenous reframing of the fall of the Aztec empire | British Museum"
348:-speaking nomadic peoples entered the Valley of Mexico, possibly all from
1276:, edited by Deborah M. Pearsall. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2008.
423:
388:
269:
30:
This article is about the indigenous Mexican people. For other uses, see
183:, more commonly referred to as the Aztec Empire. The Mexica established
1326:
507:
418:
341:
264:
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139:
93:
17:
1062:"Collapse of Aztec society linked to catastrophic salmonella outbreak"
430:, were conscripted to assist in further Spanish invasions, such as in
480:
307:
278:
256:
212:
46:
42:
778:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
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285:
38:
417:, the Mexica were forced to submit to the King of Spain, receive
1204:
37:
For coverage of broader groups that include the Mexica, see
1272:
Susan T. Evans, "Postclassic Cultures of Mesoamerica." In
510:
which, with the expansion of the Aztec Empire, became the
27:
Nahuatl-speaking indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico
166:
143:
506:
Like many of the peoples around them, the Mexica spoke
74:
Music and dance during a One Flower ceremony, from the
806:. United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 192.
1437:
Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America
298:("place of the heron"), their mythic homeland, and
199:and rival indigenous nations, most prominently the
119:
103:
87:
82:
60:
649:"The Aztecs | The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop"
409:and administered from the former Aztec capital as
829:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1483:AntropologĂa Chilena 45, no. 3 (2013): 447â59.
434:, to prevent any possibility of insurrection.
762:
625:"Frequently Asked Questions About the Aztecs"
8:
1287:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
1181:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
1157:"Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census"
703:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 16.
267:," a term associated with the name of their
55:
1048:Florentine Codex: Introduction and Indices
730:. Stanford University Press. p. 444.
54:
554:
1408:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1008:Keber, Eloise Quiñones (January 1992).
882:
880:
570:
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203:. The Mexica were subjugated under the
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1010:"Aztecs Before and After the Conquest"
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277:, and Tenochtitlan's founding leader,
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152:
1340:Extent Of The Empire Of Culhua Mexica
700:The Aztecs: A Very Short Introduction
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259:, who occupied the Toltec capital of
7:
1508:Extinct Indigenous peoples in Mexico
781:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
692:
690:
407:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
83:Regions with significant populations
775:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
62:Mexica (plural) Mexicatl (singular)
941:"The Fall of Tenochtitlan: Part 4"
333:of the Mexica, as depicted in the
25:
1343:. University of California Press.
832:. Oxford University Press. 2001.
1371:Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World
939:Springer, Brandon (2019-02-27).
234:are eponymous of the place name
68:
724:Schroeder, Susan (2010-07-19).
187:, a settlement on an island in
1449:(first ed.). Malden, MA:
1425:Estudios de la Cultura Nahuatl
1014:Colonial Latin American Review
697:Carrasco, David (2012-01-26).
45:. For the modern country, see
1:
1060:Callaway, Ewen (2017-02-01).
255:, descendants of the revered
1379:University of Oklahoma Press
1209:Endangered Language Alliance
1112:Harvard International Review
1274:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
209:Mexican War of Independence
179:who were the rulers of the
114:traditional Mexica religion
1529:
1337:Barlow, Robert H. (1949).
36:
29:
1086:10.1038/nature.2017.21485
1026:10.1080/10609169208569797
802:Ellis, Elisabeth (2011).
344:, about 1200 CE, various
340:After the decline of the
335:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
314:and neighboring regions.
207:for 300 years, until the
124:
108:
92:
67:
1404:Lockhart, James (1992).
1161:www.indigenousmexico.org
370:Bernal DĂaz del Castillo
308:Nahuatl-speaking peoples
175:-speaking people of the
167:
144:
32:Mexica (disambiguation)
448:
337:
290:Alexander von Humboldt
218:Since 1810, the name "
150:Nahuatl pronunciation:
1503:Mesoamerican cultures
1367:LeĂłn-Portilla, Miguel
945:The History of Mexico
605:www.britishmuseum.org
443:
439:Bernardino de SagagĂșn
381:Aztec Triple Alliance
325:
120:Related ethnic groups
1451:Blackwell Publishing
1137:www.mexicolore.co.uk
453:Mexican Independence
244:[meËËÊiÊkoË]
154:[meËËÊiÊkaáž]
1228:Bureau, US Census.
1078:2017Natur.542..404C
965:read.dukeupress.edu
578:Nahuatl Dictionary.
57:
1327:doi:10.2307/978159
1258:has generic name (
920:www.historians.org
763:LeĂłn-Portilla 2000
653:www.eliwhitney.org
587:2016-12-03 at the
522:, became known as
518:introduced by the
338:
1460:978-0-631-23015-1
1443:Smith, Michael E.
1415:978-0-8047-1927-8
1388:978-0-8061-2441-4
1291:Indigenous Mexico
1185:Indigenous Mexico
989:Missing or empty
839:978-0-19-510815-6
813:978-0-13-372048-8
788:978-0-307-42518-8
737:978-0-8047-7506-9
710:978-0-19-537938-9
524:Classical Nahuatl
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492:2020 census
415:Mexico City
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201:Tlaxcaltecs
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110:Catholicism
1492:Categories
1447:The Aztecs
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1296:2024-04-01
1239:2024-03-29
1234:Census.gov
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1190:2024-04-12
1166:2024-03-29
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925:2024-04-01
658:2024-03-29
634:2024-07-24
610:2024-05-19
565:References
543:Smith 1997
469:Cuauhtémoc
428:Cuauhtémoc
377:Tlatelolco
331:patron god
193:Tlatelolco
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1205:"Nahuatl"
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104:Religion
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310:of the
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