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stream catchments, and early archaic settlements at open stream mouths and adjacent spurs. Davidson notes that a clustering around stream mouths and high number of distinct sites might be suggestive of a rotation garden system. Pā sites are present on most of the easily defendable coastal headlands, although the relatively small amount of habitable land enclosed within defensive earthworks compared to area of occupied open settlements leads
Davidson to conclude some of the open settlements may have been palisaded without earthwork defences, and that settlement on Motutapu was most likely a “peace-time horticultural based occupation, with periodic episodes of stress leading to fort construction and use”.
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anti-submarine defences; the ground-level plotting complex with miniature range, plotting and generator rooms; the underground plotting complex with command exchange, radio, plotting generator, battery and fuel rooms, as well as access tunnels and corridors; the search light emplacements and directing station; personnel camps at
Administration Bay and the battery; the US Navy magazines north of the causeway and store at Home Bay, and numerous pillboxes to protect the battery from a commando assault. The landscape also includes a number of roads, wharves and quarries.
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1939 and the military population on the island went from 10 to 200, requiring the construction of additional buildings at
Administration Bay and at the observation posts. Plotting rooms were constructed in 1941–42, and searchlights installed at Billy Goat point. The US Navy intended to use Auckland as a staging point into the Pacific and this led to the construction of deepwater wharfing facilities, and the construction of 50 ammunition magazines between 1942 and 1943. The war ended in 1945, and within five years the entire complex had been abandoned.
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382:. Occasional ventures were made back to former territories in the gulf, sometimes not without consequence, as with when a local fishing party was attacked at Motutapu by Ngapuhi with several casualties. From 1836 many of the evacuated territories were resettled, and the Ngai Tai remained on Motutapu until the northern part of the island was sold to Tom Maxwell in 1840. Since the 1840s, the island has been worked as a pastoral farm, with farming settlements centred around Emu Bay and Home Bay.
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problems with in-built age in wood samples have become apparent. Nichol reviewed the dates in 1992, and included evidence from thermoluminescence (AD 1400–20) and paleomagnetic (1420) dating. These together with NZ1167 and NZ6954 which suggested AD 1400 was the earliest possible date, led him to conclude a date of c. AD 1400. This was also supported by McFadgen (1996), and the additional average dates from six obsidian hydration samples published in 2000 by Lowe et al.
81:
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poison baits on
Motutapu and Rangitoto in winter 2009, as of January 2010, rodents, rabbits and stoats appeared to have been successfully eradicated. Most cats had been removed, though a few may remain, and hedgehogs were still plentiful. In August 2011 both Rangitoto and Motutapu were declared pest
448:
Sizes of recorded sites vary as might be expected over time with fluctuations in demographics and blurring boundaries of a mobile population. Settlement sites are spread across the whole island, with some apparent clustering on the western leeward side of the island around the mountain and causeway
452:
Stone sources exploited for tool manufacture were largely the local greywacke found on
Motutapu and nearby Motuihe, but included obsidians from Great Barrier and Northland, as well as Nelson argillites and basalts from Tahanga. Other locally sourced rock used in tool production included jaspers for
514:
Regenerative farming systems are on the rise as producers respond to a range of social, environmental and environmental drivers. In a 2011 UN report, Olivier De
Schutter reviewed 286 recent sustainable agriculture projects in 57 countries, covering 37 million hectares. In the report he states that
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There are three main areas associated with the 19th-century farming, and these include associated remnant plantings. Home Bay retains homestead, plantings, seawall, and graves. Emu Bay has the foundations of four separate groups of buildings, remnant plantings and isolated
Norfolk pines on high
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Work began on the
Motutapu counter-bombardment battery in 1936. In May 1936 roads to battery had been formed, and the battery and observation post completed by June 1937, guns mounted by end of August 1938, and a temporary camp established at Administration Bay in 1937. War broke out in September
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in 1857, with the island increasingly becoming a trip destination – Home Bay Wharf hosted such attractions as whale boat racing, greased pig chasing and hunting. The Reid brothers purchased the island in 1869–70 and retained ownership until 1943. A series of homesteads and outbuildings have been
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The military structures on
Motutapu comprise a largely intact World War II landscape including: the main 6-inch gun emplacement with three gun pits, underground magazines, shelters and stores; the battery observation post, engine and radar rooms; the Emu observation post and engine room for the
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The dating of the
Rangitoto eruption has been subject to review since it was originally published. Davidson’s review of the dates from the Sunde site in 1974 and Law’s in 1975 suggested a late 14th century date on the basis of two charcoal dates NZ1898 and NZ1899. However since that time the
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Motutapu was one of the earliest places inhabited both by Polynesians, and later by Europeans in the Auckland region. The earliest evidence for occupation of Motutapu dates to before the eruption of Rangitoto, circa 1400 AD. The eruption smothered Motutapu in ash and caused widespread
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Since the mid-1990s, Motutapu Farms Limited have been adopting regenerative farming practices, also known as 'biological' in New Zealand (international research refers to the approach as; low-input, ecological, natural or alternative).
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Regenerative “Post-modern agriculture is not anti-science...it is the most modern agriculture because it builds carefully and creatively on advances in scientific knowledge particularly in the disciplines of biology, ecology and
495:. The work is overseen by the Motutapu Restoration Trust, and is to restore both the natural and the cultural heritage of the island, from restoration of the historic Reid homestead to replanting forests and restoring wetlands.
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Davidson, J.M. 1982. ‘Auckland’ in Prickett, N. (ed) The First Thousand Years Regional Perspectives in New Zealand Archaeology. New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph No.13. Dunmore Press, Palmerston North
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The natural vegetation of the island was almost totally gone by the middle of the 19th century, due to the volcanic eruption and subsequent settlement activities and pests introductions by both Māori and Europeans.
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soils suitable for gardening. Archaeological deposits bracketing the ash suggest the eruption prompted a shift from broad-spectrum hunting of forest birds to intensive marine exploitation and horticulture. Numerous
445:, and agricultural areas. There are 372 recorded sites and it is likely that many more subsurface deposits remain unrecorded. Some of the sites will have been damaged or destroyed by farming and military activity.
293:. There are few large trees on the island but a reforestation project has been carried out by the Motutapu Restoration Trust. The project has brought back many indigenous flora to various sections of the island.
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511:—Norman Uphoff. (Professor of Government and International Agriculture; Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development; Director of Graduate Studies, Field of International Development.)
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Coster, J. SPRING-RICE, W. 1984. History, Archaeology and Site Management on Motutapu and Rangitoto. UNPUBLISHED REPORT, DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY, AUCKLAND. Department of Lands and Survey, Auckland.
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canoe. Ngāi Tai maintained rights of occupation from that time until its eventual sale with only minor incursions from other groups. The Ngāti Huarere of Arawa descent claimed bird snaring rights over the
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for over 100 years. The eruption, approximately 700 years ago, destroyed their settlements, but there is circumstantial evidence that some of the residents may have escaped the destruction, presumably by
437:, overlaid with Waitemata tertiary sediments, and blanketed in Rangitoto ash. The cultural landscape of archaeological sites includes pre-Rangitoto eruption archaic campsites and adze making sites, 13
1053:
Dave Pearson Architects 1997 The Military Installations of Motutapu Island: A Conservation Plan, Report prepared for the Motutapu Island Restoration Trust. Dave Pearson Architects Limited Auckland.
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built at Home Bay, the first between 1840 and 1857, and the present Reid Homestead was built 1901–03. A homestead was built at Emu Bay c. 1869–70, occupied by James Reid and demolished in 1976.
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the approach is more resilient to extreme climate-related events, while substantially reducing the use of oil and oil-based pesticides and fertilizers. The review also discovered that adopting
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In March 2013, two shallow earthquakes situated beneath Motutapu Island measuring 3.1 and 3.9 shook the Auckland area. Fears they could be a sign of a looming eruption at nearby
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393:. From 1840 to 1845 the northern end was leased out to James Moncur. The southern end was purchased by Williamson and Crummer in 1845, but subsequently granted to politician
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pits were later found by archeologists. Archaeological surveys of the island undertaken since the 1960s have shown that the island was used as an area to manufacture
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when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, Motutapu Island was landlocked to the North Island, surrounded by a vast coastal plain where the
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points of the island. No archaeological remains have yet been located at Station Bay where the remaining farm settlement is known to have been located.
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286:), shows human and dog footprints preserved in solidified ash. These were protected from erosion by a layer of ash from the next eruption.
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Davidson, J.M. 1978a. The Prehistory of Motutapu Island, New Zealand: Five Centuries of Polynesian Occupation in a Changing Landscape,
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exists today. Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, after which Motutapu became an island separated from the rest of New Zealand.
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began a long-term restoration programme on the island in 1992, aiming to revegetate the island with native species by the 2040s.
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370:. In the 1820s many of the islands in the Hauraki Gulf, including Motutapu, were evacuated in response to the threat of
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744:"Archaeological Excavations at Pig Bay (N38/21, R10/22), Motutapu Island, Auckland, New Zealand, in 1958 and 1959"
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armed with muskets. Many of the Hauraki tribes retreated south, and the Ngāi Tai are said to have taken refuge at
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methods increased average food production by 150%. This reflects on the ground reports from New Zealand farmers.
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Today the island lacks the forest cover of neighbouring Rangitoto Island and most areas are limited to grass and
362:(native parrot) by right of conquest, and from the 18th century reciprocal fishing rights were negotiated with
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Possums and wallabies were eradicated from the island in the early 1990s. Following three aerial drops of
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349:. The island's traditional. Te Motu Tapu a Taikehu ("The Sacred island of Taikehu"), is a reference to a
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free. Since then a number of native New Zealand species have been translocated to Motutapu including
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were allayed by geologists, who said they were caused by fault lines, not volcanic activity.
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236:, meaning 'sacred' or 'sanctuary' island, is a term used for various islands in a number of
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Davidson, J.M. 1981. The Polynesian Foundation, In Oliver, W.H. and B.R. Williams (Eds)
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940:"Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter"
194:. The island can be accessed via regular ferry services departing from Auckland City.
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271:. Prior to the emergence of the volcano, the island had been extensively occupied by
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with the Ngāi Tai and was married to Ngeungeu, the daughter of the principal chief,
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A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historical Heritage
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568:"Data Table – Protected Areas – LINZ Data Service (recorded area 1510.368 ha)"
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Following the eruption Motutapu is reported to have been visited by both the
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The nearest two headlands in this view from Rangitoto are part of Motutapu
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280:(canoe). Of the many archaeological sites recorded, one, the Sunde Site (
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326:) between AD1400 and AD1500, using the greywacke found on the island.
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812:(Revised ed.). Random House New Zealand. pp. 284–285.
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Removing pests from Rangitoto and Motutapu – a progress report
905:. Auckland: Department of Conservation, Auckland Conservancy.
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Turton 1882:561 as cited in Coster and Spring-Rice 1984:10;
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Fenton 1879:61–74 as cited in Coster and Spring-Rice 1984:8
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View from the south of Rangitoto Island and Motutapu Island
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Auckland Minute Book 1, Folio 26, Māori Land Court Records
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Populated places around the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana
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National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
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Pest eradication and translocation of native species
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30:For the French Polynesian island of Motu Tapu, see
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1081:"NZ's largest off-grid solar power system ready"
425:Geologically, Motutapu comprises Waipapa series
1083:. Department of Conservation. 12 November 2010
441:, numerous open settlements, midden deposits,
182:is a 1,510 ha (3,700-acre) island in the
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996:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum
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917:"Motutapu and Rangitoto declared pest free"
341:canoes and was subsequently settled by the
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85:Location of Motutapu island (marked in red)
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259:The island is now linked by an artificial
248:Approximately 18,000 years ago during the
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691:"Auckland quakes sign of things to come?"
190:, New Zealand. The island is part of the
27:Island in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand
637:"The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2".
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559:
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1069:Motutapu Outdoor Education Camp Trust
654:Alastair Jamieson (2004). Rangitoto,
591:Vaka Moana – Voyages of the Ancestors
453:hammerstones and sandstone grinders.
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709:"Auckland quakes not volcanic – GNS"
1074:Motutapu Island Recreation Reserve
956:from the original on 14 April 2021
144:15.1 km (5.8 sq mi)
25:
1076:at the Department of Conservation
1041:THE OXFORD HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND
980:JOURNAL OF THE POLYNESIAN SOCIETY
673:"Auckland shaken by small quakes"
309:deforestation, but also produced
186:to the northeast of the city of
991:"Auckland Prehistory: A Review"
1135:Protected areas of New Zealand
1125:Islands of the Auckland Region
1095:Photographs of Motutapu Island
749:Records of the Auckland Museum
593:– Howe, K.R. (Editor), Page 33
529:List of islands of New Zealand
1:
938:De Schutter, Olivier (2011).
572:Land Information New Zealand
217:The sacred island of Taikehu
1115:Islands of the Hauraki Gulf
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1064:Motutapu Restoration Trust
808:; Murdoch, Graeme (2008).
644:. 2 March 2010. p. 9.
407:Department of Conservation
192:Hauraki Gulf Maritime Park
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499:Regenerative agriculture
202:Motutapu's full name in
493:North Island brown kiwi
226:(tribal priest) of the
896:Anon (February 2010).
762:10.32912/RAM.2018.52.2
725:Davidson 1978; 1984:42
656:New Zealand Geographic
641:The New Zealand Herald
465:Ecological restoration
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919:. doc. 27 August 2011
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385:Maxwell had lived at
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250:Last Glacial Maximum
1099:Auckland Libraries'
877:Davidson 1981:111-2
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1120:Island restoration
987:Davidson, Janet M.
973:Additional sources
859:Pearson 1997:16–21
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347:Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki
206:, rarely used, is
125:36.750°S 174.917°E
715:. March 18, 2013.
697:. March 18, 2013.
695:Otago Daily Times
679:. March 17, 2013.
604:"Estuary origins"
345:ancestors of the
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16:(Redirected from
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517:soil health
480:brodifacoum
291:wet meadows
240:cultures.
157:New Zealand
128: /
104:Coordinates
1109:Categories
1087:2019-08-30
786:Q104815049
613:3 November
577:2019-08-30
554:References
489:saddleback
435:argillites
427:greywackes
372:Hongi Hika
364:Ngāti Pāoa
283:Puharakeke
238:Polynesian
170:Population
1033:Q58677062
1025:270925589
1009:0067-0464
770:1174-9202
713:3 News NZ
677:3 News NZ
639:Inset to
413:Landscape
269:Rangitoto
244:Geography
198:Etymology
91:Geography
32:Bora Bora
1097:held in
1029:Wikidata
1017:42906259
1003:: 1–14.
989:(1978).
960:15 April
951:Archived
782:Wikidata
778:90016660
756:: 9–38.
742:(2017).
523:See also
387:Maraetai
374:and the
267:cone of
261:causeway
233:Motutapu
188:Auckland
116:174°55′E
96:Location
50:Motutapu
18:Motutapu
376:Ngāpuhi
353:of the
351:tohunga
311:friable
304:History
230:tribe.
224:tohunga
113:36°45′S
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
923:18 May
816:
784:
776:
768:
485:takahē
431:cherts
355:Tainui
343:Tainui
338:Tainui
316:kumara
228:Tainui
53:
1013:JSTOR
954:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
774:JSTOR
535:Notes
332:Arawa
273:Māori
204:Māori
57:Māori
1021:OCLC
1005:ISSN
962:2021
925:2014
814:ISBN
766:ISSN
615:2021
491:and
433:and
405:The
360:kākā
335:and
324:toki
320:adze
278:waka
222:, a
141:Area
758:doi
366:on
1111::
1027:.
1019:.
1011:.
1001:15
999:.
993:.
949:.
945:.
794:^
780:.
772:.
764:.
754:52
752:.
746:.
738:;
711:.
693:.
675:.
623:^
606:.
570:.
487:,
439:pā
429:,
212:,
1090:.
1035:.
964:.
927:.
822:.
788:.
760::
662:)
617:.
580:.
322:(
220:'
214:'
173:6
59:)
55:(
34:.
20:)
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