467:
457:
5444:
6296:
695:
5451:
120:
687:
141:
477:
1636:
777:. However, a more recent study showed that REM sleep accounted for about 15% of sleep time observed on subjects at an environmental temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Surveying a range of environmental temperatures, the study observed very little REM at reduced temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F), and also a substantial reduction at the elevated temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).
8373:
1429:
877:~ 125 million years ago) and the most primitive monotreme differed substantially from non-monotreme australosphenidans in having five molars as opposed to the three present in non-monotreme australosphenidians. Aptian and Cenomanian monotremes of the family Kollikodontidae (113–96.6 ma) have four molars. This suggests that the monotremes are likely to be unrelated to the australosphenidan tribosphenids.
6290:
7199:
7205:
8385:
333:. Monotremes are typified by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. Although they are different from almost all mammals in that they lay eggs, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with
594:, proteins that are present in mammals that create holes in viral and bacterial pathogens. Some reptile venom is also composed of different types of β-defensins, another trait shared with reptiles. It is thought to be an ancient mammalian characteristic, as many non-monotreme archaic mammal groups also possess
840:" hypothesis in which the divergence between monotremes and marsupials happened later than the divergence between these lineages and the placental mammals. Van Rheede (2005) concluded that the genetic evidence favors the Theria hypothesis, and this hypothesis continues to be the more widely accepted one.
1640:
1639:
1641:
798:
on their hind limbs. The echidna spurs are vestigial and have no known function, while the platypus spurs contain venom. Molecular data show that the main component of platypus venom emerged before the divergence of platypus and echidnas, suggesting that the most recent common ancestor of these taxa
921:
and fossil dating give a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, with one survey putting the split at 19–48 million years ago, but another putting it at 17–89 million years ago. It has been suggested that both the short-beaked and long-beaked echidna species are
757:
than other mammals, but recent research shows that they easily maintain a constant body temperature in a variety of circumstances, such as the platypus in icy mountain streams. Early researchers were misled by two factors: firstly, monotremes maintain a lower average temperature than most mammals;
538:
of birds, suggesting that the two sex chromosomes of marsupial and placental mammals evolved after the split from the monotreme lineage. Additional reconstruction through shared genes in sex chromosomes supports this hypothesis of independent evolution. This feature, along with some other genetic
500:
arranged in a triangle), which is one of the hallmarks of extant mammals. Some recent work suggests that monotremes acquired this form of molar independently of placental mammals and marsupials, although this hypothesis remains disputed. Tooth loss in modern monotremes might be related to their
1638:
508:
Monotreme jaws are constructed somewhat differently from those of other mammals, and the jaw opening muscle is different. As in all true mammals, the tiny bones that conduct sound to the inner ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in non-mammal
880:
The time when the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago, while others have posited younger estimates of 163 to 186 million years ago (though the already eutherian
762:, much easier to study than the reclusive platypus, maintains normal temperature only when active; during cold weather, it conserves energy by "switching off" its temperature regulation. Understanding of this mechanism came when reduced thermal regulation was observed in the
835:
ancestors of later mammals, such as egg-laying. Most morphological evidence supports the Theria hypothesis, but one possible exception is a similar pattern of tooth replacement seen in monotremes and marsupials, which originally provided the basis for the competing
903:
4251:Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022). "A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data".
586:, which are not found in other mammals. Monotremes retain a reptile-like gait, with legs on the sides of, rather than underneath, their bodies. The monotreme leg bears a spur in the ankle region; the spur is not functional in echidnas, but contains a powerful
1622:
651:
eggs. Much like newborn marsupials (and perhaps all non-placental mammals), newborn monotremes, called "puggles", are larval- and fetus-like and have relatively well-developed forelimbs that enable them to crawl around. Monotremes lack
1530:, indicating that monotremes were diversifiying by the early Late Cretaceous. Monotremes have been found in the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene of southern South America, so one hypothesis is that monotremes arose in Australia in the
2774:
Cortez, Diego; Marin, Ray; Toledo-Flores, Deborah; Froidevaux, Laure; Liechti, Angélica; Waters, Paul D.; Grützner, Frank; Kaessmann, Henrik (24 April 2014). "Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals".
750:. Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to the harsh, marginal environmental niches in which the few extant monotreme species have managed to survive, rather than a general characteristic of extinct monotremes.
1461:
from
Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. Biochemical and anatomical evidence suggests that the monotremes diverged from the mammalian lineage before the marsupials and placental mammals arose. The only Mesozoic monotremes are
2312:
371:, although they were also present during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene epochs in southern South America, implying that they were also present in Antarctica, though remains have not yet been found there.
678:(partial) division. This means that the cells at the yolk's edge have cytoplasm continuous with that of the egg, allowing the yolk and embryo to exchange waste and nutrients with the surrounding cytoplasm.
1637:
493:
904:
780:
Monotreme milk contains a highly expressed antibacterial protein not found in other mammals, perhaps to compensate for the more septic manner of milk intake associated with the absence of teats.
905:
855:
orders, but these are no longer seen as constituting a group allied to monotreme ancestry. A controversial hypothesis now relates the monotremes to a different assemblage of fossil mammals in a
4503:
640:). In monotremes, only semen passes through the penis while urine is excreted through the male's cloaca. The monotreme penis is similar to that of turtles and is covered by a preputial sac.
2660:
Rich, Thomas H.; Hopson, James A.; Gill, Pamela G.; Trusler, Peter; Rogers-Davidson, Sally; Morton, Steve; et al. (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early
Cretaceous monotreme
647:
are retained for some time within the mother and receive nutrients directly from her, generally hatching within 10 days after being laid – much shorter than the incubation period of
656:, so puggles crawl about more frequently than marsupial joeys in search of milk. This difference raises questions about the supposed developmental restrictions on marsupial forelimbs.
4288:Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022).
4216:
1546:, both of which were still united with Australia at that time. This direction of migration is the opposite of that hypothesized for Australia's other dominant mammal group, the
2316:
907:
3275:
4289:
8661:
8656:
8558:
534:, as well as showing some new unique features, such as monotremes possessing 5 pairs of sex chromosomes and that one of the X chromosomes resembles the
8597:
2527:
Rich, T.H.; Hopson, J.A.; Musser, A.M.; Flannery, T.F.; Vickers-Rich, P. (2005). "Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians (I)".
663:
via openings in their skin. All five extant species show prolonged parental care of their young, with low rates of reproduction and relatively long life-spans.
126:
3093:
1656:, all the animals listed in this section are known only from fossils. Some family designations are hesitant, given the fragmentary nature of the specimens.
567:, and that this trait was retained in monotremes but lost in all other extant mammal groups. DNA analyses suggest that although this trait is shared and is
124:
527:
confirm that suspended ear bones evolved independently among monotremes and therians. The external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw.
4513:
8532:
8571:
5443:
521:, although, as with the analogous evolution of the tribosphenic molar, this hypothesis is disputed. Nonetheless, findings on the extinct species
3152:"Quantitative analysis of the timing of development of the cerebellum and precerebellar nuclei in monotremes, metatherians, rodents, and humans"
3410:
Nicol, S.C.; Andersen, N.A.; Phillips, N.H.; Berger, R.J. (2000). "The echidna manifests typical characteristics of rapid eye movement sleep".
3249:
466:
4601:
4547:
4383:
4148:
4121:
3973:
3724:
3134:
3066:
2992:
2349:
906:
2832:
1331:
674:, where the ovum splits into multiple, divisible daughter cells. In contrast, monotreme zygotes, like those of birds and reptiles, undergo
827:) lineages happened prior to the divergence between marsupials and placental mammals, and this explains why monotremes retain a number of
6295:
125:
456:
445:
does provide an alternate communication route between the two hemispheres, though, and in monotremes and marsupials it carries all the
4818:
1359:
530:
The sequencing of the platypus genome has also provided insight into the evolution of a number of monotreme traits, such as venom and
7404:
4334:
2202:
3282:
937:, whereas some suggest that the LCA of placentals and multituberculates was more recent than the LCA of placentals and monotremes.
3907:
Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Ziegler, Tim; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-01-02).
422:
on their bodies; produce milk through mammary glands to feed their young; have a single bone in their lower jaw; and have three
5450:
3455:"Identification and functional characterization of a novel monotreme-specific antibacterial protein expressed during lactation"
8589:
7874:
1605:
have also been recovered from
Australia, and fossils of a 63 million-year old platypus relative occur in southern Argentina (
1341:
624:) for their urinary, defecatory, and reproductive systems. Like reptiles, monotremes have a single cloaca. Marsupials have a
8576:
551:
lineage leading to birds and modern reptiles, which are believed to have split about 315 million years ago during the
3597:
2275:"A diverse assemblage of monotremes (Monotremata) from the Cenomanian Lightning Ridge fauna of New South Wales, Australia"
2472:"Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth"
8584:
8480:
8467:
4729:
4720:
1399:
1368:
930:
912:
540:
3782:"The platypus is in its place: Nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians"
3334:
Dawson, T.J.; Grant, T.R.; Fanning, D. (1979). "Standard
Metabolism of Monotremes and the Evolution of Homeothermy".
2854:
Warren, W. C.; Hillier, L. W.; Marshall Graves, J. A.; Birney, E.; Ponting, C. P.; Grützner, F.; et al. (2008).
140:
2192:
1553:
In 2024, a prominent assemblage of early monotremes was described from the
Cenomanian deposits (100–96.6 Ma) of the
8326:
4166:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation"
3571:
891:
like modern monotremes displays adaptations to elongation and increased sensory perception in the jaws, related to
925:
The precise relationships among extinct groups of mammals and modern groups such as monotremes are uncertain, but
8602:
4594:
3101:
2022:
828:
539:
similarities with birds, such as shared genes related to egg-laying, is thought to provide some insight into the
392:
8243:
8128:
1970:
1164:
968:
774:
197:
3453:
Bisana, S.; Kumar, S.; Rismiller, P.; Nicol, S.C.; Lefèvre, C.; Nicholas, K.R.; Sharp, J.A. (9 January 2013).
863:, a group of mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America and Australia, that share
488:
Extant monotremes lack teeth as adults. Fossil forms and modern platypus young have a "tribosphenic" form of
380:
4711:
4504:"'Echidnapus' fossil of potential echidna and platypus ancestor may point to Australian 'age of monotremes'"
1055:
3082:
Cromer, Erica (14 April 2004). Monotreme
Reproductive Biology and Behavior (Report). Iowa State University.
1613:
in also known from
Pliocene deposits, and the oldest fossil tachyglossids are Pleistocene (1.7 Ma) in age.
8407:
8321:
4811:
1554:
1191:
995:
6289:
3879:
Luo, Z.-X.; Cifelli, R.L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. (2002). "In quest for a phylogeny of
Mesozoic mammals".
8623:
7934:
7397:
5915:
2270:
1824:
6231:
8485:
6925:
6825:
6508:
6224:
6210:
5037:
3956:
Madsen, Ole (2009). "chapter 68 – Mammals (Mamalia)". In Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir (eds.).
694:
8506:
8454:
8276:
7292:
7198:
6574:
6161:
6041:
5950:
5359:
4679:
4670:
4587:
4508:
4310:
4273:
4022:
3466:
2867:
2784:
2536:
2483:
2428:
2377:
2279:
1848:
1423:
1300:
759:
470:
6965:
6764:
6618:
6422:
6168:
6026:
5887:
3253:
8651:
7163:
7085:
7045:
6625:
6611:
6515:
6472:
6203:
6182:
6175:
6117:
5774:
5753:
5641:
5400:
5366:
4945:
4786:
4694:
1709:
1685:
442:
123:
6985:
6652:
6589:
6567:
6494:
6479:
6458:
5901:
5711:
2962:
Hurum, Jørn H.; Zhe-Xi Luo; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (2006). "Were mammals originally venomous?".
2470:
Masakazu
Asahara; Masahiro Koizumi; Macrini, Thomas E.; Hand, Suzanne J.; Archer, Michael (2016).
571:
with birds, platypuses are still mammals and that the common ancestor of extant mammals lactated.
8271:
8098:
7954:
7944:
7892:
7867:
7266:
7075:
6896:
6737:
6707:
6700:
6546:
6124:
6103:
5782:
5671:
5661:
5591:
5240:
5090:
4918:
4084:
3983:
3938:
3553:
3435:
3181:
3037:
2808:
2699:
2681:
2560:
2452:
2401:
2094:
2011:
2000:
1922:
1860:
1789:
1765:
1252:
1208:
1072:
864:
738:
Monotremes' metabolic rate is remarkably low by mammalian standards. The platypus has an average
238:
135:
6465:
6196:
5850:
5621:
5114:
2368:
Luo, Z.-X.; Cifelli, R.L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. (2001). "Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals".
686:
8628:
7246:
7204:
7035:
7015:
6721:
6560:
6189:
5767:
5681:
5631:
3307:
Watson, J.M.; Graves, J.A.M. (1988). "Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the
Evolution of Homeothermy".
8610:
8493:
8331:
8075:
7765:
7134:
7065:
6784:
6429:
6096:
6087:
6048:
5857:
5267:
4804:
4747:
4553:
4543:
4484:
4433:
4379:
4373:
4330:
4197:
4144:
4138:
4117:
4111:
4050:
3969:
3930:
3854:
3803:
3720:
3695:
3644:
3591:
3545:
3494:
3427:
3392:
3230:
3173:
3130:
3062:
3029:
2988:
2944:
2893:
2800:
2756:
2642:
2601:
2552:
2509:
2444:
2393:
2345:
2339:
2294:
2208:
2198:
2083:
1901:
1890:
1730:
1443:
1258:
1157:
1031:
961:
671:
559:
genes (a protein necessary for egg yolk formation) is shared with birds; the presence of this
446:
252:
8445:
8389:
6835:
4069:
3714:
787:
normally found in mammalian stomachs as an adaptation to their diet. Monotremes synthesize L-
484:; (5) Embryo; (6) Amniotic Fluid; (7) Amniotic Membrane; and (8) Membrane
8615:
8563:
7786:
7527:
7464:
7390:
6553:
6360:
6145:
5744:
5406:
5106:
5099:
5010:
4642:
4474:
4464:
4423:
4415:
4305:
4297:
4268:
4260:
4231:
4187:
4177:
4040:
4030:
3957:
3920:
3844:
3834:
3793:
3685:
3675:
3634:
3624:
3535:
3525:
3484:
3474:
3419:
3382:
3374:
3343:
3316:
3220:
3212:
3201:"The development of the olfactory organs in newly hatched monotremes and neonate marsupials"
3163:
3021:
2934:
2924:
2883:
2875:
2792:
2746:
2738:
2673:
2632:
2591:
2544:
2499:
2491:
2436:
2385:
2284:
2239:
2145:
1535:
934:
896:
892:
860:
754:
739:
531:
497:
341:
275:
41:
3965:
2621:"Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians" (II)"
8203:
8030:
7985:
7939:
7679:
7580:
7548:
6636:
6131:
6003:
5972:
5957:
5871:
5691:
5181:
5142:
5027:
4096:
3995:
2700:"Platypus genome explains animal's peculiar features; holds clues to evolution of mammals"
2578:
Bever, G.S.; Rowe, T.; Ekdale, E.G.; MacRini, T.E.; Colbert, M.W.; Balanoff, A.M. (2005).
1957:
1744:
1664:
1646:
1266:
918:
616:
The key anatomical difference between monotremes and other mammals gives them their name;
595:
575:
560:
502:
453:, whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers.
434:
224:
216:
7797:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
742:
of about 31 °C (88 °F) rather than the averages of 35 °C (95 °F) for
4026:
4011:"Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas"
3470:
2871:
2788:
2540:
2487:
2432:
2381:
628:, whereas most placental mammalian females have separate openings for reproduction (the
8341:
8291:
8286:
8261:
8213:
8133:
7725:
7671:
7572:
7556:
7358:
7323:
7233:
6794:
6666:
6645:
6581:
6533:
6450:
6374:
6345:
6238:
6217:
5988:
5981:
5810:
5701:
5601:
5318:
4887:
4579:
4479:
4452:
4451:
Nilsson MA, Churakov G, Sommer M, Tran NV, Zemann A, Brosius J, Schmitz J (July 2010).
4428:
4403:
4350:
4192:
4165:
4045:
4010:
3690:
3663:
3639:
3612:
3540:
3513:
3489:
3454:
3387:
3362:
3225:
3200:
2939:
2912:
2888:
2855:
2751:
2726:
2504:
2471:
2243:
2071:
2055:
2044:
2027:
1518:
1286:
1177:
981:
795:
587:
563:
suggests that the common ancestor of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals was
3423:
476:
8645:
8377:
8301:
8251:
8108:
8020:
7860:
7716:
7588:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7328:
7256:
7005:
6937:
6855:
6059:
5995:
5539:
5352:
5342:
5212:
4572:
3942:
3849:
3763:
3740:
3216:
3185:
2727:"Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes"
2580:"Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians" (I)"
2188:
2131:
2118:
2107:
2060:
2031:
1803:
1599:
occur in the same Cenomanian deposits. Oligo-Miocene fossils of the toothed platypus
1543:
1531:
788:
784:
660:
644:
591:
579:
568:
552:
489:
441:
is the primary communication route between the right and left brain hemispheres. The
356:
of Madagascar, South America, and Australia, but this categorization is disputed and
232:
77:
8459:
3439:
3009:
2685:
2456:
2227:
1428:
517:; this feature, too, is now claimed to have evolved independently in monotremes and
8472:
8218:
8178:
8168:
8103:
8090:
7948:
7733:
7663:
7564:
7519:
7333:
7055:
6911:
6774:
6691:
6673:
6501:
6415:
6399:
6017:
5908:
5894:
5580:
5482:
5469:
5418:
5290:
5069:
5060:
4140:
Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles
3557:
3361:
Siegel, J.M.; Manger, P.R.; Nienhuis, R.; Fahringer, H.M.; Pettigrew, J.D. (1998).
2812:
2564:
2405:
2262:
2184:
1946:
1935:
1294:
719:
556:
535:
4137:
Carrano, Matthew T.; Blob, Richard W.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Wible, John R. (2006).
3925:
3908:
3822:
3041:
2677:
2289:
2274:
418:
with a high metabolic rate (though not as high as other mammals; see below); have
8498:
4469:
4236:
4182:
3958:
3479:
3124:
3056:
2982:
2929:
480:
Diagram of a monotreme egg. (1) Shell; (2) Yolk; (3) Yolk Sac; (4)
8545:
8439:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8183:
8173:
8138:
8123:
8118:
8040:
7970:
7773:
7695:
7613:
7363:
7338:
7313:
7140:
6975:
6904:
6887:
6865:
6805:
6659:
6604:
6436:
6332:
6313:
6256:
6245:
6154:
5943:
5880:
5840:
5826:
5796:
5789:
5760:
5651:
5611:
5569:
5529:
5519:
5279:
5229:
2913:"Loss of egg yolk genes in mammals and the origin of lactation and placentation"
1911:
1869:
1837:
1583:
1559:
1482:
1464:
869:
848:
837:
824:
747:
675:
523:
438:
247:
52:
4419:
4301:
4264:
8296:
8266:
8256:
8228:
8223:
8208:
8113:
7926:
7802:
7776:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins)
7655:
7498:
7455:
7439:
7318:
7286:
7276:
7152:
7112:
6955:
6845:
6443:
6367:
6353:
6110:
5936:
5922:
5819:
5721:
5559:
5499:
5388:
5198:
5190:
5159:
5152:
5076:
2419:
Weil, A. (4 January 2001). "Mammalian evolution: Relationships to chew over".
1778:
1754:
1698:
1674:
1627:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1557:
in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. One of these, the fossil jaw fragment of
1539:
1527:
1506:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1454:
1438:
1433:
926:
812:
703:
648:
548:
423:
368:
353:
97:
62:
3934:
2298:
8519:
8198:
8148:
8066:
8035:
8025:
8015:
7995:
7810:
7757:
7634:
7626:
7506:
7169:
6597:
6487:
6408:
6388:
5929:
5301:
5221:
4903:
4869:
4860:
4035:
3798:
3781:
3530:
2637:
2620:
2596:
2579:
2548:
2212:
2078:
1984:
1813:
1631:
jaw on display at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, USA
1621:
1601:
1577:
1547:
1523:
1512:
1353:
1016:
874:
816:
743:
666:
Monotremes are also noteworthy in their zygotic development: Most mammalian
625:
564:
514:
481:
450:
430:
415:
364:
322:
152:
102:
45:
8430:
4488:
4437:
4201:
4054:
3839:
3807:
3699:
3648:
3549:
3498:
3431:
3378:
3234:
3177:
3033:
2948:
2897:
2804:
2760:
2646:
2605:
2556:
2513:
2495:
2448:
2397:
1550:, which likely migrated across Antarctica to Australia from South America.
4453:"Tracking marsupial evolution using archaic genomic retroposon insertions"
3858:
3680:
3629:
3396:
17:
8424:
8306:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8071:
7975:
7906:
7749:
7605:
7433:
7123:
7025:
6815:
6754:
6381:
5509:
5308:
5167:
4930:
4878:
4851:
4766:
4757:
4630:
2266:
2197:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–2.
1722:
1470:
1450:
1272:
883:
832:
820:
811:
hypothesis" states that the divergence of the monotreme lineage from the
767:
611:
583:
544:
510:
460:
349:
326:
172:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
3514:"Loss of genes implicated in gastric function during platypus evolution"
2879:
2856:"Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution"
2796:
8336:
8316:
8233:
8080:
8010:
8000:
7826:
7703:
7535:
7445:
7382:
7297:
6918:
6714:
6034:
5549:
5330:
5256:
4652:
4217:"DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in"
2742:
2158:
1989:
1879:
1589:
1494:
707:
633:
607:
330:
325:, rather than bearing live young. The extant monotreme species are the
257:
107:
82:
3367:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3347:
3320:
3025:
933:(LCA) of placentals and monotremes close to the LCA of placentals and
867:. However, in a 2022 review of monotreme evolution, it was noted that
8550:
8311:
8281:
8188:
8143:
8045:
7990:
7980:
7818:
7794:
7642:
7489:
7427:
7414:
7096:
6995:
4998:
4957:
4845:
4827:
4636:
4624:
3168:
3151:
2440:
2389:
852:
808:
731:
727:
715:
711:
699:
667:
629:
621:
518:
403:
397:
385:
314:
182:
162:
8401:
8537:
8524:
4575:. U.C. Museum of Peleontology. University of California – Berkeley.
3713:
Vaughan, Terry A.; Ryan, James M.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2011).
843:
Monotremes are conventionally treated as comprising a single order
620:
means "single opening" in Greek, referring to the single duct (the
8005:
7687:
1634:
1427:
901:
856:
763:
723:
693:
685:
475:
465:
455:
345:
2194:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
847:
The entire grouping is also traditionally placed into a subclass
340:
Monotremes have been considered by some authors to be members of
8061:
4557:
653:
637:
419:
334:
8405:
7856:
7386:
7220:
6311:
5467:
4996:
4838:
4800:
4583:
4542:(6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4402:
Chimento, N.R.; Agnolín, F.L.; et al. (16 February 2023).
8193:
7911:
7883:
7741:
1516:(all Cenomanian, 100.2–96.6 Ma) from Australian deposits, and
299:
8511:
2341:
Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation
4215:
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019).
4164:
Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019).
1563:, is the oldest known platypus-like fossil. The durophagous
783:
During the course of evolution the monotremes have lost the
118:
4796:
4404:"First monotreme from the Late Cretaceous of South America"
3719:(5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 80.
290:
3363:"Monotremes and the evolution of rapid eye movement sleep"
2833:"Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome"
2273:; Smith, Elizabeth T.; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2024-05-26).
1609:), see fossil monotremes below. The extant platypus genus
1139:
Cladogram of Monotremata by Álvarez-Carretero et al. 2022
284:
659:
Rather than through teats, monotremes lactate from their
3662:
Whittington, Camilla M.; Belov, Katherine (April 2014).
3611:
Whittington, Camilla M.; Belov, Katherine (April 2014).
7852:
3664:"Tracing Monotreme Venom Evolution in the Genomics Era"
3613:"Tracing Monotreme Venom Evolution in the Genomics Era"
321:. They are the only known group of living mammals that
3512:
Ordoñez, G.R.; Hillier, L.W.; et al. (May 2008).
2228:"A New Systematic Arrangement of Vertebrated Animals"
305:
287:
7282:
7272:
7262:
7252:
7242:
7108:
7081:
7071:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6884:
6861:
6851:
6841:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6801:
6790:
6780:
6770:
6760:
6750:
6688:
6530:
6329:
6142:
6084:
6014:
5969:
5868:
5837:
5807:
5741:
5717:
5707:
5697:
5687:
5677:
5667:
5657:
5647:
5637:
5627:
5617:
5607:
5597:
5587:
5576:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5385:
5348:
5338:
5314:
5297:
5286:
5275:
5252:
5209:
5178:
5139:
5087:
5057:
5033:
5023:
3913:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
3572:"Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in the mammalian kidney"
2666:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
2280:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
2151:
2138:
2127:
2114:
2103:
2090:
2051:
2040:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1980:
1942:
1931:
1918:
1907:
1886:
1875:
1866:
1844:
1833:
1820:
1809:
1800:
1785:
1774:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1718:
1705:
1694:
1681:
1670:
1661:
773:
The echidna was originally thought to experience no
296:
293:
244:
229:
221:
213:
8414:
8242:
8089:
8054:
7963:
7925:
7899:
7785:
7724:
7715:
7654:
7625:
7604:
7547:
7518:
7497:
7488:
7463:
7454:
7306:
7231:
7151:
7122:
7095:
6936:
6883:
6735:
6687:
6635:
6529:
6398:
6328:
6255:
6141:
6083:
6058:
6013:
5968:
5867:
5836:
5806:
5740:
5480:
5417:
5384:
5329:
5266:
5239:
5208:
5177:
5138:
5129:
5086:
5056:
5009:
4956:
4929:
4902:
4755:
4746:
4692:
4668:
4651:
363:All extant species of monotremes are indigenous to
302:
281:
278:
7829:(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)
3150:Ashwell, K. W.; Shulruf, B.; Gurovich, Y. (2019).
1974:(platypus) – oldest specimen 10,000 years old
4009:Phillips, M.J.; Bennett, T.H.; Lee, M.S. (2009).
3129:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 68ff.
590:in the male platypus. This venom is derived from
3578:. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014
4397:
4395:
4068:Springer, Mark S.; Krajewski, Carey W. (2009).
3909:"A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution"
3827:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
122:
2257:
2255:
2253:
943:Cladogram of Monotremata by Upham et al. 2019
730:, 10. Opening in the ventral wall of the
7868:
7398:
4812:
4595:
4075:. In Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir (eds.).
3008:Grützner, F.; Nixon, B.; Jones, R.C. (2008).
2826:
2824:
2822:
2232:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
8:
4143:. University of Chicago Press. p. 358.
4079:. Oxford University Press. pp. 462–465.
4070:"chapter 69 – Monotremes (Prototheria)"
3010:"Reproductive biology in egg-laying mammals"
911:An echidna excavating a defensive burrow on
831:traits presumed to have been present in the
574:The monotremes also have extra bones in the
433:, monotremes lack the connective structure (
794:Both the platypus and echidna species have
698:Male platypus reproductive system. 1.
8402:
7875:
7861:
7853:
7721:
7622:
7515:
7494:
7460:
7405:
7391:
7383:
7228:
7217:
7101:
6944:
6743:
6538:
6337:
6325:
6321:
6308:
6064:
5488:
5477:
5464:
5245:
5135:
5016:
5006:
4993:
4935:
4908:
4899:
4835:
4819:
4805:
4797:
4752:
4665:
4602:
4588:
4580:
31:
4478:
4468:
4427:
4378:(2nd ed.). Wiley. pp. 303–304.
4311:1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12
4309:
4274:1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12
4272:
4235:
4191:
4181:
4044:
4034:
3924:
3848:
3838:
3797:
3689:
3679:
3638:
3628:
3539:
3529:
3488:
3478:
3386:
3224:
3167:
3123:Power, Michael L.; Schulkin, Jay (2012).
3061:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2938:
2928:
2887:
2750:
2636:
2595:
2503:
2288:
2063:, earliest known South American monotreme
7736:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
2911:Brawand D, Wahli W, Kaessmann H (2008).
1620:
887:is dated to 161–160 million years ago).
851:, which was extended to include several
799:was also possibly a venomous monotreme.
722:, 7. Genito-urinary sinus, 8.
3821:Janke, A.; Xu, X.; Arnason, U. (1997).
2363:
2361:
2338:Butler, Ann B.; Hodos, William (2005).
2176:
922:derived from a platypus-like ancestor.
348:that contains extinct mammals from the
8662:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
8657:Extant Late Triassic first appearances
4092:
4082:
3991:
3981:
3589:
726:enclosed in a fibrous sheath, 9.
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
2981:Griffiths, Mervyn (2 December 2012).
7:
8384:
4712:Attenborough's long-beaked echidna (
3964:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3055:Lombardi, Julian (6 December 2012).
1332:Kangaroo Island short-beaked echidna
690:Monotreme female reproductive organs
3126:The Evolution of the Human Placenta
3058:Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction
2725:Veyrunes; et al. (June 2008).
1852:– 123 Ma, oldest monotreme specimen
1453:monotreme to be discovered was the
1183:
1153:
1145:
1047:
1023:
1011:
987:
957:
949:
753:Monotremes may have less developed
547:lineage leading to mammals and the
414:Like other mammals, monotremes are
4351:"Fossil Record of the Monotremata"
3769:. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho.
3252:. Davidson College. Archived from
2244:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1838.tb00177.x
25:
7768:(Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
4290:"4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree"
3741:"Introduction to the Monotremata"
3250:"Thermal Biology of the Platypus"
1992:(24–5 Ma) Riversleigh platypuses
1324:(New Guinea short-beaked echidna)
8383:
8372:
8371:
7203:
7197:
6294:
6288:
5449:
5442:
4502:de Kruijff, Peter (2024-05-26).
3217:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01393.x
1538:, and that some migrated across
746:and 37 °C (99 °F) for
274:
139:
4329:. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
3786:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1950:– 61 Ma, southern South America
1360:Sir David's long-beaked echidna
1318:(Northern short-beaked echidna)
3780:van Rheede, Teun (2005).
3199:Schneider, Nanette Y. (2011).
2315:. Animal Bytes. Archived from
1342:Tasmanian short-beaked echidna
1:
4730:Western long-beaked echidna (
4721:Eastern long-beaked echidna (
4540:Walker's Mammals of the World
3926:10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900
3881:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3424:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00922-8
3336:Australian Journal of Zoology
3309:Australian Journal of Zoology
3276:"Control Systems Part 2"
2984:The Biology of the Monotremes
2964:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2678:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034
2290:10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753
1312:(Common short-beaked echidna)
378:derives from the Greek words
357:
4573:"Introduction to Monotremes"
4470:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436
4237:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
4183:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
4015:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3480:10.1371/journal.pone.0053686
3100:. Arkive.org. Archived from
2930:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060063
1625:A 100 million-year-old
612:Platypus § Reproduction
429:In common with reptiles and
398:
386:
4372:Benton, Michael J. (1997).
4110:Benton, Michael J. (2004).
1400:Western long-beaked echidna
1369:Eastern long-beaked echidna
608:Echidna § Reproduction
541:most recent common ancestor
27:Order of egg-laying mammals
8678:
7805:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
7760:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
7666:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
4420:10.1038/s42003-023-04498-7
4327:Neurobiology of Monotremes
4302:10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1
4265:10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1
1947:Monotrematum sudamericanum
1480:(Albian, 113–108 Ma), and
1421:
605:
402:'hole'), referring to the
391:
379:
8367:
7890:
7591:(Kangaroos and relatives)
7422:
7227:
7216:
7194:
7104:
6947:
6746:
6541:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6307:
6285:
6067:
5491:
5476:
5463:
5439:
5248:
5019:
5005:
4992:
4938:
4911:
4898:
4834:
4783:
4619:
4538:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
4325:Ashwell, K., ed. (2013).
3596:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2023:Obdurodon tharalkooschild
1569:, the pseudotribosphenic
1205:
1188:
1181:
1161:
1151:
1069:
1052:
1045:
1028:
1021:
1009:
992:
985:
965:
955:
929:analyses usually put the
210:
205:
136:Scientific classification
134:
117:
34:
7583:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
4375:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4113:Vertebrate Palaeontology
2226:Bonaparte, C.L. (1837).
2191:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1971:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
1654:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
1165:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
969:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
775:rapid eye movement sleep
496:surface formed by three
329:and the four species of
7475:(Platypus and echidnas)
4036:10.1073/pnas.0904649106
3531:10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r81
3094:"Short-beaked echidna (
2638:10.1126/science.1111294
2597:10.1126/science.1112248
2549:10.1126/science.1105717
2265:; McCurry, Matthew R.;
2056:Patagorhynchus pascuali
1988:– includes a number of
1645:Platypuses swimming at
670:go through holoblastic
636:), and defecation (the
513:and other premammalian
410:General characteristics
7706:(Dugongs and manatees)
7645:(Anteaters and sloths)
4702:(Long-beaked echidnas)
4680:Short-beaked echidna (
4408:Communications Biology
4116:. Wiley. p. 300.
3840:10.1073/pnas.94.4.1276
3379:10.1098/rstb.1998.0272
3096:Tachyglossus aculeatus
2619:Rougier, G.W. (2005).
2496:10.1126/sciadv.1601329
2344:. Wiley. p. 361.
2271:Vickers-Rich, Patricia
2119:Murrayglossus hacketti
1649:
1632:
1555:Griman Creek Formation
1446:
1192:Tachyglossus aculeatus
996:Tachyglossus aculeatus
915:
735:
691:
626:separate genital tract
485:
473:
463:
129:
8624:Paleobiology Database
7575:(Quolls and dunnarts)
3799:10.1093/molbev/msj064
3681:10.3390/toxins6041260
3630:10.3390/toxins6041260
3156:The Anatomical Record
2155:Megalibgwilia robusta
2142:Megalibgwilia ramsayi
1825:Stirtodon elizabethae
1644:
1624:
1522:(Maastrichtian) from
1468:(Barremian, 126 Ma),
1431:
910:
791:only in the kidneys.
697:
689:
606:Further information:
479:
469:
459:
128:
8277:Egg drop competition
7293:Saint Bathans Mammal
4077:The Timetree of Life
3960:The Timetree of Life
3412:Neuroscience Letters
2987:. Elsevier Science.
2662:Teinolophos trusleri
2263:Flannery, Timothy F.
1849:Teinolophos trusleri
1424:Evolution of mammals
1328:T. a. multiaculeatus
1301:Short-beaked echidna
931:last common ancestor
760:short-beaked echidna
471:Short-beaked echidna
4353:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu
4027:2009PNAS..10617089P
4021:(40): 17089–17094.
3743:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu
3471:2013PLoSO...853686B
3373:(1372): 1147–1157.
2880:10.1038/nature06936
2872:2008Natur.453..175W
2797:10.1038/nature13151
2789:2014Natur.508..488C
2541:2005Sci...307..910R
2488:2016SciA....2E1329A
2433:2001Natur.409...28W
2382:2001Natur.409...53L
2319:on 23 December 2010
2313:"Order Monotremata"
1710:Kryoryctes cadburyi
1686:Kollikodon ritchiei
865:tribosphenic molars
602:Reproductive system
443:anterior commissure
8272:Egg-and-spoon race
8099:List of egg dishes
7912:Fish and amphibian
7893:List of egg topics
7559:(Monito del monte)
6738:Prototribosphenida
5241:Ornithorhynchoidea
5091:Ausktribosphenidae
3014:Sexual Development
2831:Myers, PZ (2008).
2743:10.1101/gr.7101908
2095:Zaglossus robustus
2012:Obdurodon insignis
2001:Obdurodon dicksoni
1923:Dharragarra aurora
1861:Ornithorhynchoidea
1790:Steropodon galmani
1766:Parvopalus clytiei
1650:
1633:
1459:Steropodon galmani
1447:
1253:Ornithorhynchoidea
1209:Zaglossus bruijnii
916:
736:
692:
632:), urination (the
555:. The presence of
486:
474:
464:
447:commissural fibers
239:Ornithorhynchoidea
130:
8639:
8638:
8611:Open Tree of Life
8408:Taxon identifiers
8399:
8398:
8332:Ovo vegetarianism
7850:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7830:
7822:
7814:
7806:
7798:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7737:
7707:
7699:
7691:
7683:
7675:
7674:(Elephant shrews)
7667:
7646:
7638:
7619:
7600:
7599:
7592:
7584:
7576:
7568:
7567:(Marsupial moles)
7565:Notoryctemorphia
7560:
7539:
7531:
7528:Paucituberculata
7512:
7484:
7483:
7476:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7212:
7211:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
6731:
6730:
6683:
6682:
6525:
6524:
6303:
6302:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6232:Symmetrodontoides
6088:Zhangheotheriidae
5459:
5458:
5437:
5436:
5407:multituberculates
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5268:Ornithorhynchidae
5125:
5124:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4794:
4793:
4779:
4778:
4748:Ornithorhynchidae
4742:
4741:
4705:
4662:
4614:species by family
4549:978-0-8018-5789-8
4385:978-0-632-05614-9
4259:(7896): 263–267.
4150:978-0-226-09478-6
4123:978-0-632-05637-8
3975:978-0-19-953503-3
3726:978-0-7637-6299-5
3348:10.1071/ZO9790511
3321:10.1071/ZO9880573
3288:on 8 October 2016
3136:978-1-4214-0870-5
3104:on 13 August 2009
3068:978-1-4615-4937-6
3026:10.1159/000143429
2994:978-0-323-15331-7
2866:(7192): 175–183.
2783:(7497): 488–493.
2535:(5711): 910–914.
2351:978-0-471-73383-6
2084:Upper Pleistocene
1902:Ornithorhynchidae
1891:Opalios splendens
1731:Sundrius ziegleri
1642:
1444:Australian Museum
1418:Fossil monotremes
1259:Ornithorhynchidae
1247:ORDER MONOTREMATA
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1158:Ornithorhynchidae
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
962:Ornithorhynchidae
935:multituberculates
908:
807:The traditional "
768:placental mammals
748:placental mammals
536:Z chromosome
449:arising from the
439:placental mammals
360:is under debate.
267:
266:
253:Ornithorhynchidae
201:
16:(Redirected from
8669:
8632:
8631:
8619:
8618:
8606:
8605:
8593:
8592:
8580:
8579:
8567:
8566:
8554:
8553:
8541:
8540:
8528:
8527:
8515:
8514:
8502:
8501:
8489:
8488:
8476:
8475:
8463:
8462:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8403:
8387:
8386:
8375:
8374:
8129:Custard desserts
7877:
7870:
7863:
7854:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7787:Euarchontoglires
7775:
7767:
7759:
7751:
7743:
7735:
7722:
7705:
7697:
7689:
7681:
7673:
7665:
7644:
7636:
7623:
7618:
7617:
7609:
7590:
7582:
7581:Peramelemorphia
7574:
7566:
7558:
7537:
7536:Didelphimorphia
7530:(Shrew opossums)
7529:
7516:
7511:
7510:
7502:
7495:
7474:
7465:Australosphenida
7461:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7384:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7254:
7244:
7229:
7218:
7207:
7202:
7201:
7110:
7102:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7023:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6963:
6953:
6945:
6926:Tendagurutherium
6886:
6863:
6853:
6843:
6833:
6823:
6813:
6803:
6792:
6782:
6772:
6762:
6752:
6744:
6690:
6554:Austrotriconodon
6539:
6532:
6509:Portopinheirodon
6361:Drescheratherium
6338:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6309:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6225:Spalacotheroides
6211:Spalacotheridium
6146:Spalacotheriidae
6144:
6086:
6065:
6016:
5971:
5870:
5839:
5809:
5745:Gobiconodontidae
5743:
5719:
5709:
5699:
5689:
5679:
5669:
5659:
5649:
5639:
5629:
5619:
5609:
5599:
5589:
5578:
5567:
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5489:
5478:
5465:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5387:
5350:
5340:
5316:
5299:
5288:
5277:
5254:
5246:
5211:
5180:
5141:
5136:
5100:Ausktribosphenos
5089:
5059:
5038:Tendagurutherium
5035:
5025:
5017:
5011:Australosphenida
5007:
4994:
4936:
4909:
4900:
4893:
4892:
4836:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4798:
4753:
4714:Z. attenboroughi
4704:
4703:
4699:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4643:Australosphenida
4604:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4576:
4561:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4512:. Archived from
4499:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4296:(602): 263–267.
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4176:(12): e3000494.
4161:
4155:
4154:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4038:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3963:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3904:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3852:
3842:
3833:(4): 1276–1281.
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:"Lecture 3"
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3674:(4): 1260–1273.
3659:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3623:(4): 1260–1273.
3608:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3576:ScienceScape.org
3568:
3562:
3561:
3543:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3281:. Archived from
3280:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3169:10.1002/ar.24295
3162:(7): 1998–2013.
3147:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2837:Nature Education
2828:
2817:
2816:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2704:Sciencedaily.com
2696:
2690:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2482:(10): e1601329.
2476:Science Advances
2467:
2461:
2460:
2441:10.1038/35051199
2416:
2410:
2409:
2390:10.1038/35051023
2365:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2181:
2153:
2146:Late Pleistocene
2140:
2129:
2116:
2105:
2092:
2053:
2042:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1982:
1944:
1933:
1920:
1909:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1846:
1835:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1787:
1776:
1763:
1752:
1743:
1720:
1707:
1696:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1643:
1536:Early Cretaceous
1526:deposits in the
1364:Z. attenboroughi
1184:
1154:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1056:Z. attenboroughi
1048:
1024:
1012:
988:
958:
950:
940:
939:
909:
897:electroreception
893:mechanoreception
861:Australosphenida
755:thermoregulation
740:body temperature
532:electroreception
401:
395:
389:
383:
342:Australosphenida
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
246:
231:
223:
215:
196:
144:
143:
121:
112:
49:
42:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
8677:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8627:
8622:
8614:
8609:
8601:
8596:
8588:
8583:
8575:
8570:
8562:
8557:
8549:
8544:
8536:
8531:
8523:
8518:
8510:
8505:
8497:
8492:
8484:
8479:
8471:
8466:
8458:
8453:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8410:
8400:
8395:
8363:
8238:
8085:
8050:
7986:Ichthyoplankton
7959:
7921:
7895:
7886:
7881:
7851:
7834:
7781:
7766:Perissodactyla
7711:
7650:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7596:
7573:Dasyuromorphia
7557:Microbiotheria
7549:Australidelphia
7543:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7480:
7450:
7418:
7411:
7381:
7368:
7302:
7223:
7208:
7196:
7176:
7147:
7118:
7091:
6939:
6938:Tribosphenida /
6932:
6879:
6740:
6727:
6679:
6637:Mesungulatoidea
6631:
6521:
6394:
6316:
6299:
6287:
6271:
6251:
6137:
6132:Zhangheotherium
6079:
6054:
6042:Trishulotherium
6009:
6004:Volaticotherium
5964:
5951:Victoriaconodon
5872:Triconodontidae
5863:
5832:
5802:
5736:
5692:Phascolotherium
5485:
5472:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5413:
5372:
5325:
5309:Ornithorhynchus
5262:
5235:
5204:
5182:Steropodontidae
5173:
5143:Kollikodontidae
5121:
5082:
5052:
5001:
4972:
4952:
4925:
4894:
4841:
4840:
4830:
4825:
4795:
4790:
4775:
4758:Ornithorhynchus
4738:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4688:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4615:
4608:
4571:
4568:
4550:
4537:
4534:
4532:Further reading
4529:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4463:(7): e1000436.
4450:
4449:
4445:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4091:
4081:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3990:
3980:
3976:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3906:
3905:
3892:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3256:on 6 March 2012
3247:
3246:
3242:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2631:(5740): 1492b.
2618:
2617:
2613:
2590:(5740): 1492a.
2577:
2576:
2572:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2427:(6816): 28–31.
2418:
2417:
2413:
2376:(6816): 53–57.
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2267:Rich, Thomas H.
2261:
2260:
2251:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2205:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2173:
1963:Ornithorhynchus
1958:Ornithorhynchus
1745:Steropodontidae
1665:Kollikodontidae
1647:Sydney Aquarium
1635:
1619:
1611:Ornithorhynchus
1432:A model of the
1426:
1420:
1316:T. a. acanthion
1310:T. a. aculeatus
1267:Ornithorhynchus
1239:
1230:
1221:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
919:Molecular clock
902:
805:
684:
614:
604:
578:, including an
576:shoulder girdle
561:symplesiomorphy
503:electrolocation
501:development of
482: Allantois
435:corpus callosum
412:
277:
273:
225:Steropodontidae
217:Kollikodontidae
195:
138:
127:
119:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8675:
8673:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8644:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8620:
8607:
8594:
8581:
8568:
8555:
8542:
8529:
8516:
8503:
8490:
8477:
8464:
8451:
8436:
8420:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8381:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8342:Vegreville egg
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8069:
8064:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7857:
7848:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7824:
7816:
7808:
7800:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7739:
7730:
7728:
7726:Laurasiatheria
7719:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7685:
7680:Tubulidentata
7677:
7672:Macroscelidea
7669:
7660:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7640:
7631:
7629:
7620:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7589:Diprotodontia
7586:
7578:
7570:
7562:
7553:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7533:
7524:
7522:
7513:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7469:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7387:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7359:Amphitheriidae
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7324:Eutriconodonta
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7280:
7270:
7260:
7250:
7239:
7237:
7234:Incertae sedis
7225:
7224:
7221:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7137:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7079:
7069:
7059:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7019:
7009:
6999:
6989:
6979:
6969:
6966:Argaliatherium
6959:
6948:
6942:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6869:
6859:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6819:
6809:
6799:
6795:Brancatherulum
6788:
6778:
6768:
6765:Amphibetulimus
6758:
6747:
6741:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6696:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6667:Peligrotherium
6663:
6656:
6649:
6646:Coloniatherium
6641:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6619:Quirogatherium
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6586:
6582:Groebertherium
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6536:
6534:Meridiolestida
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6451:Groebertherium
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6423:Anthracolestes
6419:
6412:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6375:Henkelotherium
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6346:Brancatherulum
6341:
6335:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6242:
6239:Symmetrolestes
6235:
6228:
6221:
6218:Spalacotherium
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6169:Cifellitherium
6165:
6158:
6150:
6148:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6027:Gobiotheriodon
6022:
6020:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5992:
5989:Ichthyoconodon
5985:
5982:Argentoconodon
5977:
5975:
5973:Volaticotheria
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:Volaticotheria
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5888:Arundelconodon
5884:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5813:
5811:Jeholodentidae
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5726:
5715:
5705:
5702:Sangarotherium
5695:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5645:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5602:Indotriconodon
5595:
5585:
5574:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5492:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5440:
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5409:
5403:
5394:
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5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5346:
5335:
5333:
5331:Tachyglossidae
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:Patagorhynchus
5312:
5305:
5295:
5284:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5217:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5186:
5184:
5175:
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5172:
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5164:
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5148:
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5133:
5127:
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5119:
5111:
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5084:
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5014:
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4927:
4926:
4924:
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4922:
4921:
4912:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4888:Mammaliaformes
4881:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4824:
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4727:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4663:
4653:Tachyglossidae
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:External links
4564:
4563:
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4391:
4384:
4364:
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4280:
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4207:
4156:
4149:
4129:
4122:
4102:
4093:|website=
4060:
4001:
3992:|website=
3974:
3948:
3890:
3871:
3813:
3792:(3): 587–597.
3772:
3754:
3732:
3725:
3705:
3654:
3603:
3563:
3518:Genome Biology
3504:
3445:
3402:
3353:
3342:(4): 511–515.
3326:
3315:(5): 573–584.
3299:
3267:
3248:White (1999).
3240:
3191:
3142:
3135:
3115:
3085:
3074:
3067:
3047:
3020:(3): 115–127.
3000:
2993:
2973:
2954:
2903:
2846:
2818:
2766:
2737:(6): 965–973.
2717:
2691:
2672:(4): 475–501.
2652:
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2124:
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2122:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2072:Tachyglossidae
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2045:Patagorhynchus
2037:
2036:
2035:
2028:Middle Miocene
2015:
2004:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:specimen 9 Ma
1953:
1952:
1951:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1898:
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1735:
1734:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1618:
1617:Fossil species
1615:
1519:Patagorhynchus
1457:(100–96.6 Ma)
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1397:
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1395:
1390:
1388:Z. b. diamondi
1385:
1380:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1287:Tachyglossidae
1283:
1282:
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1280:
1279:
1241:
1240:
1236:
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1232:
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1178:Tachyglossidae
1174:
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1131:
1127:
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1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
986:
984:
982:Tachyglossidae
978:
977:
974:
973:
964:
956:
954:
948:
945:
944:
873:, the oldest (
804:
801:
785:gastric glands
758:secondly, the
734:for the penis.
683:
680:
661:mammary glands
603:
600:
596:venomous spurs
411:
408:
390:'single') and
358:their taxonomy
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
258:Tachyglossidae
255:
250:
235:
227:
219:
208:
207:
203:
202:
198:C.L. Bonaparte
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8674:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8573:
8569:
8565:
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8556:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8426:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8404:
8392:
8391:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8327:Organizations
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8302:Humpty Dumpty
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
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8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
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8249:
8247:
8245:
8241:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8021:Ovoviviparity
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7927:Fossil record
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7873:
7871:
7866:
7864:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7831:
7825:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7809:
7807:
7801:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7774:Artiodactyla
7772:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7740:
7738:
7734:Eulipotyphla
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7717:Boreoeutheria
7714:
7708:
7702:
7700:
7694:
7692:
7686:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7668:
7664:Afrosoricida
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7416:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7354:Paurodontidae
7352:
7350:
7349:Eupantotheria
7347:
7345:
7344:Symmetrodonta
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Amphilestidae
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7257:Chronoperates
7251:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7215:
7206:
7200:
7171:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7086:Tribactonodon
7080:
7078:
7077:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7046:Kielantherium
7040:
7038:
7037:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7006:Holoclemensia
7000:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:Boreosphenida
6935:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6856:Palaeoxonodon
6850:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6734:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6686:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6626:Solanutherium
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6612:Paraungulatum
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6528:
6518:
6517:
6516:Treslagosodon
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6473:Krebsotherium
6470:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6297:
6291:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6204:Spalacolestes
6201:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6183:Infernolestes
6180:
6178:
6177:
6176:Heishanlestes
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:Ningchengodon
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6060:Trechnotheria
6057:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:Triconolestes
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5775:Huasteconodon
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5754:Fuxinoconodon
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5642:Kryptotherium
5636:
5634:
5633:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5540:Chaoyangodens
5534:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5445:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5383:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5353:Murrayglossus
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:Megalibgwilia
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5320:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5213:Teinolophidae
5207:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
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5064:
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5055:
5048:
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5043:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
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4843:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4815:
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4808:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4765:
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4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4726:
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4710:
4709:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
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4605:
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4574:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4555:
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4545:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4516:on 2024-05-27
4515:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4490:
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4466:
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4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
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4392:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4365:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4336:9780643103115
4332:
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4318:
4312:
4307:
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4299:
4295:
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4133:
4130:
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4119:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4103:
4098:
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4071:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
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4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3985:
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3971:
3967:
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3952:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
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3860:
3856:
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3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3765:
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3742:
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3733:
3728:
3722:
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3709:
3706:
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3697:
3692:
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3665:
3658:
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3614:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3577:
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3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:(1): e53686.
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:(2): 229–42.
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
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3146:
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3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3116:
3103:
3099:
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3089:
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3075:
3070:
3064:
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3059:
3051:
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3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2986:
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2977:
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2969:
2965:
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2950:
2946:
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2926:
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2907:
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2899:
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2890:
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2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:0-801-88221-4
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:Wilson, D. E.
2186:
2185:Groves, C. P.
2180:
2177:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:Megalibgwilia
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:Murrayglossus
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2086:(1.8–0.1 Ma)
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2061:Maastrichtian
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2032:Upper Miocene
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:Teinolophidae
1798:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:South America
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:Late Jurassic
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:Z. b. smeenki
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Z. b. clunius
1381:
1379:
1378:Z. b. bartoni
1376:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1338:T. a. setosus
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:T. a. lawesii
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
990:
989:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
970:
963:
960:
959:
952:
951:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
920:
914:
913:French Island
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
878:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
797:
792:
790:
789:ascorbic acid
786:
781:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
688:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
609:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:interclavicle
577:
572:
570:
569:synapomorphic
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Carboniferous
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
499:
495:
491:
483:
478:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
400:
394:
388:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:of the order
316:
310:
271:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
243:
242:
241:
240:
236:
234:
233:Teinolophidae
228:
226:
220:
218:
212:
211:
209:
204:
199:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
8415:
8388:
8376:
8169:Onsen tamago
7916:
7813:(Treeshrews)
7696:Proboscidea
7637:(Armadillos)
7520:Ameridelphia
7473:Monotremata
7472:
7334:Theriiformes
7285:
7275:
7265:
7255:
7245:
7232:
7111:
7084:
7074:
7064:
7056:Pappotherium
7054:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7014:
7004:
6994:
6986:Carinalestes
6984:
6974:
6964:
6954:
6924:
6917:
6912:Peramuroides
6910:
6903:
6895:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6824:
6814:
6804:
6793:
6783:
6775:Amphitherium
6773:
6763:
6753:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:Donodontidae
6674:Reigitherium
6672:
6665:
6658:
6653:Mesungulatum
6651:
6644:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6590:Lakotalestes
6588:
6580:
6573:
6568:Casamiquelia
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6514:
6507:
6502:Phascolestes
6500:
6495:Minutolestes
6493:
6486:
6480:Lakotalestes
6478:
6471:
6464:
6459:Guimarotodus
6457:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6416:Amblotherium
6414:
6407:
6400:Dryolestidae
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6344:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6072:
6071:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6025:
6018:Tinodontidae
6002:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5909:Eotriconodon
5907:
5902:Corviconodon
5900:
5895:Astroconodon
5893:
5886:
5879:
5856:
5849:
5825:
5818:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5729:
5728:
5720:
5712:Tendagurodon
5710:
5700:
5690:
5680:
5670:
5660:
5650:
5640:
5630:
5620:
5610:
5600:
5590:
5581:Fruitafossor
5579:
5568:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5498:
5483:Theriimorpha
5470:Theriimorpha
5419:Theriimorpha
5365:
5360:Tachyglossus
5358:
5351:
5341:
5317:
5307:
5300:
5291:Monotrematum
5289:
5278:
5255:
5228:
5220:
5197:
5189:
5166:
5158:
5151:
5130:
5113:
5105:
5098:
5075:
5070:Asfaltomylos
5068:
5061:Henosferidae
5045:
5044:
5036:
5026:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4785:
4768:
4756:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4693:
4682:T. aculeatus
4681:
4671:Tachyglossus
4669:
4611:
4539:
4518:. Retrieved
4514:the original
4507:
4497:
4460:
4457:PLOS Biology
4456:
4446:
4411:
4407:
4374:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4345:
4326:
4320:
4293:
4283:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4227:
4224:PLOS Biology
4223:
4210:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4139:
4132:
4112:
4105:
4076:
4063:
4018:
4014:
4004:
3959:
3951:
3916:
3912:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3830:
3826:
3823:"Monotremes"
3816:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3735:
3715:
3708:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3580:. Retrieved
3575:
3566:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3418:(1): 49–52.
3415:
3411:
3405:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3270:
3260:14 September
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3243:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3125:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3095:
3088:
3077:
3057:
3050:
3017:
3013:
3003:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2706:. 7 May 2008
2703:
2694:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2373:
2369:
2340:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2307:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2193:
2179:
2154:
2141:
2130:
2117:
2106:
2093:
2077:
2054:
2043:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1983:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1936:Monotrematum
1934:
1921:
1910:
1889:
1878:
1859:Superfamily
1847:
1836:
1823:
1812:
1788:
1777:
1764:
1753:
1729:
1721:
1708:
1697:
1684:
1673:
1653:
1651:
1626:
1610:
1607:Monotrematum
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1437:
1403:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1352:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1305:T. aculeatus
1304:
1295:Tachyglossus
1293:
1276:
1265:
1251:Superfamily
1246:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1163:
1162:
1149:Monotremata
1071:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1030:
1029:
1015:
994:
993:
967:
966:
953:Monotremata
924:
917:
888:
882:
879:
868:
845:Monotremata.
844:
842:
806:
793:
782:
779:
772:
766:, which are
752:
737:
720:Vas Deferens
665:
658:
642:
617:
615:
573:
557:vitellogenin
529:
522:
507:
487:
428:
413:
375:
373:
362:
339:
318:
269:
268:
237:
192:
29:
8546:iNaturalist
8473:Monotremata
8460:Monotremata
8446:Monotremata
8440:Wikispecies
8416:Monotremata
8287:Fabergé egg
7819:Dermoptera
7811:Scandentia
7803:Lagomorpha
7752:(Pangolins)
7742:Chiroptera
7698:(Elephants)
7688:Hyracoidea
7444:(unranked)
7364:Marsupionta
7339:Pantotheria
7314:Prototheria
7267:Microderson
7076:Tirotherium
6976:Brasilestes
6905:Kouriogenys
6897:Afriquiamus
6888:Peramuridae
6873:Monotremata
6866:Vincelestes
6806:Chunnelodon
6708:Anoualestes
6701:Amazighodon
6660:Orretherium
6605:Necrolestes
6547:Amarillodon
6437:Crusafontia
6333:Dryolestida
6314:Cladotheria
6257:Cladotheria
6246:Yaverlestes
6155:Akidolestes
6125:Origolestes
6104:Kiyatherium
6073:Monotremata
5944:Trioracodon
5881:Alticonodon
5841:Klameliidae
5827:Yanoconodon
5797:Spinolestes
5790:Repenomamus
5783:Meemannodon
5761:Gobiconodon
5730:Monotremata
5672:Manchurodon
5662:Liaotherium
5652:Liaoconodon
5612:Juchilestes
5592:Hakusanodon
5570:Dyskritodon
5530:Aploconodon
5520:Amphilestes
5280:Dharragarra
5230:Teinolophos
5131:Monotremata
5046:Monotremata
4769:O. anatinus
4641:(unranked)
4612:Monotremata
3919:(1): 3–20.
3582:14 November
2323:6 September
1912:Dharragarra
1870:Opalionidae
1838:Teinolophos
1584:Dharragarra
1560:Dharragarra
1483:Dharragarra
1465:Teinolophos
1289:: echidnas
1277:O. anatinus
1261:: platypus
1073:Z. bruijnii
889:Teinolophos
870:Teinolophos
849:Prototheria
838:Marsupionta
676:meroblastic
592:β-defensins
524:Teinolophos
437:) which in
416:endothermic
319:Monotremata
248:Opalionidae
193:Monotremata
48:) – Present
8652:Monotremes
8646:Categories
8297:HowToBasic
8292:Free range
8267:Easter egg
8262:Decorating
8244:In culture
8134:Deep fried
8055:Components
7935:Cephalopod
7758:Carnivora
7750:Pholidota
7682:(Aardvark)
7656:Afrotheria
7635:Cingulata
7616:inclusive)
7538:(Opossums)
7509:inclusive)
7499:Metatheria
7456:Yinotheria
7440:Vertebrata
7438:Subphylum
7319:Yinotheria
7307:Other taxa
7287:Tingamarra
7277:Thereuodon
7222:Other taxa
7170:marsupials
7164:Metatheria
7153:Metatheria
7141:placentals
7113:Patagomaia
6956:Aegialodon
6846:Nanolestes
6466:Hercynodon
6444:Dryolestes
6368:Euthlastus
6354:Dorsetodon
6266:see below↓
6197:Shalbaatar
6111:Maotherium
5937:Triconodon
5923:Meiconodon
5851:Ferganodon
5820:Jeholodens
5722:Allotheria
5622:Jueconodon
5560:Condorodon
5500:Acinacodus
5428:see below↓
5401:Allotheria
5389:Allotheria
5199:Steropodon
5191:Parvopalus
5160:Kryoryctes
5153:Kollikodon
5115:Kryoparvus
5077:Henosferus
4967:see below↓
4946:Cynodontia
4931:Cynodontia
4879:Cynodontia
4870:Therapsida
4767:Platypus (
4732:Z. bruijni
4723:Z. bartoni
4659:(Echidnas)
4520:2024-05-27
4414:(1): 146.
3524:(5): R81.
2970:(1): 1–11.
2923:(3): e63.
2731:Genome Res
2238:(3): 258.
2171:References
1779:Steropodon
1755:Parvopalus
1699:Kryoryctes
1675:Kollikodon
1652:Excepting
1628:Steropodon
1596:Parvopalus
1572:Steropodon
1566:Kollikodon
1548:marsupials
1540:Antarctica
1528:Cretaceous
1524:Patagonian
1507:Steropodon
1501:Parvopalus
1489:Kollikodon
1477:Kryoryctes
1455:Cenomanian
1449:The first
1439:Steropodon
1436:monotreme
1422:See also:
1404:Z. bruijni
1373:Z. bartoni
1032:Z. bartoni
813:Metatheria
744:marsupials
718:, 6.
714:, 5.
710:, 4.
706:, 3.
704:Epididymis
702:, 2.
682:Physiology
643:Monotreme
492:(with the
431:marsupials
424:middle-ear
369:New Guinea
354:Cretaceous
270:Monotremes
206:Subgroups
35:Monotremes
18:Monotremes
8252:Balancing
8214:Scrambled
8026:Ovulation
8016:Oviparity
7996:Oogenesis
7955:Pathology
7917:Monotreme
7827:Primates
7821:(Colugos)
7795:Rodentia
7690:(Hyraxes)
7627:Xenarthra
7614:Placental
7507:Marsupial
7247:Atlasodon
7168:includes
7139:includes
7036:Kermackia
7016:Hypomylos
6722:Stylodens
6598:Leonardus
6561:Bondesius
6488:Laolestes
6409:Achyrodon
6389:Tathiodon
6190:Lactodens
5930:Priacodon
5916:Jugulator
5768:Hangjinia
5682:Nakunodon
5632:Kemchugia
5405:includes
5367:Zaglossus
5302:Obdurodon
5222:Stirtodon
4919:Synapsida
4904:Synapsida
4861:Synapsida
4844:Kingdom:
4695:Zaglossus
4170:PLOS Biol
4095:ignored (
4085:cite book
3994:ignored (
3984:cite book
3943:247542433
3935:0311-5518
3716:Mammalogy
3186:204815010
2917:PLOS Biol
2299:0311-5518
2079:Zaglossus
2034:(15–5 Ma)
1985:Obdurodon
1961:– oldest
1814:Stirtodon
1602:Obdurodon
1578:Stirtodon
1513:Stirtodon
1354:Zaglossus
1017:Zaglossus
927:cladistic
875:Barremian
829:primitive
825:placental
817:marsupial
649:sauropsid
618:monotreme
565:oviparous
549:sauropsid
515:synapsids
511:cynodonts
451:neocortex
376:monotreme
374:The name
365:Australia
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
46:Barremian
8590:10300001
8425:Wikidata
8378:Category
8179:Powdered
8164:Omelette
8159:Meringue
8109:Benedict
8076:membrane
7976:Egg cell
7949:dinosaur
7704:Sirenia
7606:Eutheria
7434:Chordata
7428:Animalia
7426:Kingdom
7135:Eutheria
7124:Eutheria
7066:Picopsis
7026:Juramaia
6816:Magnimus
6785:Arguimus
6755:Abelodon
6575:Cronopio
6430:Beckumia
6382:Paurodon
6097:Anebodon
6049:Yermakia
5858:Klamelia
5510:Amphidon
5168:Sundrius
5028:Ambondro
4999:Mammalia
4958:Mammalia
4852:Chordata
4850:Phylum:
4846:Animalia
4828:Mammalia
4787:Category
4637:Mammalia
4631:Chordata
4625:Animalia
4623:Kingdom
4558:98023686
4509:ABC News
4489:20668664
4438:36797304
4202:31800571
4055:19805098
3808:16291999
3700:24699339
3649:24699339
3592:cite web
3550:18482448
3499:23326486
3459:PLOS ONE
3440:40439226
3432:10729631
3235:21592102
3178:31633884
3034:18769071
2949:18351802
2898:18464734
2843:(1): 46.
2805:24759410
2761:18463302
2686:89034974
2647:16141051
2606:16141050
2557:15705848
2514:27757425
2457:37912232
2449:11343097
2398:11343108
2283:: 1–19.
2213:62265494
2187:(2005).
2150:Species
2137:Species
2113:Species
2050:Species
2017:Species
2006:Species
1995:Species
1968:Species
1941:Species
1917:Species
1885:Species
1843:Species
1819:Species
1784:Species
1760:Species
1728:Species
1723:Sundrius
1704:Species
1680:Species
1471:Sundrius
1451:Mesozoic
1273:Platypus
884:Juramaia
833:synapsid
821:Eutheria
803:Taxonomy
672:cleavage
584:coracoid
545:synapsid
519:therians
494:occlusal
461:Platypus
350:Jurassic
331:echidnas
327:platypus
323:lay eggs
183:Mammalia
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
8390:Commons
8359:Tossing
8354:Tapping
8349:Rolling
8337:Pysanka
8322:Organic
8317:Oomancy
8229:Soufflé
8219:Shirred
8184:Pickled
8174:Poached
8139:Deviled
8124:Coddled
8119:Century
8091:As food
8081:Chalaza
8041:Trophic
8011:Oviduct
8001:Ootheca
7971:Allergy
7964:Biology
7945:Reptile
7643:Pilosa
7446:Amniota
7432:Phylum
7413:Extant
7298:UA 8699
6919:Peramus
6836:Mozomus
6826:Minimus
6715:Donodon
6035:Tinodon
5550:Comodon
5257:Opalios
5107:Bishops
4629:Phylum
4610:Extant
4480:2910653
4429:9935847
4193:6892540
4046:2761324
4023:Bibcode
3887:: 1–78.
3859:9037043
3762:Jacks.
3691:4014732
3640:4014732
3558:2653017
3541:2441467
3490:3541144
3467:Bibcode
3397:9720111
3388:1692309
3226:3162242
3205:J. Anat
2940:2267819
2889:2803040
2868:Bibcode
2813:4462870
2785:Bibcode
2752:2413164
2625:Science
2584:Science
2565:3048437
2537:Bibcode
2529:Science
2505:5061491
2484:Bibcode
2429:Bibcode
2406:4342585
2378:Bibcode
2159:Miocene
2089:Species
2070:Family
1990:Miocene
1900:Family
1880:Opalios
1865:Family
1799:Family
1740:Family
1660:Family
1590:Opalios
1495:Opalios
1442:at the
1434:extinct
1285:Family
1257:Family
859:termed
764:hyraxes
708:Bladder
668:zygotes
634:urethra
543:of the
426:bones.
315:mammals
189:Order:
179:Class:
8616:962396
8577:179915
8525:1MNTRO
8431:Q21790
8312:Oology
8282:Egging
8257:Carton
8224:Smoked
8209:Scotch
8204:Salted
8189:Quiche
8144:Eggnog
8114:Boiled
8046:Zygote
7991:Oogamy
7981:Embryo
7744:(Bats)
7490:Theria
7417:orders
7415:mammal
7097:Theria
6996:Eomaia
6162:Aliaga
4635:Class
4556:
4546:
4487:
4477:
4436:
4426:
4382:
4357:9 June
4333:
4294:Nature
4253:Nature
4230:(12).
4200:
4190:
4147:
4120:
4053:
4043:
3972:
3968:–461.
3941:
3933:
3864:9 June
3857:
3847:
3806:
3747:9 June
3723:
3698:
3688:
3668:Toxins
3647:
3637:
3617:Toxins
3556:
3548:
3538:
3497:
3487:
3438:
3430:
3395:
3385:
3292:6 July
3233:
3223:
3184:
3176:
3133:
3108:5 July
3065:
3042:536033
3040:
3032:
2991:
2947:
2937:
2896:
2886:
2860:Nature
2811:
2803:
2777:Nature
2759:
2749:
2710:9 June
2684:
2645:
2604:
2563:
2555:
2512:
2502:
2455:
2447:
2421:Nature
2404:
2396:
2370:Nature
2348:
2297:
2211:
2201:
2126:Genus
2102:Genus
2076:Genus
2039:Genus
1979:Genus
1955:Genus
1930:Genus
1906:Genus
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