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684:. The bases of the pollinia then mechanically attach to the insect, so that a pair of pollen sacs can be pulled free when the pollinator flies off, assuming the insect is large enough to produce the necessary pulling force (if not, the insect may become trapped and die). Pollination is effected by the reverse procedure, in which one of the pollinia becomes trapped within the anther slit. Large-bodied
1012:
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2004:
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1799:. The OE parasite causes holes to form in the wings of fully developed monarch butterflies. This causes weakened endurance and an inability to migrate. The parasite only infects monarchs when they are larvae and caterpillars, but the detriment is when they are in their butterfly form. By contrast, some species of
1962:
A study of the insulative properties of various materials found that milkweed floss was outperformed by other materials in terms of insulation, loft, and lumpiness, but it scored well when mixed with down feathers. The milkweed filaments from the coma (the "floss") are hollow and coated with wax,
1958:
The fine, silky fluff attached to milkweed seeds, which allows them to be distributed long distances on the wind, is known as floss. Milkweed floss is incredibly difficult to spin due to how short and smooth the filaments are, but blending it with as little as 25% wool or other fiber can produce
1975:
filling for pillows and as insulation for winter coats. Using milkweed floss for these purposes could provide a plant-based alternative to down and promote the growth of milkweed in areas where it has declined, though there is some concern that the environmental impacts could be negative if
728:
1864:
are controversial and criticised, as they may lead to new overwintering sites along the U.S. Gulf Coast and the consequent year-round breeding of monarchs. This is thought to adversely affect migration patterns, and to cause a dramatic build-up of the dangerous parasite,
2040:. As a result, many peoples of South America and Africa used arrows poisoned with these glycosides to fight and hunt more effectively. Some milkweeds are toxic enough to cause death when animals consume large quantities of the plant. Some milkweeds also cause mild
1871:. New research also has shown that monarch larvae reared on tropical milkweed show reduced migratory development (reproductive diapause), and when migratory adults are exposed to tropical milkweed, it stimulates reproductive tissue growth.
1773:
study indicate that, generally, more recently evolved milkweed species ("derived" in botany parlance) use these preventive strategies less but grow faster than older species, potentially regrowing faster than caterpillars can consume them.
532:
to humans and many other species, primarily due to the presence of cardenolides. However, as with many such plants, some species feed upon milkweed leaves or the nectar from their flowers. A noteworthy feeder on milkweeds is the
732:
736:
734:
731:
730:
2496:; Ali, Jared G.; Rasmann, Sergio; Fishbein, Mark (2015). "4 - Macroevolutionary Trends in the Defense of Milkweeds against Monarchs - Latex, Cardenolides, and Tolerance of Herbivory". In Oberhauser, Karen (ed.).
735:
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It is the least favored by monarch caterpillars though because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, but other butterflies and adult monarchs love it as a nectar source.
1895:
Milkweeds are not grown commercially in large scale, but the plants have had many uses throughout human history. Milkweeds have a long history of medicinal, every day, and military use. The
2622:
Callis-Duehl, Kristine; Vittoz, Pascal; Defossez, Emmanuel; Rasmann, Sergio (20 December 2016). "Community-level relaxation of plant defenses against herbivores at high elevation".
2671:
2000:
and acoustic insulation. The floss is also highly buoyant and water-repellent, but absorbs oil readily. Due to its oil-absorbing properties, it can be used for oil spill cleanup.
2411:
Ollerton, J. & S. Liede. 1997. Pollination systems in the
Asclepiadaceae: a survey and preliminary analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1997), 62: 593–610.
1874:
Because of this, it is most often suggested to grow milkweeds that are native to the geographical area they are planted in to prevent negative impacts on monarch butterflies.
3482:
4539:
3072:
2757:
3088:
Unlike other milkweeds, this plant has a clear sap, and the level of toxic cardiac glycosides is consistently low (although other toxic compounds may be present).
2090:
4578:
3383:
3509:
3022:(choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
650:
are found between the hoods. The size, shape and color of the horns and hoods are often important identifying characteristics for species in the genus
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4487:
3518:
729:
4552:
4500:
4614:
3405:
3448:
3110:
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664:(or "pollen sacs"), rather than being individual grains or tetrads, as is typical for most plants. The feet or mouthparts of flower-visiting
4732:
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4396:
2364:
for the common swallowwort; Asclepius, Greek god of medicine, the worship of
Asclepius was centered in Epidaurus. See W.K.C. Guthrie,
1157:
964:
646:. The corona is composed of a five-paired hood-and-horn structure with the hood acting as a sheath for the inner horn. Glands holding
2349:
4401:
548:
genus contains over 200 species distributed broadly across Africa, North
America, and South America. It previously belonged to the
2633:
4689:
2730:
4526:
1754:
1747:
986:
762:, "floss", "plume", or "silk"). The follicles ripen and split open, and the seeds, each carried by its coma, are blown by the
4727:
4663:
3502:
3145:
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4565:
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4258:
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754:. The seeds, which are arranged in overlapping rows, bear a cluster of white, silky, filament-like hairs known as the
2978:
Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (8 January 2018).
57:
4668:
4627:
2980:"Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species"
2552:
2493:
2282:
2196:
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83:
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2702:
2223:
Agrawal, Anurag A.; Petschenka, Georg; Bingham, Robin A.; Weber, Marjorie G.; Rasmann, Sergio (1 April 2012).
1852:, or tropical milkweed, is often planted as an ornamental in butterfly gardens outside of its native range of
1513:
2885:"Exposure to Non-Native Tropical Milkweed Promotes Reproductive Development in Migratory Monarch Butterflies"
1666:
4474:
4212:
4126:
2624:
1846:
However, some milkweed species are not suitable for butterfly gardens and monarch waystations. For example,
836:
3029:
2044:
in some who come in contact with them. Nonetheless, some species can be made edible if properly processed.
1672:
885:
474:
4448:
4313:
4100:
4079:
4022:
2772:
2192:
Monarchs and
Milkweed: A Migrating Butterfly, a Poisonous Plant, and Their Remarkable Story of Coevolution
1967:, more than 5,000 t (5,500 short tons) of milkweed floss was collected in the US as a substitute for
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CRC World
Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology
2152:
1989:
1951:
1696:
1350:
1186:
1142:
929:
923:
917:
660:
in this genus is accomplished in an unusual manner. Pollen is grouped into complex structures called
470:
829:
3832:
1840:
1731:
1730:
commonly get trapped in the stigmatic slits and die. Milkweeds are also the larval food source for
1576:
1562:
1379:
1369:
1303:
1164:
1066:
1018:
993:
713:
591:
197:
66:
2225:"Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant–herbivore interactions"
1597:
630:
Members of the genus produce some of the most complex flowers in the plant kingdom, comparable to
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4178:
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78:
2803:"Citizen Science Observations of Monarch Butterfly Overwintering in the Southern United States"
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403:
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71:
2402:
Robertson, C. (1887) Insect relations of certain asclepiads. I. Botanical
Gazette 12: 207–216
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1734:
and their relatives, as well as a variety of other herbivorous insects (including numerous
1431:
3791:
2533:
Ramanujan, Krishna (Winter 2008). "Discoveries: Milkweed evolves to shrug off predation".
2229:
2061:
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1968:
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121:
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and monarch waystations in an effort to help increase the dwindling monarch population.
1343:
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1972:
1091:
763:
688:(bees, wasps) are the most common and best pollinators, accounting for over 50% of all
301:
108:
2741:
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1555:
1534:
1471:
1450:
1318:
766:. Some, but not all, milkweeds also reproduce by clonal (or vegetative) reproduction.
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187:
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3348:
Choi, Hyung Min; Cloud, Rinn M. (1992). "Natural sorbents in oil spill clean-up".
3253:
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Milkweed of the United States, including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin
Islands
2952:
2768:
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2041:
1946:
1938:
1230:
1200:
902:
610:
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2519:
2498:
Monarchs in a changing world: biology and conservation of an iconic butterfly
2252:
4435:
4422:
4198:
4106:
3863:
3847:
3828:
3756:
3642:
3128:"The potential of milkweed floss as a natural fiber in the textile industry"
2901:
2581:
1920:
1908:
1904:
677:
647:
623:
571:
38:
4645:
3477:
2920:
2869:
2851:
2836:"Loss of migratory behaviour increases infection risk for a butterfly host"
2608:
2260:
1883:), perhaps because the leaves of that milkweed species contain very little
2819:
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699:
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4330:
4242:
4168:
4002:
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3859:
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3807:
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3623:
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3572:
2420:
Sacchi, C.F. (1987) Variability in dispersal ability of Common
Milkweed,
1984:
is also known as "Silk of
America" which is a strand of common milkweed (
1955:) for its stems, which they dried and used for cords, strings and ropes.
1928:
1912:
1900:
1758:
1743:
661:
529:
329:
147:
134:
17:
3369:
3269:"How a Quebec company used a weed to create a one-of-a-kind winter coat"
2141:
Singh, B.; Rastogi, R. P. (1970). "Cardenolides-glycosides and genins".
4492:
4208:
4158:
3869:
3716:
3633:
3566:
3562:
3531:
3426:
The desert milkweed (Asclepias subulata) as a possible source of rubber
2479:
1057:
1003:
681:
631:
525:
3008:
2979:
4518:
4034:
3889:
3736:
3682:
3659:
3552:
3406:"Milkweed touted as oil-spill super-sucker — with butterfly benefits"
1993:
1853:
1735:
1715:
1335:
1032:
977:
Scarlet milkweed, tropical milkweed, bloodflower, bastard ipecacuanha
877:
820:
665:
537:, which uses and requires certain milkweeds as host plants for their
4531:
4307:
2471:
2308:
680:, slip into one of the five slits in each flower formed by adjacent
2714:
4427:
4138:
3934:
3811:
3777:
3720:
3692:
3627:
3576:
3478:
Common milkweed production research at
Western Illinois University
2425:
2018:
2002:
1942:
1924:
1766:
1196:
726:
712:
698:
635:
617:
609:
596:
581:
513:
493:
95:
2557:"Phylogenetic escalation and decline of plant defense strategies"
4228:
4148:
3981:
3944:
3726:
3429:(Technical report). United States Department of Agriculture. 73.
1739:
1723:
673:
4311:
3491:
2021:
contains about two percent latex, and during World War II both
980:
Native to the American tropics, introduced to other continents
4414:
2388:
http://orbisec.com/milkweed-flower-morphology-and-terminology/
1770:
1719:
669:
3146:"Evaluation of Milkweed Floss as an Insulative Fill Material"
2097:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information
2801:
Howard, Elizabeth; Aschen, Harlen; Davis, Andrew K. (2010).
2036:
poisons that inhibit animal cells from maintaining a proper
2029:, although no record of large-scale success has been found.
3465:
Milkweed test-cultivated for the insulation value of floss
3211:"A Weed Goes to War, and Michigan Provides the Ammunition"
1290:
Native to eastern, southern, and midwestern United States
606:
seed pods, upper image from August and lower from December
2117:"Asclepias L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
1887:. Some other milkweeds may have similar characteristics.
2071:. United States Department of Agriculture. 13 March 2003
2840:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3238:"Milkweed seed wing removal to improve oil extraction"
1726:, and other nectar-seeking insects, though non-native
1195:
Native to coastal plain of eastern United States from
3439:
Everitt, J. H.; Lonard, R. L.; Little, C. R. (2007).
3384:"La soie d'Amérique passe en production industrielle"
3295:"THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS: MILKWEED FLOSS"
2834:
Satterfield, D. A.; Maerz, J. C.; Altizer, S (2015).
2883:
Majewska, Ania A.; Altizer, Sonia (16 August 2019).
2500:. Ithaca London: Comstock Publishing, a division of
1803:
are extremely poor sources of cardenolides, such as
4320:
3014:In our study, the least preferred milkweed species
1877:Monarch caterpillars do not favor butterfly weed (
1746:) specialized to feed on the plants despite their
3071:: Becker Soil and Water Conservation District.
2561:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1755:defenses to limit damage caused by caterpillars
552:Asclepiadaceae, which is now classified as the
30:"Milkweed" redirects here. For other uses, see
2025:and the US attempted to use it as a source of
1860:. Year-round plantings of this species in the
3503:
8:
2450:Frost, S.W. (1965). "Insects and pollinia".
2398:
2396:
1963:and have good insulation qualities. During
1823:Monarch butterfly conservation and milkweeds
2731:"Monarch Watch: Monarch Waystation Program"
1403:Native to western United States and Canada
750:species produce their seeds in pods termed
4308:
3510:
3496:
3488:
1941:of some species can be used for rope. The
758:(often referred to by other names such as
528:where cells are damaged. Most species are
56:
45:
3423:Beckett, R. E.; Stitt, R. S. (May 1935).
3007:
2953:"Milkweed Map - discover native milkweed"
2910:
2900:
2859:
2818:
2598:
2580:
2338:Quattrocchi, Umberto (29 November 1999).
2242:
1192:Lanceolate milkweed (Cedar Hill milkweed)
3443:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
3441:Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico
3183:Hauswirth, Katherine (26 October 2008).
2438:Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail
1793:(OE) parasite on the monarch butterfly,
780:
614:Milkweed sprout, a few days after sowing
3144:McCullough, Elizabeth A. (April 1991).
2672:"We're losing monarchs fast—here's why"
2069:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2053:
1988:) gathered mainly in the valley of the
3350:Environmental Science & Technology
3078:from the original on 11 September 2020
1971:. Milkweed is grown commercially as a
1931:, traditionally used common milkweed (
1777:Research indicates that the very high
1425:Native to southwestern North America
1224:Native to Mojave and Sonoran deserts
1151:Native to southeastern United States
958:Native to the western United States.
709:, a typical milkweed-pollinating wasp
7:
4669:0eef07b1-86af-4c83-86b3-36d5968eb141
4594:cb6f3ca5-75b5-4432-83b7-cec813a535fc
3267:Bernstein, Jaela (13 October 2016).
3133:. Center for Undergraduate Research.
3062:"Butterfly Weed: Asclepias tuberosa"
3028:Abugattas, Alonzo (3 January 2017).
2218:
2216:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1334:Native to eastern United States and
1312:Native to Texas and northern Mexico
1173:Native to wetlands of North America
936:up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
566:The genus was formally described by
3312:Charles Sigisbert, Sonnini (1810).
2992:Ecological Society of America (ESA)
2703:"Butterfly Gardening: Introduction"
2032:Many milkweed species also contain
1631:Green antelopehorn, spider milkweed
1246:Native to midwestern United States
723:) showing pollinia attached to legs
4633:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005968-2
4295:, beautification and conservation
3519:State flowers of the United States
3293:Bauck, Whitney (23 January 2020).
2678:. 21 December 2018. Archived from
696:are poor pollinators of milkweed.
25:
3209:Wykes, Gerald (4 February 2014).
2555:; Fishbein, Mark (22 July 2008).
2319:. International Plant Names Index
1839:. These plants are often used in
1268:native to the American southwest
3040:from the original on 5 June 2017
2939:The National Wildlife Federation
2244:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04049.x
2189:Agrawal, Anurag (7 March 2017).
1996:. Milkweed floss can be used in
1638:
1617:
1596:
1575:
1554:
1533:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1449:
1430:
1408:
1386:
1361:
1342:
1317:
1295:
1273:
1251:
1229:
1207:
1178:
1156:
1134:
1115:
1090:
1065:
1039:
1010:
985:
963:
941:
909:
884:
853:
828:
798:
82:
2807:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
901:Native to central and southern
626:, one of the cardiac glycosides
516:, a milky substance containing
70:(swamp milkweed) flowers and a
1937:) for medicinal purposes. The
1831:species are a food source for
1664:in South America, among them:
845:Native to central and eastern
642:surrounded by a five-membrane
1:
3833:Pink and white lady's slipper
3331:"Monarchs, Milkweed, and You"
3254:10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.10.002
3242:Industrial Crops and Products
3189:The Christian Science Monitor
2165:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)85141-9
1660:There are also 12 species of
1526:Butterfly weed, pleurisy root
638:reflex backwards revealing a
2288:Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew
2038:K, Ca concentration gradient
1753:Milkweeds use three primary
743:seeds dispersed by the wind.
574:, the Greek god of healing.
570:in 1753, who named it after
4733:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3217:. Michigan History Magazine
1868:Ophryocystis elektroscirrha
1790:Ophryocystis elektroscirrha
1714:Milkweeds are an important
717:Honeybee on antelope horn (
4754:
4283:, state children's flower
3782:White pine cone and tassel
3483:UVSC Herbarium — Asclepias
3236:Evangelista, R.L. (2007).
3162:10.1177/004051759106100403
2390:Milkweed Flower Morphology
2344:. CRC Press. p. 211.
2283:Plants of the World Online
2197:Princeton University Press
2121:Plants of the World Online
1949:used heart-leaf milkweed (
1787:reduces the impact of the
1002:Endemic to sandy areas of
773:
36:
29:
4272:
4233:Bougainvillea spectabilis
3525:
3105:. Amazon KDP. p. 7.
2642:10.1007/s11258-016-0688-4
2366:The Greeks and Their Gods
1439:Asclepias subverticillata
776:List of Asclepias species
774:For a complete list, see
263:
256:
250:List of Asclepias species
246:
241:
228:
221:
79:Scientific classification
77:
64:
55:
48:
32:Milkweed (disambiguation)
27:Genus of flowering plants
3597:Rocky Mountain columbine
3472:Handbook of Energy Crops
3150:Textile Research Journal
3101:Johnson, Glen A (2019).
3069:Becker County, Minnesota
3018:(no choice; Fig. 2) and
2502:Cornell University Press
1260:Asclepias nyctaginifolia
37:Not to be confused with
2935:"Milkweed for Monarchs"
2902:10.3390/insects10080253
2758:"Monarch Garden Plants"
2738:, Entomology Department
2582:10.1073/pnas.0802368105
2368:, 1950; Carl Linnaeus,
1757:: hairs on the leaves (
837:Asclepias amplexicaulis
559:of the dogbane family,
4289:, state floral emblem
3567:Saguaro cactus blossom
3315:Traité de l'asclépiade
3030:"Monarch Way Stations"
2852:10.1098/rspb.2014.1734
2773:Pollinator Partnership
2014:
1835:larvae and some other
1817:Asclepias angustifolia
1806:Asclepias fascicularis
1584:Asclepias verticillata
1282:Asclepias purpurascens
1099:Asclepias fascicularis
1060:, and Baja California
1056:Native to California,
1027:Native to California,
744:
724:
710:
627:
622:Chemical structure of
615:
607:
594:
4728:Butterfly food plants
3185:"The Heroic Milkweed"
2006:
1605:Asclepias viridiflora
1458:Asclepias sullivantii
1326:Asclepias quadrifolia
1109:Western United States
972:Asclepias curassavica
950:Asclepias cryptoceras
893:Asclepias californica
842:Blunt-leaved milkweed
739:
716:
702:
692:pollination, whereas
621:
613:
600:
585:
4127:Tennessee coneflower
4116:Purple passionflower
4054:Penngift crown vetch
3991:Large white trillium
3697:Syringa, mock orange
3337:. Spin Off Magazine.
2957:GROW MILKWEED PLANTS
2736:University of Kansas
2707:University of Kansas
2428:Vol. 49, pp. 191–198
1990:Saint Lawrence River
1837:milkweed butterflies
1769:fluids. Data from a
1463:Sullivant's milkweed
1331:Four-leaved milkweed
1221:Pine needle milkweed
1187:Asclepias lanceolata
1143:Asclepias humistrata
1129:Tall green milkweed
1104:Narrow-leaf milkweed
918:Asclepias cordifolia
634:in complexity. Five
4738:Symbols of Illinois
4277:: state wildflower
3909:Pink lady's slipper
3370:10.1021/es00028a016
3362:1992EnST...26..772C
3335:spinoffmagazine.com
3000:2018Ecosp...9E2064P
2820:10.1155/2010/689301
2744:on 18 November 2019
2682:on 24 February 2021
2573:2008PNAS..10510057A
2567:(29): 10057–10060.
2464:1965Ecol...46..556F
2376:. Ed. 5. 102. 1754.
2157:1970PChem...9..315S
1945:people of northern
1849:A. curassavica
1841:butterfly gardening
1732:monarch butterflies
1563:Asclepias variegata
1444:Horsetail milkweed
1380:northern California
1375:Serpentine milkweed
1370:Asclepias solanoana
1304:Asclepias prostrata
1165:Asclepias incarnata
1019:Asclepias eriocarpa
994:Asclepias curtissii
924:Heart-leaf milkweed
898:California milkweed
694:monarch butterflies
67:Asclepias incarnata
4723:Apocynaceae genera
4183:Coast rhododendron
3541:Oak-leaf hydrangea
3412:. 2 December 2014.
3329:Augustine, Kathy.
3034:Capital Naturalist
2846:(1801): 20141734.
2717:on 2 February 2020
2553:Agrawal, Anurag A.
2535:Northern Woodlands
2504:. pp. 47–59.
2494:Agrawal, Anurag A.
2015:
1998:thermal insulation
1952:A. cordifolia
1812:Asclepias tuberosa
1718:source for native
1542:Asclepias uncialis
1521:Asclepias tuberosa
1417:Asclepias subulata
1395:Asclepias speciosa
1309:Prostrate milkweed
1124:Asclepias hirtella
1082:Native to eastern
1074:Asclepias exaltata
1024:Woollypod milkweed
999:Curtiss's milkweed
874:American southwest
862:Asclepias asperula
812:Whitestem milkweed
807:Asclepias albicans
745:
725:
720:Asclepias asperula
711:
628:
616:
608:
595:
518:cardiac glycosides
512:, named for their
4705:
4704:
4602:Open Tree of Life
4314:Taxon identifiers
4305:
4304:
4213:Indian paintbrush
3986:Scarlet carnation
3976:Wild prairie rose
3955:Flowering dogwood
3731:Wild prairie rose
3687:Hawaiian hibiscus
3450:978-0-89672-614-7
3215:MLive Media Group
3112:978-1-0811-7065-3
3009:10.1002/ecs2.2064
2511:978-0-8014-5560-5
2422:Asclepias syriaca
2370:Species Plantarum
2206:978-1-4008-8476-6
2034:cardiac glycoside
2013:(Common Milkweed)
2010:Asclepias syriaca
1833:monarch butterfly
1784:Asclepias linaria
1748:chemical defenses
1658:
1657:
1647:Asclepias welshii
1626:Asclepias viridis
1479:Asclepias syriaca
1216:Asclepias linaria
1148:Sandhill milkweed
737:
603:Asclepias syriaca
588:monarch butterfly
535:monarch butterfly
485:
484:
477:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
322:
312:
304:
294:
286:
278:
231:Asclepias syriaca
217:
72:monarch butterfly
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4698:
4697:
4685:
4684:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4573:
4571:NHMSYS0021196569
4561:
4560:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4173:American dogwood
4134:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4092:
4091:
4080:Yellow jessamine
4061:
4060:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4018:
3998:
3997:
3967:
3966:
3916:
3915:
3855:
3854:
3824:
3823:
3792:Black-eyed susan
3773:
3772:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3650:
3649:
3619:
3618:
3612:Mirabilis jalapa
3587:California poppy
3548:
3547:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3454:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3126:Nehring, Julia.
3123:
3117:
3116:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3066:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3024:
3011:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2775:. Archived from
2762:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2740:. Archived from
2726:
2724:
2722:
2713:. Archived from
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2584:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:Genera Plantarum
2372:. 214. 1753 and
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2246:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2186:
2169:
2168:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2058:
1959:workable yarn.
1880:A. tuberosa
1796:Danaus plexippus
1667:A. barjoniifolia
1652:Welsh's milkweed
1642:
1621:
1600:
1589:Whorled milkweed
1579:
1558:
1537:
1516:
1500:Asclepias texana
1495:
1474:
1453:
1434:
1412:
1390:
1365:
1346:
1321:
1299:
1277:
1255:
1238:Asclepias meadii
1233:
1211:
1182:
1160:
1138:
1119:
1094:
1069:
1043:
1014:
989:
967:
945:
913:
888:
857:
832:
802:
781:
770:Selected species
738:
506:flowering plants
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
328:
318:
310:
300:
292:
284:
274:
213:
87:
86:
60:
46:
21:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4693:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4592:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4538:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4223:Paogo (Ulafala)
4131:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4089:
4088:
4058:
4057:
4049:Mountain laurel
4027:
4026:
4016:
4015:
3995:
3994:
3964:
3963:
3913:
3912:
3852:
3851:
3821:
3820:
3817:Dwarf lake iris
3770:
3769:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3647:
3646:
3616:
3615:
3607:Mountain laurel
3545:
3544:
3521:
3516:
3461:
3451:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3299:Fashionista.com
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3025:
3020:A. verticillata
2977:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2782:on 9 March 2020
2779:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2512:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2472:10.2307/1934896
2449:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2230:New Phytologist
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2188:
2187:
2172:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2050:
1986:A. syriaca
1934:A. syriaca
1893:
1858:Central America
1825:
1712:
1484:Common milkweed
1351:Asclepias rubra
1287:Purple milkweed
1265:Mojave milkweed
1243:Mead's milkweed
1053:Desert milkweed
1048:Asclepias erosa
1029:Baja California
955:Pallid milkweed
787:Scientific name
779:
772:
727:
580:
557:Asclepiadoideae
481:
480:
267:
237:
234:
212:
178:Asclepiadoideae
81:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4686:
4682:wfo-4000003243
4673:
4660:
4650:
4637:
4624:
4611:
4598:
4588:
4575:
4562:
4549:
4536:
4523:
4510:
4497:
4484:
4471:
4458:
4445:
4432:
4419:
4406:
4393:
4380:
4367:
4357:
4342:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4165:
4155:
4145:
4143:Bluebonnet sp.
4135:
4103:
4093:
4072:
4062:
4041:
4031:
4012:Indian blanket
3999:
3978:
3968:
3947:
3937:
3927:
3917:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3835:
3825:
3804:
3794:
3784:
3774:
3766:Louisiana iris
3753:
3743:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3651:
3638:Orange blossom
3630:
3620:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3460:
3459:External links
3457:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3433:
3432:
3415:
3397:
3386:. Radio Canada
3375:
3340:
3321:
3304:
3285:
3259:
3248:(2): 210–217.
3228:
3201:
3175:
3156:(4): 203–210.
3136:
3118:
3111:
3093:
2969:
2944:
2926:
2875:
2826:
2793:
2693:
2663:
2614:
2544:
2525:
2510:
2485:
2458:(4): 556–558.
2442:
2430:
2413:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2350:
2330:
2300:
2266:
2212:
2205:
2170:
2151:(2): 315–331.
2144:Phytochemistry
2133:
2108:
2082:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2027:natural rubber
1973:hypoallergenic
1892:
1889:
1827:The leaves of
1824:
1821:
1711:
1708:
1679:A. curassavica
1673:A. boliviensis
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:Green milkweed
1608:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:White milkweed
1566:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:Wheel milkweed
1545:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:Texas milkweed
1503:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:Showy milkweed
1398:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:Swamp milkweed
1168:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
990:
982:
981:
978:
975:
968:
960:
959:
956:
953:
946:
938:
937:
928:Native to the
926:
921:
914:
906:
905:
899:
896:
889:
881:
880:
870:
868:Antelope horns
865:
858:
850:
849:
843:
840:
833:
825:
824:
815:Native to the
813:
810:
803:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
771:
768:
592:swamp milkweed
579:
576:
483:
482:
479:
478:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
323:
313:
305:
295:
287:
279:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
226:
225:
219:
218:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
138:
137:
132:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:Pasque flower
4099:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:Oklahoma rose
4005:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3960:Carolina lily
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3812:Apple blossom
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3671:Cherokee rose
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:Peach blossom
3626:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3577:Apple blossom
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:Forget-me-not
3555:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:San Francisco
2759:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2711:Monarch Watch
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2625:Plant Ecology
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2440:, USDA PLANTS
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2351:0-8493-2673-7
2347:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2096:
2095:NCBI taxonomy
2092:
2086:
2083:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:United States
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:A. pilgeriana
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:Rush milkweed
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:Red milkweed
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:North America
1081:
1079:Poke milkweed
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
988:
984:
983:
979:
976:
974:
973:
969:
966:
962:
961:
957:
954:
952:
951:
947:
944:
940:
939:
935:
934:Cascade Range
931:
930:Sierra Nevada
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:
915:
912:
908:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
894:
890:
887:
883:
882:
879:
876:and northern
875:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
848:
847:United States
844:
841:
839:
838:
834:
831:
827:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
809:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:Distribution
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
722:
721:
715:
708:
707:
706:Pepsis grossa
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:hymenopterans
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
620:
612:
605:
604:
599:
593:
589:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
568:Carl Linnaeus
564:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
476:
472:
467:
466:Trachycalymma
464:
459:
456:
451:
448:
443:
440:
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
393:
390:
385:
382:
377:
374:
369:
366:
361:
358:
353:
350:
345:
342:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:Asclepiodella
314:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
262:
259:
255:
252:
251:
245:
240:
233:
232:
227:
224:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:Asclepiadinae
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:Tracheophytes
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4321:
4274:
4263:Yellow elder
4257:
4247:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4193:Rhododendron
4187:
4177:
4167:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4125:
4114:
4105:
4095:
4083:
4074:
4064:
4052:
4043:
4039:Oregon grape
4033:
4021:
4010:
4001:
3989:
3980:
3970:
3958:
3949:
3939:
3935:Yucca flower
3929:
3919:
3907:
3904:Purple lilac
3898:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3858:
3846:
3837:
3827:
3815:
3806:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3764:
3755:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3669:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3632:
3622:
3610:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3539:
3530:
3471:
3470:Milkweed in
3440:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3378:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3262:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:
3178:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3082:11 September
3080:. Retrieved
3053:
3048:– via
3042:. Retrieved
3033:
3019:
3015:
3013:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2777:the original
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2734:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2675:
2666:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2497:
2488:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2340:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2316:
2310:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2281:
2276:
2269:
2237:(1): 28–45.
2234:
2228:
2191:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2068:
2063:
2056:
2031:
2023:Nazi Germany
2016:
2008:
1985:
1981:
1965:World War II
1961:
1957:
1950:
1932:
1927:people from
1899:people from
1894:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1866:
1847:
1845:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1765:toxins, and
1752:
1713:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1685:A. mellodora
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1645:
1624:
1603:
1582:
1561:
1540:
1519:
1498:
1477:
1456:
1437:
1415:
1393:
1368:
1349:
1324:
1302:
1280:
1258:
1236:
1214:
1185:
1163:
1141:
1122:
1097:
1072:
1046:
1017:
992:
970:
948:
916:
891:
860:
835:
805:
755:
747:
746:
718:
704:
689:
656:
651:
629:
601:
565:
545:
543:
522:cardenolides
509:
488:
487:
486:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
360:Odontostelma
359:
351:
343:
335:
326:Asclepiodora
325:
315:
307:
297:
289:
281:
271:
247:
229:
223:Type species
208:
207:
188:Asclepiadeae
141:
128:
115:
102:
65:
49:
43:
4514:iNaturalist
4346:Wikispecies
4243:Flores mayo
4203:Wood violet
3390:20 December
3221:14 February
3194:14 February
3016:A. tuberosa
2748:26 February
2636:: 291–304.
2323:23 November
2293:23 November
2126:12 February
2091:"Asclepias"
1978:monoculture
1939:bast fibers
1885:cardenolide
1781:content of
1779:cardenolide
1763:cardenolide
790:Common name
678:butterflies
658:Pollination
640:gynostegium
561:Apocynaceae
434:Schizonotus
336:Biventraria
174:Subfamily:
168:Apocynaceae
158:Gentianales
122:Angiosperms
4712:Categories
4532:30005968-2
4163:Red clover
3874:Bitterroot
3356:(4): 772.
2895:(8): 253.
2769:California
2686:1 December
2360:and Greek
2075:5 February
2048:References
2042:dermatitis
1947:California
1923:, and the
1911:and upper
1728:honey bees
1691:A. candida
1378:Native to
1201:New Jersey
1107:Native to
903:California
872:Native to
668:, such as
498:herbaceous
418:Podostigma
410:Podostemma
308:Anthanotis
298:Anantherix
194:Subtribe:
4718:Asclepias
4467:Asclepias
4436:FloraBase
4402:Asclepias
4352:Asclepias
4322:Asclepias
4153:Sego lily
4085:Goldenrod
4023:Mistletoe
3894:Sagebrush
3884:Goldenrod
3802:Mayflower
3751:Goldenrod
3741:Sunflower
3278:5 January
2984:Ecosphere
2650:1385-0237
2591:0027-8424
2520:918150494
2424:, seeds,
2362:asklepias
2358:asclepias
2311:Asclepias
2277:Asclepias
2253:1469-8137
2101:10 August
2064:Asclepias
2017:Milkweed
2007:Seeds of
1982:Asclepias
1980:is used.
1921:Minnesota
1909:Wisconsin
1829:Asclepias
1801:Asclepias
1759:trichomes
1744:true bugs
1662:Asclepias
752:follicles
748:Asclepias
690:Asclepias
652:Asclepias
624:oleandrin
572:Asclepius
554:subfamily
546:Asclepias
510:milkweeds
508:known as
502:perennial
489:Asclepias
458:Stylandra
450:Solanoana
400:Oxypteryx
209:Asclepias
92:Kingdom:
50:Asclepias
39:Asclepius
18:Milkweeds
4664:VicFlora
4653:VASCAN:
4646:40020570
4641:Tropicos
4397:eFloraSA
4331:Wikidata
3864:Hawthorn
3848:Tickseed
3843:Magnolia
3761:Magnolia
3711:Milkweed
3643:Tickseed
3536:Camellia
3273:CBC News
3170:17783131
3073:Archived
3038:Archived
2994:: 1–13.
2962:10 April
2921:31426310
2870:25589600
2658:34282179
2634:Springer
2609:18645183
2541:(4): 56.
2317:ipni.org
2261:22292897
2062:"Taxon:
1929:Nebraska
1913:Michigan
1901:Nebraska
1697:A. flava
823:deserts
741:milkweed
662:pollinia
648:pollinia
471:K.Schum.
426:Polyotus
368:Oligoron
352:Dassovia
290:Acerates
282:Acerotis
272:Acerates
258:Synonyms
242:Species
164:Family:
148:Asterids
135:Eudicots
4545:1038013
4493:3170229
4337:Q162153
4275:Italics
3358:Bibcode
3050:Blogger
2996:Bibcode
2912:6724006
2889:Insects
2861:4308991
2786:9 March
2721:9 March
2676:Animals
2600:2481309
2569:Bibcode
2480:1934896
2460:Bibcode
2452:Ecology
2153:Bibcode
1905:Menomin
1736:beetles
1710:Ecology
1058:Arizona
1004:Florida
821:Sonoran
682:anthers
666:insects
632:orchids
578:Flowers
520:termed
475:Bullock
442:Solanoa
421:Elliott
384:Otanema
376:Onistis
347:Ruppius
276:Elliott
204:Genus:
184:Tribe:
154:Order:
96:Plantae
4695:415083
4615:PLANTS
4607:583848
4591:NZOR:
4480:102770
4454:102770
4376:103158
4363:188345
4360:APDB:
4070:Violet
3925:Violet
3707:Violet
3660:Azalea
3447:
3410:cbc.ca
3168:
3109:
3044:5 June
2919:
2909:
2868:
2858:
2656:
2648:
2607:
2597:
2589:
2518:
2508:
2478:
2356:Latin
2348:
2259:
2251:
2203:
1994:Canada
1917:Dakota
1915:, the
1903:, the
1854:Mexico
1815:, and
1742:, and
1716:nectar
1700:, and
1336:Canada
1033:Nevada
1031:, and
878:Mexico
817:Mojave
760:pappus
676:, and
644:corona
636:petals
550:family
539:larvae
526:exuded
453:Kuntze
445:Greene
437:A.Gray
413:Greene
404:Greene
392:Otaria
363:Rendle
344:Crassa
330:A.Gray
293:Stopp
4690:WoRMS
4620:ASCLE
4584:21199
4558:30240
4540:IRMNG
4519:47906
4462:FoAO2
4441:21940
4428:1ASCG
4415:70995
3721:Peony
3166:S2CID
3131:(PDF)
3076:(PDF)
3065:(PDF)
2990:(1).
2813:: 1.
2780:(PDF)
2761:(PDF)
2654:S2CID
2632:(3).
2476:JSTOR
2426:Oikos
2019:latex
1969:kapok
1943:Miwok
1925:Ponca
1919:from
1907:from
1897:Omaha
1767:latex
1740:moths
1724:wasps
1197:Texas
784:Image
703:Male
674:wasps
530:toxic
514:latex
494:genus
492:is a
461:Nutt.
429:Nutt.
395:Kunth
355:Neck.
339:Small
320:Small
302:Nutt.
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
4628:POWO
4579:NCBI
4553:ITIS
4527:IPNI
4506:1031
4501:GRIN
4488:GBIF
4423:EPPO
4389:33PC
4371:APNI
4253:Maga
4111:Iris
3945:Rose
3445:ISBN
3392:2015
3280:2018
3223:2014
3196:2014
3107:ISBN
3084:2020
3059:(3)
3046:2017
3026:(2)
2976:(1)
2964:2022
2917:PMID
2866:PMID
2811:2010
2788:2020
2755:(3)
2750:2019
2728:(2)
2723:2020
2700:(1)
2688:2022
2646:ISSN
2605:PMID
2587:ISSN
2516:OCLC
2506:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2325:2018
2295:2018
2257:PMID
2249:ISSN
2201:ISBN
2128:2024
2103:2018
2077:2013
1891:Uses
1856:and
1720:bees
932:and
819:and
764:wind
756:coma
670:bees
544:The
387:Raf.
379:Raf.
371:Raf.
311:Raf.
285:Raf.
266:List
248:See
4677:WFO
4656:864
4566:NBN
4475:FoC
4449:FNA
4410:EoL
4384:CoL
3366:doi
3250:doi
3158:doi
3004:doi
2907:PMC
2897:doi
2856:PMC
2848:doi
2844:282
2815:doi
2638:doi
2630:218
2595:PMC
2577:doi
2565:105
2468:doi
2279:L."
2239:doi
2235:194
2161:doi
2066:L."
1992:in
1771:DNA
1761:),
1199:to
590:on
496:of
4714::
4692::
4679::
4666::
4643::
4630::
4617::
4604::
4581::
4568::
4555::
4542::
4529::
4516::
4503::
4490::
4477::
4464::
4451::
4438::
4425::
4412::
4399::
4386::
4373::
4348::
4333::
4298:BC
4292:FE
4286:CH
4280:WF
4259:VI
4249:PR
4239:MP
4229:GU
4219:AS
4209:WY
4199:WI
4189:WV
4179:WA
4169:VA
4159:VT
4149:UT
4139:TX
4132:WF
4124:,
4121:WF
4113:,
4107:TN
4097:SD
4090:WF
4082:,
4076:SC
4066:RI
4059:BC
4051:,
4045:PA
4035:OR
4028:FE
4020:,
4017:WF
4009:,
4003:OK
3996:WF
3988:,
3982:OH
3972:ND
3965:WF
3957:,
3951:NC
3941:NY
3931:NM
3921:NJ
3914:WF
3906:,
3900:NH
3890:NV
3880:NE
3870:MT
3860:MO
3853:WF
3845:,
3839:MS
3829:MN
3822:WF
3814:,
3808:MI
3798:MA
3788:MD
3778:ME
3771:WF
3763:,
3757:LA
3747:KY
3737:KS
3727:IA
3717:IN
3709:,
3703:IL
3693:ID
3683:HI
3676:FE
3668:,
3665:WF
3655:GA
3648:WF
3640:,
3634:FL
3624:DE
3617:CH
3609:,
3603:CT
3593:CO
3583:CA
3573:AR
3563:AZ
3553:AK
3546:WF
3538:,
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