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absorb the force of obstacles striking the tires. Dual suspension bikes of a similar quality are considerably more expensive, but this price increase brings an enormous off-road performance upgrade as dual suspension bikes are much faster on downhill and technical/rough sections, than other forms of the mountain bike. This is because when the wheel strikes an obstacle its tendency is to bounce up. Due to some forward energy being lost in the upward movement some speed is lost. Dual suspension bikes solve this problem by absorbing this upward force and transmit it into the shocks of the front and rear wheels, drastically decreasing the translation of forward momentum into useless upward movement. Disadvantages of rear suspension are increased weight, increased price, and with some designs, decreased pedaling efficiency, which is especially noticeable when cycling on roads and hard trails. At first, early rear suspension designs were overly heavy, and susceptible either to pedaling-induced bobbing or lockout.
443:. 30-speed, 33-speed and 36-speed mountain bikes were originally found to be unworkable, as the mud-shedding capabilities of a 10-speed, 11-speed or 12-speed cassette, and the intricacies of a 10-speed, 11-speed or 12-speed rear derailleur were originally not found to be suitable combined with front shifters, although 10, 11 and 12 speed cassettes are now commonplace in single front chainring bicycles, and are also found on some mountain bikes. However, many pro-level mountain bikers have taken to using a narrower 10-speed road chain with a 9-speed setup in an effort to reduce the weight of their bike. In early 2009, component group
487:). These angles are measured from the horizontal, and drastically affect the rider position and performance characteristics of the bicycle. Mountain bike geometry will often feature a seat tube angle around 73 degrees, with a head tube angle of anywhere from 60 to 73 degrees. The intended application of the bike affects its geometry very heavily. In general, steeper angles (closer to 90 degrees from the horizontal) are more efficient for pedaling up hills and make for sharper handling. Slacker angles (leaning farther from the vertical) are preferred for high speeds and downhill stability.
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therefore remain drier and cleaner than wheel rims, which are more readily soiled or damaged. The disadvantage of disc brakes is their increased cost and often greater weight. Disc brakes do not allow heat to build up in the tires on long descents; instead, heat builds up in the rotor, which can become extremely hot. There are two different kinds of disc brakes: hydraulic, which uses oil in the lines to push the brake pads against the rotors to stop the bike. They cost more but work better. Mechanical, which uses wires in the lines to pull the pads against the rotors.
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and terrain (hard, soft, muddy, etc.) conditions. Other tire designs attempt to be all-around applicable. Within the same intended application, more expensive tires tend to be lighter and have less rolling resistance. Sticky rubber tires are now available for use on freeride and downhill bikes. While these tires wear down more quickly, they provide greater traction in all conditions, especially during cornering. Tires and rims are available in either tubed or tubeless designs, with
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611:) size, to 2.35 and 3.00 in (60 and 76 mm) widths popular with freeride and downhill bicycles. Although heavier wheelsets are favored in the freeride and downhill disciplines, advances in wheel technology continually shave weight off strong wheels. This is highly advantageous as rolling weight greatly affects handling and control, which are very important to the technical nature of freeride and downhill riding.
588:, 700C (622 mm) wheels are commonly called 28 inch wheels. 24 inch wheels are used for dirt jumping bikes and sometimes on freeride bikes, rear wheel only, as this makes the bike more maneuverable. 29 inch wheels were once used for only cross country purposes, but are now becoming more commonplace in other disciplines of mountain biking. A mountain bike with 29″ wheels is often referred to as a
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198:, and other unpaved surfaces. In addition to being used to travel and recreate on those surfaces, many people use mountain bikes primarily on paved surfaces; some may prefer the upright position, plush ride, and stability that mountain bikes often have. Mountain biking terrain commonly has rocks, roots, loose dirt, and steep grades. Many trails have additional
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257:, and a variety of track and slalom types. Each of these place different demands on the bike, requiring different designs for optimal performance. MTB development has led to an increase in suspension travel, now often up to 8 inches (200 mm), and gearing up to 13 speed, to facilitate both climbing and rapid descents. Advances in
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even offers its budget groupset "Alivio" in a 10-speed version. In July 2012, SRAM announced a 1×11 drivetrain called XX1 that does not make use of a front derailleur for lighter weight and simplicity. In the 2014 Commonwealth Games at
Glasgow all leading riders used 1×11 drivetrains. SRAM's new 1×12
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to 2 inches (38 to 50 mm) of suspension travel. Once suspension was introduced, bikes with front suspension and rigid, non-suspended rear wheels, or "hardtails", became popular nearly overnight. While the hardtail design has the benefits of lower cost, less maintenance, and better pedaling
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mechanism for the rear wheel. Rear suspension is ubiquitous in heavier-duty bikes and now common even in lighter bikes. Dropper seat posts can be installed to allow the rider to quickly adjust the seat height (an elevated seat position is more effective for pedaling, but poses a hazard in aggressive
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with a wide variety of tread patterns to suit different needs. Among these styles are: slick street tires, street tires with a center ridge and outer tread, fully knobby, front-specific, rear-specific, and snow studded. Some tires can be specifically designed for use in certain weather (wet or dry)
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Many new mountain bikes integrate a "full suspension" design known as dual suspension, meaning that both the front and rear wheel are fitted with a shock absorber in some form as the wheel attaches to the bike. This provides a smoother ride as the front and rear wheels can now travel up and down to
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companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials, such as M4 aluminum. The first production mountain bike available was the 1979 Lawwill Pro
Cruiser. The frame design was based on a frame that Don Koski fabricated from electrical conduit and a Schwinn Varsity
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Most new mountain bikes use disc brakes. They offer much improved stopping power (less lever pressure is required providing greater braking modulation) over rim brakes under all conditions especially adverse conditions, because they are located at the center of the wheel (on the wheel hub). They
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559 mm rim diameter) is increasingly being displaced by 29-inch wheels with ≈2.35″ width (ISO 622 mm rim diameter), as well as the 27.5-inch wheel diameter with ≈2.25 widths (ISO 584 mm rim diameter), particular on smaller frame sizes for shorter riders. Mountain bikes with 24-inch
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Tires also come with tubes, tubeless and tubeless-ready. Tires with tubes are the standard design and the easiest to use and maintain. Tubeless tires are significantly lighter and often have better performance because you can run them at a lower tire pressure which results in better traction and
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designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share some similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, which often makes them heavier, more complex and less efficient on smooth surfaces. These typically include a
226:. Mountain bikes are built to handle these types of terrain and features. The heavy-duty construction combined with stronger rims and wider tires has also made this style of bicycle popular with urban riders and couriers who must navigate through potholes and over curbs.
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announced their release of their XX groupset, which uses a 2-speed front derailleur, and a 10-speed rear derailleur and cassette, similar to that of a road bike. Mud-shedding capabilities of their 10-speed XX cassette are made suitable for MTB use by extensive
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In the past mountain bikes had a rigid frame and fork. In the early 1990s, the first mountain bikes with suspension forks were introduced. This made riding on rough terrain easier and less physically stressful. The first front suspension forks had about
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increasing rolling resistance. Tubeless-ready tires are tires that can use tubes or go tubeless. A liquid sealant is used without the tube to secure the seal to the rim. Popular tire manufacturers include
452:(CNC) machining of the cassette. Due to the time and cost involved in such a product, they were only aimed at top-end XC-racers. However, 10-speed has become the norm by 2011 and the market leader
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efficiency, it is slowly losing popularity due to improvements in full suspension designs. Front fork suspensions are now available with 8 inches (200 mm) of travel or more (see above under
273:. 1x gearing reduces overall bike weight, increases ground clearance, and greatly simplifies the process of gear selection, but 2- or 3-ring drivetrains are still common on entry-level bikes.
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Bicycle wheel sizes are not precise measurements: a 29-inch mountain bike wheel with a 622 millimetres (24.5 in) bead seat diameter (the term, bead seat diameter (BSD), is used in the
391:: A recent addition, a mountain bike with pivots in the frame but no rear shock. The flex of the frame absorbs some vibrations. These bikes are usually cross-country bikes.
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frame. Mert
Lawwill had Terry Knight of Oakland build the frames. The bikes sold for about $ 500 new and were made from 1979 though 1980 (approximate run of 600 bikes).
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tire and rim sizing system), and the average 29″ mountain bike tire is (in ISO notation) 59-622 corresponds to an outside diameter of about 29.15 inches (740 mm).
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I'd say these bikes are one of the biggest things that ever happened to the biking industry. Its basic look constitutes "a total shift in image" for the industry.
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The expressions "all terrain bicycle", "all terrain bike", and the acronym "ATB" are used as synonyms for "mountain bike", but some authors consider them passé.
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bicycles to ride down rugged hillsides. These modified bikes were called "ballooners" in
California, "klunkers" in Colorado, and "dirt bombers" in Oregon.
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used for freewheeling down mountain trails. The sport became popular in the 1970s in
Northern California, USA, with riders using older, single-speed
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They were well placed to exploit the coming market, but the company thought all-terrain bikes would be a short-lived phenomenon.
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334:, first produced in 1981. With the rising popularity of mountain bikes, Randolph (Randy) Ross, executive vice president of
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Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, mountain biking moved from a little-known sport to a mainstream activity complete with an
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similar to that of a motorcycle, and the rear is suspended by a mechanical linkage with components for absorbing shock.
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375:: A mountain bike with large, knobby tires and straight handlebars, but with neither front nor rear suspension.
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suspension): A mountain bike equipped with both front and rear suspension. The front suspension is usually a
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We shall also mention ... the enormous popularity of the modern all-terrain (or mountain) bicycle (the ATB).
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622 mm wheels are standard on road bikes and are commonly known as 700C. In some countries, mainly in
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gearing was introduced in 2016 as SRAM Eagle. This gives a single chain ring bike better ability to climb.
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649:, Schwalbe, Maxxis, Nokian, Michelin, Continental, Tioga, Kenda, Hutchinson, Specialized and Panaracer.
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have also led to the ubiquity of "1x" drivetrains (pronounced "one-by"), simplifying the gearing to one
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Since the 1980s, mountain bikes have had anywhere from 7 to 36 speeds, with 1 to 4 chain-rings on the
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1251:"First Production Mountain Bike Available | Marin Museum of Bicycling and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame"
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Mountain bikes can usually be divided into four broad categories based on suspension configuration:
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383:: A mountain bike equipped with a suspension fork for the front wheel, but otherwise a rigid frame.
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The widest wheel/tire widths, typically 3.8 in (97 mm) or larger, are sometimes used by
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845:'Mountain bike' (MTB) is the currently-preferred term for bicycles made for off-road use.
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Fall 2005, pp. 10-19. (p. 15 "Joe Breeze," by Tim
Blumenthal.) Retrieved 1 March 2013
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Typical features of a mountain bike are very wide tyres. The original 26 inch
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1382:"BikeRumor Chain Challenge: The Definitive 9 VS 10 Speed MTB Chain Wear Test"
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wheels are also available, sometimes for dirt jumping, or as a junior bike.
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in the 1970s, many new subtypes of mountain biking have developed, such as
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All-terrain bikes come suited to a variety of disciplines and conditions.
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who use their mountain bikes for winter-time riding in snowy conditions.
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This article is about mountain bikes themselves. For the activity, see
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Olsen, J. (1999). Mountain biking. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
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1361:"Installing 4 Chainrings To Climb Almost Anything Without Difficulty"
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Mountain bikes are generally specialized for use on mountain trails,
1101:"HISTORY | Marin Museum of Bicycling and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame"
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681:, Nicolai, and Ventana manufacture tandems with full suspension.
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recently (2004) gaining favor for their pinch flat resistance.
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Campbell, Dan; Charlie Layton (May 2009). "Know Your Rubber".
1322:. Vol. 324, no. 7770. 1 August 1992. pp. 61–62.
38:
1236:
Koeppel, Dan. "Joe Breeze Wants to Change the World. Again."
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Unfortunately, the
Moulton ATB had a fairly fundamental flaw.
352:, in addition to various free ride competitions, such as the
858:"what makes the mountain bike much slower than a road bike?"
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ATB "All
Terrain Bicycle." A passé term for mountain bikes.
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Wheels come in a variety of widths, ranging from standard
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1127:"The Crested Butte Klunkers - Crested Butte, Colorado"
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It was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that
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69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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797:UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships
1301:"A STURDY MOUNTAIN BIKE WINS HEARTS IN THE CITY"
603:suitable for use with tires in the 1.90 to 2.10
330:The first mass production mountain bike was the
307:The original mountain bikes were modified heavy
1052:"Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary An - Az: ATB"
592:, and a bike with 27.5-inch wheels is called a
541:A front disc brake, mounted to the fork and hub
995:Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles
1488:
1278:"Interview: Specialized founder Mike Sinyard"
1178:The Birth of Dirt: Origins of Mountain Biking
772:National Off-Road Bicycle Association (NORBA)
483:), and the seat tube angle (the angle of the
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732:International Mountain Bicycling Association
1240:Vol. 44 Issue 8, September 2003, pp. 32-40.
2421:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums
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1409:"SRAM XX1 set for release in October 2012"
1019:(Third ed.). The MIT Press. pp.
834:"Sheldon Brown's none improvementGlossary"
338:, was quoted in the New York Times saying
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1433:
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1335:"Still shredding after all these years"
821:
661:A tandem, full-suspension mountain bike
1080:"A Brief History of the Mountain Bike"
229:Since the development of the sport of
938:Max Roman Dilthey (5 February 2014).
922:The History of Cycling in Fifty Bikes
677:offer ones without suspension, while
7:
1441:"Sheldon Brown: Tire Sizing Systems"
596:or as a marketing term ″650B bike".
269:at the rear, typically with 9 to 12
67:adding citations to reliable sources
964:Steve Worland (18 September 2012).
1299:JOSEPH GIOVANNINI (30 July 1983).
1152:"Source Weekly - October 11, 2018"
145:2020 full suspension mountain bike
25:
1180:. Van der Plas/Cycle Publishing.
1359:Michel Gagnon (15 August 2010).
1223:"10 Men Who Changed the Sport,"
803:
665:Mountain bikes are available in
547:Bicycle brake § Disc brakes
43:
1276:Rogers, Seb (23 October 2010).
722:Freeride mountain-biking movies
549:. For general information, see
499:A full suspension mountain bike
54:needs additional citations for
265:in the front and a wide range
1:
1333:Ruibal, Sal (22 March 2006).
1200:League of American Wheelmen,
924:. Rodale Press. p. 157.
737:List of bicycle manufacturers
669:configurations. For example,
569:diameter with ≈2.125″ width (
545:For further information, see
439:and 5 to 12 sprockets in the
1011:; Papadopoulos, Jim (2004).
940:"The Best All-Terrain Bikes"
888:"Best Quality Mountain Bike"
522:
346:international racing circuit
1202:"Change Agents for Cycling"
862:Mountain Bike Reviews Forum
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899:ATB "All Terrain Bicycle."
792:Mountain Bike Hall of Fame
752:Mountain bike orienteering
544:
502:
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450:Computer Numerical Control
428:
283:
29:
1318:"Reinventing the wheel".
1227:December 1991, pp. 99-104
993:Eugene A. Sloane (1991).
2406:Animal-powered transport
1207:7 September 2012 at the
1176:Berto, Frank J. (2009).
717:Enduro (mountain biking)
712:Downhill mountain biking
200:technical trail features
2281:Non-vehicular transport
1504:Human-powered transport
471:The critical angles in
332:Specialized Stumpjumper
2431:Zero-emissions vehicle
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647:Wilderness Trail Bikes
632:Manufacturers produce
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467:Bicycle frame geometry
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1225:Mountain Bike Action,
997:. Simon and Schuster.
812:at Wikimedia Commons
742:List of bicycle parts
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561:Wheel and tire design
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1009:Wilson, David Gordon
920:Tom Ambrose (2013).
762:Mountain quadracycle
747:Mountain bike racing
618:A Mongoose Dolomite
63:improve this article
2369:Alpine touring skis
2179:Hand and foot power
1769:Cold-weather biking
1709:Small-wheel bicycle
1617:Glossary of cycling
1582:Cyclo-cross bicycle
1567:Cold-weather biking
1212:American Bicyclist,
767:Mountain unicycling
727:Glossary of cycling
303:mountain bike race.
2374:Cross-country skis
2038:Litter/sedan chair
1602:Flat bar road bike
1305:The New York Times
707:Bicycle suspension
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594:27.5 Mountain bike
586:Continental Europe
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505:Bicycle suspension
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479:(the angle of the
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336:Ross Bicycles Inc.
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235:cross-country (XC)
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1187:978-1-892495-61-7
1015:Bicycling Science
966:"What is a 29er?"
864:. 6 November 2009
808:Media related to
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1793:Electric bicycle
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787:Cross triathlon
757:Mountain biking
702:Bicycle gearing
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655:
607:(48 to 53
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431:Bicycle gearing
427:
414:
405:telescopic fork
396:Full suspension
366:
293:
288:
286:Mountain biking
282:
231:mountain biking
174:, more durable
168:suspension fork
135:
124:
118:
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78:"Mountain bike"
72:
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35:
32:Mountain biking
28:
27:Type of bicycle
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5:
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2399:Related topics
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2324:Stair climbing
2316:
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2307:Roller skating
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1957:Baby transport
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1784:Electric motor
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1699:Safety bicycle
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1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Penny-farthing
1661:
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1622:Hybrid bicycle
1619:
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1577:Cycle rickshaw
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1407:BikeRadar UK.
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1257:. 18 June 2014
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1131:cbklunkers.com
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675:Santana Cycles
654:
651:
639:tubeless tires
562:
559:
534:
531:
503:Main article:
492:
489:
465:Main article:
462:
459:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
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412:Modern designs
410:
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354:FMB World Tour
292:
289:
284:Main article:
281:
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202:(TTF) such as
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2090:Gravity racer
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
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1995:
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1992:Shopping cart
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1983:
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1965:
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1819:Treadle power
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1724:Track bicycle
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1674:Prone bicycle
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1632:Mountain bike
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1587:Downhill bike
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1463:Mountain Bike
1457:
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1387:
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1321:
1320:The Economist
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1049:
1048:Sheldon Brown
1043:
1040:
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1032:
1030:0-262-73154-1
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830:Sheldon Brown
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634:bicycle tires
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301:cross country
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151:mountain bike
143:
133:
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111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2347:Snow and ice
2166:(fixed seat)
2069:Caster board
2002:Stairclimber
1962:Baggage cart
1941:Rowing cycle
1852:Kick scooter
1842:Balance bike
1764:Wheelie bike
1729:Trailer bike
1689:Road bicycle
1631:
1562:City bicycle
1462:
1456:
1446:21 September
1444:. Retrieved
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1196:
1177:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1076:Jobst Brandt
1070:
1062:
1055:. Retrieved
1042:
1034:
1014:
1003:
994:
988:
980:
973:. Retrieved
969:
959:
951:
944:. Retrieved
933:
925:
921:
915:
906:
898:
891:. Retrieved
884:Ashley Casey
878:
866:. Retrieved
861:
852:
844:
837:. Retrieved
824:
802:
782:Transrockies
664:
643:
631:
624:
598:
583:
576:
564:
555:
527:
508:
470:
434:
400:
394:
387:
378:
372:
367:
343:
339:
329:
324:road bicycle
321:
313:balloon tire
306:
275:
243:all-mountain
228:
212:rock gardens
192:single track
189:
187:maneuvers).
172:knobby tires
158:
154:
150:
148:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
18:Mountainbike
2477:Road cycles
2457:Cycle types
2426:Human power
2272:Ornithopter
2100:Street luge
2017:Wheelbarrow
1847:Dandy horse
1679:Quadracycle
1652:Singletrack
1520:Pedal power
1280:. BikeRadar
1085:26 December
868:30 November
777:Singletrack
533:Disc brakes
420:A 2002 bike
2446:Categories
2359:Ice skates
2288:Foot power
2267:Helicopter
2232:Amphibious
2209:Hydrocycle
2202:Foot power
2142:Hand power
2095:Billy cart
2074:Snakeboard
2064:Pogo stick
1982:Hand truck
1967:Bath chair
1934:Row action
1925:Wheelchair
1898:Hand power
1889:Skateboard
1879:Freeskates
1869:Brakeboard
1759:Velomobile
1754:Velocipede
1659:Party bike
1557:Cargo bike
1552:Boneshaker
1344:2 December
1284:2 December
1255:mmbhof.org
1238:Bicycling,
1161:19 October
1136:19 October
1111:19 October
1105:mmbhof.org
1021:2, 27, 443
816:References
671:Cannondale
551:Disc brake
491:Suspension
477:head angle
317:Joe Breeze
224:wall-rides
196:fire roads
184:suspension
180:topography
119:April 2008
89:newspapers
2386:Snowshoes
2214:Hydrofoil
2105:Snowboard
2012:Toy wagon
2007:Stretcher
1910:Handcycle
1884:Longboard
1874:Freeboard
1773:ice cycle
1418:27 August
1413:BikeRadar
1392:27 August
1386:Bikerumor
1339:USA Today
1078:(2005) .
975:27 August
970:BikeRadar
679:Ellsworth
627:icebikers
485:seat tube
481:head tube
388:Soft tail
271:sprockets
263:chainring
220:gap jumps
208:log rides
204:log piles
2452:Bicycles
2354:Crampons
2255:Aircraft
2110:Toboggan
1864:Kicksled
1857:Kickbike
1739:Unicycle
1734:Tricycle
1704:Sociable
1694:Roadster
1647:Downhill
1547:BMX bike
1366:15 March
1205:Archived
685:See also
475:are the
461:Geometry
437:crankset
380:Hardtail
356:and the
267:cassette
255:downhill
251:freeride
216:skinnies
170:, large
2415:outline
2411:Cycling
2331:Walking
2319:Running
2083:Gravity
2031:Carried
1915:Hobcart
1905:Handcar
1798:Pedelec
1749:Velocar
1612:Go-kart
1597:Fatbike
1536:outline
1532:Bicycle
839:6 April
692:Bicycle
653:Tandems
523:Designs
515:⁄
454:Shimano
364:Designs
291:Origins
280:History
259:gearing
163:bicycle
103:scholar
2312:skates
2300:skates
2219:Pedalo
2192:Rowing
2186:Rowing
2164:Rowing
2059:Trikke
1786:assist
1592:Enduro
1261:11 May
1184:
1057:19 May
1027:
946:21 May
893:19 May
667:tandem
441:cogset
348:and a
247:enduro
222:, and
176:wheels
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
2154:Kayak
2149:Canoe
2134:Water
1465:: 51.
1156:Issuu
579:ETRTO
567:wheel
425:Gears
373:Rigid
239:trail
161:is a
157:) or
110:JSTOR
96:books
2260:list
2170:Punt
2022:Sled
1972:Cart
1642:27.5
1527:29er
1512:Land
1448:2008
1420:2015
1394:2015
1368:2018
1346:2010
1286:2010
1263:2020
1182:ISBN
1163:2018
1138:2018
1113:2018
1087:2013
1059:2017
1025:ISBN
977:2015
948:2017
895:2017
870:2021
841:2020
673:and
601:rims
590:29er
445:SRAM
401:dual
399:(or
82:news
2364:Ski
2248:Air
571:ISO
525:.)
155:MTB
65:by
2448::
1428:^
1411:.
1384:.
1337:.
1303:.
1253:.
1154:.
1129:.
1103:.
1061:.
1050:.
1033:.
1023:.
979:.
968:.
950:.
897:.
886:.
860:.
843:.
832:.
609:mm
605:in
360:.
299:A
253:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
194:,
149:A
2417:)
2413:(
1775:)
1771:(
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