Mulatto - Knowledge (XXG)

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multiracial went up to 49.8% and an additional 25.5% identified as "some other race", showing a marked change in the way Puerto Ricans view themselves. This may show that Puerto Ricans are now more open to embracing all sides of their mixed-race heritage and do not view themselves as part of the standard race dynamic in the United States hence the high number of people identifying as "some other race", a similar phenomenon went on in the mainland United States with the overall US Hispanic/Latino population. Most have significant ancestry from two or more of the founding source populations of Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population. Similar to many other Latin American ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans are multi-generationally mixed race, though most are European dominant in ancestry, Puerto Ricans who are "evenly mixed" can accurately be described "

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Company's ship "Het Gelderland", which arrived at the Cape in 1671 with 174 slaves from the Canary Islands and The Portuguese ship, "Sao Jose" which was captured by the Dutch in 1713 and brought to the Cape with slaves from the Canary Islands. These enslaved people were forced to work on farms, in households, and in other industries and many were subjected to harsh conditions and treatment. The intermixing among European men and Spanish and Portuguese women's descendants are part of the diverse Coloured communities in South Africa. It is however important to note that Spanish and Portuguese ancestry is not a dominant feature amongst the Coloured identity in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Individual family histories and ancestry may vary widely while the African, European and Asian ancestry is dominant amongst Coloured people from Africa.

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servant, slave or free. In the early colonial years, such working-class people lived and worked closely together, and slavery was not as much of a racial caste. Slave law had established that children in the colony took the status of their mothers. This meant that multi-racial children born to white women were born free. The colony required them to serve lengthy indentures if the woman was not married, but nonetheless, numerous individuals with African ancestry were born free, and formed more free families. Over the decades, many of these free people of color became leaders in the African-American community; others married increasingly into the white community. His findings have been supported by

1379:, such mixed-race people, known in colonial times as free people of color, gained some education and property before the Revolution. In some cases, their white fathers arranged for multiracial sons to be educated in France and join the military, giving them an advance economically. Free people of color gained some social capital and political power before the Revolution, were influential during the Revolution and since then. The people of color have retained their elite position, based on education and social capital, that is apparent in the political, economic and cultural hierarchy in present-day Haiti. Numerous leaders throughout Haiti's history have been people of color. 1575:, intermixing of races particularly Spanish settlers, native Tainos, and imported Africans (free or enslaved), was very strong. In fact, colonial Santo Domingo had higher amount of mixing and lesser racial tensions in comparison to other colonies, even other Spanish colonies, this was due to the fact that for most of its colonial period, Santo Domingo was a poorer colony where even the majority of the white Spanish settlers were poor, which helped foster a relatively peaceful racial atmosphere, allowing for growth in its mixed race population and racial fluidity. Santo Domingo as a colony was used a military base and had an economy based on 1133: 1453:... a division of negro troops of Faustin ran, and their commander, Gen. Garat, was killed. The main body, eighteen thousand troops, under the Emperor, encountered four hundred Dominicans with a field piece, and notwithstanding the disparity of force, the latter charged and caused the Haytiens to flee in every direction ... Faustin came very near falling into the enemy's hands. They were once within a few feet of him, and he was only saved by Thirlonge and other officers of his staff, several of whom lost their lives. The Dominicans pursued the retreating Haytiens some miles until they were checked and driven back by the 1121: 1706:. But the percentage multiracial/mulatto make up varies widely, from as low as 26% to as high as 51%. Unlike, the two other Spanish Caribbean islands (Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico) where nearly everyone even most self-proclaimed whites and blacks are mixed to varying degrees, in Cuba there are significant pure or nearly pure European and African populations. Multi-racials/Mulattos are widespread throughout Cuba. The DNA average for the Cuban population is 72% European, 23% African, and 5% indigenous, though among mulatto Cubans the European and African ancestry is more even. 207: 170:(71%). Mulattos in many Latin American countries, aside from predominately European and African ancestry, usually also have slight indigenous admixture. "Race-mixing" has been strong in Latin America for centuries, since the start of the colonial period in many cases. Many Latin American multiracial families (including mulatto) have been mixed for several generations. In the 21st century, multiracials now frequently have unions and marriages with other multiracials. Other countries and territories with notable mulatto populations in percentage and/or total number include 1751: 1579:, which was a far less labor-intensive than the more common plantation slavery at the time. By the 1700s, the majority of the population was mixed race, forming the basis of the Dominican ethnicity as a distinct people well before independence was achieved. During colonial times, mixed-race/mulatto Dominicans had a lot of influence, they were instrumental in the independence period and the founding of the nation. Many Dominican presidents were mulatto, and mulatto Dominicans have had influence in every aspect of Dominican culture and society. 1615:

Republic acts as a continuum of white—mulatto—black and not as clear cut as in places like the United States. And many times in the same family, there can be people of different colors and racial phenotypes who are blood related, this is due to the large amounts of interracial mixing for hundreds of years in Dominican Republic and the Spanish Caribbean in general, allowing for high amounts of genetic diversity. The majority of the Dominican population is tri-racial, with nearly all Dominicans having

1023:, as she was brought up among Indians with her mother, from which she contracted the vice of drunkenness, to which she often succumbs, as Indians do, and from them she has also received the crime of ." Community members were interrogated as to their understanding of her racial standing. Her mode of dress, very wavy hair and light skin confirmed for one witness that she was a mulatta. Ultimately though, her rootedness in the indigenous community persuaded the Inquisition that she was an 781:. The Griqua were subjected to an ambiguity of other creole people within Southern African social order. According to Nurse and Jenkins (1975), the leader of this "mixed" group, Adam Kok I, was a former slave of the Dutch governor. He was manumitted and provided land outside Cape Town in the eighteenth century. With territories beyond the Dutch East India Company administration, Kok provided refuge to deserting soldiers, refugee slaves, and remaining members of various Khoikhoi tribes. 1896: 1098: 1200: 1161: 1227: 6842: 1413:. With reinforcements from France and Poland, Rochambeau began a bloody campaign against the mulattoes and intensified operations against the blacks, importing bloodhounds to track and kill them. Thousands of black POW and suspects were chained to cannonballs and tossed into the sea. Historians of the Haitian Revolution credit Rochambeau's brutal tactics for uniting black and mulatto soldiers against the French. 2338:

sometimes being several generations back, which gives them a multiracial phenotype. Some of these lighter African Americans have abandoned the black identity and started to identify as multiracial. Many small isolate mixed race groups, such as for example Louisiana Creole people, got absorbed into the overall African American population. There also growing numbers of black/white interracial couples and

902: 1294: 1215: 543: 1818: 6852: 1474:(clown emperor) by the Dominicans. Toward the close of 1855, he invaded the Dominican Republic again at the head of an army of 30,000 men, but was again defeated by Santana, and barely escaped being captured. His treasure and crown fell into the hands of the enemy. Soulouque was ousted in a military coup led by mulatto General Fabre Geffrard in 1858–59. 1250: 1674:

individuals, although often correlating with their self-identified race, African ancestry ranged from less than 10% to over 50%, while European ancestry ranged from under 20% to over 80%. Amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race.

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being a significant minority. Between 1902 and 1933, some 750,000 Spaniards migrated to Cuba from Europe, which changed the racial demographics of the region rapidly. Many of the newly arrived Spanish migrants did not intermix with the native Cuban population, unlike the earlier colonial settlers and

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began to assert that mulattoes were sterile like mules. They projected this belief back onto the etymology of the word mulatto. Sollors points out that this etymology is anachronistic: "The Mulatto sterility hypothesis that has much to do with the rejection of the term by some writers is only half as

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referred to the offspring from parents of Arab Muslim origin and non-Arab Muslim people who adopted the Islamic religion and manners. Specifically, the term was historically applied to the descendants of Arab or Berber Muslims and indigenous Christian Iberians who, after several generations of living

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Quote: In English and among many African Americans, the term "mulatto" carries offensive connotations. In Spanish and Portuguese, however, and among U.S. Latinos/as and Latin Americans, the term mulato/a (so spelled) not only does not carry an offensive connotation but has become a sign of pride and

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Studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average Puerto Rican (regardless of racial self-identity) is about 64% European, 21% African, and 15% Native Taino, with European ancestry strongest on the west side of the island and West African ancestry strongest on the east side, and the

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and later wrote of his travels, often disparaging Spanish colonial society and culture. In Mexico City, he observed in considerable detail the opulence of dress of women, writing that "The attire of this baser sort of people of blackamoors and mulattoes (which are of a mixed nature, of Spaniards and

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in slave law, which said that children born in the colony were born into the status of their mother. Thus, children born to slave mothers were born into slavery, regardless of who their fathers were and whether they were baptized as Christians. Children born to white mothers were free, even if they

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A study of a sample of 96 healthy self-identified White Puerto Ricans and self-identified Black Puerto Ricans in the U.S. showed that, although all carried a contribution from all 3 ancestral populations (European, African, and Amerindian), the proportions showed significant variation. Depending on

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ancestry. The average Dominican DNA of the founder population is estimated to be 73% European, 10% Native, and 17% African. After the Haitian and Afro-Caribbean migrations the overall percentage changed to 57% European, 8% Native and 35% African. Due to mixed race Dominicans (and most Dominicans in

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off the northwest coast of Africa, were a Spanish colony, and during the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch east India Company and other European powers brought enslaved people from the Canary Islands to South Africa, particularly to the Cape Colony (now known as South Africa). The Dutch East India

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these individuals were brought to the Cape Colony to work on farms, in households, as they were enslaved labourers . There is a significant genetic mixture of European, African and (Indian) Asian DNA in the modern ethnic group of Coloured people. Thus forced into their own communities and therefore

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systems and practices of absorbing other peoples into their cultures. Multiracial children born to Native American mothers were customarily raised in her family and specific tribal culture. Federally recognized Native American tribes have insisted that identity and membership is related to culture

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who are of mixed racial ancestry. Dominican Republic has many racial terms and some are used differently than in other countries, for example Mestizo signifies any racial mix and not solely a European/indigenous mix like in other Latin American countries, while Indio describes people of skin tones

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Historians have documented sexual abuse of enslaved women during the colonial and post-revolutionary slavery times by white men in power: planters, their sons before marriage, overseers, etc., which resulted in many multiracial children born into slavery. Starting with Virginia in 1662, colonies

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Many Spaniard men took indigenous Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. Under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, as a result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815.

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was made president, with the mulattoes supporting him; but, instead of proving a tool in the hands of the senators, he showed a strong will, and, although by his antecedents belonging to the mulatto party, he began to attach the blacks to his interest. The mulattoes retaliated by conspiring; but

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ancestry only, beginning in the United States of America. Its use is considered to be outdated and offensive in America but not in other Anglophone countries and languages, such as British, Caribbean or West Indian countries or Dutch, It does not have the same associations in languages such as

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If the multiracial children were born to slave women (generally of at least partial African descent), they were classified under slave law as slaves. This was to the advantage of slaveowners, as Indian slavery had been abolished. If mixed-race children were born to Native American mothers, they

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Although the average Puerto Rican is of mixed-race, few actually identified as multiracial ("two or more races") in the 2010 census; only 3.3% did so. They more often identified with their predominant heritage or phenotype. However, in the 2020 census, the amount of Puerto Ricans identifying as

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In Dominican Republic and some other Latin American countries, it can sometimes be difficult to determine the exact number of racial groups, because the lines between whites and lighter multiracials are very blurry, which is also true between blacks and darker multiracials. As race in Dominican

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Marcheco-Teruel, Beatriz; Parra, Esteban J.; Fuentes-Smith, Evelyn; Salas, Antonio; Buttenschøn, Henriette N.; Demontis, Ditte; Torres-Español, María; Marín-Padrón, Lilia C.; Gómez-Cabezas, Enrique J.; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Mosquera-Miguel, Ana; Martínez-Fuentes, Antonio; Carracedo, Ángel;

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Africans were transported by Spaniards slave traders to Mexico starting in the early 16th century. Offspring of Spaniards and African women resulted early on in mixed-race children, termed mulattoes. In Spanish law, the status of the child followed that of the mother, so that despite having a

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Based on the Population Registration Act to classify people, the government passed laws prohibiting mixed marriages. Many people who classified as belonging to the "Asian" category could legally intermarry with "mixed-race" people because they shared the same nomenclature. The use of the term

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in the U.S.) populations come from various sources. Firstly, the average ancestral DNA of African Americans is about 90% African, 9% European, and 1% indigenous. Lighter skinned (African descendant Americans) are usually "more mixed" than the average African American, with the white ancestors

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in 1941, included a breakdown of traditional race classifications in that region, stating "The following elaborate terminology, now no longer in use because of the lack of genealogical records upon which to base finely drawn blood distinctions, was once employed to differentiate between types

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Rapes occurred, and many slave women were forced to submit regularly to white males or suffer harsh consequences. However, slave girls often courted a sexual relationship with the master, or another male in the family, as a way of gaining distinction among the slaves, avoiding field work, and

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Paul Heinegg has documented that most of the free people of color listed in the 1790–1810 censuses in the Upper South were descended from unions and marriages during the colonial period in Virginia between white women, who were free or indentured servants, and African or African American men,

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in any degree, no matter how remote." Spaniards both American- and Iberian-born discriminated against pardos and mulattoes because of their "bad blood." One Cuban sought the grant of his petition in order to practice as a surgeon, a profession from which he was barred because of his mulatto

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ancestry. European ancestry in the mixed population typically ranges between 50% and 60% on average, while African ancestry ranges between 30% and 40%, and the Native ancestry usually ranges between 5% and 10%. European and Native ancestry tends to be strongest in cities and towns of the

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Soulouque began to decimate his enemies by confiscation, proscriptions, and executions. The black soldiers began a general massacre in Port-au-Prince, which ceased only after the French consul, Charles Reybaud, threatened to order the landing of marines from the men-of-war in the harbor.

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blackamoors) is so light, and their carriage so enticing, that many Spaniards even of the better sort (who are too too prone to venery) disdain their wives for them... Most of these are or have been slaves, though love have set them loose, at liberty to enslave souls to sin and Satan."

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people from Africa are descendants of mixed ancestry, from the early 17th Century European colonizers namely Dutch, British and French intermixed with the indigenous Khoisan and Bantu tribes of that region, as well as intermixing with Asian slaves from Indonesia, Malaysia and India.

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at large scale rates. Self identified “white” Cubans with colonial roots on the island usually have Amerindian and or African admixture to varying degrees, as well as self identified “black” Cubans with colonial roots having varying degrees of European and or Amerindian admixture.

1548:'s population, they are by far the single largest racial grouping of the country. Mixed Dominicans are the descendants from the racial integration between the Europeans, Native Americans, and later the Africans. They have a total population of approximately 8 million. 1860:

However, southern colonies began to prohibit Indian slavery in the eighteenth century, so, according to their own laws, even mixed-race children born to Native American women should be considered free. The societies did not always observe this distinction.

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rather than race, and that individuals brought up within tribal culture are fully members, regardless of whether they also have some European or African ancestry. Many tribes have had mixed-race members who identify primarily as members of the tribes.

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Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, as epitomized by the

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referred to themselves as "mulatto". At one time, Florida's laws declared that a person from any number of mixed ancestries would be legally defined as a mulatto, including White/Hispanic, Black/Native American, and just about any other mix as well.

1848:"And for clearing all manner of doubts which hereafter may happen to arise upon the construction of this act, or any other act, who shall be accounted a mulatto, Be it enacted and declared, and it is hereby enacted and declared, That the child of an 653:

biological phenomenon, and the 'mixing' of race as legitimate grounds for the creation of a 'new race'. This disregards cultural, linguistic and ethnic diversity and/or differences between regions and globally among populations of mixed ancestry.

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people of recent origins– parents being of different races. Many immigrants who are racially Mulattos, have come to the United States from countries like Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, being most prevalent in cities like New York and Miami.

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The Haitians were unable to ward off a series of Dominican navy reprisal raids along Haiti's south coast, launched by Dominican president Buenaventura Báez. Despite the failure of the Dominican campaign, Soulouque caused himself to be proclaimed

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has changed over the course of history. For instance, in the first census after the South African war (1912), Indians were counted as 'Coloured'. Before and after this war, they were counted as 'Asiatic'. Zimbabwean Coloureds were descended from

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Strictly speaking, a "mulatto" is the first-generation offspring of a white and a Negro. Often regarded, even in the 19th century, as an offensive term, the word was frequently used to indicate a person of any mixture of caucasian and Negro

1607:. Dominican Republic have several informal terms to loosely describe a person's degree of racial admixture, Mestizo means any type of mixed ancestry unlike in other Latin American countries it describes specifically a European/native mix, 1262: 1086:

designation. Royal laws and decrees prevented pardos and mulattoes from serving as a public notary, lawyer, pharmacist, ordination to the priesthood, or graduation from university. Mulattas declared white could marry a Spaniard.

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was recorded in official colonial documentation, so that marriage registers, censuses, and court documents allow research on different aspects of mulattoes’ lives. Although some legal documents simply label a person a

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to work as slaves. In the early years, mestiços began to form a third-class between the Portuguese colonists and African slaves, as they were usually bilingual and often served as interpreters between the populations.

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is also classified as such. The great majority of their current populations descend from unions between the Portuguese, who colonized the islands from the 15th century onward, and black Africans they brought from the

1934: 1481:, the mulattoes were an ever-growing majority group, and in essence they took over the entire Dominican Republic, with no organized black opposition. Many of its rulers and famous figures were mulattoes, such as 1892:

should be considered free, but sometimes slaveholders kept them in slavery anyway. Multiracial children born to slave mothers were generally raised within the African-American community and considered "black".

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very similar to mixed populations in Cuba and Dominican Republic. Overall, Puerto Ricans are European-dominant Tri-racials, however there are many with near even European and African ancestry. According to the

1187: 1081:) as white persons who had "always been known, held and commonly reputed to be white persons, Old Christians of the nobility, clean of all bad blood and without any mixture of commoner, Jew, Moor, Mulatto, or 4053: 6797: 394:

defined mulatto as "one who is the offspring of a European and a Black". This earliest usage regarded "black" and "white" as discrete "species", with the "mulatto" constituting a third separate "species".

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Undurraga Schüler, Verónica (2009). "Españoles oscuros y mulatos blancos: Identidades múltiples y disfraces del color en el ocaso de la colonia chilena: 1778–1820". In Gaune, Rafael; Lara, Martín (eds.).

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proudly use the term as an indication of their history. In the early 21st century, they number between 20,000 and 30,000 people. There are, of course, other people of mixed race in the country.

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Although the "mulatto" ad is supposed to be streetwise, authentic, and hip, the mixed-race character's use of an outdated, even offensive, term to refer to herself belies such assertions.

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Glosario de las palabras españolas (castellanas, catalanas, gallegas, mallorquinas, portuguesas, valencianas y bascongadas), de orígen oriental (árabe, hebreo, malayo, persa y turco)

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and a substantial army to put down the rebellion; Leclerc seized Toussaint in 1802 and deported him to France, where he died in prison a year later. Leclerc was succeeded by General

6671: 1410: 1666:, "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA." 1160: 287:

person. The term is now generally considered outdated and offensive in non-Spanish and non-Portuguese speaking countries, and was considered offensive even in the 19th century.

1876:, white colonists and settlers tended to classify persons of mixed African and Native American ancestry as black, regardless of how they identified themselves, or sometimes as 1029:, and therefore outside of their jurisdiction. Even though the accused had physical features of a mulatta, her cultural category was more important. In colonial Latin America, 1938:

Three different race classifications appear in this public notice by the executor of the last will of Andre Deshotels, deceased, regarding emancipation of his former slaves. (

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used their light skin to their advantage if they escaped their unlawful and brutal incarceration from their criminal slave owners, thus 'passing' as free persons of color.

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obtaining special jobs and other favored treatment for their mixed children (Reuter, 1970:129). Sexual contacts between the races also included prostitution, adventure,

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In addition to African, European and Asian ancestry, Coloured people had some portion of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry. In the early 19th century some immigrants from

6812: 6666: 1513:. Approximately 5,000–67,000 men, women, children, babies and elderly, who were selected by their skin color, were massacred with machetes, or were thrown to sharks. 3296:

Bodenhorn, Howard (2002). The Complexion Gap: The Economic Consequences of Color among Free African Americans in the Rural Antebellum South (Report). Cambridge, MA.

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to refer to people of mixed ancestry. The persistence of some authors in using this term, anachronistically, reflects the old-school essentialist views of race as a

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Many Haitian mulattoes were slaveholders and often actively participated in the oppression of the black majority. Some Dominican mulattoes were also slave owners.

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region, and generally in the mountainous interior of the country. African ancestry is strongest in coastal areas, the southeast plain, and the border regions.

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Rodrigues de Moura, Ronald; Coelho, Antonio Victor Campos; de Queiroz Balbino, Valdir; Crovella, Sergio; Brandão, Lucas André Cavalcanti (10 September 2015).

1428:, the son of a Frenchman and a former African slave, managed to unify a divided Haiti but excluded blacks from power. In 1847, a black military officer named 2327:

as law, and southern Congressmen pressed the US Census Bureau to drop the mulatto category: they wanted all persons to be classified as "black" or "white".)

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There was considerable malleability and manipulation of racial labeling, including the seemingly stable category of mulatto. In a case that came before the

1075:) sought to prevent the approval of such petitions, since the "purity" of their own whiteness would be in jeopardy. They asserted their "purity of blood" ( 7626: 7548: 6320: 5454: 4870: 2323:

racial category in the United States, to acknowledge multiracial persons, until 1930. (In the early 20th century, several southern states had adopted the

7651: 6874: 1344:, a term for people of mixed backgrounds. Many mixed-race Brazilians have varying degrees of European, Amerindian and African ancestry. According to the 6292: 5949: 1509:, based on rejection of African ancestry, has led to many assaults against the large Haitian immigrant community, the most lethal of which was the 1937 741:

arrived in South Africa as sailors, traders or refugees, and some intermarried with local mixed race (Coloured) communities. Also The (Canary Islands)

6802: 6781: 6757: 4662: 3264: 242:. It was a common term in the Southeastern United States during the era of slavery. Some sources suggest that it may derive from the Portuguese word 7176: 5923: 3952: 6302: 5824: 4924: 3843:. Eds. Andrew B. Fisher and Matthew D. O’Hara. Durham: Duke University Press 2009, (quoting AGN Mexico, Inquisition 669, no, 10m 481r-v) pp. 91-93. 7621: 6375: 5731:

Schor, Paul (2017). "The Disappearance of the 'Mulatto' as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States".

4746: 6729: 5033: 4892: 1567:, and African influences contributed to the development of present-day Dominican culture. From the start of the colonial period in the 1500s, 6855: 5740: 5695: 5537: 3810: 3784: 3428: 3394: 1849: 1833: 1552: 718: 5969: 696: 7631: 6676: 1763: 1406: 1401:. With secret aid from the United States, Toussaint eventually won the conflict and made himself ruler of the entire island of Hispaniola. 515: 5472: 3953:"Last stage of publication of the 2000 Census presents the definitive results, with information about the 5,507 Brazilian municipalities" 1670:

levels of Taino ancestry (which, according to some research, ranges from about 5%-35%) generally highest in the southwest of the island.

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Montinaro, Francesco; Busby, George B.J.; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Myers, Simon; Hellenthal, Garrett; Capelli, Cristian (24 March 2015).

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literally means 'born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up', with the implication of being born of Arab and non-Arab parents.

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general) being a mix of mainly European and African, with lesser amounts of indigenous Taino, they can accurately be described as

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Prior to the 20th century, majority of the Cuban population was of mixed race descent to varying degrees, with pure Spaniards or

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in 1680, both of whom probably came to the colony as indentured servants, was classified as a "mulatto" and sold into slavery.

1445:'s white and mulatto rulers as his "natural" enemies. He invaded the Dominican Republic in March 1849, but was defeated at the 6189: 5061:"Latino populations: a unique opportunity for the study of race, genetics, and social environment in epidemiological research" 1001:, a woman publicly identified as a mulatta was described by a Spanish priest, Diego Xaimes Ricardo Villavicencio, as "a white 7533: 6764: 2946:"mulato | Traducción de MULATTO al inglés por Oxford Dictionary en Lexico.com y también el significado de MULATTO en español" 2571: 2441: 851: 828: 564: 2945: 2330:

Since 2000, persons responding to the census have been allowed to identify as having more than one type of ethnic ancestry.

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Countries with the highest percentages of multi-racials who specifically have equally high European and African ancestry —

7491: 6776: 6359: 6267: 5527: 5494: 5296: 4768: 1315: 946:('white mulatto'), for light-skinned slave. These were usually American-born slaves. Some said categorized persons i.e. 6030: 5619:

The Indians of North Florida: From Carolina to Florida, the Story of the Survival of a Distinct American Indian Community

4379: 3229: 7636: 7169: 5351:"Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers" 4288: 1904: 1750: 532: 206: 4447: 2865: 2839: 1449:

by Pedro Santana near Ocoa on 21 April and compelled to retreat. Haitian strategy was ridiculed by the American press:

7342: 5793: 3336: 2766:), as Eguílaz would have it, since this word was pronounced 'moo-EL-led' in the Arabic of Spain. In the 19th century, 2672: 1660: 1214: 717:

The intermixing of different races began in the Cape province of South Africa during the 17th and 18th centuries, the

127: 5172: 1955: 1813:, and sometimes love. In rare instances, where free blacks were concerned, there was marriage (Bennett, 1962:243–68). 1139: 6003: 5876: 5715: 669:

is derived from the Dutch word for 'bastard' (or 'crossbreed'). While some people consider this term demeaning, the

7641: 7574: 6210: 6147: 3761: 3143: 2975: 1741: 839: 6184:, used primarily in reference to those of "mixed blood", is analyzed through ethnographic and textual information. 4129: 553: 7538: 4822: 4174: 4098: 2722: 2687: 2502: 1463: 459: 390: 6152:. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 57. Leiden: Brill. p. 392. 5897: 2774:, Vol. II, Leyden, 1881, 841a) rejected this Arabic etymology, indicating the true one, supported by the Arabic 1490: 1019:), sometimes silken, sometimes woolen. She wears shoes, and her natural and common language is not Spanish, but 7415: 6119: 2792: 2712: 2682: 909: 810: 560: 6272: 4564: 3929:. "Purchasing Whiteness: Conversations on the Essence of Pardo-ness and Mulatto-ness at the End of Empire" in 3242: 1494: 4481: 4151: 1690:, which allowed persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to be classified as white, which was the opposite of " 7162: 6468: 6408: 5982: 2533: 1821: 1773: 1587: 760: 399: 139:

Spanish and Portuguese. Among Latin Americans in the US, for instance, the term can be a source of pride. A

135: 42: 6277: 5208: 6866: 6437: 6413: 5140: 4426: 4187: 1917: 1899:"Mulattoes returning from town with groceries and supplies near Melrose, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana." 1872:

In the United States, due to the influence and laws making slavery a racial caste, and later practices of

1829: 1627: 1623: 1446: 896: 6298: 5717:

The mulatto in the United States: Including a study of the rôle of mixed-blood races throughout the world

3956: 7288: 6491: 4245: 4130:"Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, and the Potential for Genocidal Violence in the Dominican Republic" 4026: 2566: 2497: 2339: 2314: 2094: 1790: 1583: 800: 274: 5322: 3061: 1111: 958:

often emphasized their Spanish parentage, and considered themselves and were considered separate from

665:, descend from historic liaisons between the Cape Colony Dutch and indigenous African women. The name 7511: 7506: 7268: 6903: 6581: 6566: 6561: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6496: 4951: 4612:

Estrada-Veras, Juvianee I.; Cabrera-Peña, Giselle A.; Pérez-Estrella de Ferrán, Ceila (12 May 2016).

4568: 3979:"Populaçăo residente, por cor ou raça, segundo a situaçăo do domicÌlio e os grupos de idade - Brasil" 3014: 2820: 2677: 2657: 2637: 2481: 2421: 2320: 1505:. The Dominican Republic has been described as the only true mulatto country in the world. Pervasive 1498: 1394: 1288: 1048: 5037: 4902: 4346: 7371: 7273: 7260: 6576: 6556: 6546: 6536: 6463: 4171: 4095: 2553: 2518: 1943: 1900: 1895: 1663: 1591: 1482: 998: 699: 354: 234: 131: 5298:

Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-century Puerto Rico

2920: 1424:

In 1806, Haiti divided into a black-controlled north and a mulatto-ruled south. Haitian President

7590: 7185: 6622: 6612: 6602: 6571: 6541: 6501: 5242: 3886: 3820: 3755: 3185: 2707: 2471: 2411: 2357: 1703: 1545: 1467: 1442: 1386: 1077: 805: 474:

is documented in our diachronic data bank in 1472 and is used in reference to livestock mules in

441: 163: 5400: 5243:"Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries" 5157: 4214:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

4614:"Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the Dominican Republic: challenges and opportunities" 3839:

Tavárez, David. "Legally Indian: Inquistorial Readings of Indigenous Identity in New Spain” in

7569: 7293: 6617: 6597: 6551: 6425: 6247: 6153: 6123: 6096: 5736: 5691: 5657: 5653:

Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans

5651: 5623: 5564: 5533: 5488: 5382: 5302: 5270: 5216: 5090: 4979: 4940:"History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico" 4699: 4643: 4594: 4217: 4062: 3909: 3878: 3806: 3780: 3743: 3733: 3711: 3648: 3525: 3451: 3445: 3424: 3420: 3390: 3168:

Fisher, Gene A.; Model, Suzanne (2012). "Cape Verdean identity in a land of Black and White".

3040: 2702: 2581: 2466: 2207: 1429: 1425: 1035:

could also refer to an individual of mixed African and Native American ancestry, but the term

862: 620: 5617: 4240:

Baur, John E. (1949). "Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Haiti His Character and His Reign": 143.

3284: 1702:

In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 26.6% (2.97 million) of the Cubans self-identified as mulatto or

1544:

between white and black and has nothing to do with native peoples. Representing 73.9% of the

7611: 6607: 6380: 5372: 5362: 5262: 5254: 5080: 5072: 4969: 4959: 4633: 4625: 4584: 4576: 3870: 3703: 3676: 3297: 3177: 3088: 3030: 3022: 2548: 2538: 2486: 2446: 1837: 1759: 1522: 1510: 1389:

was started by mulattoes. The subsequent struggle within Haiti between the mulattoes led by

1376: 1366: 1327: 1318:. (Brazil) The painting depicts a black grandmother, mulatta mother, white father and their 1284: 1063:

In the late 18th century, some mixed-race persons sought legal "certificates of whiteness" (

1013:

and a Spaniard, and for her manner of dress she has flannel petticoats and a native blouse (

795: 262: 230: 97: 62: 35: 31: 6832:

The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

4793: 4528:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominican Republic" 4507:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominican Republic" 3645:

Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community

934:, official notaries recorded gradations of skin color in the transactions. These included 7322: 7305: 7134: 6907: 6458: 5194: 5176: 4258: 4039: 3416:

Africans and Native Americans: the language of race and the evolution of Red-Black peoples

2822:

The Other Children: Minority Education in California Public Schools from Statehood to 1890

2426: 1923: 1794: 1576: 1502: 1486: 1256:

Examples of Nueva Espana (New Spain/Mexico) classifications of Mulatto and Mestizo in 1763

1232: 1044: 1020: 823: 328: 5427:

Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

2752:

Corominas describes his doubts on the theory as follows: " does not derive from the Arab

1390: 5590: 5008: 4955: 4720: 4572: 4318:

The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola

3018: 633:

constitute smaller but still important minorities; 2% in Angola and 0.2% in Mozambique.

7278: 7222: 7205: 7059: 7000: 6314: 5377: 5350: 5115: 5085: 5060: 4974: 4939: 4638: 4613: 4589: 4552: 3496:"The impact of the Arabic language and culture on English and other European languages" 3118: 3035: 3002: 2647: 2642: 2543: 2491: 2436: 2398: 1951: 1710: 1311: 1206: 892: 503: 496: 402:, the 19th-century linguist Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas, as well as some Arabic sources 388:

first used the term in the context of intimate unions producing biracial children. The

214: 6031:"'We're talking about a big, powerful phenomenon': Multiracial Americans drive change" 4111: 3694:

Christopher, A.J. (2009). "Delineating the nation: South African censuses 1865–2007".

7605: 7528: 7523: 7246: 7237: 7232: 7108: 6309: 6240: 6112: 6089: 3189: 2767: 2558: 2507: 2476: 2456: 2416: 2324: 1745: 1691: 1568: 1398: 770: 730: 195: 46: 4410:

Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana

3890: 7496: 7355: 6955: 6923: 6193: 4897: 1817: 1715: 1560: 1302: 1242: 901: 756: 695: 646: 313: 191: 5685: 4938:

Via, Marc; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsay A.; et al. (January 2011).

4412:. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana. 2022. 4013:. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. August 2019: 32 1293: 5507: 5367: 4964: 4506: 3707: 3414: 3386:

Making Multiracials: State, Family, and Market in the Redrawing of the Color Line

3384: 2953: 1069:), in order to rise socially and practice professions. American-born Spaniards ( 7518: 7428: 7363: 7317: 7311: 7283: 7200: 7073: 6939: 6931: 6403: 6328: 5187: 5141:"Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the u.s. mainland" 4925:"Cerca del 40% de los puertorriqueños con genes europeos descienden de Canarias" 3499: 2697: 2528: 2513: 1960: 1881: 1873: 1810: 1783: 1723: 1559:

founded in 1493. After the arrival of Europeans and the founding of the colony,

1239: 1056: 931: 815: 722: 710: 542: 519: 452: 363:

means 'descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one'.

175: 6091:

Mulatto America: At the Crossroads of Black and White Culture: A Social History

5756: 4663:"Ancestry DNA Results: Dominicans are Spaniards Mixed with Africans and Tainos" 4273: 7543: 7382: 7087: 6420: 6282: 5701: 3926: 3621: 3599: 3577: 3555: 2852:

identity. (in "Grace and Humanness: Theological Reflections Because of Culture

2662: 2383: 1478: 790: 738: 726: 624: 607: 601: 448: 367: 167: 5220: 5076: 5059:

González Burchard, E; Borrell, LN; Choudhry, S; et al. (December 2005).

3715: 3181: 7376: 7348: 7254: 7217: 6473: 6058:

Beckmann, Susan. "The mulatto of style: language in Derek Walcott's drama."

5759:. Mitsawokett: A 17th Century Native American Community in Central Delaware. 4747:"Evidencia del uso de "indio" antes de establecerse la República Dominicana" 3747: 3447:

Complicating Constructions: Race, Ethnicity, and Hybridity in American Texts

2895: 2873: 2632: 2576: 2523: 1323: 1307: 1052: 778: 764: 706: 690: 179: 7474: 6071:

Sex and Race in the Black Atlantic: Mulatto Devils and Multiracial Messiahs

5529:

Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom

5386: 5274: 5094: 4983: 4647: 4598: 3882: 3331: 3044: 431: 5169: 4827:

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 1, 2013.

4166: 4090: 3913: 3874: 1778:

were mixed-race. Children born to free mixed-race mothers were also free.

7463: 7455: 7423: 7327: 7052: 6149:

Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s

5770: 5560: 5266: 4469:

Race beyond the Plantation: Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Santo Domingo

3673:

Through a Coloured Lens: Post-Apartheid Identity amongst Coloureds in KZN

3358: 2627: 2368: 2362: 1841: 1798: 1719: 1650: 1616: 1611:

describes mixed race people whose skin color is between white and black.

1402: 1319: 1082: 1071: 296: 187: 7141: 6222: 6163: 6004:"Number of Interracial Marriages, Multiracial Americans Growing Rapidly" 4863:"Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History" 3472: 3089:"Cape Verdean-Americans: A Historical Perspective of Ethnicity and Race" 852:

Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda § Ugandan-Europeans (Afro-Europeans)

7501: 7468: 7448: 7401: 7395: 7387: 7299: 7227: 7094: 7066: 7007: 6442: 6430: 5801: 5258: 4580: 3371:

De mulo, en el sentido de híbrido, aplicado primero a cualquier mestizo

3119:"Cabo Verde | Culture, Facts & Travel | - CountryReports" 3026: 2717: 2607: 2602: 2591: 2378: 2373: 2352: 1884: 888: 774: 670: 658: 567: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 477:

Documentacion medieval de la Corte de Justicia de Ganaderos de Zaragoza

437: 284: 17: 4838:"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country" 3680: 3218:

Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History

734:

created a generational mix of people and are to date an ethnic group.

7154: 7127: 6080:

The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War: A New Look at the Slavery Issue

5771:"Walter Plecker's Racist Crusade Against Virginia's Native Americans" 5144: 4629: 2727: 2586: 2461: 1015: 662: 612: 291: 270: 183: 6029:

Foster-Frau, Silvia; Mellnik, Ted; Blanco, Adrian (8 October 2021).

5773:. Mitsawokett: A 17th Century Native American Settlement in Delaware 3777:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

3732:. Schoeman, Karel. Pretoria, South Africa: Protea Book House. 2005. 1169:(From a Black man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is begotten). Anon. 4482:"Dominican Republic - Press, Broadcasting, Media | Britannica" 4444:"U.S. Department of State People Profiles Latin American Countries" 2896:"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words" 1832:, the term mulatto was also applied at times to persons with mixed 1563:

people were imported to the island. The fusion of European, native

1193:

De Mulata y Español, Morisca, Juan Patricio Morlete. 18th c. Mexico

7441: 7408: 7210: 7101: 7014: 6898: 5424: 5007:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 7 February 2006. Archived from 3301: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2594:, a marriage alliance between European traders and African rulers. 2393: 2388: 1933: 1894: 1865: 1853: 1749: 1632: 1564: 1415: 1372: 1103: 1037: 966: 927: 900: 884: 878: 742: 445: 266: 249: 218: 205: 6221:(44). American Institute for Yemeni Studies: 14–9. Archived from 4824:

2010 Census Data - 2010 Census: 2010 Census Results, Puerto Rico.

4553:"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations" 3955:. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived from 3003:"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations" 1586:

of the Dominican population, the genetic makeup is predominantly

7335: 970:

and ordinary mulattoes. Darker mulatto slaves were often termed

258: 171: 7158: 6870: 6332: 5877:"Why So Many Black People Are Still So Caught Up On Skin Color" 1007:

with curly hair, because she is the daughter of a dark-skinned

6313: 5825:"Chapter 1: Race and Multiracial Americans in the U.S. Census" 4721:"Orígenes del mestizaje y de la mulatización en Santo Domingo" 3841:

Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America

2365:– and other terms denoting the degree of African descent 1457:

of Port-au-Prince, commanded by Robert Gateau, the auctioneer.

536: 5850:"Detailed map of African-American genetic variation unveiled" 5829:

Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project

2921:"Mulatta definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary" 599:'s 193,413 inhabitants, the largest segment is classified as 377:

among a Muslim majority, adopted their culture and religion.

112: 71: 6242:

New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States

5983:"The rise of interracial marriage — and its approval rating" 5473:"Indian-American Scholar Susan Koshy Probes Interracial Sex" 4333:

Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia

3779:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83, 86. 2791:

General Pedro Santana, who also held the Spanish noble name

1856:

shall be deemed, accounted, held and taken to be a mulatto."

5898:"The Mulatto Advantage Summary - 423 Words | Bartleby" 5733:

Counting Americans: How the US Census Classified the Nation

5209:"Why Some Black Puerto Ricans Choose 'White' on the Census" 283:

in the sense of hybridity; originally used to refer to any

118: 103: 86: 6146:

Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G., eds. (1997).

2598:

Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom

1551:

The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European

41:"Mulato" and "Mulatos" redirect here. For other uses, see 6176:

Engseng Ho, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the

5924:"'A Chosen Exile': Black People Passing In White America" 5475:. INDOlink. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 1864:

Certain Native American tribes of the Inocoplo family in

917:

Spanish parent, their offspring were enslaved. The label

681:

As of 2018, 71% of Cape Verdeans were Mulatto or Creole.

80: 68: 5616:

Sewell, Christopher Scott; Hill, S. Pony (1 June 2011).

3908:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 68–69. 2756:, 'acculturated foreigner' and sometimes 'mulatto' (see 2089:

reported two other archaic race-classification systems:

5735:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 155–168. 4787: 4785: 1852:

and the child, grand child, or great grand child, of a

1420:

Jean-Pierre Boyer, the mulatto ruler of Haiti (1818–43)

721:

brought enslaved people from Asian regions, including;

495:) does not appear until the 18th century, according to 5431:, Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1995-2005 4893:"Mapping Puerto Rican Heritage with Spit and Genomics" 3522:

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

2825:. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 132. 4546: 4544: 4347:"The Dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina" 4303:

Notes From the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti

4769:"Black, White and In Between - Categories of Colour" 3444:

David S. Goldstein; Audrey B. Thacker, eds. (2007).

3319:. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2003. p. 684. 1041:

was more consistently used for that racial mixture.

115: 109: 83: 77: 7583: 7557: 7484: 7193: 6790: 6685: 6659: 6633: 6590: 6529: 6484: 6451: 6396: 6190:"Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries" 5950:"1. Personal identity and intra-racial connections" 5690:. American guide series. New York: Hastings House. 4685:"Dominicans are 49% Black, 39% White and 4% Indian" 4551:Montinaro, Francesco; et al. (24 March 2015). 2494:, holiday in Brazil celebrating mixed race heritage 1959:according to diminution of Negro blood." (Original 1682:. Under Spanish rule, Puerto Rico had laws such as 1268:

Descendants of (1711) Salvador Rosales the mulatto.

106: 100: 74: 65: 6239: 6111: 6088: 5794:"Introduction and statement of historical problem" 4427:La hispanización del mestizaje cultural en América 3201: 3199: 384:dates to at least the 16th century. The 1595 work 6295:, in-depth research links on Mulattoes, About.com 3988:. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 3498:. The Honorary Consulate of Syria. Archived from 3056: 3054: 1348:census 2006, some 42.6% of Brazilian identify as 6114:Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920 4380:"Racist massacre in the Dominican pigmentocracy" 1349: 1339: 926:, other designations occurred. In the sales of 640: 628: 243: 5034:"Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations" 3647:(1st ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. 3389:. Stanford University Press. pp. 165–166. 1806: 1451: 1346:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 1338:2000 census, 38.5% of Brazilians identified as 5349:Børglum, Anders D.; Mors, Ole (24 July 2014). 4719:García Arévalo, Manuel A. (14 December 1995). 4429:» Revista Complutense de Historia de América, 3803:Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile 3450:. University of Washington Press. p. 77. 3245:. Central Intelligence Agency. 6 December 2023 1694:" in US society after the American Civil War. 221:. He was of mixed African and Spanish descent. 7170: 6882: 6344: 3520:Corominas, Joan and Pascual, José A. (1981). 3473:"La esclavitud en Huelva y Palos (1570-1587)" 2432:Biracial and multiracial identity development 2212:Heredity of Skin Color in Negro-White Crosses 1064: 1030: 1024: 1008: 1002: 989: 983: 977: 971: 959: 953: 947: 941: 935: 484: 475: 469: 418: 409: 290:Jack D. Forbes suggests it originated in the 278: 237: 141: 53: 8: 6324:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 6283:Dr. David Pilgrim, "The Tragic Mulatto Myth" 6278:The Mulatto Factor in Black Family Genealogy 6192:. The British-Yemeni Society. Archived from 4683:Group, 2006-2020, Merit Designs Consulting. 3730:The Griqua mission at Philippolis, 1822-1837 3524:, Vol. ME-RE (4). Madrid: Editorial Gredos. 1824:woman with black servant, New Orleans, 1867. 1786:and other contemporary researchers as well. 906:From Spaniard and Black woman, Coloured girl 490: 463: 424: 403: 371: 358: 348: 340: 332: 322: 316: 307: 301: 300:, which means 'a person of mixed ancestry'. 7549:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories 7081:2nd generation (with one Amerindian parent) 4704:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1942:, St. Landry Parish, November 3, 1855, via 1055:in the early 17th century; he converted to 462:(Spanish Royal Academy) casts doubt on the 252: 7177: 7163: 7155: 6889: 6875: 6867: 6448: 6351: 6337: 6329: 4164:Smucker, Glenn R. "Toussaint Louverture". 3825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2814: 2812: 5376: 5366: 5084: 4973: 4963: 4637: 4618:Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine 4588: 4363:Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith A. (2009). 3805:(in Spanish). Santiago. pp. 341–68. 3265:"Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018" 3034: 2976:"Ethnic Groups Of The Dominican Republic" 1766:named Sandy who was defined as "mulatto". 1126:De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon. 18th c. 583:Learn how and when to remove this message 7046:2nd generation (with one Spanish parent) 5521: 5519: 4745:Rodríguez, Ernesto (30 September 2021). 4216:(4th ed.). McFarland. p. 141. 3545:, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 129. 3419:. University of Illinois Press. p. 2204: 2091: 1965: 1816: 1292: 1181:De Español y Mulata, Morisca. Anon. 1799 773:, on the other hand, are descendants of 694: 606:or mixed race. 71% of the population of 6825: 5922:Bates, Karen Grigsby (7 October 2014). 5444:, Infobase Publishing, 2007, pp. 86–87. 4358: 4356: 4235: 4233: 2808: 2745: 1093: 7116:2nd generation (with one black parent) 5948:Center, Pew Research (14 April 2022). 5510:Who Is Black?: One Nation's Definition 5486: 5440:Dorothy Schneider, Carl J. Schneider, 5207:Alford, Natasha S. (9 February 2020). 4794:"The Hypocrisy of the "Pigmentocracy"" 4697: 4661:Rodríguez, Ernesto (11 January 2019). 4275:Santo Domingo: a Country with a Future 4254: 4243: 4035: 4024: 3942:Twinam, "Purchasing Whiteness" p. 147. 3906:Thomas Gage's Travels in the New World 3818: 3753: 2099:A Journey to the Seaboard Slave States 1527:Mixed Dominicans, also referred to as 1441:Soulouque considered the neighbouring 1220:De Negro y Mulata, Zambo. 18th c. Peru 423:would have been derived directly from 6299:Encarta's breakdown of Mulatto people 5823:Center, Pew Research (11 June 2015). 5188:Puerto Rico's Historical Demographics 4767:Powers, Anne M. (26 September 2011). 4152:"The Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803" 4088:Smucker, Glenn R. "The Upper Class". 3666: 3664: 3087:Barker, Jean E. (12 September 2012). 2854:by Orlando O. Esp, Orbis Books, 2007) 2510:, United States racial classification 1466:on 26 August 1849, under the name of 506:cast doubt on the mule etymology for 7: 6851: 6137:Eguilaz y Yanguas, Leopoldo (1886). 5650:Menchaca, Martha (15 January 2002). 5597:. Texas State Historical Association 5295:Kinsbruner, Jay (22 February 1996). 4867:National Geographic Society Newsroom 3643:results, search (17 November 2005). 3315:"Chambers Dictionary of Etymology". 565:adding citations to reliable sources 5684:Louisiana Writers' Project (1941). 5567:. In Hening, William Waller (ed.). 4305:. Seven Stories Press. p. 161. 4055:Síntese de indicadores sociais 2006 3904:Thompson, J. Eric S., ed. (1958) . 3220:nationalgeographic.org 25 July 2014 2772:Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes 2668:Black Europeans of African ancestry 2563:Multiracial Antiguans and Barbudans 323: 7627:Ethnic groups in the United States 6141:(in Spanish). Granada: La Lealtad. 5875:Staff, newsone (2 February 2018). 5532:. University of California Press. 2693:Discrimination based on skin color 1557:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1371:Mulattoes account for up to 5% of 1357:an increase over the 2000 census. 1322:child, hence three generations of 510:. In the 18th and 19th centuries, 429:independently of the related word 25: 7652:Anti-African and anti-black slurs 7617:African–Native American relations 6188:Freitag, Ulrike (December 1999). 6078:Tenzer, Lawrence Raymond (1997). 5284:– via Wiley Online Library. 5247:American Journal of Human Biology 4431:Universidad Complutense de Madrid 3383:Kimberly McClain DaCosta (2007). 3144:"Cabo Verde - The World Factbook" 1154:De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon. 45:. For the river in Colombia, see 6850: 6841: 6840: 6798:Stereotypes in the United States 6268:A Brief History of Census “Race” 6095:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 5565:"4th Anne Ch. IV (October 1705)" 4367:. Cengage Learning. p. 303. 3671:Palmer, Fileve T. (April 2015). 3543:Neither Black Nor White Yet Both 2653:African diaspora in the Americas 2319:Mulatto was used as an official 2087:The Mulatto in the United States 1261: 1249: 1225: 1213: 1198: 1186: 1174: 1167:De negro y española, sale mulato 1159: 1147: 1131: 1119: 1096: 541: 357:pronunciation can vary greatly. 96: 61: 27:Historical racial classification 5687:Louisiana: A Guide to the State 5455:"Family Tree’s Startling Roots" 5109:"Puerto Rico's History on race" 4170:(Richard A. Haggerty, editor). 4094:(Richard A. Haggerty, editor). 4008:"Manual do Recenseador Parte 2" 3206:Latin American Country Profiles 1954:to Louisiana, published by the 1804:Historian F. James Davis says, 868:Latin America and the Caribbean 645:are not terms commonly used in 552:needs additional citations for 130:that refers to people of mixed 7622:Ethnic groups in Latin America 7534:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 4998:"How Puerto Rico Became White" 4869:. 25 July 2014. Archived from 4278:. New York: Macmillan Company. 3853:Schwaller, Robert C. (2010). " 2819:Nicholas Patrick Beck (1975). 2572:Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda 2442:Ethnic groups in Latin America 1840:ancestry. For example, a 1705 1393:and the black Haitians led by 785:Afro-European tribes and clans 408:is the etymological origin of 225:The English term and spelling 213:by Diego Velázquez, CE 1650 – 1: 7492:Cherokee freedmen controversy 6808:In the United States Congress 6360:Hispanic and Latino Americans 6110:Gatewood, Willard B. (1990). 5656:. University of Texas Press. 5323:"Major Ethnic Groups In Cuba" 4792:Rivera, Lucas (18 May 2012). 3855:Mulata, Hija de Negro y India 3062:"Ethnic Groups Of Cape Verde" 1477:In the eastern two-thirds of 1316:Museu Nacional de Belas Artes 468:theory. It states, "The term 380:In English, printed usage of 6273:Surprises in the Family Tree 5798:Delaware's Invisible Indians 5595:The Handbook of Texas Online 5561:General Assembly of Virginia 5461:. Accessed November 3, 2013. 5368:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488 5197:Retrieved November 10, 2011. 4965:10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 4212:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 3708:10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.12.003 2952:(in Spanish). Archived from 1975:"Percentage of Negro blood" 1905:Farm Security Administration 1736:Colonial and Antebellum eras 1138:De Español y Negra, Mulato. 873:Mulattoes in colonial Mexico 533:Indigenous peoples of Africa 523:old as the word 'Mulatto'." 7632:Latin American caste system 6211:"Interview: Hamid al-Gadri" 5571:. Philadelphia. p. 252 5471:Assisi, Francis C. (2005). 3861:in Early Colonial Mexico". 3337:Online Etymology Dictionary 2673:African admixture in Europe 1844:statute reads as follows: 1274:Mulattoes in the modern era 1066:cédulas de gracias al sacar 1051:spent over a decade in the 661:, an ethnic group known as 491: 464: 436:a term that was applied to 425: 417:These sources specify that 404: 372: 359: 349: 341: 333: 317: 308: 302: 7668: 7647:Ethnic and religious slurs 7565:Contemporary ethnic groups 5622:. Backintyme. p. 19. 4365:A History of Latin America 4289:Philadelphia Public Ledger 3471:Izquierdo Labrado, Julio. 2312: 1946:digital newspaper archive) 1926:were of mulatto ancestry. 1915: 1762:offering a reward for his 1742:Children of the plantation 1739: 1594:, with a lesser degree of 1520: 1364: 1282: 882: 876: 860: 849: 840:Sierra Leone Creole people 767:settlers and Arab slaves. 688: 530: 40: 29: 6914: 6821: 6366: 6238:Williamson, Joel (1980). 5673:– via Google Books. 5493:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5311:– via Google Books. 5301:. Duke University Press. 4301:Deibert, Michael (2011). 4272:Schoenrich, Otto (1918). 4192:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu 4175:Federal Research Division 4099:Federal Research Division 3863:Journal of Social History 3775:Vinson, Ben III. (2018). 2925:www.collinsdictionary.com 2723:Seychellois Creole people 2688:Colorism in the Caribbean 2503:Passing (racial identity) 1771:adopted the principle of 1009: 1003: 391:Oxford English Dictionary 217:was born into slavery in 6209:Myntti, Cynthia (1994). 6180:in the region. The term 6120:Indiana University Press 5077:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068668 4725:repositorio.unphu.edu.do 3361:. Real Academia Española 3182:10.1177/1468796811419599 2793:Marquess de las Carreras 2778:'mulatto', derived from 2713:Historical race concepts 2683:History of Latin America 1584:genealogical DNA studies 1053:Viceroyalty of New Spain 811:Gold Coast Euro-Africans 763:mixing with British and 719:Dutch east India company 30:Not to be confused with 6321:Encyclopædia Britannica 6289:Ferris State University 6087:Talty, Stephan (2003). 6082:. Scholars' Pub. House. 6069:McNeil, Daniel (2010). 5160:Retrieved June 8, 2009. 4378:Tarbox, Jeremy (2012). 3556:"São Tomé and Príncipe" 3413:Jack D. Forbes (1993). 2534:Louisiana Creole people 1956:Federal Writers Project 1774:partus sequitur ventrem 982:. In Chile, along with 930:slaves in 17th-century 400:Julio Izquierdo Labrado 43:Mulato (disambiguation) 4253:Cite journal requires 4167:A Country Study: Haiti 4091:A Country Study: Haiti 4034:Cite journal requires 3986:Censo Demográfico 2000 3760:: CS1 maint: others ( 3123:www.countryreports.org 2085:A 1916 history called 1947: 1922:The first pioneers of 1918:Los Angeles Pobladores 1908: 1880:. But many tribes had 1858: 1825: 1815: 1767: 1459: 1447:Battle of Las Carreras 1421: 1350: 1340: 1331: 1065: 1031: 1025: 990: 984: 978: 972: 960: 954: 948: 942: 936: 913: 897:Lobo (racial category) 702: 641: 629: 485: 476: 470: 460:Real Academia Española 419: 410: 279: 275:Real Academia Española 253: 244: 238: 222: 148: 142: 54: 5405:Encyclopedia Virginia 5401:"Fugitive Slave Laws" 5175:July 5, 2011, at the 4557:Nature Communications 4154:. Webster University. 3875:10.1353/jsh.2011.0007 3007:Nature Communications 2567:Mixed-race Caymanians 2498:Multiracial Americans 2315:Multiracial Americans 2313:Further information: 2095:Frederick Law Olmsted 2050:Mulatoon and Quadroon 1937: 1898: 1846: 1820: 1789:A daughter born to a 1754:Advertisement in the 1753: 1555:in the Americas, the 1419: 1296: 1205:De Mulato y Mestiza, 904: 698: 597:São Tomé and Príncipe 277:traces its origin to 209: 128:racial classification 7512:Interracial marriage 7507:Interethnic marriage 7289:Eurasian Singaporean 6904:interracial marriage 6409:Creoles of Louisiana 5526:Miles, Tiya (2008). 5147:on 12 December 2012. 4112:"Haitian Revolution" 3253:– via CIA.gov. 2678:Atlantic slave trade 2658:Afro-Latin Americans 2638:Free people of color 2482:Mixed-race Brazilian 2422:Interracial marriage 2262:mulatto and mulatto 2199:white and quarteron 2189:white and meamelouc 1828:Historically in the 1718:who intermixed with 1622:ancestry along with 1582:According to recent 1395:Toussaint Louverture 1289:Mixed-race Brazilian 994:('dark Spaniards'). 561:improve this article 449:governance of Iberia 312:is derived from the 229:is derived from the 7637:Multiracial affairs 6813:Women in journalism 6376:Hispanic and Latino 6293:At "Race Relations" 6062:6.1 (1980): 71–89. 5508:Floyd James Davis, 5040:on 27 February 2017 5014:on 23 November 2017 4956:2011PLoSO...616513V 4573:2015NatCo...6.6596M 4316:Ricourt, Milagros. 4291:, January 28, 1856. 4172:Library of Congress 4096:Library of Congress 3959:on 13 February 2009 3696:Political Geography 3019:2015NatCo...6.6596M 2950:Lexico Dictionaries 2870:Lexico Dictionaries 2840:“Is 'mulat' taboo?” 2554:Marabou (ethnicity) 2519:Redbone (ethnicity) 2347:Colonial references 2302:mustifee and white 2292:octoroon and white 2252:quadroon and white 2215: 2169:white and Quadroon 2139:mulatto and griffe 2119:griffe and negress 2102: 1944:Chronicling America 1901:Marion Post Wolcott 1664:Genographic Project 1661:National Geographic 1592:Sub-Saharan African 1491:José Joaquín Puello 999:Mexican Inquisition 700:Abdullah Abdurahman 7591:Race of the future 7575:luk khrueng people 7053:Cuarterón de negro 6246:. The Free Press. 5442:Slavery in America 5259:10.1002/ajhb.22714 5213:The New York Times 5193:2016-03-03 at the 5158:CIA World Factbook 5121:on 7 February 2012 5065:Am J Public Health 4581:10.1038/ncomms7596 4565:Supplementary Data 4486:www.britannica.com 4118:. 9 November 2023. 3857:: Afro-Indigenous 3317:Robert K. Barnhart 3027:10.1038/ncomms7596 2708:Race of the future 2472:Moreno Venezuelans 2412:Multiracial people 2272:mulatto and Negro 2242:mulatto and white 2205: 2159:white and mulatto 2129:Negro and mulatto 2092: 2076:White and Quadroon 2011:Mulatto and Griffe 1948: 1909: 1826: 1768: 1546:Dominican Republic 1517:Dominican Republic 1495:Matías Ramón Mella 1470:. He was called a 1443:Dominican Republic 1437:Dominican Republic 1422: 1397:devolved into the 1387:Haitian Revolution 1375:'s population. In 1332: 1140:José Joaquín Magón 1078:limpieza de sangre 988:, there were also 914: 836:Sherbro Clevelands 703: 442:converted to Islam 438:Iberian Christians 223: 164:Dominican Republic 7642:Anti-black racism 7599: 7598: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7146: 6864: 6863: 6525: 6524: 5742:978-0-19-991785-3 5697:978-0-403-02169-7 5569:Statutes at Large 5539:978-0-520-25002-4 4188:"Digital History" 3931:Imperial Subjects 3812:978-956-8601-61-4 3786:978-1-107-02643-8 3494:Salloum, Habeeb. 3430:978-0-252-06321-3 3396:978-0-8047-5545-0 3330:Harper, Douglas. 3208:latinostories.com 2703:Race and genetics 2582:Rhineland Bastard 2467:Spanish Caribbean 2306: 2305: 2208:Charles Davenport 2203: 2202: 2083: 2082: 2063:White and Mulatto 1998:Negro and Mulatto 1940:Opelousas Patriot 1499:Buenaventura Báez 1430:Faustin Soulouque 1426:Jean-Pierre Boyer 1334:According to the 1303:Redemption of Ham 1298:A Redenção de Cam 1106:of a Spaniard, a 991:españoles oscuros 863:Fernandino people 857:Equatorial Guinea 796:Americo-Liberians 593: 592: 585: 502:Scholars such as 355:colloquial Arabic 16:(Redirected from 7659: 7294:Filipino Mestizo 7179: 7172: 7165: 7156: 6917: 6916: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6854: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6833: 6830: 6782:Washington, D.C. 6660:Religious groups 6485:Central American 6449: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6330: 6325: 6317: 6287:Jim Crow Museum, 6257: 6245: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6162:. Archived from 6142: 6133: 6117: 6106: 6094: 6083: 6074: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6008:Voice of America 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5902:www.bartleby.com 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5800:. Archived from 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5591:"Mulato Indians" 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5523: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5468: 5462: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5370: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5204: 5198: 5185: 5179: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5143:. Archived from 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5114:. Archived from 5113: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5036:. Archived from 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4967: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4901:. Archived from 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4873:on 24 March 2020 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4630:10.1002/mgg3.224 4609: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4446:. Archived from 4440: 4434: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4184: 4178: 4177:(December 1989). 4162: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4101:(December 1989). 4086: 4080: 4079: 4078:on 4 March 2007. 4077: 4071:. Archived from 4060: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3816: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3751: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3552: 3546: 3541:Werner Sollors, 3539: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3038: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872:. Archived from 2862: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2816: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2765: 2759: 2750: 2549:Mulatto Haitians 2539:Creoles of color 2487:Pardo Brazilians 2452:Dominican people 2447:Mixed Dominicans 2309:Contemporary era 2282:sambo and Negro 2232:Negro and white 2216: 2179:white and metif 2149:white and Negro 2103: 2037:Negro and Indian 1985:Negro and Griffe 1966: 1838:African American 1760:Thomas Jefferson 1756:Virginia Gazette 1688:Gracias al Sacar 1535:or historically 1523:Mixed Dominicans 1511:parsley massacre 1507:Dominican racism 1483:Gregorio Luperón 1367:Mulatto Haitians 1353: 1343: 1328:racial whitening 1285:Pardo Brazilians 1265: 1253: 1229: 1217: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1163: 1151: 1142:. 18th c. Mexico 1135: 1123: 1114:, 18th c. Mexico 1100: 1068: 1034: 1028: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 993: 987: 981: 975: 963: 957: 951: 945: 939: 829:Sherbro Caulkers 663:Rehoboth Basters 644: 632: 613:African mainland 588: 581: 577: 574: 568: 545: 537: 494: 488: 479: 473: 467: 428: 422: 413: 407: 375: 362: 352: 344: 336: 327:, direct Arabic 326: 325: 320: 311: 305: 282: 256: 247: 241: 145: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 93: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 57: 36:Mulatto Mountain 32:Mulatto (rapper) 21: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7579: 7553: 7480: 7189: 7183: 7153: 7148: 6910: 6908:Spanish America 6895: 6865: 6860: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6786: 6681: 6655: 6629: 6586: 6521: 6480: 6447: 6392: 6362: 6357: 6315:"Mulatto" 6308: 6264: 6254: 6237: 6228: 6226: 6225:on 18 June 2008 6208: 6199: 6197: 6196:on 12 July 2000 6187: 6169: 6167: 6166:on 28 June 2008 6160: 6145: 6136: 6130: 6109: 6103: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6055: 6053:Further reading 6050: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6035:Washington Post 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5854:Broad Institute 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5804:on 24 July 2008 5792:Heite, Louise. 5791: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720:. Badger. 1918. 5714: 5713: 5709: 5698: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5506: 5502: 5485: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5453:Felicia R Lee, 5452: 5448: 5439: 5435: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5361:(7): e1004488. 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5195:Wayback Machine 5186: 5182: 5177:Wayback Machine 5170:2010.census.gov 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4927:. 19 July 2017. 4923: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4905:on 4 March 2016 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4550: 4549: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4433:. p. 133 (1981) 4423:Esteva Fabregat 4422: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331:Marley, David. 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4252: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4033: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3817: 3813: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3502:on 30 June 2008 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2982:. 25 April 2017 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2956:on 29 June 2020 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2876:on 28 June 2020 2864: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2732: 2427:Racial fluidity 2407: 2349: 2317: 2311: 2024:Negro and white 1932: 1924:Alta California 1920: 1914: 1834:Native American 1748: 1738: 1733: 1700: 1684:Regla del Sacar 1680:Regla del Sacar 1641: 1620:Native American 1596:Native American 1577:Cattle ranching 1525: 1519: 1503:Rafael Trujillo 1487:Ulises Heureaux 1455:Garde Nationale 1439: 1407:Charles Leclerc 1377:Haitian history 1369: 1363: 1291: 1283:Main articles: 1281: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1236:Miguel Enríquez 1230: 1221: 1218: 1209: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1164: 1155: 1152: 1143: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1115: 1112:José de Alcíbar 1110:and a Mulatto. 1101: 1092: 985:mulatos blancos 973:mulatos prietos 955:Mulatos blancos 899: 881: 875: 870: 865: 859: 854: 848: 824:Sherbro Tuckers 787: 693: 687: 679: 589: 578: 572: 569: 558: 546: 535: 529: 386:Drake's Voyages 329:transliteration 265:offspring of a 204: 99: 95: 64: 60: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7665: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7393: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7339: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7223:Cape Coloureds 7215: 7208: 7206:Amazonian Jews 7203: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6987:1st generation 6983: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6937: 6934: 6929: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6848: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6530:South American 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6397:North American 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6312:, ed. (1911). 6310:Chisholm, Hugh 6306: 6296: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6262:External links 6260: 6259: 6258: 6252: 6235: 6206: 6185: 6158: 6143: 6134: 6128: 6107: 6101: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6060:Canadian Drama 6054: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6021: 6010:. 4 March 2017 5995: 5974: 5962: 5940: 5914: 5889: 5867: 5856:. 22 July 2011 5841: 5815: 5784: 5762: 5757:"Introduction" 5748: 5741: 5723: 5707: 5696: 5676: 5662: 5642: 5628: 5608: 5582: 5552: 5538: 5515: 5500: 5463: 5459:New York Times 5446: 5433: 5425:Paul Heinegg, 5417: 5392: 5340: 5329:. 23 July 2018 5314: 5308:978-0822318422 5307: 5287: 5253:(5): 674–680. 5233: 5199: 5180: 5162: 5150: 5132: 5100: 5071:(12): 2161–8. 5051: 5025: 4989: 4930: 4916: 4884: 4854: 4829: 4815: 4798:Trotter Review 4781: 4759: 4737: 4711: 4675: 4653: 4624:(3): 243–256. 4604: 4540: 4519: 4498: 4473: 4461: 4450:on 27 May 2020 4435: 4415: 4401: 4370: 4352: 4338: 4323: 4308: 4293: 4281: 4264: 4255:|journal= 4229: 4223:978-0786474707 4222: 4204: 4179: 4157: 4150:Corbett, Bob. 4142: 4121: 4103: 4081: 4067: 4061:. IBGE. 2006. 4045: 4036:|journal= 3999: 3970: 3944: 3935: 3919: 3896: 3869:(3): 889–914. 3845: 3832: 3811: 3792: 3785: 3767: 3739:978-1869190170 3738: 3721: 3702:(2): 101–109. 3686: 3660: 3653: 3635: 3613: 3591: 3569: 3547: 3534: 3513: 3486: 3463: 3457:978-0295800745 3456: 3436: 3429: 3405: 3395: 3375: 3350: 3322: 3307: 3288: 3277: 3256: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3195: 3176:(3): 354–379. 3160: 3135: 3110: 3093:Trotter Review 3079: 3050: 2993: 2967: 2937: 2912: 2900:Dictionary.com 2887: 2857: 2844: 2832: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2784: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648:Blanqueamiento 2645: 2643:Tragic mulatto 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2544:Creole peoples 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2492:Mixed Race Day 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2437:Multiracialism 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2399:Creole peoples 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1952:American Guide 1931: 1928: 1913: 1910: 1830:American South 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1699: 1696: 1640: 1637: 1631:north-central 1521:Main article: 1518: 1515: 1438: 1435: 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1312:Modesto Brocos 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1231: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1118: 1116: 1104:Casta painting 1102: 1095: 1091: 1088: 979:mulatos cochos 910:Miguel Cabrera 877:Main article: 874: 871: 869: 866: 861:Main article: 858: 855: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 843: 842: 837: 834: 833:Sherbro Rogers 831: 826: 821: 820:Sherbro Hubris 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 786: 783: 777:and Afrikaner 689:Main article: 686: 683: 678: 675: 591: 590: 549: 547: 540: 528: 525: 504:Werner Sollors 215:Juan de Pareja 211:Juan de Pareja 203: 200: 151:) is a female 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7664: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:One-drop rule 7527: 7525: 7524:Miscegenation 7522: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7269:Anglo-Burmese 7267: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6857: 6849: 6847: 6839: 6838: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730:Massachusetts 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6708:San Francisco 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634:Ethnic groups 6632: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438:Nuevomexicano 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6323: 6322: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6253:9780029347904 6249: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6165: 6161: 6159:90-04-10771-1 6155: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6129:9780253325525 6125: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6102:9780060185176 6098: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6022: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5963: 5951: 5944: 5941: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5680: 5677: 5665: 5663:9780292778481 5659: 5655: 5654: 5646: 5643: 5631: 5629:9780939479375 5625: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5609: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5421: 5418: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5355:PLOS Genetics 5352: 5344: 5341: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5288: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5267:11368/2837176 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5234: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950:(1): e16513. 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4664: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4384:Eureka Street 4381: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4335:. p. 99. 4334: 4327: 4324: 4320:. p. 69. 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4247: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4068:85-240-3919-1 4064: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4028: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3654:9780896802445 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530:84-249-1362-0 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3302:10.3386/w8957 3299: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3068:. 5 June 2018 3067: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768:Reinhart Dozy 2762: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2559:Dougla people 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508:One-drop rule 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2477:Cape Verdeans 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457:Puerto Ricans 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2417:Miscegenation 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325:one-drop rule 2322: 2316: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878:Black Indians 1875: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1764:escaped slave 1761: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1746:Shadow family 1743: 1735: 1731:United States 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:conquistadors 1712: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1692:one-drop rule 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Miscegenation 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:War of Knives 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1000: 995: 992: 986: 980: 976:or sometimes 974: 969: 968: 962: 956: 950: 949:mulata blanca 944: 943:mulata blanca 938: 937:mulato blanco 933: 929: 925: 920: 912:. Mexico 1763 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 880: 872: 867: 864: 856: 853: 845: 841: 838: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 784: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 766: 762: 758: 753: 747: 744: 740: 735: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 712: 708: 701: 697: 692: 684: 682: 676: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 652: 648: 643: 638: 634: 631: 626: 622: 617: 614: 609: 605: 603: 598: 587: 584: 576: 566: 562: 556: 555: 550:This section 548: 544: 539: 538: 534: 526: 524: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 493: 487: 482: 478: 472: 466: 461: 456: 454: 450: 447: 443: 439: 435: 433: 427: 421: 416: 412: 406: 401: 398:According to 396: 393: 392: 387: 383: 378: 374: 369: 364: 361: 356: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 319: 315: 310: 304: 299: 298: 293: 288: 286: 281: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 251: 246: 240: 236: 232: 228: 220: 216: 212: 208: 201: 199: 197: 196:United States 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 144: 137: 133: 129: 123: 91: 58: 56: 48: 47:Mulatos River 44: 37: 33: 19: 7497:Ethnogenesis 7473: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7388: 7381: 7362: 7356: 7341: 7334: 7310: 7298: 7274:Anglo-Indian 7259: 7211: 7115: 7080: 7045: 6993: 6986: 6897: 6828: 6469:Puerto Rican 6388:Demographics 6319: 6286: 6241: 6227:. Retrieved 6223:the original 6218: 6215:Yemen Update 6214: 6198:. Retrieved 6194:the original 6181: 6177: 6168:. Retrieved 6164:the original 6148: 6138: 6113: 6090: 6079: 6073:. Routledge. 6070: 6059: 6038:. Retrieved 6034: 6024: 6012:. Retrieved 6007: 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5977: 5965: 5953:. Retrieved 5943: 5931:. Retrieved 5927: 5917: 5905:. Retrieved 5901: 5892: 5880:. Retrieved 5870: 5858:. Retrieved 5853: 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5828: 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5802:the original 5797: 5787: 5775:. Retrieved 5765: 5751: 5732: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5700:– via 5686: 5679: 5667:. Retrieved 5652: 5645: 5633:. Retrieved 5618: 5611: 5599:. Retrieved 5594: 5585: 5575:30 September 5573:. Retrieved 5568: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5528: 5509: 5503: 5477:. Retrieved 5466: 5458: 5449: 5441: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5408:. Retrieved 5404: 5395: 5358: 5354: 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5326: 5317: 5297: 5290: 5278:. Retrieved 5250: 5246: 5236: 5224:. 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Retrieved 4124: 4115: 4106: 4089: 4084: 4073:the original 4054: 4048: 4027:cite journal 4015:. Retrieved 4002: 3990:. Retrieved 3985: 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3957:the original 3947: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3905: 3899: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3835: 3802: 3795: 3776: 3770: 3729: 3724: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3672: 3644: 3638: 3626:. Retrieved 3624:. Infoplease 3622:"Mozambique" 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3602:. Infoplease 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3580:. Infoplease 3578:"Cape Verde" 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3558:. Infoplease 3550: 3542: 3537: 3521: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3500:the original 3489: 3477:. Retrieved 3475:(in Spanish) 3466: 3446: 3439: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3363:. Retrieved 3353: 3341:. Retrieved 3335: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3291: 3280: 3268:. Retrieved 3259: 3247:. Retrieved 3237: 3225: 3213: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3151:. Retrieved 3147: 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3122: 3113: 3101:. Retrieved 3096: 3092: 3082: 3070:. Retrieved 3065: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2984:. Retrieved 2979: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2954:the original 2949: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2924: 2915: 2903:. Retrieved 2899: 2890: 2878:. Retrieved 2874:the original 2869: 2860: 2853: 2847: 2835: 2826: 2821: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2318: 2297: 2287: 2277: 2267: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2227: 2222:Header text 2211: 2194: 2184: 2174: 2164: 2154: 2144: 2134: 2124: 2114: 2109:Header text 2098: 2086: 2084: 2071: 2058: 2045: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1980: 1963:preserved.) 1949: 1939: 1921: 1890: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1847: 1827: 1807: 1803: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1769: 1755: 1708: 1701: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1613: 1608: 1605:"Tri-racial" 1604: 1600: 1581: 1572: 1550: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1476: 1472:rey de farsa 1471: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1440: 1423: 1405:ordered for 1391:André Rigaud 1384: 1381: 1370: 1354: 1333: 1301: 1297: 1240:Puerto Rican 1166: 1107: 1076: 1070: 1062: 1043: 1036: 1014: 996: 965: 923: 918: 915: 905: 769: 751: 748: 736: 716: 704: 685:South Africa 680: 666: 656: 650: 647:South Africa 636: 635: 618: 600: 594: 579: 570: 559:Please help 554:verification 551: 507: 501: 480: 457: 430: 414: 397: 389: 385: 381: 379: 365: 345: 337: 295: 289: 257:), meaning ' 226: 224: 210: 192:South Africa 159: 157: 152: 140: 52: 51: 7519:Melting pot 7429:Mixed-blood 7318:Luso-Asians 7312:Luk khrueng 7186:Multiracial 7122:Negro fino 6803:In politics 6492:Costa Rican 6305:2009-11-01) 6040:14 December 6014:14 December 5988:14 December 5955:14 December 5933:14 December 5907:14 December 5882:14 December 5860:14 December 5669:14 December 5513:, pp. 38–39 5429:, 1995–2005 5333:14 December 5125:28 November 5018:22 February 4847:14 December 4808:14 December 4774:14 December 4752:14 December 4730:14 December 4690:14 December 4668:14 December 4533:14 December 4512:14 December 4491:14 December 4425:, Claudio « 4394:14 December 4390:(19): 20–21 4197:14 December 4135:14 December 3927:Twinam, Ann 3270:14 December 3249:14 December 3170:Ethnicities 3153:14 December 3148:www.cia.gov 3128:14 December 3103:14 December 3072:14 December 2986:14 December 2905:14 December 2698:Mixed twins 2529:Dominickers 2514:High yellow 2340:multiracial 2219:Header text 2106:Header text 1961:orthography 1907:, July 1940 1882:matrilineal 1874:hypodescent 1811:concubinage 1793:father and 1791:South Asian 1784:DNA studies 1639:Puerto Rico 1207:Torna atrás 1057:Anglicanism 1049:Thomas Gage 932:Mexico City 893:Torna atrás 816:Saro people 806:Fernandinos 520:Josiah Nott 516:Edward Long 453:Middle Ages 444:during the 176:Puerto Rico 7606:Categories 7284:Dutch Indo 7251:Eurasians 7201:Afro-Asian 6948:Amerindian 6940:Peninsular 6932:Peninsular 6902:terms for 6745:New Mexico 6740:New Jersey 6698:California 6667:Christians 6582:Venezuelan 6567:Paraguayan 6562:Ecuadorian 6517:Salvadoran 6512:Panamanian 6507:Nicaraguan 6497:Guatemalan 6421:Floridanos 6404:Californio 5972:census.gov 5702:HathiTrust 5545:27 October 5327:WorldAtlas 5044:26 October 4909:26 October 4842:Census.gov 4116:Britannica 4017:21 January 3681:2022/19854 3675:(Thesis). 3232:ine.gob.ve 3066:WorldAtlas 2980:WorldAtlas 2842:. trouw.nl 2782:, 'mule'." 2735:References 2663:Afro-Arabs 2384:Half-breed 2358:Fernandino 1916:See also: 1912:California 1797:mother in 1758:placed by 1740:See also: 1656:Tri-racial 1573:Mestizaje) 1553:settlement 1541:Dominicans 1479:Hispaniola 1411:Rochambeau 883:See also: 711:Cape Malay 677:Cape Verde 625:Mozambique 608:Cape Verde 573:March 2016 531:See also: 512:racialists 368:al-Andalus 285:mixed race 248:(from the 235:Portuguese 194:, and the 168:Cape Verde 166:(74%) and 162:— are the 147:(Spanish: 7570:Diasporas 7377:Melungeon 7343:Hùnxuě'ér 7255:Amerasian 7218:Coloureds 6703:San Diego 6686:By region 6577:Uruguayan 6557:Colombian 6547:Brazilian 6537:Argentine 6474:Nuyorican 6464:Dominican 6452:Caribbean 5635:7 January 5601:7 January 5479:2 January 5410:30 August 5280:21 August 5221:0362-4331 3933:, p. 146. 3821:cite book 3756:cite book 3716:0962-6298 3332:"mulatto" 3190:145341841 2866:"Mulatto" 2828:ancestry. 2803:Citations 2633:Mischling 2577:Coloureds 2524:Melungeon 2333:Mulatto ( 2298:Mustifino 2195:Sang-mele 2185:Quarteron 2175:Meamelouc 2046:Tierceron 1972:Parentage 1930:Louisiana 1601:"Mulatto" 1468:Faustin I 1324:hypergamy 1243:privateer 1045:Dominican 924:mulatto/a 779:trekboers 765:Afrikaner 723:Indonesia 691:Coloureds 497:Corominas 492:mullawadí 321:(Arabic: 314:root word 202:Etymology 180:Venezuela 7584:See also 7464:Quadroon 7456:mameluco 7364:caiçaras 7349:Chindian 7328:Topasses 7323:Macanese 7306:Kristang 7135:Cimarrón 6846:Category 6758:Portland 6750:New York 6725:Maryland 6715:Colorado 6623:Galician 6613:Canarian 6603:Asturian 6591:European 6572:Peruvian 6542:Bolivian 6502:Honduran 6303:Archived 6182:muwallad 6178:muwallad 5834:17 April 5563:(1823). 5489:cite web 5387:25058410 5275:25820814 5191:Archived 5173:Archived 5095:16257940 4984:21304981 4944:PLOS ONE 4877:24 March 4700:cite web 4648:27247952 4599:25803618 4471:yale.edu 4454:23 March 3891:40656601 3883:21853621 3748:61189833 3600:"Angola" 3359:"Mulato" 3243:"Panama" 3230:Nacional 3045:25803618 3013:: 6596. 2960:25 March 2930:25 March 2880:25 March 2754:muwállad 2628:Quadroon 2405:See also 2363:Quadroon 2335:Biracial 2288:Mustifee 2248:Octoroon 2238:Quadroon 2155:Quadroon 2072:Octoroon 2059:Quadroon 2033:Os rouge 1842:Virginia 1799:Maryland 1724:Africans 1711:criollos 1651:Quadroon 1624:European 1588:European 1537:quadroon 1403:Napoleon 1326:through 1320:quadroon 1314:, 1895, 1310:painter 1308:Galician 1083:converso 1072:criollos 752:Coloured 727:Malaysia 707:Coloured 651:de facto 514:such as 483:whereas 465:muwallad 440:who had 426:muwallad 405:muwallad 373:muwallad 309:Muwallad 303:Muwallad 297:muwallad 188:Colombia 136:European 7612:Mulatto 7544:Plaçage 7539:Passing 7502:Exogamy 7485:History 7469:Sacatra 7449:caboclo 7435:mulatos 7402:castizo 7396:Mestizo 7383:mestiço 7372:Marabou 7357:juçaras 7279:Burgher 7261:Bụi đời 7233:Griquas 7228:Basters 7109:Cambujo 7095:Mestizo 7067:Castizo 7060:Criollo 7008:Mestizo 7001:Criollo 6994:Mulatto 6920:Parent 6856:Commons 6770:Houston 6754:Oregon 6720:Florida 6693:Arizona 6677:Muslims 6618:Catalan 6598:Spanish 6552:Chilean 6431:Chicano 6426:Mexican 6229:14 July 6200:14 July 6170:14 July 5808:14 July 5777:14 July 5378:4109857 5226:23 July 5086:1449501 4975:3031579 4952:Bibcode 4639:4867558 4590:4374169 4569:Bibcode 3992:14 July 3963:14 July 3859:Mulatos 3628:14 July 3606:14 July 3584:14 July 3562:14 July 3506:14 July 3479:14 July 3365:14 June 3343:14 July 3036:4374169 3015:Bibcode 2718:Signare 2608:Castizo 2603:Mestizo 2592:Cassare 2379:Castizo 2374:Mestizo 2353:Basters 2228:Mulatto 2214:(1910) 2145:Mulatto 2135:Marabon 2115:Sacatra 2101:(1854) 2020:Mulatto 2007:Marabon 1981:Sacatro 1885:kinship 1704:mestizo 1646:Mulatto 1628:African 1561:African 1533:mestizo 1529:mulatto 1464:emperor 1090:Gallery 919:mulatto 889:Morisco 775:Khoisan 761:Ndebele 671:Basters 659:Namibia 642:mestiço 637:Mulatto 630:mestiço 602:mestiço 508:mulatto 451:in the 446:Moorish 382:mulatto 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