392:). Some authors have sought to define monophyly to include paraphyly as any two or more groups sharing a common ancestor. However, this broader definition encompasses both monophyletic and paraphyletic groups as defined above. Therefore, most scientists today restrict the term "monophyletic" to refer to groups consisting of all the descendants of one (hypothetical) common ancestor. However, when considering taxonomic groups such as genera and species, the most appropriate nature of their common ancestor is rather a population. Assuming that it would be one individual or mating pair is unrealistic for sexually reproducing species, which are by definition interbreeding populations.
52:
99:
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descendants, does not really work to define a genus. The loose definition also fails to recognize the relations of all organisms. According to D. M. Stamos, a satisfactory cladistic definition of a species or genus is impossible because many species (and even genera) may form by "budding" from an existing species, leaving the parent species paraphyletic; or the species or genera may be the result of
28:
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Monophyly (or holophyly) and associated terms are restricted to discussions of taxa, and are not necessarily accurate when used to describe what Hennig called tokogenetic relationships – now referred to as genealogies. Some argue that using a broader definition, such as a species and all its
238:
with two monophyletic groups. The several groups and subgroups are particularly situated as branches of the tree to indicate ordered lineal relationships between all the organisms shown. Further, any group may (or may not) be considered a
205:
relationships of biological features rather than genetic relationships – for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, or aquatic insects. As such, these characteristic features of a polyphyletic grouping are
227:
These definitions have taken some time to be accepted. When the cladistics school of thought became mainstream in the 1960s, several alternative definitions were in use. Indeed,
43:: it is missing a monophyletic subgroup – the blue group – that shares a common ancestor with itself (that being the vertical stem at the root of the green group). In this form,
132:(Aves and Mammalia), does not contain the most recent common ancestor of all its members; this group is not seen as a taxonomic unit and is not considered a taxon by modern
842:
291:), meaning "genus, species", and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) consisting of all the descendants of a
799:
Parhi J., Tripathy P.S., Priyadarshi, H., Mandal S.C., Pandey P.K. (2019). "Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of
Cypriniformes fish group".
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502:. Translated by Davis, D.; Zangerl, R. (Illinois Reissue ed.). Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. pp. 72–77.
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Aubert, D. 2015. A formal analysis of phylogenetic terminology: Towards a reconsideration of the current paradigm in systematics.
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247:, depending upon the selection of its members in relation to their common ancestor(s); see second and third diagrams.
231:
sometimes used terms without defining them, leading to confusion in the early literature, a confusion which persists.
648:"On the difference between mono-, holo-, and paraphyletic groups: a consistent distinction of process and pattern"
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320:), meaning "many, a lot of", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from
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349:), meaning "beside, near", and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups are
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the grouping contains its own most recent common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral
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from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor. That is, a paraphyletic group is
217:), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is
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The species problem : biological species, ontology, and the metaphysics of biology
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grouping meets 1. but not 2., thus consisting of the descendants of a common ancestor
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Property of a group of including all taxa descendant from a common ancestral species
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Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics (
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Ashlock, Peter D. (March 1971). "Monophyly and
Associated Terms".
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A cladogram of the vertebrates showing phylogenetic groups. A
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inherited from a common ancestor, but evolved independently.
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the descendants of that common ancestor, without exception
160:– that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria:
373:
On the broadest scale, definitions fall into two groups.
168:), i.e. excludes non-descendants of that common ancestor
748:"Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, & Paraphyletc Taxa"
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1264:
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862:"Graphical explanation of basic phylogenetic terms"
778:. Lanham, Md. : Lexington Books. pp. 261–268.
879:"Concepts of monophyly, polyphyly & paraphyly"
718:
224:The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek.
380:(1966:148) defined monophyly as groups based on
611:Colless, Donald H. (March 1972). "Monophyly".
384:(in contrast to paraphyletic groups, based on
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841:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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79:(in cyan, including the red patch); and a
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652:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
521:
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412:have been used in deducing key genes for
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50:
26:
921:. Paleontological Research Institution.
915:"Phylogenetic Trees and Classification"
725:. New York: Columbia University Press.
462:
834:
279:), meaning "alone, only, unique", and
195:one or more monophyletic subgroups. A
308:, builds on the ancient Greek prefix
85:the night-active primates, i.e., the
7:
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864:. University of California, Berkeley
549:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
388:, and polyphyletic groups, based on
474:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
896:"Monophyly, consensus, compromise"
547:Bailly, Anatole (1 January 1981).
187:as shown in the second diagram. A
14:
111:the group of "reptiles and birds"
1342:
1331:
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1183:Phylogenetic comparative methods
1007:
665:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00984.x
587:"Greek-french dictionary online"
337:, uses the ancient Greek prefix
1188:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
472:A Dictionary of Ecology (5 ed.)
357:monophyletic, hence the prefix
35:: both blue and red groups are
1:
919:Digital Atlas of Ancient Life
721:Principles of Animal Taxonomy
436:Glossary of scientific naming
416:of diverse group of species.
179:Monophyly is contrasted with
1108:Phylogenetic reconciliation
1015:Evolutionary biology portal
971:Computational phylogenetics
860:Abbey, Darren (1994–2006).
404:The concepts of monophyly,
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813:10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967
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234:The first diagram shows a
144:for the classification of
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1298:Phylogenetic nomenclature
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129:all warm-blooded amniotes
901:. University of Helsinki
877:Carr, Steven M. (2002).
717:Simpson, George (1961).
500:Phylogenetic Systematics
470:Allaby, Michael (2015).
327:By comparison, the term
1178:Molecular phylogenetics
1128:Distance-matrix methods
976:Molecular phylogenetics
894:Hyvönen, Jaako (2005).
498:Hennig, Willi (1999) .
263:, derives from the two
1198:Phylogenetics software
1112:Probabilistic methods
1061:Long branch attraction
171:the grouping contains
152:is the condition of a
137:
95:
48:
991:Evolutionary taxonomy
881:. Memorial University
772:Stamos, D.N. (2003).
646:Envall, Mats (2008).
298:Conversely, the term
119:the group of reptiles
101:
54:
39:. The green group is
30:
1150:Three-taxon analysis
1056:Phylogenetic network
1193:Phylogenetic signal
551:. Paris: Hachette.
324:ancestral sources.
55:A cladogram of the
1121:Bayesian inference
1116:Maximum likelihood
681:Systematic Zoology
613:Systematic Zoology
138:
125:"group" (in red):
96:
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1103:Maximum parsimony
1096:Inference methods
1044:Phylogenetic tree
732:978-0-231-02427-3
591:www.tabularium.be
585:Bailly, Anatole.
509:978-0-252-06814-0
398:hybrid speciation
295:common ancestor.
236:phylogenetic tree
156:grouping being a
117:taxon (in cyan):
33:phylogenetic tree
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1229:Plesiomorphy
1217:Group traits
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1037:Cladogenesis
1032:Phylogenesis
918:
903:. Retrieved
883:. Retrieved
866:. Retrieved
837:cite journal
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755:. Retrieved
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378:Willi Hennig
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81:polyphyletic
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61:monophyletic
60:
59:, showing a
45:monophyletic
44:
41:paraphyletic
40:
37:monophyletic
36:
24:
1303:Crown group
1265:Group types
996:Systematics
757:23 February
658:: 217–220.
527:Phytoneuron
431:Crown group
390:convergence
369:Definitions
245:systematics
229:taxonomists
73:taxon: the
63:taxon: the
21:Crown group
981:Cladistics
905:15 January
885:15 January
868:15 January
807:: 143967.
752:www.mun.ca
457:References
351:left apart
243:by modern
203:convergent
166:population
142:cladistics
76:prosimians
19:See also:
1318:Supertree
1282:Polyphyly
1277:Paraphyly
1272:Monophyly
1244:Apomorphy
1224:Primitive
1167:PhyloCode
1049:Cladogram
829:195828782
567:461974285
451:Polyphyly
446:Paraphyly
414:barcoding
410:polyphyly
406:paraphyly
330:paraphyly
301:polyphyly
257:monophyly
255:The term
251:Etymology
219:holophyly
193:excepting
185:polyphyly
181:paraphyly
154:taxonomic
150:monophyly
146:organisms
94:(in red).
1365:Category
1337:Category
1240:Derived
986:Taxonomy
821:31279710
420:See also
322:multiple
91:tarsiers
89:and the
57:primates
1349:Commons
1075:Lineage
701:2412223
633:2412266
596:7 March
530:2015-66
87:lorises
83:group:
66:simians
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532::1–54.
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408:, and
355:nearly
293:unique
288:phûlon
267:words
1313:Basal
1138:UPGMA
1070:Grade
1066:Clade
899:(PDF)
825:S2CID
697:JSTOR
629:JSTOR
426:Clade
333:, or
317:polús
311:πολύς
304:, or
282:φῦλον
276:mónos
270:μόνος
259:, or
241:taxon
158:clade
107:taxon
907:2010
887:2010
870:2010
843:link
817:PMID
801:Gene
780:ISBN
759:2018
727:ISBN
598:2018
563:OCLC
553:ISBN
504:ISBN
476:ISBN
361:pará
346:pará
340:παρά
183:and
1068:vs
809:doi
805:713
689:doi
660:doi
621:doi
208:not
173:all
1367::
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835:{{
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