42:
1388:
1940:
1377:
466:
65:
1365:
1401:
454:
286:. The "fragrance" (or odor) of the flowers, often called "carrion flowers", attracts flies, the chief pollinators for these plants. Additionally, the color, appearance and texture of the flowers often is thought to resemble decaying flesh or raw meat to further entice pollination by flies.
304:
in 1835 is considered to be the first botanist to recognize a primary division of the family
Apocynaceae using the name Asclepiadeae, an ending now used for tribes rather than subfamilies. In 2014, Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve recognised five tribes within the subfamily. A
2648:
Nazar, N.; Clarkson, J.J.; Goyder, D.; Kaky, E.; Mahmood, T. & Chase, M.W. (2019), "Phylogenetic relationships in
Apocynaceae based on nuclear PHYA and plastid trnL-F sequences, with a focus on tribal relationships",
3135:
2452:
3457:
3150:
3269:
3418:
3470:
3431:
3243:
3107:
3098:
3069:
3060:
3031:
3022:
2993:
2984:
2955:
2946:
2883:
2874:
2845:
2836:
2807:
2798:
2769:
2760:
2731:
2722:
2693:
2684:
2238:
41:
2564:
2469:
3145:
3614:
3444:
3475:
64:
3483:
3103:
3065:
3027:
2989:
2951:
2879:
2841:
2803:
2765:
2727:
2689:
2475:
3248:
3356:
3140:
3130:
2613:
Endress, Mary E.; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid; Meve, Ulrich (February 2014). "An updated classification for
Apocynaceae".
309:
study in 2019 confirmed the distinctness of the five tribes, which were related as shown in the following cladogram:
3545:
3274:
2917:
2912:
479:
199:
1387:
1769:
3550:
3609:
2461:
3395:
3155:
1939:
1392:
306:
478:
The assignment of genera to tribes is based on
Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve (2014), with synonyms from
3369:
3170:
301:
826:
3519:
1369:
3400:
3374:
3089:
3051:
3013:
2975:
2937:
3537:
2865:
2827:
2789:
2751:
2713:
2675:
3498:
3436:
3208:
2520:
2490:
2318:
1972:
2581:
470:
3581:
3382:
2536:
1702:
1505:
1016:
666:
59:
2585:
2505:
1376:
241:. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics, especially in Africa and South America.
3524:
2554:
465:
3506:
3387:
3282:
3217:
2630:
2560:
2465:
1405:
1130:
766:
696:
458:
3462:
3310:
3511:
3410:
3287:
2658:
2622:
2528:
2197:
1962:
976:
290:
1364:
1190:
249:
102:
2237:(2014), but are accepted by Plants of the World Online. Tribal placements below are from
2524:
2022:
1655:
222:
89:
3603:
2277:
1952:
1819:
1759:
1675:
1645:
1565:
1230:
1180:
1160:
534:
254:
2540:
3586:
3222:
3159:
2146:
2136:
2096:
2072:
1869:
1829:
1732:
1605:
1575:
1515:
1465:
1297:
1220:
1210:
1150:
1103:
1083:
956:
746:
726:
716:
544:
2556:
National
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region
3573:
3361:
3488:
3256:
3202:
2903:
2398:
2368:
2338:
2292:
2173:
2002:
1982:
1887:
1859:
1789:
1692:
1545:
1535:
1485:
1435:
1425:
1400:
1348:
1250:
1240:
1140:
1113:
1093:
1053:
1043:
1026:
1006:
946:
906:
836:
604:
574:
453:
279:
275:
191:
148:
138:
3320:
3193:
2626:
274:. They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms which they have developed for
2651:
Caryologia
International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics
2349:
2156:
2126:
2032:
1799:
1779:
1722:
1712:
1665:
1625:
1555:
1455:
1287:
1200:
1073:
986:
876:
856:
776:
756:
594:
584:
554:
245:
226:
3347:
3151:
The Genera of
Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)
2634:
3300:
3230:
2328:
2247:
2217:
2116:
2042:
2012:
1914:
1849:
1839:
1635:
1495:
1475:
1415:
1328:
996:
916:
886:
786:
736:
706:
614:
503:
230:
187:
17:
3563:
2662:
3558:
3341:
3295:
3187:
2383:
2262:
2062:
1897:
1809:
1615:
1445:
1260:
1063:
966:
936:
926:
686:
564:
283:
264:
128:
115:
293:
have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.
2532:
2307:
2207:
2106:
2052:
1992:
1595:
1525:
1277:
1170:
896:
866:
846:
816:
806:
676:
493:
260:
238:
50:
3261:
2442:
1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's
Medizinal-Pflanzen
2413:
1924:
1749:
1585:
1338:
796:
270:
3449:
3423:
3164:
3532:
3235:
1938:
1399:
1386:
1375:
1363:
464:
452:
214:
210:
76:
2233:
218:
206:
3168:
194:. Formerly, it was treated as a separate family under the name
248:
within this family contains several relatively familiar stem
3136:
Field Manual for Seed
Collectors,Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
221:
but notably also contain a significant number of leafless
2587:
Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium
3331:
3177:
2506:"A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l."
2608:
2606:
2604:
8:
282:, such as the grouping of their pollen into
3160:BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
2590:. Plant Biology section, Cornell University
3165:
278:, independently parallel to the unrelated
40:
31:
2504:Endress, M. E. and P. V. Bruyns (2000),
3108:United States Department of Agriculture
3099:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3070:United States Department of Agriculture
3061:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3032:United States Department of Agriculture
3023:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2994:United States Department of Agriculture
2985:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2956:United States Department of Agriculture
2947:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2884:United States Department of Agriculture
2875:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2846:United States Department of Agriculture
2837:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2808:United States Department of Agriculture
2799:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2770:United States Department of Agriculture
2761:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2732:United States Department of Agriculture
2723:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2694:United States Department of Agriculture
2685:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2435:
237:There are 348 genera, with about 2,900
2454:English Names for Korean Native Plants
7:
3538:688EA025-CE65-2E58-E49C-AB37DEDBC4BB
3499:ec44cd3f-3377-4285-82e6-41ed85d2f5b9
2559:(rev ed.). Knopf. p. 347.
2420:– Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of
2405:– Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of
2375:– Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of
2360:– Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of
2269:– Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of
202:, and known as the milkweed family.
2390:– Marsdenieae (possible synonym of
2299:– Marsdenieae (possible synonym of
2284:– Marsdenieae (possible synonym of
2254:– Marsdenieae (possible synonym of
380:
360:
340:
320:
312:
3551:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000422-2
3141:Asclepiad info from ig-ascleps.org
25:
63:
205:They form a group of perennial
2553:Spellenberg, Richard (2001) .
1:
3104:Agricultural Research Service
3066:Agricultural Research Service
3028:Agricultural Research Service
2990:Agricultural Research Service
2952:Agricultural Research Service
2880:Agricultural Research Service
2842:Agricultural Research Service
2804:Agricultural Research Service
2766:Agricultural Research Service
2728:Agricultural Research Service
2690:Agricultural Research Service
474:, Richtersveld, South Africa
244:The florally-advanced tribe
3631:
2918:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2913:Plants of the World Online
2627:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2
482:as of December 2023.
480:Plants of the World Online
225:. The name comes from the
2908:(Brandegee) L.O.Alvarado"
2580:Reveal, James L. (2011).
398:
385:
378:
365:
358:
345:
338:
325:
318:
173:
168:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
2462:Korea National Arboretum
190:of plants in the family
3615:Gentianales subfamilies
3571:Watson & Dallwitz:
1393:Leptadenia pyrotechnica
2663:10.13128/cayologia-251
1946:
1944:Stephanotis floribunda
1902:K.Schum. & Schltr.
1409:
1397:
1384:
1373:
475:
462:
307:molecular phylogenetic
302:Gilbert Thomas Burnett
3520:Paleobiology Database
3146:Asclepiadaceae Family
3018:H. Karst. ex Schltdl"
2464:. 2015. p. 363.
1942:
1403:
1390:
1379:
1370:Ceropegia candelabrum
1367:
468:
456:
2491:Korea Forest Service
2388:H.Karst. ex Schltdl.
1381:Caralluma acutangula
2906:Polystemma cordatum
2525:2000BotRv..66....1E
471:Microloma calycinum
27:Subfamily of plants
2533:10.1007/BF02857781
1947:
1410:
1398:
1385:
1374:
476:
463:
3597:
3596:
3507:Open Tree of Life
3283:Open Tree of Life
3171:Taxon identifiers
2582:"Asclepiadoideae"
2566:978-0-375-40233-3
2471:978-89-97450-98-5
2419:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2355:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2313:
2298:
2283:
2268:
2253:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1930:
1920:
1903:
1893:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1406:Stapelia gigantea
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1131:Pseudolachnostoma
1126:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
802:
792:
782:
772:
762:
752:
742:
732:
722:
712:
702:
692:
682:
672:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
610:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
523:
516:
509:
499:
459:Asclepias syriaca
449:Tribes and genera
445:
444:
436:
435:
427:
426:
418:
417:
409:
408:
180:
179:
164:
16:(Redirected from
3622:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:NBNSYS0000172123
3479:
3478:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3166:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2513:Botanical Review
2510:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2474:. Archived from
2459:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2353:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2311:
2296:
2281:
2266:
2251:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2198:Stigmatorhynchus
2191:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1928:
1918:
1901:
1891:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
608:
598:
588:
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
528:
521:
514:
507:
497:
381:
361:
341:
321:
316:Asclepiadoideae
313:
252:genera, such as
162:
68:
67:
44:
35:Asclepiadoideae
32:
21:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3610:Asclepiadoideae
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3209:Asclepiadoideae
3207:
3206:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3179:Asclepiadoideae
3173:
3131:Stapeliads.info
3127:
3122:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2241:, where given.
2231:
2226:
1937:
1910:
1883:
1878:
1362:
1357:
1191:Schizostephanus
488:
451:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
299:
223:stem succulents
184:Asclepiadoideae
161:
159:Asclepiadoideae
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:wfo-7000000855
3578:
3568:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3503:
3493:
3480:
3467:
3454:
3441:
3428:
3415:
3411:asclepiadaceae
3405:
3392:
3388:Asclepiadaceae
3379:
3366:
3353:
3337:
3335:
3333:Asclepiadaceae
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3305:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3214:
3199:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3156:Asclepiadaceae
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3125:External links
3123:
3120:
3119:
3081:
3043:
3005:
2967:
2929:
2895:
2857:
2819:
2781:
2743:
2705:
2667:
2640:
2621:(3): 175–194.
2600:
2572:
2565:
2545:
2496:
2481:on 25 May 2017
2470:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2410:
2395:
2380:
2365:
2346:
2345:– Asclepiadeae
2335:
2325:
2315:
2314:– Asclepiadeae
2304:
2289:
2274:
2259:
2243:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2170:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2023:Dolichopetalum
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1948:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1770:Richtersveldia
1766:
1756:
1746:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1672:
1662:
1656:Notechidnopsis
1652:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1411:
1396:, Burkina Faso
1383:, Burkina Faso
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
883:
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
803:
793:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
673:
663:
611:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
500:
489:
487:
484:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
411:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
317:
311:
298:
295:
196:Asclepiadaceae
178:
177:
171:
170:
166:
165:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3627:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3082:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3044:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2754:Dischidanthus
2747:
2744:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:Microdactylon
2352:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2278:Dischidanthus
2275:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2081:Cathetostemma
2075:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:Anatropanthus
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:Stapelianthus
1817:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:Rhytidocaulon
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:Neoschumannia
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:Emplectanthus
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:Rhyncharrhena
1314:
1307:
1306:Merrillanthus
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:Stathmostelma
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:Schizoglossum
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:Rhytidostemma
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
989:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
969:
968:
964:
959:
958:
954:
949:
948:
944:
939:
938:
934:
929:
928:
924:
919:
918:
914:
909:
908:
904:
899:
898:
894:
889:
888:
884:
879:
878:
874:
869:
868:
864:
859:
858:
854:
849:
848:
844:
839:
838:
834:
829:
828:
824:
819:
818:
814:
809:
808:
804:
799:
798:
794:
789:
788:
784:
779:
778:
774:
769:
768:
764:
759:
758:
754:
749:
748:
744:
739:
738:
734:
729:
728:
724:
719:
718:
714:
709:
708:
704:
699:
698:
694:
689:
688:
684:
679:
678:
674:
669:
668:
664:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
616:
612:
607:
606:
602:
597:
596:
592:
587:
586:
582:
577:
576:
572:
567:
566:
562:
557:
556:
552:
547:
546:
542:
537:
536:
535:Aspidoglossum
532:
527:
526:Trachycalymma
520:
513:
506:
505:
501:
496:
495:
491:
490:
485:
483:
481:
473:
472:
467:
461:
460:
455:
448:
441:
440:
432:
431:
423:
422:
414:
413:
405:
404:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
382:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
363:
362:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:Asclepiadeae
343:
342:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
323:
322:
315:
314:
310:
308:
303:
296:
294:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
266:
262:
257:
256:
251:
247:
242:
240:
235:
234:(milkweeds).
233:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
176:
172:
167:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Tracheophytes
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
54:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3332:
3178:
3111:. Retrieved
3097:
3091:
3084:
3073:. Retrieved
3059:
3053:
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3021:
3015:
3008:
2997:. Retrieved
2983:
2977:
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2945:
2939:
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2911:
2905:
2898:
2887:. Retrieved
2873:
2867:
2860:
2849:. Retrieved
2835:
2829:
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2797:
2791:
2784:
2773:. Retrieved
2759:
2753:
2746:
2735:. Retrieved
2721:
2715:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2683:
2677:
2670:
2657:(1): 55–81,
2654:
2650:
2643:
2618:
2614:
2592:. Retrieved
2586:
2575:
2555:
2548:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2489:– via
2483:. Retrieved
2476:the original
2453:
2447:
2438:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2356:, including
2348:
2337:
2327:
2319:Leichhardtia
2317:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2234:
2232:
2229:Other genera
2216:
2206:
2196:
2188:
2181:
2180:, including
2172:
2165:Quisumbingia
2164:
2163:, including
2155:
2147:Rhyssolobium
2145:
2137:Pycnorhachis
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2097:Jasminanthes
2095:
2088:Clemensiella
2087:
2080:
2079:, including
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1973:Asterostemma
1971:
1961:
1951:
1943:
1923:
1913:
1896:
1886:
1870:Whitesloanea
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1830:Stapeliopsis
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1740:
1739:, including
1733:Pseudolithos
1731:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1683:
1682:, including
1674:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1606:Larryleachia
1604:
1594:
1584:
1576:Heterostemma
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1516:Desmidorchis
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1466:Brachystelma
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1391:
1380:
1368:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1304:, including
1298:Vincetoxicum
1296:
1286:
1276:
1268:
1267:, including
1259:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1221:Solenostemma
1219:
1211:Scyphostelma
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1151:Rhyssostelma
1149:
1139:
1129:
1121:
1120:, including
1112:
1104:Pherotrichis
1102:
1092:
1084:Petalostelma
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1034:
1033:, including
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
957:Odontanthera
955:
945:
935:
925:
915:
905:
895:
885:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
815:
805:
795:
785:
775:
765:
755:
747:Graphistemma
745:
735:
727:Gomphocarpus
725:
717:Glossostelma
715:
705:
695:
685:
675:
665:
657:
650:
644:Pentarrhinum
643:
636:
629:
622:
621:, including
613:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
553:
545:Aspidonepsis
543:
533:
525:
519:Odontostelma
518:
511:
510:, including
502:
492:
486:Asclepiadeae
477:
469:
457:
400:Marsdenieae
399:
387:Ceropegieae
386:
366:
346:
326:
300:
288:
269:
259:
253:
243:
236:
229:
204:
195:
183:
181:
174:
158:
122:
109:
96:
83:
49:
29:
18:Asclepiadeae
3257:iNaturalist
3203:Wikispecies
3054:Schistonema
2978:Ptycanthera
2868:Periglossum
2792:Gymnemopsis
2519:(1): 1–56,
2460:. Pocheon:
2422:Blepharodon
2399:Schistonema
2369:Ptycanthera
2339:Periglossum
2293:Gymnemopsis
2239:GRIN-Global
2174:Stephanotis
2003:Cosmostigma
1983:Campestigma
1935:Marsdenieae
1888:Emicocarpus
1860:Tromotriche
1790:Sisyranthus
1764:P.R.O.Bally
1737:P.R.O.Bally
1693:Orthanthera
1546:Echidnopsis
1540:M.G.Gilbert
1536:Duvaliandra
1486:Caudanthera
1436:Australluma
1426:Apteranthes
1360:Ceropegieae
1349:Xysmalobium
1251:Stenostelma
1241:Stelmagonum
1141:Raphistemma
1114:Philibertia
1094:Phaeostemma
1054:Pentatropis
1044:Pentastelma
1027:Pentacyphus
1007:Pachycarpus
947:Nephradenia
907:Miraglossum
901:T.U.P.Konno
837:Macroscepis
827:Lachnostoma
661:M.G.Gilbert
623:Adelostemma
605:Cordylogyne
575:Blepharodon
367:Eustegieae
280:Orchidaceae
276:pollination
192:Apocynaceae
155:Subfamily:
149:Apocynaceae
139:Gentianales
103:Angiosperms
53:denticulata
3604:Categories
3450:30000422-2
3113:2023-12-01
3075:2023-12-01
3037:2023-12-01
2999:2023-12-01
2961:2023-12-01
2940:Polystemma
2923:2023-11-30
2889:2023-12-01
2851:2023-12-01
2813:2023-12-01
2794:Costantin"
2775:2023-12-01
2737:2023-12-01
2699:2023-12-01
2594:2023-11-30
2485:25 January
2430:References
2350:Polystemma
2157:Sarcolobus
2127:Oreosparte
2047:P.I.Forst.
2033:Gongronema
1881:Eustegieae
1800:Socotrella
1780:Riocreuxia
1741:Anomalluma
1723:Piaranthus
1713:Pentasacme
1703:Pectinaria
1684:Orbeanthus
1666:Ophionella
1626:Leptadenia
1556:Edithcolea
1456:Boucerosia
1313:Oncostemma
1288:Tylodontia
1269:Stenomeria
1201:Schubertia
1122:Mitostigma
1074:Pergularia
1035:Tetraphysa
1017:Parapodium
987:Oxypetalum
877:Metastelma
857:Margaretta
777:Holostemma
757:Gyrostelma
667:Diplolepis
651:Seshagiria
637:Metaplexis
630:Glossonema
595:Calotropis
585:Calciphila
555:Astephanus
529:(K.Schum.)
246:Stapelieae
227:type genus
217:or rarely
209:, twining
198:, e.g. by
3301:100408914
2678:Dalzielia
2635:1179-3163
2615:Phytotaxa
2392:Marsdenia
2329:Manothrix
2301:Marsdenia
2297:Costantin
2286:Marsdenia
2271:Cynanchum
2256:Marsdenia
2248:Dalzielia
2218:Treutlera
2189:Wattakaka
2117:Marsdenia
2043:Gunnessia
2013:Dischidia
1915:Cibirhiza
1850:Tridentea
1840:Tavaresia
1687:L.C.Leach
1636:Monolluma
1506:Conomitra
1496:Ceropegia
1476:Caralluma
1430:J.C.Mikan
1416:Anisotoma
1329:Widgrenia
997:Oxystelma
917:Monsanima
887:Microloma
787:Hypolobus
767:Hemipogon
737:Gonolobus
707:Funastrum
697:Fischeria
658:Sichuania
615:Cynanchum
504:Asclepias
327:Fockeeae
289:Many new
250:succulent
231:Asclepias
188:subfamily
175:See text
73:Kingdom:
3574:asclepia
3564:42000279
3559:Tropicos
3342:Wikidata
3318:VASCAN:
3296:Tropicos
3194:Q8206302
3188:Wikidata
3016:Ruehssia
2832:E.Fourn"
2716:Decanema
2680:Turrill"
2541:31739212
2384:Ruehssia
2312:E.Fourn.
2263:Decanema
2063:Heynella
1963:Anisopus
1908:Fockeeae
1898:Eustegia
1810:Stapelia
1660:Lavranos
1616:Lavrania
1446:Baynesia
1323:F.Muell.
1316:K.Schum.
1261:Tassadia
1235:K.Schum.
1098:E.Fourn.
1088:E.Fourn.
1064:Peplonia
977:Orthosia
967:Oncinema
937:Nautonia
927:Morrenia
811:E.Fourn.
791:E.Fourn.
761:E.Fourn.
711:E.Fourn.
687:Fanninia
565:Barjonia
549:Nicholas
512:Aidomene
297:Taxonomy
284:pollinia
265:Stapelia
145:Family:
129:Asterids
116:Eudicots
3348:Q156689
3311:5952353
3056:Schltr"
2830:Kerbera
2756:Tsiang"
2521:Bibcode
2407:Tweedia
2403:Schltr.
2377:Matelea
2362:Matelea
2308:Kerbera
2252:Turrill
2222:Hook.f.
2212:Coville
2208:Telosma
2202:Schltr.
2178:Thouars
2131:Schltr.
2111:Hook.f.
2107:Lygisma
2091:Schltr.
2053:Gymnema
2037:(Endl.)
1997:Griseb.
1993:Cionura
1967:N.E.Br.
1957:Schltr.
1834:Pillans
1754:N.E.Br.
1650:Schltr.
1596:Huernia
1570:N.E.Br.
1560:N.E.Br.
1550:Hook.f.
1526:Duvalia
1520:Ehrenb.
1343:Schltr.
1292:Griseb.
1278:Tweedia
1255:Schltr.
1195:Hochst.
1171:Rojasia
1165:Morillo
1135:Morillo
1038:Schltr.
1031:Schltr.
911:Kupicha
897:Minaria
867:Matelea
851:Schltr.
847:Mahawoa
817:Kanahia
807:Jobinia
751:(Champ.
721:Schltr.
677:Ditassa
626:Hook.f.
494:Araujia
291:hybrids
261:Huernia
239:species
169:Genera
163:Burnett
135:Order:
77:Plantae
51:Matelea
3512:524059
3496:NZOR:
3463:119168
3408:FoIO:
3308:uBio:
3288:673329
3275:167484
3262:373579
3094:Rusby"
3092:Vailia
3090:"Gen.
3052:"Gen.
3014:"Gen.
2980:Decne"
2976:"Gen.
2942:Decne"
2938:"Gen.
2870:Decne"
2866:"Gen.
2828:"Gen.
2790:"Gen.
2752:"Gen.
2718:Decne"
2714:"Gen.
2676:"Gen.
2633:
2563:
2539:
2468:
2414:Vailia
2373:Decne.
2354:Decne.
2343:Decne.
2282:Tsiang
2267:Decne.
2235:et al.
2192:Hassk.
2185:E.Mey.
2182:Dregea
2151:E.Mey.
2141:Benth.
2067:Backer
2027:Tsiang
1987:Pierre
1977:Decne.
1925:Fockea
1919:Bruyns
1874:Chiov.
1804:Bruyns
1794:E.Mey.
1784:Decne.
1750:Quaqua
1744:Plowes
1670:Bruyns
1640:Plowes
1620:Plowes
1610:Plowes
1586:Hoodia
1490:Plowes
1450:Bruyns
1440:Plowes
1339:Woodia
1272:Turcz.
1265:Decne.
1245:Baill.
1215:Baill.
1185:E.Mey.
1155:Decne.
1125:Decne.
1108:Decne.
1068:Decne.
1048:Tsiang
1021:E.Mey.
1011:E.Mey.
981:Decne.
951:Decne.
941:Decne.
931:Lindl.
801:Decne.
797:Ibatia
771:Decne.
741:Michx.
654:Ansari
647:E.Mey.
633:Decne.
609:E.Mey.
579:Decne.
569:Decne.
539:E.Mey.
522:Rendle
271:Hoodia
215:lianas
211:shrubs
200:APG II
186:are a
3533:Plazi
3525:53927
3476:30239
3458:IRMNG
3401:10066
3383:FoAO2
3375:10066
3362:54564
3236:1ASCS
3223:93LSR
2537:S2CID
2509:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
2418:Rusby
2333:Miers
2323:R.Br.
2168:Merr.
2161:R.Br.
2121:R.Br.
2101:Blume
2084:Blume
2077:R.Br.
2057:R.Br.
2017:R.Br.
2007:Wight
1929:Endl.
1892:R.Br.
1844:Welw.
1824:Choux
1727:R.Br.
1717:Wall.
1697:Wight
1676:Orbea
1630:R.Br.
1600:R.Br.
1590:Sweet
1580:Wight
1510:Fenzl
1480:R.Br.
1460:Wight
1420:Fenzl
1353:R.Br.
1333:Malme
1282:Hook.
1225:Hayne
1205:Mart.
1175:Malme
1145:Wall.
1118:Kunth
1058:R.Br.
1001:R.Br.
991:R.Br.
961:Wight
921:Liede
891:R.Br.
881:R.Br.
871:Aubl.
861:Oliv.
841:Kunth
831:Kunth
821:R.Br.
781:R.Br.
731:R.Br.
691:Harv.
681:R.Br.
671:R.Br.
640:R.Br.
599:R.Br.
589:Liede
559:R.Br.
515:Stopp
498:Brot.
255:Orbea
219:trees
207:herbs
123:Clade
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
3546:POWO
3471:ITIS
3445:IPNI
3432:GRIN
3424:6700
3419:GBIF
3357:APNI
3270:NCBI
3249:1694
3244:GRIN
3231:EPPO
2631:ISSN
2561:ISBN
2487:2017
2466:ISBN
2073:Hoya
1864:Haw.
1854:Haw.
1774:Meve
1707:Haw.
1680:Haw.
1530:Haw.
1470:Sims
1309:Chun
1302:Wolf
971:Arn.
268:and
182:The
3582:WFO
3484:NBN
3437:105
3396:FoC
3370:FNA
3321:283
3218:CoL
3158:in
2659:doi
2623:doi
2619:159
2529:doi
701:DC.
3606::
3584::
3561::
3548::
3535::
3522::
3509::
3486::
3473::
3460::
3447::
3434::
3421::
3398::
3385::
3372::
3359::
3344::
3298::
3285::
3272::
3259::
3246::
3233::
3220::
3205::
3190::
3106:,
3102:.
3096:.
3068:,
3064:.
3058:.
3030:,
3026:.
3020:.
2992:,
2988:.
2982:.
2954:,
2950:.
2944:.
2916:.
2910:.
2882:,
2878:.
2872:.
2844:,
2840:.
2834:.
2806:,
2802:.
2796:.
2768:,
2764:.
2758:.
2730:,
2726:.
2720:.
2692:,
2688:.
2682:.
2655:72
2653:,
2629:.
2617:.
2603:^
2584:.
2535:,
2527:,
2517:66
2515:,
2511:,
2187:,
2086:,
1814:L.
1500:L.
1318:,
1311:,
1078:L.
656:,
649:,
642:,
635:,
628:,
619:L.
524:,
517:,
508:L.
263:,
258:,
213:,
125::
112::
99::
86::
3116:.
3078:.
3040:.
3002:.
2964:.
2926:.
2904:"
2892:.
2854:.
2816:.
2778:.
2740:.
2702:.
2661::
2637:.
2625::
2597:.
2569:.
2531::
2523::
2493:.
2424:)
2409:)
2394:)
2379:)
2364:)
2303:)
2288:)
2273:)
2258:)
20:)
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