57:
35:
602:
amplified by the fact that up to six different species can inhabit the same lesion as either a primary or secondary pathogen, making even host-specific species difficult to identify. The introduction of affordable sequencing technology during the first decade of the 21st century allowed for much more accurate species delimitation and phylogenetic elucidation, leading to the conclusion that the broad taxonomic description of the genus
581:, having ostiolar periphyses, but lacking interascal tissue at maturity. Ascospores are hyaline, but in some cases slightly pigmented and predominantly 1-septate, although taxa with 3-septate ascospores have been recorded. This description appears to be quite distinctive, but is in fact very broad and actually lead to 120 years of confusion in which the generic name
656:
Periconiella, Sphaerulina, Dothistroma, Phaeophleospora, Stenella, Lecanosticta, Phloeospora, Stromatoseptoria, Microcyclosporella, Polyphialoseptoria, Trochophora, Neodeightoniella, Polythrincium, Xenomycosphaerella, Neomycosphaerella, Pseudocercospora, Zasmidium, Neopenidiella, Pseudocercosporella* and
Zymoseptoria
690:
have evolved indirectly from the work of Crous (1998), who used culture and asexual morphological characteristics to show that
Mycosphaerella s. lat. was in fact polyphyletic, suggesting that it should be subdivided into natural genera as defined by its asexual morphs. In contrast to these findings,
601:
species by morphological means is extremely difficult as these taxa produce very small fruiting structures with highly conserved morphologies, tending to grow and sporulate poorly in culture and for over 120 years, identification was based on morphology alone. These identification difficulties are
655:
Amycosphaerella, Neopseudocercospora, Ramularia, Caryophylloseptoria, Neoseptoria, Ramulispora, Cercospora, Pallidocercospora, Ruptoseptoria, Cercosporella, Paracercospora, Scolecostigmina, Colletogloeum, Paramycosphaerella, Septoria, Cytostagonospora, Passalora*, Sonderhenia, Distocercospora,
645:
species known from literature, leaving the majority of mycosphaerella-like species that will need to be reclassified into taxonomically correct genera and families. Since the advent of mass sequencing technology, 39 taxonomically correct genera have already been confirmed as belonging to the
568:
species are foliicolous plant pathogens which are the cause of significant economical losses in both temperate and tropical crops worldwide. The generic concept of
Mycosphaerella is based on the type species of the genus,
837:
Arzanlou M, Crous PW, Zwiers LH. Evolutionary dynamics of mating-type loci of
Mycosphaerella spp. occurring on banana. Eukaryot Cell. 2010 Jan;9(1):164-72. doi: 10.1128/EC.00194-09. Epub 2009 Nov 13. PMID
585:
was being used as a dumping ground for small loculoascomycetes with few distinct morphological traits. In the 19th and 20th centuries, thousands of species and infrasprecific taxa were described in the genus
719:
s. lat. has been replaced with the concept that the mycosphaerella-like morphology has evolved multiple times and that these taxa in fact cluster in diverse families such as the
1001:
1053:
792:
sequences of the three species appear to have arisen from a common ancestral sequence, there also has been considerable evolutionary divergence between them.
897:
975:
1091:
1014:
573:, which was introduced 130 years ago in order to describe small loculoascomycetes with few distinct morphological traits. Species belonging to
1142:
1109:
477:
499:
1019:
1040:
484:
56:
435:
414:
351:
218:
152:
577:
were characterised as having pseudothecial ascomata that can be immersed or superficial, embedded in host tissue or
400:
323:
232:
1058:
421:
365:
330:
281:
260:
159:
715:
in its broadest sense is polyphyletic. Since this discovery was made, the original conserved generic concept of
407:
386:
344:
316:
309:
302:
246:
239:
204:
190:
43:
1137:
770:
491:
463:
456:
379:
358:
211:
183:
850:
776:
393:
295:
288:
274:
267:
225:
449:
197:
1114:
1068:
923:
372:
337:
253:
135:
967:
888:
470:
442:
428:
610:
and mycosphaerella-like species being misidentified. Because the classic taxonomic description of
118:
51:
1076:
1006:
910:
614:
is broad and includes so many mycosphaerella-like species, the traditional generic concept of
163:
590:, only to have the entire genus and about 1000 additional species redescribed into the genus
1101:
1081:
818:
34:
98:
711:
s. lat. as being monophyletic has gradually shifted and there is now ample evidence that
537:
is copied (with permission) from the dissertation of W. Quaedvlieg (named: Re-evaluating
954:
962:
781:
764:
527:
1131:
902:
678:
affinity have yet to be confirmed. The current generic and family concepts of both
641:
asexual morphs. Research by Braun (1990, 1998) showed that there are only about 500
144:
915:
1045:
988:
882:
785:
625:
Currently more than 3 000 species and close to 10 000 names are associated with
108:
873:
670:
are known to be paraphyletic and will be treated separately in the near future.
561:
557:
519:
88:
949:
936:
68:
721:
1027:
867:
707:
became available (especially of loci such as the 28S nrDNA), the view of
578:
780:
cause a destructive disease of bananas. Each of these three species is
980:
823:
523:
993:
78:
844:
1032:
941:
784:, that is, matings can only occur between individuals of different
629:
s. lat., but work by
Verkley et al. (2004) revealed that the genus
696:
515:
848:
928:
789:
691:
the first sequence-based phylogenetic trees published for
606:
and a lack of clear morphological features led to many
750:, and will be placed on the list of protected names.
703:
was monophyletic. However, as more sequence data of
857:
622:sensu lato (s. lat.) in order to avoid confusion.
533:The following introduction about the fungal genus
674:Although at least 25 more genera with postulated
8:
845:
33:
22:
822:
801:
809:William Quaedvlieg (3 December 2014).
637:) was in fact limited to species with
544:Species belonging to the fungal genus
7:
1069:6c7761f0-d44d-420a-91c0-d971fd29518c
817:(PhD thesis). Utrecht University.
730:should be limited to species with
14:
618:will hereafter be referred to as
594:at the end of the 20th century.
55:
699:sequence data), suggested that
478:Mycosphaerella stigmina-platani
500:List of Mycosphaerella species
1:
695:s. lat. (based mainly on ITS
526:, it is the largest genus of
485:Mycosphaerella striatiformans
788:. Although the mating type
738:actually predates the name
734:sexual forms, but the name
436:Mycosphaerella punctiformis
415:Mycosphaerella platanifolia
352:Mycosphaerella lageniformis
219:Mycosphaerella brassicicola
153:Mycosphaerella punctiformis
1159:
564:and symbionts, but mostly
401:Mycosphaerella pistaciarum
324:Mycosphaerella graminicola
233:Mycosphaerella carinthiaca
1143:Mycosphaerellaceae genera
422:Mycosphaerella polymorpha
366:Mycosphaerella louisianae
331:Mycosphaerella henningsii
282:Mycosphaerella dendroides
261:Mycosphaerella coffeicola
176:
171:
150:
143:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
32:
25:
522:. With more than 10,000
408:Mycosphaerella pistacina
387:Mycosphaerella palmicola
345:Mycosphaerella juglandis
317:Mycosphaerella gossypina
310:Mycosphaerella fragariae
303:Mycosphaerella fijiensis
247:Mycosphaerella cerasella
240:Mycosphaerella caryigena
205:Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
191:Mycosphaerella arachidis
44:Mycosphaerella fragariae
492:Mycosphaerella tassiana
464:Mycosphaerella rosicola
457:Mycosphaerella recutita
380:Mycosphaerella musicola
359:Mycosphaerella linicola
212:Mycosphaerella bolleana
184:Mycosphaerella angulata
758:Three closely related
597:The identification of
394:Mycosphaerella pinodes
296:Mycosphaerella eumusae
289:Mycosphaerella dianthi
275:Mycosphaerella cruenta
268:Mycosphaerella confusa
226:Mycosphaerella caricae
650:via molecular means:
450:Mycosphaerella rabiei
198:Mycosphaerella areola
746:has preference over
541:and allied genera).
373:Mycosphaerella musae
338:Mycosphaerella horii
254:Mycosphaerella citri
705:Mycosphaerella spp.
668:Pseudocercosporella
471:Mycosphaerella rubi
443:Mycosphaerella pyri
429:Mycosphaerella pomi
726:As such, the name
688:Teratosphaeriaceae
684:Mycosphaerellaceae
676:Mycosphaerellaceae
648:Mycosphaerellaceae
633:s. str. (based on
556:) have evolved as
178:Selected species:
119:Mycosphaerellaceae
1125:
1124:
1077:Open Tree of Life
851:Taxon identifiers
815:and allied genera
507:
506:
139:
1150:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1046:NHMSYS0001490374
1036:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1009:
997:
996:
984:
983:
971:
970:
958:
957:
945:
944:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
893:
892:
891:
878:
877:
876:
846:
839:
835:
829:
828:
826:
806:
134:
60:
59:
37:
23:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1128:
1127:
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987:
979:
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953:
948:
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935:
927:
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914:
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886:
881:
872:
871:
866:
853:
843:
842:
836:
832:
808:
807:
803:
798:
756:
635:M. punctiformis
571:M. punctiformis
554:Dothideomycetes
167:
156:
133:
99:Dothideomycetes
54:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:Mycosphaerella
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1096:
1092:mycosphaerella
1086:
1073:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
998:
985:
972:
959:
946:
933:
920:
907:
894:
889:Mycosphaerella
879:
863:
861:
859:Mycosphaerella
855:
854:
849:
841:
840:
830:
813:Mycosphaerella
811:Re-evaluating
800:
799:
797:
794:
760:Mycosphaerella
755:
752:
748:Mycosphaerella
742:, so the name
740:Mycosphaerella
728:Mycosphaerella
717:Mycosphaerella
713:Mycosphaerella
709:Mycosphaerella
701:Mycosphaerella
693:Mycosphaerella
680:Mycosphaerella
672:
671:
631:Mycosphaerella
627:Mycosphaerella
620:Mycosphaerella
616:Mycosphaerella
612:Mycosphaerella
608:Mycosphaerella
604:Mycosphaerella
599:Mycosphaerella
592:Mycosphaerella
583:Mycosphaerella
575:Mycosphaerella
566:Mycosphaerella
546:Mycosphaerella
539:Mycosphaerella
535:Mycosphaerella
528:plant pathogen
511:Mycosphaerella
505:
504:
496:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
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397:
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383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
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299:
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278:
271:
264:
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215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
174:
173:
169:
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157:
148:
147:
141:
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130:Mycosphaerella
126:
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116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
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82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
27:Mycosphaerella
18:Genus of fungi
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1155:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1116:
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1103:
1097:
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1038:
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1029:
1025:
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1016:
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990:
986:
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951:
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943:
938:
934:
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921:
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899:
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884:
880:
875:
869:
865:
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862:
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852:
847:
834:
831:
825:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:heterothallic
779:
778:
773:
772:
767:
766:
761:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
682:s. str., the
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
660:
659:
657:
651:
649:
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640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
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559:
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547:
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531:
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494:
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293:
291:
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286:
284:
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248:
244:
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237:
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223:
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220:
216:
214:
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209:
207:
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185:
181:
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179:
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165:
161:
155:
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149:
146:
142:
137:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
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74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:
16:
858:
833:
814:
810:
804:
775:
769:
765:M. fijiensis
763:
759:
757:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
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692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
673:
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663:
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619:
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582:
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532:
510:
509:
508:
497:
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476:
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462:
455:
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441:
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427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
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343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
177:
151:
145:Type species
129:
128:
42:
26:
20:
15:
989:iNaturalist
883:Wikispecies
824:1874/308485
786:mating type
771:M. musicola
754:Mating type
662:The genera
562:saprotrophs
550:Capnodiales
109:Capnodiales
1132:Categories
796:References
777:M. eumusae
588:Sphaerella
558:endophytes
520:ascomycota
89:Ascomycota
85:Division:
950:FloraBase
762:species,
744:Ramularia
736:Ramularia
732:Ramularia
664:Passalora
643:Ramularia
639:Ramularia
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1028:MycoBank
963:Fungorum
903:60013775
898:AusFungi
874:Q3869075
868:Wikidata
838:19915079
686:and the
579:erumpent
548:(1884) (
172:Species
164:Starbäck
136:Johanson
115:Family:
65:Domain:
1007:1016236
981:2569921
530:fungi.
524:species
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
1115:100118
1102:234820
1099:uBio:
1082:708974
1066:NZOR:
1020:194217
994:327960
942:1MYCOG
166:, 1889
138:, 1884
1110:WoRMS
1089:PPE:
1059:41254
1002:IRMNG
955:51116
929:16478
697:nrDNA
516:genus
514:is a
160:Pers.
79:Fungi
1054:NCBI
1033:3344
1015:ITIS
976:GBIF
968:3344
937:EPPO
916:5W69
774:and
666:and
498:See
1041:NBN
924:EoL
911:CoL
819:hdl
790:DNA
518:of
1134::
1112::
1079::
1056::
1043::
1030::
1017::
1004::
991::
978::
965::
952::
939::
926::
913::
900::
885::
870::
768:,
723:.
658:)
560:,
552:,
502:.
162:)
827:.
821::
653:(
158:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
