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judge's questions and, when asked, supplying all relevant evidence. The trial only takes place after all the evidence has been collected and the investigation is completed. Thus, most of the factual uncertainties will already be resolved, and the examining magistrate or judge will already have resolved that there is
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do sit as a form of jury to offer advice to the magistrate or judge at the conclusion of the trial, their role is subordinate. Further, because a professional has been in charge of all aspects of the case to the conclusion of the trial, there are fewer opportunities to appeal the conviction alleging
816:
The lawyers who represent the interests of the state and the accused have a limited role to offer legal arguments and alternative interpretations to the facts that emerge during the process. All the interested parties are expected to cooperate in the investigation by answering the magistrate or
661:
are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more "formal" trial settings. When the dispute goes to a judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these
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are entitled to a trial held before a jury. Because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the rights of the accused afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of criminal procedure provide rules for criminal trials.
684:
law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns
804:
who then conducts the trial. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from an impartial and exhaustive investigation, both before and during the trial itself. The examining magistrate or judge acts as an inquisitor who directs the fact-gathering process by questioning
746:
to determine the facts, although some common law jurisdictions have abolished the jury trial. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, and so presenting the facts and interpretations of the law in a deliberately biased way.
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which cannot reach a verdict with the required degree of unanimity. In a criminal trial, if the jury is able to reach a verdict on some charges but not others, the defendant may be retried on the charges that led to the deadlock, at the discretion of the
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Either side may submit a motion for a mistrial; on occasion, the presiding judge may declare one on a motion of their own. If a mistrial is declared, the case at hand may be retried at the discretion of the plaintiff or prosecution, as long as
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Disqualification of a juror after the jury is empaneled, if no alternative juror is available and the litigants do not agree to proceed with the remaining jurors, or the remaining jurors not meeting the required number for a
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lies on the prosecution. Critics of the system argue that the desire to win is more important than the search for truth. Further, the results are likely to be affected by
1232:
Judicial
Inquiry as an Instrument of Centralized Government: The Papacy’s Criminal Proceedings against Prelates in the Age of Theocracy (mid-12th to mid-14th century)
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are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work.
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575:(appellate proceeding) is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before the
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467:
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917:
286:
280:
758:, each side will test the truthfulness, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponent's evidence and arguments. To maintain fairness, there is a
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Critics argue that the examining magistrate or judge has too much power with the responsibilities of both investigating and adjudicating
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or civil claims—non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in a civil capacity. The rules of
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Evidence being admitted improperly, or new evidence that might seriously affect the outcome of the trial being discovered.
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695:(such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).
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acting as a neutral referee and as the arbiter of the law. In several jurisdictions in more serious cases, there is a
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774:. Some trials are—or were—of a more summary nature, as certain questions of evidence were taken as resolved (see
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Pontificia studiorum universitas salesiana, Facilitas juris canonici, Studia et textus historie juris canonici
932:, where parties would have to endure physical suffering in order to prove their righteousness; or through a
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247:
1204: : L’opinion publique comme preuve. Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de l'inquisitoire (XII–XIV s.)
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may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. An
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Some other kinds of processes for resolving conflicts are also expressed as trials. For example, the
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185:
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The
Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter
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568:
326:
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A judge may cancel a trial prior to the return of a verdict; legal parlance designates this as a "
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1137:, ed. O. Condorelli, Fr. Roumy, M. Schmoeckel; Cologne, Weimar, Vienna, 2012, p. 351–367
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Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a
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Richard M. Fraher, "IV Lateran's
Revolution in Criminal Procedure: the Birth of
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195:
1146:, the End of Ordeals and Innocent III's Vision of Ecclesiastical Politics", in
1121: : note sull’introduzione del processo tra rito accusatorio e inquisitorio
936:, in which the winner of a physical fight was deemed righteous in their cause.
1253:
Zeitschrift der
Savigny-Stiftung fĂĽr Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung
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1183:
Zeitschrift der
Savigny-Stiftung fĂĽr Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung
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Coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information in a tribunal
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legal systems, the responsibility for supervising the investigation by the
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The intention is that through a process of argument and counter-argument,
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920:, the subject of the impeachment may only be removed from office by an
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systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicate
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Proceedings of the 14th
International Congress of Medieval Canon Law
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559:. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a
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Studia in honorem eminentissimi cardinalis
Alphonsi M. Stickler
770:. Those defendants with resources can afford to hire the best
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employees' rights at work also through the contract for work.
500:
916:
of the president, a judge, or another federal officer by the
1129:
Der
Einfluss der Kanonistik auf die europäische Rechtskultur
928:. In earlier times, disputes were often settled through a
1177:
612:
is designed to resolve accusations brought (usually by a
1055:
Richards, Edward P.; Katharine C. Rathbun (1999-08-15).
1270:"Ensuring an Impartial Jury in the Age of Social Media"
579:, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence.
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into whether a crime has been committed falls on an
547:, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
1268:St. Eve, Amy J.; Zuckerman, Michael A. (2012).
1211:La preuve en justice de l'Antiquité à nos jours
1085:Civil Procedure and Courts in the South Pacific
843:"Mistrial" redirects here. For other uses, see
531:claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a
1152:, ed. Rosalius Josephus Castillo Lara. Rome:
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813:the suspect, and collecting other evidence.
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854:". A judge may declare a mistrial due to:
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535:. The tribunal, which may occur before a
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900:does not bar that party from doing so.
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872:, or an outside actor, if it prevents
738:and opposing legal arguments, with a
7:
1082:Care, Jennifer Corrin (2004-01-12).
858:The court determining that it lacks
666:and auxiliarily by civil trial law.
1061:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 6.
1309:University of Missouri–Kansas City
1088:. Routledge Cavendish. p. 3.
1028:Hale, Sandra Beatriz (July 2004).
641:trial is generally held to settle
25:
1238:, Vatican City, 2016, p. 875–889.
1277:Duke Law & Technology Review
1218:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
649:provide rules for civil trials.
616:) against a person accused of a
388:
1171:Inquisitio-denunciatio-exceptio
47:Criminal trials and convictions
1154:Salesian Pontifical University
1034:. John Benjamins. p. 31.
996:Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed
993:Black, Henry Campbell (1990).
337:Sexually violent predator laws
1:
912:requires that, following the
802:examining magistrate or judge
1222:, 2003, p. 119–147, online].
523:, a formal setting with the
230:Cruel and unusual punishment
1214:, ed. Br. Lemesle. Rennes:
983:. Accessed 17 November 2008
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680:Labor law (also known as
662:hearings are governed by
918:House of Representatives
760:presumption of innocence
676:Labor and employment law
507:is a coming together of
493:Jean II, Duke of Alençon
86:Presumption of innocence
1186:, 87, 2001, p. 226–268.
868:Misconduct by a party,
835:some procedural error.
768:structural inequalities
659:administrative hearings
624:systems, most criminal
551:Types by finder of fact
248:Indefinite imprisonment
1256:, 74, 1988, p. 171–215
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1119:Quasi denunciante fama
830:of the case. Although
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307:Miscarriage of justice
32:Trial (disambiguation)
1162:, 7), 1992, p. 97–111
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569:administrative bodies
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332:Sex offender registry
52:Rights of the accused
961:Trial of the century
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752:examination-in-chief
688:Employment standards
418:English/Welsh courts
346:Related areas of law
30:For other uses, see
693:Government agencies
327:Restorative justice
1244:Winfried Trusen, "
734:in presenting the
710:Adversarial system
664:administrative law
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217:Capital punishment
209:Dangerous offender
96:Self-incrimination
41:Criminal procedure
1095:978-1-85941-719-5
1068:978-0-8342-1603-7
1041:978-1-58811-517-1
979:Schultz, Norman.
922:impeachment trial
756:cross-examination
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360:Criminal defenses
302:Habitual offender
253:Three-strikes law
243:Life imprisonment
222:Execution warrant
91:Exclusionary rule
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287:Life licence
238:Imprisonment
71:Speedy trial
1242:(in German)
1190:(in French)
1166:(in German)
1003:. pp.
914:impeachment
904:Other types
874:due process
823:of guilt.
820:prima facie
728:prosecution
704:Adversarial
577:trial court
561:bench trial
297:Exoneration
1318:Categories
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967:References
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682:employment
626:defendants
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557:jury trial
529:adjudicate
317:Recidivism
191:Guidelines
156:Sentencing
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131:Conviction
76:Jury trial
61:Fair trial
881:hung jury
839:Mistrials
807:witnesses
794:civil law
724:innocence
657:Although
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491:Trial of
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410:US courts
276:Probation
186:Discharge
176:Custodial
171:Suspended
166:Mandatory
136:Acquittal
66:Pre-trial
940:See also
852:mistrial
736:evidence
730:and the
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588:Criminal
565:Hearings
521:tribunal
517:evidence
370:Evidence
204:Totality
181:Periodic
18:Mistrial
1307:by the
924:in the
772:lawyers
732:defense
699:Systems
567:before
519:) in a
513:dispute
509:parties
379:Portals
121:Verdict
81:Counsel
1329:Trials
1234:", in
1208:", in
1125:", in
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888:trial.
798:police
604:, 1808
602:London
573:appeal
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312:Pardon
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281:Tariff
271:Parole
111:Appeal
1288:(PDF)
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