951:
726:(central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and
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instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F) a lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver
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substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime.
1716:
System.Fundamentals.Firmware.CS.UEFISecureBoot.ConnectedStandby ... Platforms shall be UEFI Class Three (see UEFI Industry Group, Evaluating UEFI using
Commercially Available Platforms and Solutions, version 0.3, for a definition) with no Compatibility Support Module installed or installable. BIOS
713:
motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard,
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exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the
264:
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checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from a peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For
395:
Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century (like the
391:
typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components.
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347:
and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.
315:
containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The
351:
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called
639:
include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the
468:, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
440:
A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.
899:
motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models).
327:
In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous
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with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed
256:
describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other
1019:
designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other
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709:(PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a
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267:
Motherboard for a personal desktop computer from the 1990s; showing the typical components and interfaces which are found on a motherboard. This model follows the Baby
1485:
919:). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc.
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often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to
379:. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any
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Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called
685:, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various
601:) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.
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x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded
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and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the
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Block diagram of an early 2000s motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots
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A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to
762:, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in
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57:
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The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993. This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for
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100:
1173:. UEFI is a successor to BIOS that became popular after Microsoft began requiring it for a system to be certified to run
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and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the
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311:, the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a
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on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed
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Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as
217:
means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the
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and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.
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When the computer is powered on, the boot firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This
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In desktop PCs and notebook computers, the motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a
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power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based
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297:
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404:). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems.
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1158:(ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk.
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slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to
984:, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until the late 1990s; since then, most have required
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992:, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional
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Dell
Precision T3600 System Motherboard, used in professional CAD Workstations. Manufactured in 2012
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A typical motherboard will have a different number of connections depending on its standard and
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architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed.
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2003:
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Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of
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199:, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the
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were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane.
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and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some
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computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and
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of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and
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Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically
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of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include
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cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors. Note the large
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and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the
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at 25 MHz, which was directly accessible via a connector on the back of the casing
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1433:"CPU Socket Types Explained: From Socket 5 To BGA [MakeUseOf Explains]"
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had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid
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730:(laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the
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436:; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board.
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1700:"Windows Hardware Certification Requirements for Client and Server Systems"
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475:, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various
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An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting
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A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three
582:(the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
1624:
The healthy PC: preventive care and home remedies for your computer
585:
Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer
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Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called
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projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors.
1004:
can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use a
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2143:
1572:"Faults & Failures: Leaking Capacitors Muck up Motherboards"
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1782:
1645:"-- GIGABYTE, --Geeks Column of the Week - All Solid Capacitor"
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connector at the back right is its only peripheral interface.
356:
chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals:
332:
of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system.
211:
connectors, and other components integrated for general use.
1133:
come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps".
1069:
Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on the other hand, use
714:
which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard.
1184:(POST) may include testing some of the following things:
1730:"Microsoft: All You Need to Know About Windows 8 on ARM"
1154:
example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had
867:
Temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow
758:
on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one
18:
Main printed circuit board used for a computing device
335:
The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the
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2217:
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2086:
2022:
1965:
1894:
1829:
1820:
1570:Chiu, Yu-Tzu; Moore, Samuel K. (January 31, 2003).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1768:The Making of a Motherboard: Gigabyte Factory Tour
954:A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors
505:, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.
1717:emulation and legacy PC/AT boot must be disabled.
1169:, as did the boot ROM on the original IBM PC, or
754:, it is now possible to include support for many
249:cards, and a variety of other custom components.
557:in modern motherboards) containing the system's
946:A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right)
750:With the steadily declining costs and size of
2327:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
1794:
1763:The Making of a Motherboard: ECS Factory Tour
871:to monitor the health of computer components.
8:
1030:read/write errors, can be attributed not to
1484:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1460:"Pinout of the PCI-Express Power Connector"
697:standard form factor — even those found in
2214:
1826:
1801:
1787:
1779:
1282:devices, such as a USB mass storage device
1773:Front Panel I/O Connectivity Design Guide
493:may be installed. In the case of CPUs in
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
262:
1398:
1387:(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)
1365:Switched-mode power supply#Applications
1326:List of computer hardware manufacturers
271:, used in many desktop PCs of the time.
1740:from the original on December 27, 2018
1477:
1165:motherboard designs contains either a
1113:that initializes hardware devices and
1706:from the original on November 5, 2021
932:wireless network interface controller
857:Wireless network interface controller
827:supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and
575:to synchronize the various components
539:which forms an interface between the
7:
2332:List of pioneers in computer science
1466:from the original on October 4, 2013
489:(or CPU slots) in which one or more
288:computer (1990) with microprocessor
191:, and provides connectors for other
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1655:from the original on March 27, 2017
1507:from the original on April 27, 2015
1537:from the original on June 21, 2015
1439:from the original on April 7, 2015
1023:to allow for heat sink placement.
652:were provided as expansion cards.
260:with limited expansion abilities.
14:
1413:from the original on May 13, 2007
1341:Peripheral Component Interconnect
980:, or a single fan mounted on the
644:. Additional peripherals such as
1407:"Golden Oldies: 1993 mainboards"
34:
1626:McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003
1574:. IEEE Spectrum. Archived from
383:at all; higher-end systems for
45:needs additional citations for
791:Integrated graphics controller
307:Prior to the invention of the
1:
2322:History of computing hardware
1600:. Low-esr.com. Archived from
1560:, vol. 21, pp. 216-221. 2003.
1501:"The CPU and the motherboard"
1196:inserted into slots, such as
1008:system instead of many fans.
482:Modern motherboards include:
2190:Network interface controller
1598:"Capacitor lifetime formula"
1273:Security devices, such as a
1161:The boot firmware in modern
23:Motherboard (disambiguation)
1987:Refreshable braille display
1929:Refreshable braille display
1702:. Microsoft. January 2013.
1136:Microcomputers such as the
964:Motherboards are generally
938:Temperature and reliability
922:In newer motherboards, the
2374:
957:
674:
667:to dissipate excess heat.
571:which produces the system
20:
1458:W1zzard (April 6, 2005).
1370:Symmetric multiprocessing
1300:Basic Input/Output System
1294:Accelerated Graphics Port
179:(PCB) in general-purpose
1679:Adafruit Learning System
1049:Modern motherboards use
689:sizes. As of 2024, most
663:and mounting points for
298:digital signal processor
207:and memory controllers,
2096:Central processing unit
1531:Intel® Visual BIOS Wiki
1093:Motherboards contain a
1051:electrolytic capacitors
777:drives, and historical
677:Motherboard form factor
318:central processing unit
185:central processing unit
1142:central processor unit
955:
947:
786:floppy-disk controller
766:and budget computers.
747:
738:Integrated peripherals
547:, and peripheral buses
497:packages, such as the
437:
425:
304:
272:
137:
1604:on September 15, 2013
1360:Single-board computer
1219:, and fan speeds for
953:
945:
876:Peripheral card slots
825:integrated sound card
745:
693:motherboards use the
432:The motherboard of a
431:
415:
283:
266:
177:printed circuit board
135:
1675:"Bootloading Basics"
1578:on February 19, 2003
1435:. January 25, 2013.
1316:Computer case screws
840:for connection to a
657:thermal design power
252:Similarly, the term
54:improve this article
21:For other uses, see
1221:hardware monitoring
1083:embedded controller
752:integrated circuits
551:Non-volatile memory
512:modules containing
345:reverse engineering
320:(CPU), memory, and
2358:IBM PC compatibles
1275:fingerprint reader
1182:Power-On Self Test
956:
948:
838:network controller
748:
629:personal computers
460:, controllers for
438:
434:Samsung Galaxy SII
426:
305:
273:
138:
2340:
2339:
2310:
2309:
2240:Analog audio jack
1961:
1960:
1775:- v1.3 (pdf file)
1269:solid-state drive
1163:IBM PC compatible
1123:peripheral device
1013:small form factor
764:small form factor
707:power supply unit
389:computer graphics
369:floppy disk drive
239:host bus adapters
130:
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122:
104:
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1866:Optical trackpad
1831:Pointing devices
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1503:. Karbos Guide.
1499:Karbo, Michael.
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1375:System on a chip
1254:Optical drives:
1198:conventional PCI
1119:operating system
1071:solid capacitors
1044:capacitor plague
1017:home theater PCs
1002:operating system
960:Computer cooling
771:Disk controllers
728:server computers
691:desktop computer
646:disk controllers
458:external storage
446:desktop computer
269:AT (form factor)
258:embedded systems
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1839:Graphics tablet
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1462:. techPowerUp.
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1265:Hard disk drive
1250:Network adapter
1194:Expansion cards
1146:program counter
1144:would load its
1091:
978:Passive cooling
962:
940:
878:
844:and to receive
801:graphics, with
740:
720:
679:
673:
655:Given the high
580:expansion cards
569:clock generator
553:chips (usually
495:ball grid array
491:microprocessors
410:
398:tablet computer
381:expansion cards
292:operated at 25
284:Mainboard of a
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1967:Output devices
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1871:Pointing stick
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1757:External links
1755:
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1751:
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1636:
1622:Carey Holzman
1615:
1589:
1562:
1548:
1527:"Temperatures"
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1321:Expansion card
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1283:
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1262:
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1233:
1228:used to store
1223:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1156:Cassette BASIC
1109:) that stores
1090:
1087:
1053:to filter the
1034:or peripheral
1015:computers and
958:Main article:
939:
936:
926:slots are for
895:). A standard
877:
874:
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872:
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859:
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675:Main article:
672:
669:
613:
612:
602:
591:graphics cards
583:
576:
565:
548:
533:
516:chips. Can be
506:
450:microprocessor
409:
406:
377:parallel ports
309:microprocessor
301:Motorola 56001
290:Motorola 68040
277:
274:
243:TV tuner cards
223:daughterboards
175:) is the main
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2298:
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2272:Parallel port
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2088:Computer case
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2015:
2014:Graphics card
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2010:
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1912:Graphics card
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1908:
1907:Image scanner
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1822:Input devices
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1744:September 30,
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1128:
1127:bootstrapping
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1096:
1089:Bootstrapping
1088:
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1080:
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1038:but to aging
1037:
1033:
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1024:
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1018:
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1007:
1006:water cooling
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994:computer fans
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653:
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647:
643:
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634:
630:
626:
622:
621:mouse devices
618:
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584:
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546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
528:, or onboard
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:Goldmont Plus
500:
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488:
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236:
235:network cards
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206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
153:circuit board
151:
147:
144:(also called
143:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Motherboard"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
28:
24:
16:
2178:Power MOSFET
2161:Power supply
2130:Data storage
2107:
2066:Flash memory
2044:Optical disc
2026:data storage
1742:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1715:
1708:. Retrieved
1694:
1684:February 21,
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1623:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1565:
1557:c't Magazine
1555:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1494:
1468:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1401:
1336:Overclocking
1311:CMOS battery
1213:Temperatures
1208:floppy drive
1179:
1160:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:. The terms
1092:
1076:
1068:
1059:electrolytes
1048:
1025:
1010:
982:power supply
963:
921:
902:
886:
879:
749:
721:
683:form factors
680:
654:
650:serial ports
631:such as the
614:
587:power supply
573:clock signal
555:flash memory
481:
470:
464:display and
443:
439:
394:
373:serial ports
350:
334:
326:
306:
253:
251:
218:
214:
213:
205:input/output
172:
165:system board
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
27:
15:
2353:Motherboard
2277:Serial port
2268:(IEEE 1394)
2245:DisplayPort
2235:Thunderbolt
2108:Motherboard
2071:Memory card
2039:Floppy disk
1881:Touchscreen
1734:PC Magazine
1352:PCI Express
1226:CMOS memory
1206:Historical
1202:PCI Express
1097:(and later
1081:chip or an
988:mounted on
889:PCI-Express
882:form factor
815:DisplayPort
793:supporting
784:Historical
756:peripherals
718:CPU sockets
671:Form factor
599:Radeon R600
545:main memory
487:CPU sockets
454:main memory
422:AT keyboard
387:gaming and
322:peripherals
231:video cards
227:sound cards
215:Motherboard
195:. Unlike a
193:peripherals
173:logic board
171:computers,
142:motherboard
2347:Categories
2024:Removable
2009:Sound card
1939:Sound chip
1934:Sound card
1924:Microphone
1814:components
1608:October 2,
1582:October 2,
1470:October 2,
1393:References
1306:Chip creep
1245:Sound card
1189:Video card
1040:capacitors
1021:components
990:heat sinks
970:heat sinks
966:air cooled
864:controller
853:controller
724:CPU socket
661:heat sinks
578:Slots for
444:A typical
187:(CPU) and
161:base board
80:newspapers
2287:PS/2 port
2282:Game port
2195:Fax modem
2034:Disk pack
1886:Trackball
1849:Light pen
1443:April 12,
1175:Windows 8
1107:NOR flash
1079:super I/O
913:Crossfire
862:Bluetooth
732:Intel x86
699:Macintosh
625:keyboards
595:GeForce 8
354:Super I/O
330:S-100 bus
313:backplane
254:mainboard
247:IEEE 1394
209:interface
197:backplane
181:computers
167:, or, in
146:mainboard
2266:FireWire
2259:Obsolete
2225:Ethernet
2004:Speakers
1902:Keyboard
1876:Touchpad
1811:computer
1738:Archived
1704:Archived
1653:Archived
1634:page 174
1541:June 21,
1535:Archived
1511:June 21,
1505:Archived
1480:cite web
1464:Archived
1437:Archived
1417:June 27,
1411:Archived
1287:See also
1236:Keyboard
1217:voltages
1138:Apple II
1111:firmware
1036:hardware
1032:software
986:CPU fans
869:software
846:Internet
835:Ethernet
711:microATX
642:IBM PCjr
633:Apple II
627:. Early
559:firmware
501:and the
499:VIA Nano
448:has its
400:and the
361:keyboard
337:Apple II
286:NeXTcube
2315:Related
2218:Current
2059:Blu-ray
1997:Plotter
1992:Printer
1975:Monitor
1951:Softcam
1859:Optical
1710:July 3,
1260:DVD-ROM
1121:from a
1063:voltage
930:and/or
537:chipset
473:chipset
402:netbook
276:History
201:chipset
94:scholar
2173:MOSFET
2113:Memory
1980:Screen
1946:Webcam
1809:Basic
1659:May 6,
1630:
1354:(PCIe)
1343:(PCI)
1302:(BIOS)
1256:CD-ROM
1103:EEPROM
911:) and
909:Nvidia
831:output
829:S/PDIF
821:output
817:, and
781:drives
637:IBM PC
593:(e.g.
530:LPDDRx
408:Design
375:, and
341:IBM PC
296:and a
219:mother
189:memory
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2292:eSATA
2210:Ports
1895:Other
1854:Mouse
1347:PCI-X
1296:(AGP)
1240:mouse
1115:boots
1099:EPROM
1011:Some
974:crash
968:with
915:(for
907:(for
477:buses
466:sound
462:video
365:mouse
169:Apple
101:JSTOR
87:books
2250:HDMI
2166:SMPS
2154:SSHD
2148:NVMe
2144:SATA
2123:BIOS
1746:2013
1712:2020
1686:2024
1661:2017
1628:ISBN
1610:2013
1584:2013
1543:2015
1513:2015
1486:link
1472:2013
1445:2015
1419:2007
1385:UEFI
1267:and
1238:and
1230:BIOS
1200:and
1171:UEFI
1167:BIOS
1131:boot
1129:and
998:BIOS
897:EATX
811:HDMI
797:and
779:PATA
775:SATA
773:for
701:and
687:case
665:fans
648:and
635:and
623:and
619:for
610:NVMe
608:and
606:SATA
597:and
567:The
563:BIOS
535:The
526:DDR5
522:DDR4
518:DDR3
514:DRAM
510:DIMM
363:and
358:PS/2
339:and
150:main
73:news
2302:VGA
2297:DVI
2230:USB
2183:VRM
2140:SSD
2135:HDD
2118:RAM
2054:DVD
1917:GPU
1380:U.2
1331:M.2
1280:USB
1258:or
1151:RAM
1117:an
1095:ROM
1028:I/O
1000:or
928:SSD
924:M.2
917:AMD
905:SLI
893:PCI
851:USB
842:LAN
807:DVI
803:VGA
760:PCB
703:Sun
695:ATX
617:USB
561:or
541:CPU
418:ISA
294:MHz
203:'s
56:by
2349::
2146:/
2049:CD
1736:.
1732:.
1714:.
1677:.
1651:.
1647:.
1533:.
1529:.
1482:}}
1478:{{
1409:.
1215:,
1177:.
1105:,
1101:,
1085:.
1055:DC
1046:.
976:.
934:.
884:.
819:TV
813:,
809:,
805:,
799:3D
795:2D
722:A
543:,
524:,
520:,
452:,
385:3D
371:,
367:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225::
163:,
159:,
157:MB
155:,
148:,
140:A
2150:)
2142:(
1802:e
1795:t
1788:v
1748:.
1688:.
1663:.
1612:.
1586:.
1545:.
1515:.
1488:)
1474:.
1447:.
1421:.
532:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
