986:
977:
968:
1040:
1022:
1013:
807:
995:
1049:
1004:
1031:
627:
463:. These two senior guard units were closed to all but the highest ranking and wealthy noble families. Accordingly for lesser gentry, or ambitious commoners, service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a mounted unit in the royal household and perhaps catch the King's eye. However, enlistment did require both letters of recommendation and evidence that a recruit had the family means to support the costs of service. These included the provision of horses, swords, clothing, a servant and equipment. Only the musket, the sleeveless soubreveste and the distinctive blue cassock were provided by the monarch.
102:
1067:
1083:
27:
437:
255:
650:, or Brown Bess. He was well trained by the standards of the time, training with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute. This, combined with the technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment), made it possible for the British musketeer to win pitched battles against superior numbers.
324:
175:
838:) and pointed cloth hat of a distinctive colour. By 1680, there were 20 regiments of Moscow streltsy totaling 20,048 men and comprising about 12 per cent of the total army (along with cossacks, militia and an increasing number of regular soldiers). In addition, there were significant numbers of frontier and garrison streltsy serving outside Moscow, although these were less formally drilled and equipped.
686:
110:
877:
streltsy revolted yet again while Peter was on his Great
Embassy in Europe. The four regiments involved were disbanded and 1,200 of the mutineers were executed. The remainder were exiled, had their property confiscated and were banned from future military employment. The entire corps was technically abolished in 1689; however, after having suffered
1058:
64:
405:
created a bodyguard unit for himself. So as not to offend the king with a perceived sense of self-importance, Richelieu did not name them Garde du Corps like the king's personal guards, but rather
Musketeers after the Kings' junior guard cavalry. This was the start of a bitter rivalry between the two
282:
was a mixed infantry formation that theoretically could number up to 3,000 pikemen, swordsmen and musketeers; although it was usually much smaller on the battlefield. It was effective in its era, capitalizing on the close-quarter impact of the pike combined with the long-range projectile capabilities
841:
The
Muscovite government was chronically short of cash so that the streltsy were often not paid well. While "entitled" to something like four rubles a year in the 1550s, they were often allowed to farm or trade in order to supplement their incomes. Textiles for clothing and foodstuffs were sometimes
617:
brought to maturity the new style of fighting that made Sweden into a great power in the 17th century. This style of fighting became the new standard throughout Europe and its colonies in the latter stages of musket dominated warfare. Manuals based on Gustav's own revolutionised the training and
306:
was. Spanish field commanders wanted to bring the firepower of a small wall gun onto the battlefield yet have it be as maneuverable as an arquebus. The solution was a bigger arquebus, but the additional weight made it extremely difficult to support the barrel during aiming and firing; hence, the
876:
engaged in a process of gradual limitation of the streltsy's military and political influence. In order to counter their power, Peter began to raise a new regular army, still armed with muskets but disciplined, uniformed and organised along West
European lines. In spite of these measures, the
165:
people also built the first repeating firearm: several barrels behind a small wooden shield. The gunman would turn these barrels lighting each barrel with a slow match one by one. These weapons were most effective when fired from walls or high positions. Needham considered this weapon to be a
414:, contrary to the wishes of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers themselves. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" (
884:
Gradually, the streltsy were incorporated into the regular army. At the same time, the
Tsarist government started to disband the Municipal Streltsy. Liquidation of the last streltsy units (by then social rather than military groups) was finally completed by 1728.
985:
470:
for budgetary reasons. Following the first
Bourbon Restoration, the Musketeers were reestablished on 6 July 1814 along with the other military units of the former royal household. These expensive and aristocratic regiments proved ineffective when
1194:
Once again the li hua ch'iang makes its appearance, but now alongside all kinds of more modern things, such as ... for field-guns, bullet moulds, and muskets, and even a kind of primitive machine- gun.96 The fire-lance was not yet
976:
1163:
makes its appearance, but now alongside all kinds of more modern things, such as mobile armoured shields for field-guns, bullet-moulds and muskets, and even a kind of primitive machine-gun. b The fire-lance was not yet quite
967:
426:) for riding grey and black horses, respectively. From their establishment, the musketeers wore blue cloak-like cassocks, lined with red and edged with silver embroidery. From 1688, the cassocks were replaced by smaller
432:
or sleeveless coats in the same colours. In the early decades of the corps, the musketeers had worn civilian dress under their cassocks, according to personal taste and means, but in 1677 a scarlet uniform was adopted.
1039:
85:. Muskets were replaced by breech loading rifles as the almost universal firearm for modern armies during the period 1850 to 1870. The traditional designation of "musketeer" for an infantry private survived in the
1066:
2015:
1021:
1012:
924:
army from 1680 AD but they did not completely replace the spearmen, swordsmen and archers. In war, the
Musketeers were first to go into action as they fought in the front ranks of the army.
386:. Because of its later establishment, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest sons served in the more prestigious
806:
315:. Due to the difficulty in manipulating the musket rest and the strength needed to handle the heavier gun, musketeers were stronger men and paid more than the rest of the infantry.
658:
662:
994:
1048:
1003:
311:. Furthermore, musketeers were the first infantry to give up armor entirely. Other than the musket rest, the musketeer's equipage was upgraded from a powder flask to a
370:
As one of the junior units in the Royal Guard, the
Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by the
1323:
1284:
1030:
626:
517:
1082:
1881:
654:
566:
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In the late 17th century, the
Streltsy of Moscow began to actively participate in a struggle for power between different government groups, supporting
578:
401:
Their high esprit de corps gained royal favor for the
Musketeers, and they were frequently seen at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation,
646:
was the staple unit in the British armies that created the largest empire in history. The British infantryman was equipped with the .75 calibre
1511:
1486:
1461:
1436:
1386:
1218:
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1526 CE. The weapon became an integral part of Indian warfare from the 16th century onward, mainly from the reign of the Mughal emperor
1721:
1307:
1268:
539:
916:, who were mixed race Kongolese with Portuguese ancestry. Over 300 musketeers served in the Kongo army against the Portuguese at the
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1787:
1754:
1696:
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1630:
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1361:
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and European musketeers together with detailed diagrams of their muskets. There was also an illustration and description of how the
447:
In terms of recruitment, entry into the Musketeers was much sought after by those sons of the aristocracy who did not possess the
134:
in the 12th century and was in widespread use there in the 13th century. It spread westward across Asia during the 14th century.
398:(Light Horse). The Musketeers, many of them still teenagers, soon gained a reputation for fighting spirit and unruly behaviour.
479:
into brief exile. Following the second restoration of the monarchy, the Musketeers were finally disbanded on 31 December 1815.
1982:
1841:
698:
572:
513:
81:, particularly in Europe, as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a precursor to the
631:
1916:
Kea, R. A. (1971). "Firearms and Warfare on the Gold and Slave Coasts from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries".
2035:
733:) and were one of the earliest users of muskets in a military conflict. It also utilized large cannons, including the
610:
101:
161:
people had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position when firing, while favoring the use of European-made muskets. The
20:
1876:
1836:
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made use of musketeers, firing from cover, to ambush opposing infantry, cavalry and elephants. Many Indian
1093:
893:
878:
502:
823:
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in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Musketeers were developed by the Spanish during the
26:
367:
in 1745 the King's Musketeers served as regular cavalry, charging British infantry with drawn swords.
543:
484:
448:
344:
86:
78:
1996:. Vol. 5, Part 7 Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
668:
The musket was withdrawn from service with the British Army in 1854, replaced by the muzzle-loading
2030:
777:, literally "shooter"; often translated as "musketeer", but more properly "harquebusier") were the
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529:
467:
411:
238:
218:
1779:
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1622:
1949:
1941:
1898:
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1317:
1278:
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Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publication
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2010:
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1933:
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510:
Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, lieutenant captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers
284:
35:
1746:
1688:
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1925:
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1804:
1771:
1738:
1680:
1647:
1614:
1581:
1544:
917:
905:
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755:
672:, which had an accurate range of over three times that of the Brown Bess which it replaced.
521:
407:
436:
420:), while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" (
734:
520:(c. 1611–1673). Other musketeers served as inspirations for some of the other characters.
406:
corps of Musketeers. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successor
336:
254:
191:
57:
49:
1772:
1648:
1615:
1582:
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359:) with muskets. Musketeers fought in battle both on foot as infantry and on horseback as
726:
706:
669:
643:
195:
154:
151:
653:
The term "musketeer" was rarely used in the titles of regiments. Examples include the
2004:
1953:
1902:
1805:
1739:
1681:
1540:
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943:
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Musketeer from Altblau regiment (1624–1650) from Swedish army with musket and with
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114:
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1972:
1146:
1545:
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replaced the streltsy as the political and military force closest to the tsar.
1929:
1894:
911:
862:
831:
352:
109:
1937:
834:. The bearded strelsty were organized into regiments, each with a long coat (
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312:
234:
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360:
303:
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135:
82:
505:, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi
1862:
1179:
Chinese ideas about nature and society: studies in honour of Derk Bodde
1057:
714:
525:
222:
70:
1945:
1145:
Joseph Needham; Gwei-Djen Lu; Ling Wang (1987). Joseph Needham (ed.).
1552:
782:
718:
710:
274:
260:
74:
31:
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issued as part of their pay. A commander of one hundred musketeers (
805:
785:
guardsmen l from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed with
684:
625:
435:
410:. At Mazarin's death in 1661, the Cardinal's Musketeers passed to
335:
were a junior unit, initially of roughly company strength, of the
322:
206:
198:
108:
100:
475:
returned from Elba, mostly dispersing, though some accompanied
302:
was not powerful enough to take down an armored knight, but a
1977:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1528:
A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army
1151:(reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 254.
237:
created matchlock muskets for the Mughal infantry plus some
146:
dynasties (1644–1911). Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the
1176:
Derk Bodde (1987). Charles Le Blanc; Susan Blader (eds.).
881:, the government retained some streltsy units in service.
848:) received up to 20 roubles a year and a regimental head (
587:(1760–1794), first husband of the future Empress Josephine
2016:
Military units and formations of the Early Modern period
532:(1598–1672), was fictionalized as Monsieur de Tréville.
516:(Cologne, 1700), a fictionalized account of the life of
138:
iers and musketeers were employed in the armies of the
1300:
Discourse on Spanish Musketry in the Late 16th Century
1261:
Discourse on Spanish Musketry in the Late 16th Century
524:(1617–1712) was the inspiration for Dumas's character
1839:(1991). "African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion".
1148:
Science and civilisation in China, Volume 5, Part 7
818:sometime between 1545 and 1550 and armed with the
659:110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)
105:Ming gunman using multi barreled repeating firearm
663:112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers)
909:
1879:(1988). "The Art of War in Angola, 1575–1680".
1298:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, Don André (2022).
1259:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, Don André (2022).
542:(died 1708), better known as the jailor of the
597:(1689), later lieutenant-general and historian
327:Uniforms of Musketeers of the Guard, 1660–1814
209:. It was used as an effective defense against
849:
843:
798:
772:
766:
283:of the musket. It resembled a loosely formed
8:
499:
489:
458:
452:
427:
421:
415:
393:
387:
379:
371:
1182:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 326.
920:in 1665. Musketeers were employed into the
1882:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1341:. Cambridge University Press. p. 274.
1322:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1283:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1210:Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor
904:A small musketeer force was authorized in
861:and showing hostility towards any foreign
655:106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)
569:(1698–1776), later a writer and playwright
466:In 1776, the Musketeers were disbanded by
1339:The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road
1302:(Revised ed.). Norwalk. p. 43.
1263:(Revised ed.). Norwalk. p. 19.
814:The first streltsy units were created by
665:, all raised and disbanded in the 1760s.
630:A heraldic supporter: a musketeer of the
494:between March and July 1844. The author,
518:Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan
253:
173:
25:
1107:
963:
567:Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix
77:. Musketeers were an important part of
1315:
1276:
793:. They are also collectively known as
595:sous-brigadier des mousquetaires noirs
581:(1737–1821), later a Marshal of France
579:François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny
551:(1640–1725), later a Marshal of France
16:Type of soldier equipped with a musket
1992:Needham, Joseph; et al. (1986).
1356:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 8, 15.
56:
7:
561:Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
1456:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 23, 28.
1238:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 12, 16.
1135:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 449–452.
1126:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 447–454.
705:muskets as early as the 1440s. The
1974:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
1807:Peter the Great's Army 1: Infantry
1741:Peter the Great's Army 1: Infantry
1683:Peter the Great's Army 1: Infantry
1381:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 22–23.
488:, first published in the magazine
307:musket rest, the precursor to the
14:
1994:Science and Civilisation in China
1406:. Osprey Publishing. p. 40.
830:in this unit became lifelong and
343:. They were created in 1622 when
186:Muskets were first introduced in
19:For other uses of this term, see
1506:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 6–7.
1081:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
892:and Semenovsky regiments of the
555:Jean-François Leriget de La Faye
549:Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan
822:. They first saw combat at the
689:An illustration of Janissaries.
540:Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars
1971:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003).
1918:The Journal of African History
1842:The American Historical Review
1481:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 23.
1431:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 18.
1213:. DK Publishing. p. 100.
1:
1088:18th-century musketeers from
573:Thomas de Treil de Pardailhan
514:Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras
498:, based his work on the book
113:Musketeers in China from the
30:A Dutch musketeer, holding a
632:Honourable Artillery Company
355:", created by Louis' father
150:, contains illustrations of
1774:Armies of Ivan the Terrible
1654:. Bloomsbury USA. pp.
1650:Armies of Ivan the Terrible
1617:Armies of Ivan the Terrible
1584:Armies of Ivan the Terrible
872:in 1689, the government of
850:
844:
767:
618:tactics of western armies.
2052:
1778:. Bloomsbury USA. p.
1621:. Bloomsbury USA. p.
1588:. Bloomsbury USA. p.
1504:French Musketeer 1622–1775
1479:French Musketeer 1622–1775
1454:French Musketeer 1622–1775
1429:French Musketeer 1622–1775
1404:French Musketeer 1622–1775
1379:French Musketeer 1622–1775
1354:French Musketeer 1622–1775
744:
535:Other Musketeers include:
194:, being used by the first
21:Musketeer (disambiguation)
18:
1930:10.1017/S002185370001063X
1895:10.1017/S0010417500015231
1712:Middleton, Chris (1987).
1337:Parker, Geoffrey (1972).
879:a defeat at Narva in 1700
799:
773:
759:
528:. Jean-Armand du Peyrer,
166:"primitive machine-gun".
1502:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
1477:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
1452:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
1427:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
1402:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
1377:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
1352:Chartrand, Rene (2013).
725:used muskets to conquer
585:Alexandre de Beauharnais
1803:Konstam, Angus (1993).
1770:Shpakovsky, V. (2006).
1737:Konstam, Angus (1993).
1679:Konstam, Angus (1993).
1646:Shpakovsky, V. (2006).
1613:Shpakovsky, V. (2006).
1580:Shpakovsky, V. (2006).
1236:The French Army 1914–18
1234:Nicolle, David (1993).
634:, in sand, 19th century
591:Charles Sevin de Quincy
449:quarterings of nobility
347:furnished a company of
333:Musketeers of the Guard
291:so as to deal with the
203:first Battle of Panipat
1530:, Sphere Books, p. 95.
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908:mostly made up of the
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854:) between 30 and 60.
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735:Great Turkish Bombard
688:
629:
607:Thanks to the reforms
496:Alexandre Dumas, père
439:
326:
257:
177:
112:
104:
29:
544:Man in the Iron Mask
485:The Three Musketeers
443:'s monument in Paris
170:Indian Sub-continent
87:Imperial German Army
79:early modern warfare
1714:Winds of Revolution
713:and extending into
648:Land Pattern Musket
530:Comte de Troisville
503:Monsieur d'Artagnan
423:mousquetaires noirs
239:combination weapons
2036:Combat occupations
870:Sophia Alekseyevna
868:After the fall of
812:
691:
636:
445:
417:mousquetaires gris
403:Cardinal Richelieu
365:Battle of Fontenoy
329:
266:
184:
132:Song dynasty China
119:
107:
58:[muskətɛʁ]
40:
1877:Thornton, John K.
1837:Thornton, John K.
1513:978-1-78096-861-2
1488:978-1-78096-861-2
1463:978-1-78096-861-2
1438:978-1-78096-861-2
1388:978-1-78096-861-2
1220:978-0-7566-4219-8
851:streletski golova
816:Ivan the Terrible
800:Стрелецкое Войско
451:required for the
264:musketeer c. 1650
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1849:(4): 1101–1113.
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810:Streltsy in 1674
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408:Cardinal Mazarin
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296:French Gendarmes
178:A painting of a
142:(1368–1644) and
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73:equipped with a
69:) was a type of
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337:military branch
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723:North Africa
699:Ottoman army
692:
667:
652:
638:The iconic "
637:
615:Swedish Army
605:
594:
534:
509:
501:Mémoires de
483:
481:
465:
446:
429:soubrevestes
400:
382:Cent-suisses
369:
330:
289:Italian Wars
279:
273:
270:Spanish army
267:
259:
188:Central-Asia
185:
182:infantryman.
147:
125:
115:Ming dynasty
54:mousquetaire
45:
43:
41:
1745:. pp.
1207:DK (2006).
954:Foot Guards
863:innovations
701:were using
670:Minié rifle
575:(1754–1822)
563:(1675–1755)
557:(1674–1731)
477:Louis XVIII
353:carabiniers
128:hand cannon
91:World War I
2031:Musketeers
2005:Categories
1984:0521822742
1811:. p.
1687:. p.
1658:& 21.
1555:. p.
1115:Chase 2003
1102:References
859:dissidents
832:hereditary
441:D'Artagnan
345:Louis XIII
190:under the
1954:163027192
1938:0021-8537
1903:144152478
1815:&12.
1318:cite book
1279:cite book
1117:, p. 141.
826:in 1552.
791:bardiches
703:matchlock
695:Janissary
642:" of the
491:Le Siècle
468:Louis XVI
412:Louis XIV
363:. At the
313:bandolier
235:gunsmiths
46:musketeer
2021:Warriors
2011:Infantry
1543:(1995).
1090:Świdnica
1074:bardiche
939:Rifleman
934:Fusilier
928:See also
820:arquebus
787:firearms
768:strelets
760:Стрельцы
752:Streltsy
747:Streltsy
731:Istanbul
729:(modern
661:and the
473:Napoleon
378:and the
361:dragoons
357:Henry IV
304:wall gun
300:arquebus
219:Marathas
148:Shenqipu
136:Arquebus
83:rifleman
2026:Muskets
1965:Sources
1863:2164997
960:Gallery
912:mestiço
783:Russian
774:стрелец
756:Russian
715:Balkans
676:Eurasia
640:Redcoat
622:Britain
526:Porthos
339:of the
309:monopod
285:phalanx
278:or the
268:In the
223:Rajputs
215:Mughals
201:in the
155:Turkish
152:Ottoman
71:soldier
38:in 1608
1981:
1952:
1946:180879
1944:
1936:
1901:
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845:sotnik
836:kaftan
741:Russia
719:Arabia
711:Turkey
657:, the
613:, the
602:Sweden
351:(the "
319:France
275:tercio
272:, the
261:tercio
245:Europe
213:. The
180:Mughal
89:until
75:musket
50:French
32:musket
1950:S2CID
1942:JSTOR
1899:S2CID
1859:JSTOR
1195:quite
922:Wydah
906:Kongo
779:units
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298:. An
250:Spain
231:Ahoms
227:Sikhs
207:Akbar
199:Babur
1979:ISBN
1934:ISSN
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1660:ISBN
1627:ISBN
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1358:ISBN
1324:link
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1164:dead
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888:The
789:and
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693:The
457:and
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331:The
229:and
144:Qing
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126:The
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