Traffic enforcement camera - Knowledge (XXG)

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the effect on crashes. All 28 studies found a lower number of crashes in the speed camera areas after implementation of the program. In the vicinity of camera sites, the reductions ranged from 8% to 49% for all crashes, with reductions for most studies in the 14% to 25% range. For injury crashes the decrease ranged between 8% and 50% and for crashes resulting in fatalities or serious injuries the reductions were in the range of 11% to 44%. Effects over wider areas showed reductions for all crashes ranging from 9% to 35%, with most studies reporting reductions in the 11% to 27% range. For crashes resulting in death or serious injury reductions ranged from 17% to 58%, with most studies reporting this result in the 30% to 40% reduction range. The studies of longer duration showed that these positive trends were either maintained or improved with time. Nevertheless, the authors conceded that the magnitude of the benefit from speed cameras "is currently not deducible" due to limitations in the methodological rigor of many of the 28 studies cited, and recommended that "more studies of a scientifically rigorous and homogenous nature are necessary, to provide the answer to the magnitude of effect."

1124:, the Road safety minister reduced the Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from £95 million to £57 million, saying that local authorities had relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other road safety measures. It is estimated that as a result, the Treasury is now distributing £40 million less in Road Safety Grant than is raised from fines in the year. Dorset and Essex announced plans to review camera provision with a view to possibly ending the scheme in their counties, however Dorset strongly affirmed its support for the scheme, albeit reducing financial contributions in line with the reduction in government grant. Seven counties also announced plans to turn off some or all of their cameras, amidst warnings from the country's most senior traffic policeman that this would result in an increase in deaths and injuries. Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance contracts. 1028:, Maryland, have successfully challenged tickets from Optotraffic speed cameras where they were incorrectly ticketed at over 15 mph over the limit. However, Prince George County no longer allows time-distance calculations as a defense in cases where "the equipment was calibrated and validated, or is self calibrating". The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration standards for "across the road radar" state that "If the ATR device is to be considered for unattended operation, the manufacturer shall provide a secondary method for verifying that the evidential recorded image properly identifies the target vehicle and reflects this vehicle's true speed, as described in §5.18.2. This may be accomplished by means of a second, appropriately delayed image showing the target vehicle crossing a specified reference line." 1128:

Awareness Courses" as an alternative to a fine and licence points for drivers, and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather than directly to central government as is the case for fine revenues, the partnership will be able to fund its operations from course fees. Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on, the number of serious injuries that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same – at 13 – and the number of slight injuries was 15 more at 70, resulting from 62 crashes – 2 more than when the cameras were still operating. There were no fatalities during either period.

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when SPECS average speed cameras were in use as they measured a vehicle's speed over distance in one lane only. Since 2007, measures were taken to mitigate this limitation. Although the cameras do operate in pairs on single lanes (it is a limitation of the technology not a restriction in the type approval) the authorities now install the cameras such that the monitored length of road overlaps between multiple camera pairs. The driver cannot tell which cameras are 'entry' and which are 'exit' making it difficult to know when to change lane.

284: 1310: 1472: 1434: 318: 303: 1220:, which requested that all red light cameras be dismantled and removed from all of the town's intersections. Enough signatures were captured to put the measure on the November 2009 general election ballot. After an extensive battle between the College Station city council and the opposing sides, both for and against red light cameras, the voters voted to eliminate the red light cameras throughout the entire city. By the end of November, the red light cameras were taken down. 1323: 3224:) ("The statute contemplated that it would be a governmental agency that operated the system, not private enterprise. The potential conflict created by a contingent method of compensation further undermines the trustworthiness of the evidence that is used to prosecute red light violations. The evidence obtained from the red light camera system as presently operated appears so untrustworthy and unreliable that it lacks foundation and should not be admitted"), 973:, operate "owner liability", where it is the registered owner of the vehicle who is legally responsible for paying all such fines, regardless who was driving the vehicle at the time of the offense, although they do release the owner from liability by identifying the actual driver and that person pays the fine, and in most such jurisdictions, convictions for such traffic offenses do not result in additional consequences for either drivers or owners (such as 682:

there will be – indeed there already are – those who say that what little money there is can be better spent. devices are already there; they demonstrate value for money, yet are not significant revenue raisers for the Treasury; they are shown to save lives; and despite the headlines, most people accept the need for them. Speed cameras should never be the only weapon in the road safety armoury, but neither should they be absent from the battle."

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they may be deployed on public roads to gather evidence of speeding offences however if the device does not have UK Type Approval then the evidence from the device is not able to be certified but must be adduced by a witness and perhaps an expert witness who is able to adduce evidence of its accuracy. The Road Traffic Offenders Act route via Section 20 certification is a clear advantage over the unapproved equipment route to court.

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subsection (2) or (2.1) if the owner establishes that (a) the person who was, at the time of the contravention, in possession of the motor vehicle was not entrusted by the owner with possession, or (b) the owner exercised reasonable care and diligence in entrusting the motor vehicle to the person who was, at the time of the contravention, in possession of the motor vehicle.

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actual violator has led to the creation of a unique investigatory tool, the fake "ticket". In Arizona and Virginia, tickets issued by cameras are unenforceable due to there being no penalty for ignoring them. However, acknowledging receipt of such ticket makes it valid and thus enforceable. Many states have outlawed the use of traffic enforcement cameras.

1021:, speed camera contractor Redspeed discovered a location where drivers of school buses, big panel trucks, and similar vehicles have been clocked speeding by the city's mobile speed camera and radar unit even though they were obeying the 25 mph speed limit. The errors were due to what was described as an "electromagnetic anomaly". 1241: 2925:

Support for speed cameras is running at an all-time high, a poll by the AA has suggested. According to the motoring organisation's survey of members in October, 75% now believe that the use of speed cameras is 'acceptable' – including 30% who believe their use is 'very acceptable'. This compares with

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study on Red Light Running (RLR), "RLR automated enforcement can be an effective safety countermeasure....t appears from the findings of several studies that, in general, RLR cameras can bring about a reduction in the more severe angle crashes with, at worst, a slight increase in less severe rear-end

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abandoned the use of fixed cameras in 2009, questioning their cost effectiveness with the cameras being replaced by vehicle activated warning signs and enforcement by police using mobile speed cameras: in the nine months following the switch-off there was a small reduction in accident rates which had

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published a feasibility study commissioned from a joint venture between engineering consultancies Atkins and Jacobs. The Atkins/Jacobs noise camera setup was unable to consistently derive sound readings from cars travelling less than ten seconds apart from other vehicles. This camera was a trial unit

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is a traffic camera that takes an image of a vehicle that goes through an intersection where the light is red. The system continuously monitors the traffic signal and the camera is triggered by any vehicle entering the intersection above a preset minimum speed and following a specified time after the

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reported on a patent for a "Time Recording Camera for Trapping Motorists" that enabled the operator to take time-stamped images of a vehicle moving across the start and endpoints of a measured section of road. The timestamps enabled the speed to be calculated, and the photo enabled identification of

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Claims of popular support are disputed by elections in the US, where the camera companies often sue to keep it off the ballot, and camera enforcement often loses by a wide margin . Automated enforcement is opposed by some motorists and motoring organizations as strictly for revenue generating. They

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must pass before evidence from them can be admissible in UK courts by way of certification in accordance with Section 20 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 (RTOA) (Amended by the Road Traffic Act 1991). It is a misconception that speed enforcement devices must be Home Office Type Approved before

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The 2010 Cochrane Review of speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths reported that all 28 studies accepted by the authors found the effect of speed cameras to be a reduction in all crashes, injury crashes, and death or severe injury crashes. "Twenty eight studies measured

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Another issue that comes with people getting tickets in the mail due to traffic cameras is the lack of having officer interaction at this occurrence. When an officer pulls someone over to conduct a traffic stop they are able to look at the driver and for instance see if the drive may be impaired as

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on the grounds that it amounted to a 'compulsory confession', also that since the camera partnerships included the police, local authorities, Magistrates Courts Service (MCS) and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial.

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again reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties, noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups. In 2003 Northumbria Police's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras

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In August 2010, a fast-driving Swiss driver reportedly avoided several older model speed cameras, but was detected by a new model, as traveling at 300 km/h (186 mph), resulting in the world's largest speeding fine to date. In the past, it was possible to avoid detection by changing lanes

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A 2002 Australian survey found that "The community generally believes that enforcement intensities should either stay the same or increase", with 40% of those surveyed saying that they thought that the number of speed cameras on the road should be increased, 43% saying that they thought the number

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The accuracies required to meet HOTA, as laid out in the Speedmeter Handbooks, are agreed internationally. They are not particularly challenging to meet for modern digital equipment however, HOTA requirements extend beyond accuracies; it is often the requirement that an instrument must not cause a

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to be awarded UK Type Approval. Once recommended an administrative process takes place between the Home Office and the UK manufacturer or distributing agent in which a contract (Type Approval Agreement) is exchanged and agreed between both parties. When that contract is signed then a Type Approval

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may be hand-held, tripod-mounted, or vehicle-mounted. In vehicle-mounted systems, detection equipment and cameras can be mounted to the vehicle itself, or simply tripod-mounted inside the vehicle and deployed out a window or door. If the camera is fixed to the vehicle, the enforcement vehicle does

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In December 2012, Speed Camera Contractor Xerox Corporation admitted that cameras they had deployed in Baltimore city were producing erroneous speed readings and that 1 out of every 20 citations issued at some locations were due to errors. The erroneous citations included at least one issued to a

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A study conducted in Alabama and published in 2016 reveals that Red Light Cameras (RLCs) seem to have a slight impact on the clearance lost time; the intersections equipped with RLCs are half a second less in use compared with those without cameras; and highway capacity manual estimates a shorter

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notes, "What is to show that at camera sites, speeds have been reduced, and that as a result, collisions resulting in injuries have fallen. The government has said that a decision on whether speed cameras should be funded must be taken at a local level. With the current pressure on public funds,

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Noise cameras follow the same basic construction: a microphone linked to an ANPR video camera, mounted at a fixed location or on a mobile tripod. The ANPR camera is triggered when the microphone detects a passing vehicle emitting a sound signal above a pre-set decibel limit, capturing the vehicle

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A worldwide review of studies found that speed cameras led to a reduction of "11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes". The UK Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured at

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The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 percent and mobile cameras by 35 percent. It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across Britain. However once the regression to the mean was taken into account, fixed cameras were

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Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes. Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites. A 500-metre route method was used to investigate the effect

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Trials of noise cameras have been conducted in cities worldwide. In Taipei, fines range from US$ 65 to US$ 130, with additional fines for illegally modified exhausts of up to US$ 1000. The noise camera scheme won 90% voter approval; the national government then earmarked $ 4m to build a national

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A 2007 literature review of the benefits and barriers to implementation of automated speed enforcement in the US. stated that "In general, the results of surveys indicate that a majority of respondents support automated enforcement. However, the margins of support vary widely, from a low of 51

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In a few US states (including California), the cameras are set up to get a "face photo" of the driver. This has been done because in those states red light camera tickets are criminal violations, and criminal charges must always name the actual violator. In California, that need to identify the

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In August 2010, the Oxfordshire, UK speed cameras were switched off because of lack of finance due to government funding policy changes. The cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for them. Following rule changes on the threshold for offering "Speed

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Fixed or mobile speed camera systems that measure the time taken by a vehicle to travel between two or more fairly distant sites (from several hundred meters to several hundred kilometers apart) are called average speed cameras. These cameras time vehicles over a known fixed distance, and then

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The owner of a motor vehicle is liable for the contravention of section 140, 146 (1), (3), (5) or (7), 147 or 148 (1) if evidence of the contravention was gathered through the use of a prescribed speed monitoring device... prescribed traffic light safety device... An owner is not liable under

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The 2010 report, "The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras A review of evidence", by Richard Allsop concludes "The findings of this review for the RAC Foundation, though reached independently, are essentially consistent with the Cochrane Review conclusions. They are also broadly consistent with the

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highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68% reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years. In 2012, the town had the fewest accident rates per 1,000 registered

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While the articles above show the effectiveness of body cameras there is also a controversial side of things. Some states including Minnesota do not use traffic cameras for tickets while other neighboring states like Iowa do. This shows that traffic cameras are not usable the same way across

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Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties. The level of evidence is relatively poor, however, as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential

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If one detection is made that is outside of the accuracy parameters or if one violation record is produced when no violation existed during any test, then the device will fail its approval until that error is rectified to the satisfaction of the Home Office and DSTL. When rectification is

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registration and giving police or local government recourse to warn, fine, or prosecute the registered owner. These cameras have been designed to respond to mass complaints about vehicle noise (in 2020 New York City recorded over 99,000 noise complaints specifically related to vehicles).

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In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four-year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras.

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input into the testing. Rather than simply testing speed accuracy, the systems are all tested in real traffic situations some of which are created specifically to test a perceived weakness in the systems. Track and real road testing is always conducted so that all kinds of

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The Type Approval of devices that meet the definitions or more accurately "prescriptions" of types of devices in Statutory Instruments (forms of secondary legislation) is administered by the Home Office Road Crimes Section with the scientific scrutiny now performed by The

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In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved "virtually complete compliance" on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras, across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI (Killed / Seriously Injured) figures have fallen by an average of 65%.

1374:'. Gatsonides wished to better monitor his average speed on a race track and invented the device in order to improve his lap times. The company later started supplying these devices as police speed enforcement tools. The first systems introduced in the late 1960s used 1087:

well as looking at the car itself to see if a plain view search could be conducted. When this is taken away by a ticket through the mail someone committing a crime would not be caught in this incident as they would if they would have gotten pulled over in person.

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Arizona decided not to renew their contract with Redflex in 2011 following a study of their statewide 76 photo enforcement cameras. Reasons given included less than expected revenue due to improved compliance, mixed public acceptance and mixed accident

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The decision to reduce the Road Safety Grant £95 million to £57 million this year means that the Government could raise as much as £40 million more from speeding fines than it hands back to local authorities to reduce death and injury on the country's

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and traffic situations are used to stimulate the systems. Roadside equipment such as fixed cameras must pass environmental testing before deployment in road testing. The period used for road testing ensures that the systems are tested in all weather.

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The world's first all-weather, 24-hour, automatic number plate recognition system SAFE-T-CAM was developed in Australia for the Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) by Telstra as the prime contractor and ICONIX and CSIRO as sub-contractors in 1991. In

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enforcement law after a study questioned their effectiveness, only to reverse itself in 2007 and allow cameras to return to any city with a population greater than 10,000. Citations are not enforceable due to no penalty being in place if they are

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vehicles: a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation, Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety, alongside close working with the police.

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and the accredited test laboratories in the general requirements. DSTL and the Home Office may vary the requirements at any time and may adapt them depending upon the equipment that is to be assessed, the Handbooks being "guidance".

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On Monday, February 23, 2009, New York City announced testing camera enforcement of bus lanes on 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan where a New York City taxi illegally using the bus lanes would face a fine of $ 150 adjudicated by the

1471: 1402:, and are required by courts in some jurisdictions. New film-based systems are still being sold, but digital pictures are providing greater versatility and lower maintenance and are now more popular with law enforcement agencies. 3144: 1227:, was put to a referendum, in which 321 out of 529 voters (60.4%) voted against the cameras. The turnout for this vote was greater than the number of voters in the previous local Sykesville election for mayor where 523 voted. 1067:. Their primary goal, as stated by BantheCams.org, is to "educate and equip local citizens with a way to combat the abuse of power now being exercised by local and state governments with the regards to the use of electronic 690:

findings of a meta-analysis reported in the respected Handbook of Road Safety Measures, of 16 studies, not including the four-year evaluation report, of the effects of fixed cameras on numbers of collisions and casualties."

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found to reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873, or 24 percent for fixed and 17 percent for mobile cameras. While still impressive, these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures.

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BanTheCams.org was created to organize, educate and equip local citizens with a way to combat the abuse of power now being exercised by local and state governments with the regards to the use of electronic surveillance

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A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped. A survey conducted by

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Only when DSTL scrutiny, laboratory testing and road testing is completed, and the equipment fully meets the specifications in the relevant Home Office Speedmeter Handbook will the equipment be recommended to the

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began to be introduced. Digital cameras can be fitted with a network connection to transfer images to a central processing location automatically, so they have advantages over film cameras in speed of issuing

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changed slightly in similar periods before and after the switch off (Before: 1 fatal, 1 serious and 13 slight accidents. Afterwards: no fatalities, 2 serious and 12 slight accidents). The journalist

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of vehicle movements and therefore by association also the movement of the vehicle's owner. Vehicle owners are often required by law to identify the driver of the vehicle and a case was taken to the

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Various legal issues arise from such cameras and the laws involved in how cameras can be placed and what evidence is necessary to prosecute a driver varies considerably in different legal systems.

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In 2011, a multipurpose smart enforcement camera was tested in Finland. This camera can check driving speeds, the driver wearing a seatbelt, the distance between cars, insurance, and tax payments.

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In 2007, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority (MRCA), in California, installed the first stop sign cameras in the United States. The five cameras are located in state parks such as

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in September 2001. The judge said that the "total lack of oversight" and "method of compensation" made evidence from the cameras "so untrustworthy and unreliable that it should not be admitted".

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In May 2010, the new Coalition government said that the 'Labour's 13-year war on the motorist is over' and that the new government 'pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras' In July

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Where verification photos are recorded on a time sequence, allowing the calculation of actual speed, these have been used to challenge the accuracy of speed cameras in court. Motorists in

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and were threatened with arrest if they refused to answer questions. After they complained formally, it was discovered they were stopped when their car was picked up by the roadside

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violation record to be made when no violation exists that is the most difficult to meet. The Speedmeter Handbooks are freely and openly available to view, they provide guidance to

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Brake just before a camera in order to travel past its sensor below the speed limit. This is, however, a cause of collisions. Or brake suddenly, which results in rear-end crashes.

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not necessarily have to be stationary and can be moved either with or against the flow of traffic. In the latter case, depending on the direction of travel, the target vehicle's

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within strata of time after intervention, time of day, speed limit, and type of road user injured. The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced

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study in 2017 found that "adding another 1,000 cameras to British roads could save up to 190 lives annually, reduce up to 1,130 collisions and mitigate 330 serious injuries."

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a 69% approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year, and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices, the AA says.

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reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still 'impressive'.

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logs all the vehicles passing particular points in the national road network, allowing authorities to track the movement of vehicles and individuals across the country.

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undertaken in 2018. Local government cited technical shortcomings with the trial setup to explain spending $ 192,000 on noise cameras that recouped $ 98,000 in fines.

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Certificate is signed by a minister at the Home Office; the equipment can then be used to produce certifiable evidence, evidence of speeding that is admissible in

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Automatic number-plate recognition systems can be used for multiple purposes, including identifying untaxed and uninsured vehicles, stolen cars, and potentially

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Aside from the issues of legality in some countries and states and sometimes opposition the effectiveness of speed cameras is very well documented. Professor

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Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in Victoria, Australia. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the black box on the front is the radar unit.

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In January 2011 Edmonton, Alberta cancelled all 100,000 "Speed On Green" tickets issued in the previous 14 months due to concerns about camera reliability.

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violators. In many municipalities, an officer monitors the cameras in a live command center and records all violations, including texting at a red light.

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did not reduce casualties but did raise revenue – an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties.

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confounders. Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future.

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crashes. However it noted that "there is not enough empirical evidence based on proper experimental design procedures to state this conclusively."

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Turn cameras at intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red. This type of camera is mostly used in cities or heavily populated areas.

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A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city

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systems can be used for the detection of average speeds and raise concerns over loss of privacy and the potential for governments to establish

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https://www.nhtsa.gov/book/countermeasures-that-work/speeding-and-speed-management/countermeasures/enforcement/speed-safety-camera-enforcement

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Bus lane cameras that detect vehicles that should not be in the bus lane. These may be mounted on buses themselves as well as by the roadside.

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The mobile "flexflasher," (flexflitser in Dutch) was introduced in the Netherlands from 2022. It has its own power supply for 2 months 24/7.

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Baratian-Ghorghi, Fatemeh; Zhou, Huaguo; Wasilefsky, Isaac (2015). "Effect of Red-Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections".

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reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment. In February 2005 the

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with a list of approved vehicles and records images of other vehicles. Other systems use a camera mounted on the bus, for example in

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reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment. An

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devices which actively transmit signals that interfere with the measuring device. These devices are illegal in many jurisdictions.

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companies) almost invariably require authorized drivers to agree in writing to assume financial responsibly for all such tickets.

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Some bus lane enforcement cameras use a sensor in the road, which triggers a number-plate recognition camera, which compares the

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Parking cameras that issue citations to vehicles that are illegally parked or that were not moved from a street at posted times.

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Commissioner Sadik-Khan, MTA Executive Director Sander, Chairman Daus announce camera enforcement of bus lanes to speed transit

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https://transalt.org/press-releases/new-poll-reveals-new-york-city-voters-support-automated-enforcement-to-make-streets-safer

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in the US, claim that "the common use of speed traps as a revenue source also undercuts the legitimacy of safety efforts."

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Melbourne Airport was the first Australian Airport to use ANPR technology to charge buses for access to bus pick up lanes.

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Noise enforcement cameras are used to monitor and enforce compliance with local or national vehicle noise limits.

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raising" in applying cameras in deceptive ways to increase government revenue rather than improve road safety.

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Online websites, like Photo Radar Scam and BantheCams.org, have been created in reaction to the rising use of

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in apprehending traffic violations such as disregarding traffic control signs and other violations via their

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because the Statutory Instrument defining the "type" of equipment has already been fully ratified by both

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experimented with speed limit enforcement vans but they were withdrawn months later due to public outcry.

5534: 5336: 5256: 5070: 5055: 5035: 4157: 993: 823: 598: 469: 338: 1935:"Manhattan Lawmaker Proposes Bill To Curb Loud Motor Vehicle Noise Using Surveillance Radar Technology" 801:(NPCC) oversee a secretariat who coordinate police and laboratory testing of equipment in the process. 658:

is either added or subtracted from the enforcement vehicle's own speed to obtain its actual speed. The

317: 4965:. GetJerry.com. Retrieved April 23, 2023, from https://getjerry.com/driving/minnesota-red-light-camera 3225: 2306: 2029: 818:. There is no requirement to place the Type Approval Agreement or Certificate of Type Approval before 302: 5635: 5583: 5554: 5261: 5186: 4982: 4106: 1494: 1224: 944: 394: 5609: 5599: 5413: 5380: 5128: 5009: 3046: 1489: 1322: 966: 650: 497: 46: 5567: 5539: 5365: 5326: 3826: 3372: 2676: 2088:"Launch of Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Strategy for the Police Service – 2005/2008" 1564: 1424: 1367: 1159: 1053: 636: 579: 563: 477: 173: 5113: 3076: 2711: 5511: 5370: 4914: 4877: 4828: 4820: 4405: 4165: 4136: 4130: 3818: 3547: 2987: 2817: 2762: 2668: 2660: 1583: 1459: 1439: 1346: 1249: 1183: 1177: 655: 635:

Fixed camera systems can be housed in boxes, mounted on poles beside the road, or attached to

625: 310: 198: 165: 4894: 4067: 3798: 753:

In Scotland, the introduction of average speed cameras significantly reduced speeding on the

582:

cameras to detect vehicles inside the chargeable area which have not paid the appropriate fee

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Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65%

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to take their pictures. Gatsometer introduced the first red light camera in 1965, the first

1205: 1163: 1147: 1098: 1018: 678: 559: 426: 398: 330: 297: 98: 4306: 2938: 2547: 1816: 1526: – which have been used to limit use of speed cameras in the United States. 1197:

should stay the same, and 13% saying that they thought that the number should be decreased.

988:

In April 2000, two motorists who were caught speeding in the United Kingdom challenged the

618:-booth cameras to identify vehicles proceeding through a toll booth without paying the toll 4219: 4194: 3334: 3322: 3101: 1911: 1739: 1331: 1170: 1139: 1064: 603: 53:

and calibration lines on the road when taking photographs, is visible on the bottom right.

4132:

The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day

3286: 1732: 1014:

completely stationary car, a fact revealed by a recorded video of the alleged violation.

2209:"MMDA set to reimplement the 'no-contact' policy in apprehension of drivers on April 15" 1293:. Tampering with number plates or misrepresenting them is illegal in most jurisdictions. 5578: 5501: 5233: 5201: 5172: 5040: 2757: 2732: 1395: 1390: 1151: 1106: 974: 959: 806: 742: 591: 322: 57: 2812: 2785: 997:

Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was then heard by the

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cameras that record evidence of heavy vehicles that break noise regulations by using

360: 85: 5228: 5176: 5160: 5085: 5025: 2283:"Parañaque starts contactless traffic apprehension scheme | Claudeth Mocon-Ciriaco" 2002:"Edmonton's latest vehicle noise reduction pilot came with challenges: city report" 1579: 1279: 1121: 1068: 785: 527: 356: 232: 217: 4734: 3767:"Demonstration of Automated Speed Enforcement in School Zones in Portland, Oregon" 535: 468:

In the UK, 80-year-old pensioner John Catt and his daughter Linda were stopped by

4908: 4796: 4551:"Free GPS Navigation App 'Waze' Maps Live Traffic, Police, and Red Light Cameras" 3964: 2641:"Red light cameras revisited. Recent evidence on red light camera safety effects" 1223:

On May 4, 2010, an ordinance authorizing the use of speed cameras in the town of

1113:

request was refused and the information was only released after an appeal to the

733:

in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75% of their members.

526:

or other digital camera and/or other technologies. It was later adapted by other

511:

Other multipurpose cameras can check vehicles passing over the railway crossing.

5614: 5516: 5348: 5276: 5248: 5090: 4331:"Red-Light Cameras Return to Alexandria - Alexandria Virginia News | LocalKicks" 3656:"Intersection Safety Camera Speeding Tickets Cancelled :: City of Edmonton" 3621:"Speed-Measuring Device Performance Specifications:Across-the-Road Radar Module" 3261:"City of Santa Maria, California, Red Light Camera Enforcement, Police Services" 2803: 2146: 1602:"Speed cameras reduce road accidents and traffic deaths, according to new study" 1563:

Wilson, C; Willis, Hendrikz; Le Brocque, Bellamy (2010). Wilson, Cecilia (ed.).

1375: 1355: 882: 781: 659: 539: 226: 205:

which found that human rights were not being breached. Some groups, such as the

161: 31: 4956: 4943:

Cooper, S. (2010). Mechanical Law Enforcement: Speeding and Camera Technology.

3814: 3594: 3398:"Ignoring is bliss: Why Virginians can safely discard red-light camera tickets" 2640: 5562: 5360: 5196: 5191: 5181: 5060: 2656: 2405: 1049: 978: 838:

Unlike approval systems in most countries, no equipment is approved without a

663: 551: 276:

In October 2013, in Melbourne (Australia), Melbourne Airport introduced seven

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have shown significant margins of approval for automatic speed enforcement.

1082:

enforcement to help improve general road safety and to decrease crash rates.

5604: 4522:"Use the "Waze" App to Avoid Speed Traps and Police Checkpoints | Cop Block" 2429: 1534: 1330:

The idea of the speed cameras dates back to the late 19th century: the 1894

1213:

percent in Washington, D.C. to a high of 77 percent in Scottsdale, Arizona."

952: 722: 615: 451: 388: 375:. Other speed enforcement systems are also used which are not camera based. 254: 168:, vehicles going through a toll booth without paying, unauthorized use of a 66: 2821: 2766: 2672: 1587: 4827:. Vol. 7, no. 9. Hearst Magazines. September 1905. p. 926. 4635: 425:

that hasn't since been deployed. Similar results were found in a trial in

37: 4974: 4739: 4650:"Gilets jaunes protesters 'destroy over half of speed cameras' in France" 3849: 2902: 2733:"Are mobile speed cameras effective? A controlled before and after study" 1363: 1201: 951:

based on the number of tickets they are able to issue. Pictures from the

758: 640: 595: 555: 493: 169: 81: 62: 17: 2381: 1109:, which had generated £1.3m of fines every year since 1999. The initial 45:

speed camera. The camera's lens is visible at top left, while the large

5471: 5075: 5005: 2748: 1383: 1057: 970: 907: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 844: 815: 773: 754: 737: 458:

drivers to detect avoidance of legally prescribed driver rest periods.

454:'s SAFE-T-CAM system, ANPR technology is used to monitor long-distance 306: 258: 157: 4043:"Speed cameras will stay in Gloucestershire - but no more maintenance" 3844: 1565:"Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths" 1240: 669:

Some number-plate recognition systems can also be used from vehicles.

1190: 1045: 644: 567: 531: 473: 250: 149: 4632:"Vehicle license plate imaging and reading system for day and night" 3573:"Business owner casts reasonable doubt on accuracy of speed cameras" 2639:

Goldenbeld, Charles; Daniels, Stijn; Schermers, Govert (July 2019).

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can be used for purposes unrelated to enforcement of traffic rules.

2862:"The National Safety Camera Programme: Four Year Evaluation Report" 4107:

https://www.drivesmartbc.ca/speed/poll-automated-speed-enforcement

3519:"Baltimore issued speed camera ticket to car stopped at red light" 2481: 2030:"Gatso 2: rollout of UK's '24x7 vehicle movement database' begins" 1959:"'Noise camera' finds favor with public: officials - Taipei Times" 1379: 1371: 1341: 1321: 1308: 1239: 1079: 956: 797:(DSTL) in conjunction with accredited technical laboratories. The 455: 364: 316: 301: 282: 231: 216: 124: 71: 56: 42: 36: 1340:, set in the year 2000, includes a description of "instantaneous 1318:

Device for speed control in the Hague, newsreel from October 1940

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lost time and thus may overestimate the intersection's capacity.

476:

in 2005. They had their vehicle searched under section 44 of the

4020:"Cutting funding for speed cameras will cost lives, police warn" 2233:"MMDA's no-contact traffic apprehension starts April 15 | GOVPH" 1399: 1268: 153: 4978: 2333:"Valenzuela to enforce no-contact apprehension on busy streets" 4735:"UK | Magazine | How do average speed cameras work?" 3239:"Liability of owner for speeding and traffic light violations" 3115: 2358:"San Juan to enforce no-contact apprehension scheme in August" 2257:"Manila starts 'no contact apprehension' of traffic violators" 1245: 876: 588:

cameras to identify vehicles violating occupancy requirements.

355:

Speed enforcement cameras are used to monitor compliance with

3595:"Maryland: Innocence Not a Defense to Speed Camera Citations" 3490:"Some Baltimore speed cameras have 5% error rate, Xerox says" 3077:"Driver behaviour 'transformed' by A90 average speed cameras" 2731:

S M Christie; R A Lyons; F D Dunstan & S J Jones (2003).

257:

on which stopping is not allowed for any purpose (other than

4580:"Driving advice and guides to keep you moving | the AA" 3799:"Mechanical Law Enforcement: Speeding and Camera Technology" 3172:. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. p. 12. 1831:"Cops are finding sneaky new ways to catch texting drivers" 1781:

Airport shuttle service, shuttle buses. VHA Airport Shuttle

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in 1971 and the first mobile speed traffic camera in 1982;

1176:

In 1992, cameras were rejected by voters in referendums in

1097:

In 2010, a campaign was set up against a speed camera on a

3287:"(Fighting) Your Ticket - Red Light Cameras in California" 1173:; voters were the first to reject cameras by a 2–1 margin. 4969:

Home Office approved speed detection devices - March 2007

4452:"Department of Public Safety - Photo enforcement program" 3965:"Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras" 2903:"RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit" 1934: 647:. Cameras can be concealed, for example in garbage bins. 176:

area. It may be linked to an automated ticketing system.

4897:, "Smile, You Just Got a Ticket!" Michael Lamm, Page 75. 4766:"Drivers can avoid speeding tickets...by changing lanes" 4706:"Drivers can avoid speeding tickets...by changing lanes" 4218:'Photocop didn't play in Peoria', by Wayne Baker in The 3316:"Are police tricking people into paying Snitch Tickets?" 1326:

Older traffic enforcement camera in Ludwigsburg, Germany

694:

jurisdictions and therefore making them less effective.

325:, China, the black car in the pictures ran the red light 1861:"cam2vision - Technology and Capability - Tech Compare" 379:

calculate the vehicle's average speed for the journey.

4158:"Say 'Cheese,' Speeders: Pasadena to Test Photo Radar" 3845:"Group claims speed camera nets £1.3m a year in fines" 1442:

speed camera as an art project in Loipersdorf, Austria

1138:

have also been rejected in some places by referendum.

4426:"Sykesville residents reject speed camera referendum" 3876:"Anger at £1.3m-a-year speed camera - Channel 4 News" 1056:

tactics" in over-monitoring of public roads, and of "

4910:

The Transport Manager's and Operator's Handbook 2006

4068:"Oxfordshire's speed cameras to be switched back on" 955:

red light camera systems were ruled inadmissible as

417:

network of noise cameras, including mobile cameras.

5553: 5525: 5470: 5437: 5379: 5300: 5247: 5143: 5104: 5016: 2237:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

1753:"Melbourne Airport Forecourt Redevelopment Project" 1344:" used by police to enforce speed limits. In 1905, 4607:Australian National Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020 4234:"Angry drivers force Hawaii to drop speed cameras" 2952: 2950: 2948: 3682:"Intersection Safety Camera Ticket Cancellations" 1524:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 1158:The first speed camera systems in the US were in 337:Red light cameras are also utilized in capturing 321:A set of pictures taken by a red light camera in 4961:Hamilton, C., & Barrett, J. (2022, June 1). 3709:"Even the Safest Driver is Being Set Up to Fail" 2118:"Vehicle spy-cam data to be held for five years" 1558: 1556: 1256:To avoid detection or prosecution, drivers may: 1169:In 1991, cameras were rejected in referendum in 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 2172: 2170: 1216:In 2009, a petition was started in the town of 5447:Commercial Driver's License Information System 4821:"Time Recording Camera for Trapping Motorists" 4355:"New Red-Light Cameras in Fairfax, Alexandria" 3461:"O'Halloran and Francis v. The United Kingdom" 3455: 3453: 2959:"Speed camera switch-off sees fewer accidents" 1076:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 5495:Disabled parking permits of the United States 4990: 4296:"Red-light Cameras in Texas: A Status Report" 3314:David Goldstein, CBS Television, Los Angeles 3047:"Comprehensive A9 performance data published" 780:, a testing and certification process by the 662:of the camera vehicle needs to be accurately 8: 4410:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4262:Mitchell-Taverner, Zipparo and Goldsworthy. 2504:"Street-sweeper cameras eye illegal parking" 4854:"GATSO, the experts in traffic enforcement" 3906:"Treasury set to cash in on speeding fines" 3130:"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory" 3116:"The National Police Chiefs Council (NPCC)" 2784:Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra (2005). 1798: 1796: 1794: 1572:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1289:Remove, falsify, obscure or modify vehicle 271:New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission 4997: 4983: 4975: 3428:"States using red light and speed cameras" 3184:"Stopping Red Light Running - FHWA Safety" 3145:"The Speedmeter Handbook (Fourth Edition)" 1729:New York City Department of Transportation 4848: 4846: 4045:. This Is Gloucestershire. Archived from 3218:Superior Court of the State of California 2921:"Speed camera support 'at all-time high'" 2811: 2756: 2023: 2021: 1505:Road speed limit enforcement in Australia 1296:Damage or destroy the cameras themselves. 1078:) have encouraged the usage of automated 923:Learn how and when to remove this message 795:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory 594:cameras to identifying vehicles crossing 516:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority 397:and Temescal Gateway Park. The operator, 5429:List of countries by minimum driving age 4797:"Instantaneous Kodaks (Traffic Control)" 4676:"Driver faces $ 1,000,000 speeding fine" 2430:"Cauayan City | No Contact Apprehension" 1204:legislature declined to reauthorize its 1186:, rejected cameras in a 1997 referendum. 2988:"Tory Boy Racers | George Monbiot" 2579:. Sensordynamics.com.au. Archived from 2307:"QC starts full implementation of NCAP" 1552: 1409: 221:Automatic speed enforcement gantry or " 160:to detect motoring offenses, including 4913:. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 239. 4403: 4269:. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 4189: 4187: 4185: 3438:from the original on December 23, 2016 3408:from the original on December 23, 2016 3365:"Something Every Consumer Should Know" 2599: 2597: 2382:"Muntinlupa | No Contact Apprehension" 2281:Mocon-Ciriaco, Claudeth (2018-02-14). 1908:"Lawsuit Filed over Stop-Sign Cameras" 405:Noise pollution camera ("noise radar") 152:which may be mounted beside or over a 27:Camera for detecting motoring offenses 4604:Australian Transport Council (2011). 4195:"Freeze Frame - The Truth About Cars" 3392: 3390: 3345:from the original on 13 November 2011 3018:"Town tops league for safest driving" 2712:"Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme" 1805:Journal of Transportation Engineering 852:demonstrated testing may recommence. 172:, or for recording vehicles inside a 7: 4686:from the original on 26 October 2017 4264:"Survey on Speeding and Enforcement" 3601:from the original on 2 February 2014 2695:"Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT" 2605:"The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras" 2092:Association of Chief Police Officers 1984:"Roadside Vehicle Noise Measurement" 1841:from the original on 3 November 2017 947:when private contractors are paid a 905:adding citations to reliable sources 4878:"Netherlands: Precision Speed Trap" 3057:from the original on 9 October 2018 2331:Valenzuela, Nikka G. (2019-07-25). 2069:from the original on April 14, 2008 463:United Kingdom's police ANPR system 5485:Decriminalised parking enforcement 4971:archived Link Retrieved 2016-10-21 4276:from the original on 20 March 2012 2939:"Town ditches fixed speed cameras" 2645:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2454:"Bataan | No Contact Apprehension" 1817:10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000804 1540:TEDES (traffic enforcement system) 1041:Automatic number-plate recognition 745:claimed that the results were not 558:, and also in provinces LGUs like 488:database when they were seen near 444:Automatic number-plate recognition 439:Automatic number-plate recognition 373:automatic number-plate recognition 278:automatic number-plate recognition 195:automatic number-plate recognition 25: 5292:Category: Speed limits by country 5096:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 3245:from the original on 2010-12-18. 3102:"Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988" 2881:"Speed camera benefits overrated" 2879:Webster, Ben (16 December 2005). 2860:Department for Transport (2005). 1647:. PIPS Technology. Archived from 608:compression release engine brakes 498:targeted due to their association 4927:from the original on 2018-05-05. 4895:Popular Mechanics, December 1969 4839:from the original on 2018-05-05. 4620:from the original on 2013-08-10. 4030:from the original on 2016-09-27. 3740:. BantheCams.org. Archived from 3583:from the original on 2011-04-25. 3548:"Chief cites 'Bermuda Triangle'" 3371:. March 27, 2009. Archived from 3150:. UK Home Office. Archived from 2536:from the original on 2015-03-17. 2514:from the original on 2009-01-05. 1896:from the original on 2011-10-24. 1787:from the original on 2015-02-27. 1470: 1447: 1432: 1419:A red-light and speed camera in 1412: 881: 524:closed-circuit television camera 433:Number-plate recognition systems 5646:Applications of computer vision 4778:from the original on 2016-08-20 4747:from the original on 2017-08-24 4586:from the original on 2017-05-21 4561:from the original on 2016-12-23 4532:from the original on 2016-12-23 4378:Rodier, Shaheen, and Cavanagh. 4244:from the original on 2010-06-07 4078:from the original on 2011-08-27 4000:from the original on 2011-09-17 3971:from the original on 2016-01-31 3916:from the original on 2016-08-10 3886:from the original on 2010-09-05 3857:from the original on 2016-01-02 3779:from the original on 2016-03-18 3719:from the original on 2008-04-30 3637:from the original on 2016-03-19 3529:from the original on 2013-01-27 3500:from the original on 2016-07-01 3471:from the original on 2012-05-24 3297:from the original on 2016-07-08 3028:from the original on 2016-08-15 2998:from the original on 2011-01-30 2969:from the original on 2016-09-18 2621:from the original on 2016-04-15 2558:from the original on 2016-07-15 2156:from the original on 2016-04-15 2128:from the original on 2008-10-18 2098:from the original on 2007-07-01 2040:from the original on 2008-10-09 1676:from the original on 2010-05-11 1626:from the original on 2018-04-29 1362:, which was founded in 1958 by 892:needs additional citations for 530:local government units such as 156:or installed in an enforcement 5439:Traffic violations reciprocity 3990:"Speed camera turn-off starts" 3904:Millward, David (2010-07-26). 3797:Cooper, Simon (October 2010). 2842:. The Journal. 25 October 2003 1620:American Civil Liberties Union 1580:10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub3 999:European Court of Human Rights 799:National Police Chiefs Council 520:No Contact Apprehension Policy 207:American Civil Liberties Union 203:European Court of Human Rights 146:No contact apprehension camera 1: 5462:Non-Resident Violator Compact 5404:Inter-American Driving Permit 4135:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 4129:Hand, David J. (2014-02-11). 3707:Miranda Devine (2008-03-23). 2116:Chris Williams (2008-09-15). 2063:Roads & Traffic Authority 1616:"Extreme Traffic Enforcement" 1105:in a 30 mph area in the 484:; it had been flagged in the 5409:International Driving Permit 5267:Assured clear distance ahead 5081:School bus traffic stop laws 5066:Left- and right-hand traffic 5031:Assured clear distance ahead 4232:Poole, Oliver (2002-04-12). 3335:"The Right To Remain Silent" 2957:David Barrett (2010-08-07). 2406:"CTMDO - Violations Checker" 2386:nocontact.muntinlupacity.net 1777:"Melbourne Airport Bus Lane" 1742:, Nyc.gov, February 23, 2009 1273:intelligent speed adaptation 1267:navigation devices, such as 1252:information overlaid onto it 399:Redflex Traffic Systems Inc. 5661:Traffic enforcement cameras 5424:Driving licences by country 5389:Commercial driver's license 5135:Rules of the Road (Ireland) 4963:Minnesota Red Light Cameras 4156:DUNN, ASHLEY (1987-09-17). 4018:Adam Gabbatt (2010-08-09). 3803:The Journal of Criminal Law 3523:Tribunedigital-baltimoresun 3494:Tribunedigital-baltimoresun 2804:10.1136/bmj.38324.646574.AE 2028:John Lettice (2005-09-15). 943:One issue is the potential 784:in the United Kingdom that 586:High-occupancy vehicle lane 422:UK Department for Transport 164:, vehicles going through a 5687: 5666:Transportation engineering 5399:Graduated driver licensing 5272:National Maximum Speed Law 4957:10.1350/jcla.2010.74.5.656 4884:. 1961-12-14. p. 687. 3815:10.1350/jcla.2010.74.5.656 2577:"Vyper Mobile ANPR System" 2000:Rosove, Jay (2021-02-12). 1933:Cruz, David (2021-08-28). 1038: 731:The Automobile Association 566:and the whole province of 436: 386: 348: 295: 247:vehicle registration plate 94:traffic enforcement camera 29: 5332:Mobile phones and driving 3016:Katie Bond (2012-03-21). 2657:10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.007 2434:nocontact.cauayancity.net 1530:Home Office Type Approval 1510:Safety Camera Partnership 1337:A Journey in Other Worlds 1248:map showing speed camera 1003:European Court of Justice 814:without the support of a 778:Home Office Type Approval 765:Home Office Type Approval 747:statistically significant 225:" with ground sensors in 5595:"How's my driving?" sign 5452:Driver License Agreement 5394:European driving licence 5124:The Highway Code (Malta) 4487:"Arizona Speed Contract" 2798:(12 February): 331–334. 2552:English.controlRadar.org 2458:nocap.bataanprovince.net 2356:Servallos, Neil Jayson. 2178:"Speed Enforcement 2018" 1886:"Stop or they'll shoot!" 1884:Pool, Bob (2007-07-12). 1115:Information Commissioner 486:Police National Computer 49:, used for illuminating 30:Not to be confused with 5651:Road traffic management 5490:Disabled parking permit 5287:Speed limits by country 5282:Speed limit enforcement 4945:Journal of Criminal Law 4771:London Evening Standard 3402:The Schilling Show Blog 3143:Dr. S.R. Lewis (2005). 2791:British Medical Journal 2737:British Medical Journal 1757:Melbourneairport.com.au 1500:Speed limit enforcement 714:British Medical Journal 709:British Medical Journal 518:(MMDA) implemented the 351:Speed limit enforcement 345:Speed limit enforcement 334:signal has turned red. 263:disabled parking permit 183:British Medical Journal 148:depending on use) is a 5573:Drivers' working hours 5545:Clunk Click Every Trip 5480:Alternate-side parking 5457:Driver License Compact 5166:Field sobriety testing 4939:Additional resources: 3738:"About BantheCams.org" 3369:www.HandelontheLaw.com 2840:"Cameras are for cash" 1670:"Bus lane enforcement" 1645:"Bus Lane Enforcement" 1327: 1319: 1253: 1218:College Station, Texas 1189:In 2002, the state of 1111:Freedom of information 1052:have been accused of " 1026:Prince George's County 860:According to the 2003 490:EDO MBM demonstrations 326: 314: 288: 237: 229: 89: 76:A speed camera on the 69: 54: 5337:Texting while driving 5257:85th percentile speed 5071:Bidirectional traffic 5056:New Zealand Road Code 5036:Australian Road Rules 4303:Hro.house.state.tx.us 3713:Sydney Morning Herald 3662:on September 26, 2013 3597:. the newspaper.com. 3404:. November 15, 2010. 3213:vs John Allen, et al. 3022:Thisiswiltshire.co.uk 2548:"Hidden speed camera" 1389:From the late 1990s, 1325: 1317: 1275:are being encouraged. 1243: 994:Human Rights Act 1998 990:Road Traffic Act 1988 639:over the road, or to 470:City of London Police 383:Stop sign enforcement 339:texting-while-driving 320: 305: 292:Red light enforcement 286: 235: 220: 75: 60: 40: 5584:Epilepsy and driving 5262:Advisory speed limit 5187:Road traffic control 4710:The Evening Standard 4199:The Truth About Cars 3577:The Washington Times 2508:The Washington Times 2410:loop.marikina.gov.ph 2213:canadianinquirer.net 1837:. 2 September 2016. 1495:Road traffic control 1225:Sykesville, Maryland 945:conflict of interest 901:improve this article 824:Houses of Parliament 651:Mobile speed cameras 395:Franklin Canyon Park 309:red light camera in 241:Bus lane enforcement 5610:Slow moving vehicle 5600:Old age and driving 5151:Parking enforcement 4907:David Lowe (2005). 4074:. BBC. 2011-04-01. 4041:Freddie Whittaker. 3967:. BBC. 2010-07-22. 3688:on November 5, 2011 3465:Cmiskp.echr.coe.int 3375:on October 24, 2011 3341:. 8 November 2011. 3339:www.almanacnews.com 3222:County of San Diego 3211:State of California 3170:NCHRP Synthesis 310 3168:Hugh McGee (2003). 3051:Scottish Government 2909:. 24 November 2010. 1963:www.taipeitimes.com 1490:Road traffic safety 1092:Revenue, not safety 1074:Groups like NHTSA ( 967:provinces of Canada 965:Some US states and 504:Multipurpose camera 253:where they monitor 5568:Digital tachograph 5540:Click It or Ticket 5366:Vehicular homicide 5327:Distracted driving 4674:Stephens, Thomas. 4335:www.localkicks.com 3321:2011-04-23 at the 3291:Highwayrobbery.net 2941:. BBC. 2009-07-31. 2749:10.1136/ip.9.4.302 2612:Racfoundation.ortg 2484:on October 7, 2007 1738:2009-04-19 at the 1604:. 25 October 2017. 1440:Dazzle camouflaged 1425:Northern Territory 1382:for use with road 1368:Maurice Gatsonides 1328: 1320: 1254: 1160:Friendswood, Texas 807:Secretary of State 478:Terrorism Act 2000 327: 315: 289: 238: 230: 223:Lombada Eletrônica 180:camera sites. The 108:road safety camera 90: 70: 61:A speed camera in 55: 5623: 5622: 5527:Automotive safety 5512:Parking violation 5371:Wrong-way driving 5302:Moving violations 5018:Rules of the road 4825:Popular Mechanics 4162:Los Angeles Times 3945:on March 13, 2012 3552:Messengernews.net 3053:. 20 April 2018. 2263:. 7 December 2020 1914:on March 18, 2012 1890:Los Angeles Times 1460:Beaverton, Oregon 1347:Popular Mechanics 1315: 1236:Avoidance/evasion 1184:Anchorage, Alaska 1178:Batavia, Illinois 1001:(ECtHR), and the 933: 932: 925: 626:mass surveillance 580:Congestion charge 482:ANPR CCTV cameras 472:while driving in 311:Springfield, Ohio 199:mass surveillance 174:congestion charge 166:red traffic light 120:photo enforcement 16:(Redirected from 5678: 5671:Dutch inventions 5656:Street furniture 5589:Hours of service 5414:Learner's permit 5381:Driver licensing 5344:Reckless driving 5310:Impaired driving 5156:Impaired driving 5129:Road Users' Code 5119:The Highway Code 5106:Road user guides 5046:Green Cross Code 4999: 4992: 4985: 4976: 4929: 4928: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4712:. Archived from 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4634:. Archived from 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4496:. Archived from 4491: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4461:. Archived from 4456: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4428:. Archived from 4422: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4392:on 8 August 2016 4391: 4385:. Archived from 4384: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4305:. Archived from 4300: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4229: 4223: 4222:, March 21, 1991 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4191: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4126: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4064: 4051: 4050: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3941:. Archived from 3935: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3684:. Archived from 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3658:. Archived from 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3331: 3325: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263:. Archived from 3257: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186:. Archived from 3180: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3149: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2864:. Archived from 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2815: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2760: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2609: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2480:. Archived from 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2183:. Archived from 2182: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2065:. May 29, 2008. 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1910:. Archived from 1904: 1898: 1897: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1800: 1789: 1788: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1749: 1743: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1704:. Archived from 1699: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1574:(10): CD004607. 1569: 1560: 1474: 1456:red light camera 1451: 1436: 1416: 1370:, produced the ' 1316: 1206:red light camera 1164:La Marque, Texas 1148:British Columbia 1099:dual carriageway 1019:Fort Dodge, Iowa 928: 921: 917: 914: 908: 885: 877: 679:Stephen Glaister 427:Edmonton, Canada 359:, which may use 331:red light camera 298:Red light camera 112:road rule camera 99:red light camera 21: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5641:Cameras by type 5626: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5549: 5521: 5466: 5433: 5375: 5296: 5243: 5182:Pretextual stop 5139: 5114:Driver's manual 5100: 5012: 5003: 4937: 4932: 4921: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4717: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4654:The Independent 4648: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4555:Journalist Apps 4549: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4359:NBC4 Washington 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4238:Daily Telegraph 4231: 4230: 4226: 4220:Chicago Tribune 4217: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3996:. August 2010. 3988: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3917: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772:. Westat, Inc. 3769: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3323:Wayback Machine 3313: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3132:. 14 June 2023. 3128: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3001: 2999: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2956: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2311:Manila Bulletin 2305: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2261:GMA News Online 2255: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2099: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1802: 1801: 1792: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1740:Wayback Machine 1727: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1697: 1695:"Road markings" 1693: 1692: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1622:. 24 May 2012. 1614: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1466: 1452: 1443: 1437: 1428: 1417: 1408: 1391:digital cameras 1332:science fiction 1309: 1307: 1278:Install active 1238: 1171:Peoria, Arizona 1140:Opinion polling 1135: 1094: 1065:traffic cameras 1043: 1037: 1017:In the city of 1011: 938: 929: 918: 912: 909: 898: 886: 875: 858: 767: 700: 675: 604:Noise pollution 576: 506: 441: 435: 407: 391: 385: 353: 347: 300: 294: 243: 215: 134:bus lane camera 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5581: 5579:Drowsy driving 5576: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5535:Seat belt laws 5531: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Double parking 5499: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5349:Brake checking 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5234:Traffic ticket 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5173:Highway patrol 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Boulevard rule 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4936: 4935:External links 4933: 4931: 4930: 4919: 4899: 4887: 4869: 4842: 4812: 4788: 4774:. 2006-10-15. 4757: 4743:. 2007-10-17. 4726: 4697: 4666: 4641: 4638:on 2007-09-28. 4623: 4613:. p. 62. 4596: 4571: 4557:. 2013-10-19. 4542: 4528:. 2014-08-15. 4513: 4478: 4443: 4432:on May 8, 2010 4417: 4370: 4346: 4322: 4287: 4254: 4224: 4211: 4181: 4148: 4141: 4121: 4110: 4099: 4088: 4052: 4049:on 2010-08-06. 4033: 4010: 3981: 3956: 3930: 3896: 3867: 3853:. 2010-07-08. 3836: 3809:(5): 409–414. 3789: 3758: 3729: 3699: 3673: 3647: 3612: 3586: 3563: 3539: 3510: 3481: 3449: 3419: 3386: 3356: 3326: 3307: 3278: 3267:on May 6, 2011 3252: 3230: 3201: 3190:on May 9, 2009 3175: 3160: 3157:on 2010-04-08. 3135: 3121: 3107: 3093: 3068: 3038: 3008: 2994:. 2010-07-26. 2979: 2944: 2930: 2912: 2894: 2871: 2868:on 2010-03-29. 2852: 2831: 2776: 2743:(4): 302–306. 2723: 2703: 2686: 2631: 2593: 2568: 2539: 2517: 2495: 2469: 2445: 2421: 2397: 2373: 2348: 2323: 2298: 2287:BusinessMirror 2273: 2248: 2224: 2200: 2166: 2150:Schnews.org.uk 2138: 2108: 2094:. 2005-03-22. 2079: 2050: 2017: 1992: 1975: 1950: 1925: 1899: 1876: 1852: 1822: 1790: 1768: 1744: 1721: 1686: 1661: 1636: 1607: 1593: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1418: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1287: 1276: 1261: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1162:, in 1986 and 1152:Washington, DC 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1107:United Kingdom 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 1010: 1007: 975:demerit points 937: 934: 931: 930: 889: 887: 880: 874: 871: 857: 854: 766: 763: 743:George Monbiot 699: 698:United Kingdom 696: 674: 671: 656:relative speed 633: 632: 629: 622: 619: 613: 610: 601: 592:Level crossing 589: 583: 575: 572: 505: 502: 437:Main article: 434: 431: 406: 403: 384: 381: 349:Main article: 346: 343: 323:Luannan County 296:Main article: 293: 290: 242: 239: 214: 211: 138:flash for cash 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5683: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Parking chair 5505: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Street racing 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320:United States 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Traffic guard 5222: 5220: 5219:Traffic court 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:Move over law 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4951:(5), 409–414. 4950: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4920:0-7494-4488-6 4916: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4882:New Scientist 4879: 4873: 4870: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4716:on 2011-12-10 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4616: 4609: 4608: 4600: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4503:on 2010-09-27 4499: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4468:on 2010-07-16 4464: 4460: 4459:Azauditor.gov 4453: 4447: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4312:on 2016-10-11 4308: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4255: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4142:9780374711399 4138: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4077: 4073: 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