385:, that grows towards the bark of the host under the influence of light and gravity, and potentially each forming a mistletoe plant in a clump. Possibly as an adaptation to assist in guiding the process of growing away from the light, the adhesive on the seed tends to darken the bark. On having made contact with the bark, the hypocotyl, with only a rudimentary scrap of root tissue at its tip, penetrates it, a process that may take a year or more. In the meantime the plant is dependent on its own photosynthesis. Only after it reaches the host's conductive tissue can it begin to rely on the host for its needs. Later it forms a
59:
298:
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694:, although the only ancient writer to mention the use of mistletoe in this ceremony was Pliny. Evidence taken from bog bodies makes the Celtic use of mistletoe seem medicinal rather than ritual. It is possible that mistletoe was originally associated with human sacrifice and only became associated with the white bull after the Romans banned human sacrifices.
79:
712:. Mistletoe continued to be associated with fertility and vitality through the Middle Ages, and by the 18th century it had also become incorporated into Christmas celebrations around the world. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe is referred to as popular among servants in late 18th-century England.
715:
The serving class of
Victorian England is credited with perpetuating the tradition. The tradition dictated that a man was allowed to kiss any woman standing underneath mistletoe, and that bad luck would befall any woman who refused the kiss. One variation on the tradition stated that with each kiss a
368:
At another extreme other species have vigorous green leaves. Not only do they photosynthesize actively, but a heavy infestation of mistletoe plants may take over whole host tree branches, sometimes killing practically the entire crown and replacing it with their own growth. In such a tree the host is
456:
Specialist mistletoe eaters have adaptations that expedite the process; some pass the seeds through their unusually shaped digestive tracts so fast that a pause for defecation of the seeds is part of the feeding routine. Others have adapted patterns of feeding behavior; the bird grips the fruit in
586:
behaves similarly. When eaten, some seeds pass unharmed through their digestive systems, emerging in extremely sticky droppings which the bird deposits on tree branches, where some may stick long enough to germinate. As the plants mature, they grow into masses of branching stems which suggest the
448:
in Asia and
Australia. Depending on the species of mistletoe and the species of bird, the seeds are regurgitated from the crop, excreted in their droppings, or stuck to the bill, from which the bird wipes it onto a suitable branch. The seeds are coated with a sticky material called
1466:"When at Christmas in the hall / The men and maids are hopping, / If by chance I hear them bawl / Amongst them quick I pop in. / All the men, Jem, John, and Joe, / Cry, "What good luck has sent ye?" / And kiss beneath the mistletoe / The girl not turn'd of twenty...", song by
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International
Society for Horticultural Science. Section for Ornamental Plants; International Society for Horticultural Science. Commission on Landscape and Urban Horticulture; International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on New Ornamentals (2009).
642:
331:, grow largely within the host plant, with hardly more than the flower and fruit emerging. Once they have germinated and attached to the circulatory system of the host, their photosynthesis reduces so far that it becomes insignificant.
719:
From at least the mid-19th century, Caribbean herbalists of
African descent have referred to mistletoe as "god-bush". In Nepal, diverse mistletoes are used for a variety of medical purposes, particularly for treating broken bones.
453:. Some viscin remains on the seed and when it touches a stem, it sticks tenaciously. The viscin soon hardens and attaches the seed firmly to its future host, where it germinates and its haustorium penetrates the sound bark.
373:
community for years; it resembles a totally unknown species unless one examines it closely, because its foliage does not look like that of any tree. An example of a species that behaves in this manner is
495:), though concerns regarding toxicity are more prevalent in the US. The effects are not usually fatal. In parts of South Asia, they are frequently used as an external medicine. The active substances are
364:
for photosynthesis. Accordingly, their contribution to the host's metabolic balance becomes trivial and the idle parasite may become quite yellow as it grows, having practically given up photosynthesis.
381:
A mistletoe seed germinates on the branch of a host tree or shrub, and in its early stages of development it is independent of its host. It commonly has two or even four embryos, each producing its
574:, organisms that have a disproportionately pervasive influence over their community. A broad array of animals depend on mistletoe for food, consuming the leaves and young shoots, transferring
1483:"The pendant mistletoe, hung up to view / Reminds the youth, the duty youth should do: / While titt'ring maidens, to enhance their wishes / Entice the men to smother them with kisses...",
180:
Over the centuries, the term has been broadened to include many other species of parasitic plants with similar habits, found in other parts of the world, that are classified in different
360:
investigation. Therefore, their photosynthesis and transpiration only take place in their stems, limiting their demands on the host's supply of water, but also limiting their intake of
2708:
2703:
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has evolved at least twelve times among the vascular plants. Molecular data show the mistletoe habit has evolved independently five times within the
Santalales—first in the
177:
that it bears in clusters of two to six. The eastern mistletoe of North
America is similar, but has shorter, broader leaves and longer clusters of 10 or more berries.
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290:, some of which experience side effects including reduced growth, stunting, and loss of infested outer branches. A heavy infestation may also kill the host plant.
471:
Once a mistletoe plant is established on its host, it usually is possible to save a valuable branch by pruning and judicious removal of the wood invaded by the
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concluded that more juniper berries sprout in stands where mistletoe is present, as the mistletoe attracts berry-eating birds which also eat juniper berries.
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prepared from the plant being particularly dangerous. While adults may suffer little effect, these are more pronounced in small children and in animals.
475:, if the infection is caught early enough. Some species of mistletoe can regenerate if the pruning leaves any of the haustorium alive in the wood.
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Mistletoes are often considered pests that kill trees and devalue natural habitats, but some species have recently been recognized as ecological
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979:
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Torngren, T. S., E. J. Perry, and C. L. Elmore. 1980. Mistletoe
Control in Shade Trees. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2571
399:, which lives deep inside the sugar-transporting tissue of a spiny cactus, appearing only to show its tubular red flowers, and the genus
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between plants and dispersing the sticky seeds. In western North
America their juicy berries are eaten and spread by birds (notably the
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for some period of their life cycle. However, in some species its contribution is very nearly zero. For example, some species, such as
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its bill and squeezes the sticky-coated seed out to the side. The seed sticks to the beak and the bird wipes it off onto the branch.
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relegated purely to the supply of water and mineral nutrients and the physical support of the trunk. Such a tree may survive as a
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2805:
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1981:
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405:(dwarf mistletoe; Santalaceae) which has reduced photosynthesis; as an adult, it manufactures only a small proportion of the
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1911:
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864:
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European mistletoe has smooth-edged, oval, evergreen leaves borne in pairs along the woody stem, and waxy, white
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have markedly more mistletoe species; Australia has 85, of which 71 are in
Loranthaceae, and 14 in Santalaceae.
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2853:
2775:
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Proceedings of the VIth
International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops: Funchal, Portugal, June 11–15, 2007
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berry was to be plucked from the mistletoe, and the kissing must stop after all the berries had been removed.
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associated mistletoe with peace, love and understanding and hung it over doorways to protect the household.
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2512:
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491:
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162:
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species) of western North America also make excellent locations for roosting and nesting of the northern
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effectively, and photosynthesis proceeds within their green, fleshy stems as well. Some species, such as
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2542:
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2016:
1832:
1643:
1609:
551:
483:
There are 1500 species of mistletoe, varying widely in toxicity to humans; the European mistletoe (
1583:"West-India Mistletoe ... receives the name of the God-Bush from the Negroes." J. Macfadyen,
897:
JH Westwood, JI Yoder, MP Timko, CW dePhamphilis (2010) "The evolution of parasitism in plants".
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2401:
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2379:
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1847:
1754:
1690:
1600:
Parasitic Plant Connection. See families Misodendraceae, Loranthaceae, Santalaceae, and Viscaceae
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referred to mistletoe as "oak sperm". Also in Roman mythology, mistletoe was used by the hero
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1996:
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591:
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807:"Australian Mistletoes: unwrapping the mysteries of these intriguing native plants (CISRO)"
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as a decoration under which lovers are expected to kiss, as well as with protection from
230:). Further etymology is uncertain, but may be related to the Germanic base for 'mash'.
145:
and in southern Africa. There is also a wide variety of species in Australia. The genus
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2006:
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1332:"Medicine and psychiatry in Western culture: Ancient Greek myths and modern prejudices"
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Deck the halls with wild, wonderful mistletoe, West Virginia Department of Agriculture
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The word 'mistletoe' derives from the older form 'mistle' adding the Old English word
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41:, which is a growth of the host plant's own tissue, rather than a parasite in itself.
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Mistletoe has been used historically in medicine for its supposed value in treating
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1971:
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that penetrates the host tissue and takes water and nutrients from the host plant.
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119:
64:
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3105:
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1625:
Scientific Studies, Research and Clinical Trials on Mistletoe Treatment in Cancer
1624:
1178:"An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya"
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1986:
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837:, 28 August 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 US
705:
704:
In the Christian era, mistletoe in the Western world became associated with
547:
539:. Toxins are more concentrated in the leaves and berries of the plant, with
461:
427:
Most mistletoe seeds are spread by birds that eat the 'seeds' (in actuality
394:
382:
353:
324:
257:
3241:
2413:
1367:
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1213:
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flowers (as with Santalaceae), but others have spectacularly showy, large,
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and much of Europe. A related species with red rather than white fruits,
17:
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actively photosynthesizes until a connection to the host is established.
410:
1658:
213:
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3156:
3125:
2172:
2011:
1951:
1817:
672:
624:
528:
441:
275:
272:
174:
138:
1605:
Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants by Nickrent & Musselman
1599:
1308:
929:
WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens & MJ Donaghue (2002)
114:, through which they extract water and nutrients from the host plant.
78:
27:
Common name for various parasitic plants that grow on trees and shrubs
3372:
3329:
3319:
2955:
2833:
2329:
2299:
2085:
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1812:
1241:, "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide"
680:
575:
520:
450:
406:
45:
207:
912:"The first mistletoes: origins of aerial parasitism in Santalales".
848:"Spread of European mistletoe (Viscum album) in California, U.S.A."
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1857:
687:
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656:
640:
428:
296:
181:
107:
96:
77:
57:
1330:
Michele Fornaro, Nicoletta Clementi and Pantaleo Fornaro (2009).
137:, occurs in Southwest Spain and Southern Portugal, as well as in
3393:
3057:
1775:
335:
219:
201:
1686:
294:
successfully parasitizes more than 200 tree and shrub species.
127:
in the order Santalales); it is the only species native to the
1664:
1257:
Susan Milius, "Mistletoe, of All Things, Helps Juniper Trees"
949:
B. A. Barlow (1983) A revision of the Viscaceae of Australia.
540:
416:
Some species of the largest family, Loranthaceae, have small,
392:
Species more or less obligate include the leafless quintral,
188:
of South America and the mainly southern hemisphere tropical
1682:
933:. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland Massachusetts, USA.
735:
holds a mistletoe festival and crowns a 'Mistletoe Queen'.
460:
Biochemically, viscin is a complex adhesive mix containing
834:
1409:
Diss. University of Wales, Trinity St David, 2014, p.55
206:(twig). 'Mistle' is common Germanic (Old High German
117:
The name mistletoe originally referred to the species
1436:"Tenbury Wells: Centuries-old romance with mistletoe"
1560:"Pucker up! Why do people kiss under the mistletoe?"
965:
963:
961:
959:
3386:
3355:
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3255:
3134:
3079:
3066:
2864:
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2501:
2223:
2144:
2055:
1932:
1786:
1275:"Mistletoe: The Evolution of a Christmas Tradition"
1171:
1169:
1167:
1082:. International Society for Horticultural Science.
637:
Viscum album § Culture, folklore and mythology
431:). Of the many bird species that feed on them, the
1011:
723:Mistletoe is the floral emblem of the US state of
659:cultures regarded the white berries as symbols of
1018:. University of California Press. 1959. pp.
620:are recorded as nesting in different mistletoes.
1407:Did the ancient Celts practice human sacrifice?
686:Mistletoe may have played an important role in
409:it needs from its own photosynthesis, but as a
225:
160:The eastern mistletoe native to North America,
157:was introduced to Northern California in 1900.
1553:
1551:
1499:
1497:
1301:"The Golden Bough: Mistletoe History and Lore"
671:, particularly, saw mistletoe as the semen of
1698:
527:. Less commonly they cause cardiac problems;
489:) is more toxic than the American mistletoe (
8:
1430:
1428:
166:, belongs to a distinct genus of the family
1382:"Mistletoe (Viscum album) - British Plants"
1161:at medicineplus; retrieved 17 December 2018
994:Susan Milius, "Botany under the Mistletoe"
846:F. G. Hawksworth and R. F. Scharpf (1986),
655:Mistletoe is relevant to several cultures.
249:and three times in the Santalaceae (in the
3076:
1705:
1691:
1683:
931:Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach
286:Mistletoe species grow on a wide range of
106:. They are attached to their host tree or
48:, the translation of a composite aircraft.
1357:
1347:
1203:
1193:
1182:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1146:at poison.org; retrieved 17 December 2018
1395:The Telegraph - The History of Mistletoe
1243:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1229:at thoughtco; retrieved 17 December 2018
972:South African parasitic flowering plants
356:scales, hardly visible without detailed
1487:(London), 24 December 1787 p.3 (poem),
910:R Vidal-Russell and DL Nickrent (2008)
833:USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (
767:
1041:Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (2002).
812:
267:, has 73 genera and over 900 species.
263:The largest family of mistletoes, the
3035:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1505:"Why do we kiss under the mistletoe?"
1154:
1152:
1139:
1137:
1047:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 869–.
915:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
334:Most of the Viscaceae bear evergreen
7:
1653:. Vol. 16 (9th ed.). 1883.
1176:O'Neill, A. R.; Rana, S. K. (2019).
851:European Journal of Forest Pathology
1044:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
727:and the flower of the UK county of
439:in southwestern North America, and
123:(European mistletoe, of the family
1613:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1113:. University of California - Davis
25:
1558:Norton, Lily (21 December 2010).
1531:"What's the deal with mistletoe?"
435:is the best-known in Europe, the
3456:
3455:
2911:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2806:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1667:The New Student's Reference Work
1529:Beam, Christopher (2011-12-14).
1434:Bethan Bell (10 December 2013).
587:popular name "witches' brooms".
352:conditions and their leaves are
260:, and the tribe Amphorogyneae).
2891:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2820:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2203:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1982:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1456:. First Printing. p. 119.
1227:Is mistletoe really poisonous?
68:) attached to a common aspen (
1:
2842:Christmas television specials
2741:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1828:Annunciation to the shepherds
1418:Kandela, Peter. "Mistletoe".
731:. Every year, the UK town of
309:because they do perform some
2896:Christmas and holiday season
1336:Annals of General Psychiatry
888:, 3rd edition, December 2000
663:, with the seeds resembling
511:) and their effects include
44:Not to be confused with the
1001:.26/27 (December 2000:412).
692:Ritual of Oak and Mistletoe
251:former Santalalean families
3530:
1808:Adoration of the Shepherds
863:Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm.
819:: CS1 maint: url-status (
786:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
781:Plants of the World Online
634:
305:All mistletoe species are
110:by a structure called the
82:Mistletoe in an apple tree
50:
43:
36:
32:Mistletoe (disambiguation)
29:
3451:
3052:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2813:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2734:The Oxford Book of Carols
2310:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1873:Massacre of the Innocents
1722:
1679:Accessed 22 January 2018.
1489:The Approach of Christmas
1468:George Colman the Younger
1452:Mosteller, Angie (2010).
1195:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y
886:Oxford English Dictionary
683:to reach the underworld.
582:) while in Australia the
184:and families such as the
2854:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1442:. Accessed 2 April 2021.
623:A study of mistletoe in
51:Not to be confused with
37:Not to be confused with
3016:Small Business Saturday
2886:Black Friday (shopping)
2881:Black Friday (partying)
2375:Nine Lessons and Carols
2305:Events and celebrations
1650:Encyclopædia Britannica
1587:(1850), vol. II, p. 198
1144:Is Mistletoe poisonous?
970:Visser, Johann (1981).
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
89:is the common name for
2660:Post-War United States
1611:Phoradendron serotinum
1470:in the musical comedy
1422:358.9299 (2001): 2186.
1349:10.1186/1744-859X-8-21
865:"Deutsches Wörterbuch"
835:http://plants.usda.gov
652:
492:Phoradendron serotinum
323:, commonly species of
302:
163:Phoradendron leucarpum
83:
75:
2709:Hit singles in the US
2704:Hit singles in the UK
2265:Carols by Candlelight
2193:Santa Claus' daughter
1801:Adoration of the Magi
1305:The Symbol Dictionary
644:
566:Ecological importance
300:
212:, Middle High German
81:
61:
3001:Santa's Candy Castle
2325:Google Santa Tracker
1264:.1 (January 2002:6).
1022:–. GGKEY:5QX6L53RH1U
646:The Mistletoe Seller
590:The dense evergreen
62:European mistletoe (
30:For other uses, see
3504:Symbols of Oklahoma
3006:Santa Claus Village
2921:Christmas Mountains
2827:Journey of the Magi
1833:Baptism of the Lord
1405:Williams, Anarchy.
1159:Mistletoe poisoning
974:. Cape Town: Juta.
631:Cultural importance
612:. In Australia the
552:high blood pressure
466:mucopolysaccharides
301:Mistletoe in winter
3514:Plant common names
3116:Twelve-dish supper
2966:Jews and Christmas
2916:Christmas Lectures
2645:American Civil War
2380:NORAD Tracks Santa
1756:Saint Nicholas Day
1630:2007-10-08 at the
1618:2009-01-15 at the
776:"Viscum cruciatum"
710:witches and demons
653:
618:painted honeyeater
319:, that parasitize
303:
245:, but also in the
84:
76:
3509:Winter traditions
3471:
3470:
3447:
3446:
3111:Thirteen desserts
3031:Virginia O'Hanlon
2876:Advent Conspiracy
2790:Films (Christmas,
2782:A Christmas Carol
2727:Carols for Choirs
2270:Cavalcade of Magi
2250:Boar's Head Feast
1919:Star of Bethlehem
1890:Nativity of Jesus
1878:flight into Egypt
1763:St. Stephen's Day
1660:"Mistletoe"
1644:"Mistletoe"
1311:on 9 October 2018
1089:978-90-6605-200-0
1054:978-0-7614-7266-7
981:978-0-7021-1228-7
867:. Woerterbuchnetz
688:Druidic mythology
418:insect-pollinated
348:, are adapted to
149:is not native to
16:(Redirected from
3521:
3494:Parasitic plants
3489:Medicinal plants
3484:Christmas plants
3463:
3459:
3458:
3294:Redcurrant sauce
3083:
3077:
3072:
3046:Winter festivals
2796:Christmas horror
2763:
2674:
2505:
2360:Meals and feasts
2280:Christmas jumper
2227:
2198:Santa's reindeer
2150:
2096:Father Christmas
2060:
2017:Santa's workshop
1938:
1900:in later culture
1778:
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1307:. Archived from
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899:Trends Plant Sci
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831:
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824:
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803:
797:
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792:
772:
614:diamond firetail
610:marbled murrelet
596:dwarf mistletoes
572:keystone species
376:Viscum continuum
229:
223:
217:
211:
205:
134:Viscum cruciatum
21:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3443:
3409:Pickled herring
3382:
3351:
3298:
3289:Cranberry sauce
3272:
3251:
3227:Red velvet cake
3212:Poppy seed roll
3130:
3081:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3041:White Christmas
2931:Christmas truce
2926:Christmas seals
2906:Christmas creep
2868:
2866:
2860:
2761:
2755:
2672:
2666:
2503:
2497:
2350:Lord of Misrule
2285:Christmas Peace
2235:Advent calendar
2225:
2219:
2168:Knecht Ruprecht
2148:
2146:
2140:
2062:
2058:
2051:
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1853:Herod the Great
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1748:
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1734:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1677:ANBG: Mistletoe
1657:
1641:
1632:Wayback Machine
1620:Wayback Machine
1596:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1564:livescience.com
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1282:
1281:. Dec. 21, 2011
1273:
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1248:(2001:219–249).
1239:David M. Watson
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745:Festive ecology
741:
639:
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592:witches' brooms
568:
481:
422:bird-pollinated
340:photosynthesise
284:
254:Eremolepidaceae
236:
198:
71:Populus tremula
56:
49:
42:
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3021:Super Saturday
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2951:Giving Tuesday
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2901:Christmas club
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2748:Piae Cantiones
2744:
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2714:Music charts (
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2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Père Fouettard
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2149:Saint Nicholas
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Grandpa Indian
2098:
2093:
2088:
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2076:
2069:Saint Nicholas
2065:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Old Man Winter
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Miner's figure
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:Kallikantzaros
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
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1907:Nativity scene
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1752:
1745:
1742:Children's Day
1738:
1731:
1728:Blue Christmas
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1595:
1594:External links
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677:Ancient Greeks
661:male fertility
650:Adrien Barrère
632:
629:
594:formed by the
567:
564:
537:cardiac arrest
513:blurred vision
480:
477:
362:carbon dioxide
345:Viscum capense
316:Viscum minimum
311:photosynthesis
283:
280:
243:Misodendraceae
235:
232:
218:, Old English
197:
194:
186:Misodendraceae
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3026:Ugly sweaters
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2936:Controversies
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2771:In literature
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2640:United States
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2370:Moravian star
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2365:Midnight Mass
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2245:Advent wreath
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2240:Advent candle
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2147:Companions of
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2059:Gift-bringers
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1924:Twelfth Night
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1885:Nativity Fast
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1818:Angel Gabriel
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750:Kissing bough
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733:Tenbury Wells
730:
729:Herefordshire
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329:Euphorbiaceae
326:
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307:hemiparasites
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151:North America
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129:British Isles
126:
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109:
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94:hemiparasitic
92:
88:
80:
73:
72:
67:
66:
60:
54:
47:
40:
39:witch's broom
33:
19:
3399:Gefilte fish
3347:Ponche crema
3182:Melomakarono
3050:
2941:Cyber Monday
2846:
2811:
2780:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2722:Music books
2715:
2553:Nazi Germany
2445:
2441:Secret Santa
2428:
2315:Flying Santa
2022:Tió de Nadal
1972:Korvatunturi
1823:Annunciation
1789:Christianity
1770:Sol Invictus
1666:
1648:
1610:
1584:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1488:
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1471:
1462:
1453:
1447:
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1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1390:
1376:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1261:
1259:Science News
1258:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1234:
1222:
1185:
1181:
1127:
1117:November 30,
1115:. Retrieved
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1078:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1043:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1014:Zulu Journal
1013:
1006:
998:
996:Science News
995:
990:
971:
950:
945:
930:
925:
917:
914:
906:
898:
893:
885:
881:
871:November 30,
869:. Retrieved
858:
850:
842:
829:
801:
789:. Retrieved
779:
770:
756:Viscum album
754:
722:
718:
714:
703:
696:
685:
675:, while the
654:
645:
622:
601:Arceuthobium
599:
589:
569:
545:
533:hypertension
508:
501:Phoradendron
500:
490:
486:Viscum album
484:
482:
470:
464:strands and
459:
455:
440:
426:
415:
402:Arceuthobium
400:
393:
391:
380:
375:
370:
367:
343:
333:
314:
304:
292:Viscum album
291:
285:
265:Loranthaceae
262:
247:Loranthaceae
237:
224:, Old Norse
199:
190:Loranthaceae
179:
172:
161:
159:
155:Viscum album
154:
146:
143:North Africa
132:
120:Viscum album
118:
116:
86:
85:
69:
65:Viscum album
63:
3414:Roast goose
3335:Mulled wine
3315:Champurrado
3310:Apple cider
3284:Bread sauce
3237:Szaloncukor
3217:Pumpkin pie
3167:Gingerbread
3121:Smörgåsbord
2762:Other media
2600:Philippines
2590:New Zealand
2473:Twelve Days
2430:Räuchermann
2385:Nutcrackers
2335:Las Posadas
2295:Decorations
2275:Christingle
2215:Zwarte Piet
2210:Snegurochka
2131:Sinterklaas
2081:Santa Claus
1509:History.com
1279:Smithsonian
1111:"Mistletoe"
606:spotted owl
580:phainopepla
560:infertility
535:, and even
437:phainopepla
269:Subtropical
168:Santalaceae
125:Santalaceae
53:TOW missile
3499:Santalales
3478:Categories
3142:Candy cane
3091:Joulupöytä
2991:Pikkujoulu
2655:New Mexico
2504:By country
2478:Wassailing
2419:Poinsettia
2226:Traditions
2178:Mrs. Claus
2158:Belsnickel
2111:Julemanden
2106:Joulupukki
2037:Wenceslaus
2002:North Pole
1967:Jack Frost
1957:Christkind
1912:Neapolitan
1735:Boxing Day
1472:Two to One
1420:The Lancet
1188:(14): 14.
901:15:227-235
763:References
635:See also:
497:Phoratoxin
473:haustorium
462:cellulosic
387:haustorium
321:succulents
288:host trees
282:Life cycle
239:Parasitism
112:haustorium
104:Santalales
18:Mistletoes
3429:Tourtière
3419:Romeritos
3356:Dumplings
3303:Beverages
3207:Pecan pie
3197:Panettone
3192:Pampushka
3187:Mince pie
3162:Fruitcake
3106:Réveillon
2986:NFL games
2981:NBA games
2976:In August
2946:Economics
2716:Billboard
2570:Indonesia
2513:Australia
2488:Yule goat
2463:Stockings
2397:Ornaments
2126:Père Noël
2121:Olentzero
2116:Noel Baba
2091:Ded Moroz
2047:Yule Lads
1987:Mari Lwyd
1838:Bethlehem
1715:Christmas
1535:slate.com
1485:The Times
1454:Christmas
1315:9 October
1285:9 October
953:6, 25–58.
920:, 523-37.
853:16(1):1-6
706:Christmas
548:arthritis
424:flowers.
395:Tristerix
383:hypocotyl
354:vestigial
350:semi-arid
325:Cactaceae
258:Viscaceae
196:Etymology
87:Mistletoe
3462:Category
3433:meat pie
3424:Stuffing
3378:Varenyky
3247:Yule log
3222:Qurabiya
3096:Julebord
3069:Food and
2996:SantaCon
2961:El Gordo
2848:Yule Log
2620:Scotland
2533:Ethiopia
2518:Colombia
2493:Yule log
2447:Spanbaum
2424:Pyramids
2290:Crackers
2188:Sack Man
2074:folklore
2042:Yule cat
1947:Badalisc
1937:folklore
1848:Epiphany
1628:Archived
1616:Archived
1440:BBC News
1368:19811642
1214:26912113
951:Brunonia
815:cite web
739:See also
725:Oklahoma
625:junipers
608:and the
556:epilepsy
529:seizures
525:vomiting
517:diarrhea
505:Tyramine
479:Toxicity
411:seedling
397:aphyllus
276:climates
273:tropical
91:obligate
3368:Pierogi
3363:Hallaca
3268:Borscht
3232:Stollen
3202:Pavlova
3177:Makówki
3157:Cozonac
3126:Wigilia
3011:Scrooge
2971:In July
2869:society
2801:Poetry
2635:Ukraine
2610:Romania
2575:Ireland
2565:Iceland
2560:Hungary
2548:Germany
2538:Finland
2528:England
2523:Denmark
2483:Windows
2414:Piñatas
2402:Parades
2355:Markets
2340:Letters
2330:Hampers
2173:Krampus
2012:Perchta
1952:Caganer
1672:. 1914.
1569:July 8,
1540:July 8,
1514:July 8,
1359:2762970
1205:4765049
791:4 April
690:in the
673:Taranis
442:Dicaeum
175:berries
139:Morocco
99:in the
3439:Turkey
3373:Tamale
3330:Kissel
3320:Eggnog
3277:Sauces
3263:Menudo
3242:Turrón
3152:Cookie
3135:Sweets
3101:Kūčios
3082:Dinner
2956:Grinch
2867:modern
2834:Tomten
2793:Santa,
2776:novels
2694:Operas
2682:Carols
2650:Hawaii
2630:Sweden
2625:Serbia
2615:Russia
2605:Poland
2595:Norway
2585:Mexico
2543:France
2458:Stamps
2453:Szopka
2345:Lights
2300:Didukh
2136:Others
2086:Befana
2032:Vertep
1895:in art
1863:Joseph
1813:Advent
1669:
1474:(1784)
1366:
1356:
1342:: 21.
1212:
1202:
1095:17 May
1086:
1060:17 May
1051:
1026:17 May
978:
937:
699:Romans
681:Aeneas
667:. The
576:pollen
521:nausea
509:Viscum
503:) and
451:viscin
429:drupes
407:sugars
371:Viscum
336:leaves
234:Groups
227:mistil
221:mistel
215:mistel
209:mistil
182:genera
153:, but
147:Viscum
97:plants
46:Mistel
3172:Kutia
3071:drink
2699:Songs
2673:Music
2580:Italy
2436:Seals
2390:dolls
2320:Gifts
2260:Cards
2163:Elves
2027:Turoń
1997:Nisse
1962:Grýla
1858:Jesus
669:Celts
665:semen
657:Pagan
338:that
108:shrub
101:order
3394:Carp
3256:Soup
3147:Cake
3058:Xmas
2687:list
2468:Tree
2407:list
1868:Mary
1777:Yule
1571:2015
1542:2015
1516:2015
1364:PMID
1317:2018
1287:2018
1210:PMID
1119:2014
1097:2013
1084:ISBN
1062:2013
1049:ISBN
1028:2013
976:ISBN
935:ISBN
873:2014
821:link
793:2018
697:The
616:and
558:and
541:teas
523:and
507:(in
499:(in
271:and
256:and
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1934:In
1354:PMC
1344:doi
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1200:PMC
1190:doi
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327:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
