510:
333:
530:
807:
547:
The German
Muschelkalk Group is subdivided into three subgroups: Upper, Middle and Lower Muschelkalk. The Lower Muschelkalk consists mainly of limestone, calcareous marls and clayey marls. Some beds are composed of porous cellular limestone, the so-called
450:
are called
Muschelkalk too. Of course these rocks have little history in common with the central European Muschelkalk except for similarities in fossil content. Closer at hand, the
427:
The
Muschelkalk was deposited in a land-locked sea which, in the earlier part of its existence, had only imperfect communications with the more open waters of the
827:
734:
Spiriferina hirsuta, Myophoria vulgaris, Rhynchotites hirundo, Ceratites munsteri, Ptychites studeri, Balatonites balatonicus, Aspidura scutellata,
242:
454:
Muschelkalk differs in many respects from that of
Central Europe, and in its characteristic fossil fauna has a closer affinity with the Triassic
822:
656:) is similar to the Lower Muschelkalk and consists of regular beds of shelly limestone, marl and dolomite. It is divided into six formations:
891:
854:
466:
The
Muschelkalk can be up to 100 meters thick; it is divisible into three subdivisions, of which the upper and lower are pale thin-bedded
509:
876:
896:
645:, which continues into the Upper Muschelkalk. In the Middle Muschelkalk, weathering can form characteristic cellular dolomite (
792:
364:. The name indicates a characteristic feature of the unit, namely the frequent occurrence of lenticular banks composed of
357:
886:
881:
353:
641:
at the margins of the
Germanic Basin is different and these deposits are classified as a separate formation, the
320:
In the past, the time span in which the
Muschelkalk was deposited could also be called "Muschelkalk". In modern
498:
707:
517:) bed forms the top of the Wellenkalk or Lower Muschelkalk and the base of the Orbicularismergel, part of the
657:
569:
642:
573:
565:
561:
540:
630:
626:
518:
676:. The lower portion or Trochitenkalk is often composed entirely of the fragmentary stems of the crinoid
669:
361:
27:
22:
673:
634:
602:
665:
661:
610:
490:
369:
341:
32:
489:
The lithostratigraphic status of the
Muschelkalk differs regionally. In Germany it is considered a
451:
901:
764:
638:
332:
850:
593:
529:
271:
48:
716:
264:
168:
581:
432:
311:
279:
256:
557:
436:
283:
705:
in ascending order. In Swabia and
Franconia the highest beds are platy dolomites with
870:
818:
813:
760:
373:
314:
291:
217:
172:
455:
428:
337:
321:
728:
In addition to the fossils mentioned above, the following are
Muschelkalk forms:
522:
494:
267:
712:
83:
69:
780:
768:
747:
701:
695:
689:
618:
614:
483:
479:
467:
405:
397:
377:
307:
233:
210:
182:
39:
282:(240 to 230 million years) age and forms the middle part of the three-part
772:
735:
684:
678:
535:
417:
287:
141:
101:
91:
57:
393:
389:
381:
275:
203:
158:
128:
845:
Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic".
776:
622:
553:
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421:
413:
385:
365:
299:
295:
192:
118:
111:
812:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
741:
597:
528:
508:
409:
331:
303:
18:
589:
471:
447:
443:
401:
779:. It is from this division that many of the mineral springs of
556:
beds. The Lower Muschelkalk is divided into six formations:
241:
Major lithostratigraphic units of northwest Europe with the
442:
Sometimes stratigraphic units with the same age from the
336:
An outcrop of Muschelkalk cliffs forms the shore of the
324:, however, the name only applies to the layers of rock.
596:
has received. In the Saarland and Alsace and northern
588:
the "wave" chalk, so called on account of the buckled
543:, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg. Field of view approximately 20mm
435:
in which the Muschelkalk was deposited is called the
600:, the Lower Muschelkalk has more sandy beds, the
783:and south Germany obtain their saline contents.
740:, and in the Alpine region several rock-forming
372:in most of Germany and adjacent regions as the
486:are common in all the Muschelkalk limestones.
368:shells. The Muschelkalk is restricted to the
8:
831:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
576:. The Lower Muschelkalk is sometimes called
730:Coenothyris vulgaris, Mentzelia mentzeli
625:) and is divided into three formations:
278:of central and western Europe. It has a
222:
837:
683:; higher up come beds with a series of
255:(German for "shell-bearing limestone";
245:'s geologic timescale of the Triassic.
201:
474:, the middle group being composed of
7:
847:A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016
352:was first used by German geologist
14:
16:Lithostratigraphic unit in Europe
805:
290:its name) lying above the older
513:The top of the hard limestone (
849:. Elsevier. pp. 133–149.
746:Baciryllium, Gyroporella, and
539:from the Upper Muschelkalk at
360:included it into the Triassic
1:
306:") consists of a sequence of
892:Lithostratigraphy of Germany
759:The salt beds are worked at
358:Friedrich August von Alberti
793:Teufelshöhle (near Steinau)
446:, southern Europe and even
918:
609:The Middle Muschelkalk or
90:
877:Triassic System of Europe
240:
215:
208:
178:
167:
162:
157:
150:
145:
140:
137:
110:
105:
100:
97:
81:
708:Tringonodus sandergensis
828:Encyclopædia Britannica
652:The Upper Muschelkalk (
354:Georg Christian FĂĽchsel
272:lithostratigraphic unit
897:Stratigraphy of Europe
702:Ceratites semipartitus
606:., "mussel sandstone"
585:
570:Freudenstadt Formation
544:
541:Kirchberg an der Jagst
526:
356:(1722-1773). In 1834,
345:
294:and below the younger
260:
536:Encrinus liliiforrnis
532:
512:
482:marls with dolomite.
335:
690:Ceratites compressus
643:Grafenwöhr Formation
574:Eschenbach Formation
566:Udelfangen Formation
562:RĂĽdersdorf Formation
525:, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg.
298:. The Muschelkalk ("
631:Heilbronn Formation
627:Karlstadt Formation
613:consists mainly of
519:Karlstadt-Formation
470:with greenish-grey
263:) is a sequence of
261:calcaire coquillier
887:Geology of Germany
765:Bad Friedrichshall
670:Gilsdorf Formation
639:sedimentary facies
545:
527:
431:to the south. The
346:
340:, in the south of
882:Lithostratigraphy
856:978-0-444-63771-0
696:Ceratites nodosus
674:Warburg Formation
662:MeiĂźner Formation
552:, there are also
342:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
249:
248:
236:
227:
220:
213:
206:
86:
79:
72:
65:
60:
51:
49:lithostratigraphy
43:
909:
861:
860:
842:
832:
811:
809:
808:
654:Hauptmuschelkalk
635:Diemel Formation
603:Muschelsandstein
286:(that gives the
232:
223:
216:
209:
202:
94:
82:
75:
68:
63:
56:
46:
37:
19:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
908:
907:
906:
867:
866:
865:
864:
857:
844:
843:
839:
821:, ed. (1911). "
817:
806:
804:
801:
789:
757:
726:
666:Irrel Formation
611:Anbydnite Group
521:. Outcrop near
507:
464:
330:
280:Middle Triassic
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
915:
913:
905:
904:
899:
894:
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879:
869:
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863:
862:
855:
836:
835:
834:
833:
819:Chisholm, Hugh
800:
797:
796:
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788:
785:
756:
753:
744:(for example,
725:
724:Fossil content
722:
592:character the
558:Jena Formation
506:
503:
463:
460:
437:Germanic Basin
329:
326:
284:Germanic Trias
247:
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144:
139:
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99:
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66:
61:
53:
52:
44:
35:
30:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
914:
903:
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898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
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883:
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872:
858:
852:
848:
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830:
829:
824:
820:
815:
814:public domain
803:
802:
798:
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790:
786:
784:
782:
778:
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766:
762:
761:Halle (Saale)
754:
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750:
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739:
737:
731:
723:
721:
719:
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704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
682:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Trochitenkalk
655:
650:
648:
647:Zellendolomit
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
542:
538:
537:
531:
524:
520:
516:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:are found in
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:and parts of
379:
375:
374:Low Countries
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
339:
334:
327:
325:
323:
318:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:Buntsandstein
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
239:
235:
231:
230:
226:
219:
218:Changhsingian
212:
205:
200:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
177:
174:
173:Buntsandstein
170:
166:
160:
156:
153:
149:
143:
136:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
103:
95:
89:
85:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
59:
55:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
34:
31:
29:
26:
24:
21:
20:
846:
840:
826:
758:
745:
733:
729:
727:
715:
706:
700:
694:
688:
677:
653:
651:
646:
608:
601:
577:
549:
546:
534:
514:
488:
480:saliniferous
465:
462:Stratigraphy
456:Tethys realm
441:
429:Tethys Ocean
426:
349:
347:
338:Wutach River
322:stratigraphy
319:
252:
250:
224:
197:251.2–251.9
187:247.2–251.2
163:242.0–247.2
151:
146:237.0–242.0
133:227.0–237.0
123:208.5–227.0
106:201.4–208.5
76:
823:Muschelkalk
755:Exploration
681:liliiformis
533:Fossils of
495:Netherlands
476:gypsiferous
350:Muschelkalk
268:rock strata
265:sedimentary
253:Muschelkalk
152:Muschelkalk
871:Categories
799:References
713:crustacean
615:evaporites
578:Wellenkalk
550:Schaumkalk
515:Schaumkalk
484:Stylolites
468:limestones
416:, and the
370:subsurface
328:Occurrence
70:Hettangian
38:Age (
902:Limestone
781:Thuringia
769:Heilbronn
748:Diplopora
685:ammonites
619:anhydrite
617:(gypsum,
499:formation
493:, in the
406:Franconia
398:Thuringia
378:North Sea
348:The name
308:limestone
274:) in the
234:Zechstein
211:Lopingian
183:Olenekian
47:European
787:See also
773:Szczecin
736:Daonella
711:and the
679:Encrinus
523:Dörzbach
418:Saarland
394:Outcrops
312:dolomite
288:Triassic
142:Ladinian
102:Rhaetian
93:Triassic
58:Jurassic
816::
738:lommeli
717:Bairdia
594:bedding
505:Germany
420:and in
390:Denmark
382:Silesia
276:geology
204:Permian
159:Anisian
138:Middle
129:Carnian
77:younger
853:
810:
777:Erfurt
699:, and
637:. The
623:halite
582:German
554:oolite
452:Alpine
422:Alsace
414:Swabia
400:, the
386:Poland
376:, the
366:fossil
362:system
300:mussel
296:Keuper
257:French
193:Induan
179:Lower
169:Bunter
119:Norian
112:Keuper
98:Upper
28:Series
23:System
742:algae
598:Eifel
586:Welle
491:group
472:marls
433:basin
410:Hesse
304:chalk
225:older
64:Lower
33:Stage
851:ISBN
775:and
732:and
672:and
633:and
621:and
590:wavy
572:and
478:and
448:Asia
444:Alps
402:Harz
388:and
315:beds
310:and
251:The
84:Lias
825:".
751:).
649:).
270:(a
243:ICS
171:or
873::
771:,
767:,
763:,
720:.
693:,
687:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
629:,
584::
580:,
568:,
564:,
560:,
501:.
497:a
458:.
439:.
424:.
412:,
408:,
404:,
392:.
384:,
317:.
259::
40:Ma
859:.
344:.
302:-
42:)
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