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matrix at low concentrations (~0.2 weight %) cause significant improvements in the compressive and flexural mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites. Potentially, these nanocomposites may be used as a novel, mechanically strong, light weight composite as bone implants. The results suggest that mechanical reinforcement is dependent on the nanostructure morphology, defects, dispersion of nanomaterials in the polymer matrix, and the cross-linking density of the polymer. In general, two-dimensional nanostructures can reinforce the polymer better than one-dimensional nanostructures, and inorganic nanomaterials are better reinforcing agents than carbon based nanomaterials. In addition to mechanical properties, polymer nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes or graphene have been used to enhance a wide range of properties, giving rise to functional materials for a wide range of high added value applications in fields such as energy conversion and storage, sensing and biomedical tissue engineering. For example, multi-walled carbon nanotubes based polymer nanocomposites have been used for the enhancement of the electrical conductivity.
567:, which is an emerging new material that is being developed to take advantage of the high tensile strength and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube materials. Critical to the realization of CNT-MMC possessing optimal properties in these areas are the development of synthetic techniques that are (a) economically producible, (b) provide for a homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes in the metallic matrix, and (c) lead to strong interfacial adhesion between the metallic matrix and the carbon nanotubes. In addition to carbon nanotube metal matrix composites, boron nitride reinforced metal matrix composites and carbon nitride metal matrix composites are the new research areas on metal matrix nanocomposites.
654:
as a magnetic, electrical, or mechanical field. Specifically, magnetic nanocomposites are useful for use in these applications due to the nature of magnetic material's ability to respond both to electrical and magnetic stimuli. The penetration depth of a magnetic field is also high, leading to an increased area that the nanocomposite is affected by and therefore an increased response. In order to respond to a magnetic field, a matrix can be easily loaded with nanoparticles or nanorods The different morphologies for magnetic nanocomposite materials are vast, including matrix dispersed nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles, colloidal crystals, macroscale spheres, or Janus-type nanostructures.
571:
suggest that tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced PPF nanocomposites possess significantly higher mechanical properties and tungsten disulfide nanotubes are better reinforcing agents than carbon nanotubes. Increases in the mechanical properties can be attributed to a uniform dispersion of inorganic nanotubes in the polymer matrix (compared to carbon nanotubes that exist as micron sized aggregates) and increased crosslinking density of the polymer in the presence of tungsten disulfide nanotubes (increase in crosslinking density leads to an increase in the mechanical properties). These results suggest that inorganic
666:
great potential for improving the efficiency of power electronic devices by providing relatively high permeability and low losses. For example, As Iron oxide nano particles embedded in Ni matrix enables us to mitigate those losses at high frequency. The high resistive iron oxide nanoparticles helps to reduce the eddy current losses where as the Ni metal helps in attaining high permeability. DC magnetic properties such as
Saturation magnetization lies between each of its constituent parts indicating that the physical properties of the materials can be altered by creating these nanocomposites.
606:). This strategy is particularly effective in yielding high performance composites, when uniform dispersion of the filler is achieved and the properties of the nanoscale filler are substantially different or better than those of the matrix. The uniformity of the dispersion is in all nanocomposites is counteracted by thermodynamically driven phase separation. Clustering of nanoscale fillers produces aggregates that serve as structural defects and result in failure. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly when nanometer scale layers of
645:
range of natural and synthetic polymers are used to design polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications including starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, and fibrin, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS). A range of nanoparticles including ceramic, polymeric, metal oxide and carbon-based nanomaterials are incorporated within polymeric network to obtain desired property combinations.
442:, especially for the most commonly used non-spherical, high aspect ratio fillers (e.g. nanometer-thin platelets, such as clays, or nanometer-diameter cylinders, such as carbon nanotubes). The orientation and arrangement of asymmetric nanoparticles, thermal property mismatch at the interface, interface density per unit volume of nanocomposite, and polydispersity of nanoparticles significantly affect the effective thermal conductivity of nanocomposites.
532:
397:. The reinforcing material can be made up of particles (e.g. minerals), sheets (e.g. exfoliated clay stacks) or fibres (e.g. carbon nanotubes or electrospun fibres). The area of the interface between the matrix and reinforcement phase(s) is typically an order of magnitude greater than for conventional composite materials. The matrix material properties are significantly affected in the vicinity of the reinforcement. Ajayan
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332:, but is more usually taken to mean the solid combination of a bulk matrix and nano-dimensional phase(s) differing in properties due to dissimilarities in structure and chemistry. The mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic properties of the nanocomposite will differ markedly from that of the component materials. Size limits for these effects have been proposed:
36:
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character. This is not an easily obeyed constraint because the preparation of the ceramic component generally requires high process temperatures. The safest measure thus is to carefully choose immiscible metal and ceramic phases. A good example of such a combination is represented by the ceramic-metal composite of
661:
Magnetic nanocomposites can also be utilized in the medical field, with magnetic nanorods embedded in a polymer matrix can aid in more precise drug delivery and release. Finally, magnetic nanocomposites can be used in high frequency/high-temperature applications. For example, multi-layer structures
653:
Nanocomposites that can respond to an external stimulus are of increased interest due to the fact that, because of the large amount of interaction between the phase interfaces, the stimulus response can have a larger effect on the composite as a whole. The external stimulus can take many forms, such
665:
In applications such as power micro-inductors where high magnetic permeability is desired at high operating frequencies. The traditional micro-fabricated magnetic core materials see both decrease in permeability and high losses at high operating frequency. In this case, magnetic nano composites have
401:
note that with polymer nanocomposites, properties related to local chemistry, degree of thermoset cure, polymer chain mobility, polymer chain conformation, degree of polymer chain ordering or crystallinity can all vary significantly and continuously from the interface with the reinforcement into the
644:
A range of polymeric nanocomposites are used for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, cellular therapies. Due to unique interactions between polymer and nanoparticles, a range of property combinations can be engineered to mimic native tissue structure and properties. A
570:
A recent study, comparing the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, compressive yield strength, flexural modulus and flexural yield strength) of single- and multi-walled reinforced polymeric (polypropylene fumarate—PPF) nanocomposites to tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced PPF nanocomposites
624:
Nanoscale dispersion of filler or controlled nanostructures in the composite can introduce new physical properties and novel behaviors that are absent in the unfilled matrices. This effectively changes the nature of the original matrix (such composite materials can be better described by the term
465:
of the mixture should be considered in designing ceramic-metal nanocomposites and measures have to be taken to avoid a chemical reaction between both components. The last point mainly is of importance for the metallic component that may easily react with the ceramic and thereby lose its metallic
613:
Nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are being used as reinforcing agents to fabricate mechanically strong biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering applications. The addition of these nanoparticles in the polymer
657:
Magnetic nanocomposites can be utilized in a vast number of applications, including catalytic, medical, and technical. For example, palladium is a common transition metal used in catalysis reactions. Magnetic nanoparticle-supported palladium complexes can be used in catalysis to increase the
381:
mechanism. From the mid-1950s nanoscale organo-clays have been used to control flow of polymer solutions (e.g. as paint viscosifiers) or the constitution of gels (e.g. as a thickening substance in cosmetics, keeping the preparations in homogeneous form). By the 1970s
674:
In the recent years nanocomposites have been designed to withstand high temperatures by the addition of Carbon Dots (CDs) in the polymer matrix. Such nanocomposites can be utilized in environments wherein high temperature resistance is a prime criterion.
562:
Metal matrix nanocomposites can also be defined as reinforced metal matrix composites. This type of composites can be classified as continuous and non-continuous reinforced materials. One of the more important nanocomposites is
458:. Ideally both components are finely dispersed in each other in order to elicit particular optical, electrical and magnetic properties as well as tribological, corrosion-resistance and other protective properties.
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This large amount of reinforcement surface area means that a relatively small amount of nanoscale reinforcement can have an observable effect on the macroscale properties of the composite. For example, adding
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technique and is associated with high deposition rates up to some μm/s and the growth of nanoparticles in the gas phase. Nanocomposite layers in the ceramics range of composition were prepared from
1961:
Han, Kyu; Swaminathan, Madhavan; Pulugurtha, Raj; Sharma, Himani; Tummala, Rao; Yang, Songnan; Nair, Vijay (2016). "Magneto-Dielectric
Nanocomposite for Antenna Miniaturization and SAR Reduction".
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to a polymer matrix can enhance its performance, often dramatically, by simply capitalizing on the nature and properties of the nanoscale filler (these materials are better described by the term
1233:
Janeta, Mateusz; John, Łukasz; Ejfler, Jolanta; Szafert, Sławomir (2014-11-24). "High-Yield
Synthesis of Amido-Functionalized Polyoctahedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes by Using Acyl Chlorides".
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Another kind of nanocomposite is the energetic nanocomposite, generally as a hybrid sol–gel with a silica base, which, when combined with metal oxides and nano-scale aluminum powder, can form
1500:
Zeidi, Mahdi; Kim, Chun IL; Park, Chul B. (2021). "The role of interface on the toughening and failure mechanisms of thermoplastic nanocomposites reinforced with nanofibrillated rubbers".
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The matrix and fibers can consist of any ceramic material, including carbon and carbon fibers. The
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that are solid layers of a few nm to some tens of μm thickness deposited upon an underlying substrate and that play an important role in the functionalization of technical surfaces.
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Rimal, Vishal; Shishodia, Shubham; Srivastava, P.K. (2020). "Novel synthesis of high-thermal stability carbon dots and nanocomposites from oleic acid as an organic substrate".
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and a polymers are added one by one. LbL composites display performance parameters 10-1000 times better that the traditional nanocomposites made by extrusion or batch-mixing.
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can be fabricated for use in electronic applications. An electrodeposited Fe/Fe oxide multi-layered sample can be an example of this application of magnetic nanocomposites.
1926:
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and resistance to wear and damage. In general, the nano reinforcement is dispersed into the matrix during processing. The percentage by weight (called
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occupying most of the volume is often from the group of oxides, such as nitrides, borides, silicides, whereas the second component is often a
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1813:
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110:
621:, in which inorganic nanomaterials are grown within polymeric substrates using vapor-phase precursors that diffuse into the matrix.
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2006:"Electro-infiltrated nickel/iron-oxide and permalloy/iron-oxide nanocomposites for integrated power inductors"
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313:(nm) or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material.
1404:"Two-dimensional nanostructure-reinforced biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering"
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due to the exceptionally high surface to volume ratio of the reinforcing phase and/or its exceptionally high
438:) of the nanoparticulates introduced can remain very low (on the order of 0.5% to 5%) due to the low filler
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179:
1733:"Developing hybrid carbon nanotube- and graphene-enhanced nanocomposite resins for the space launch system"
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2005:
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composites were the topic of textbooks, although the term "nanocomposites" was not in common use.
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637:). Some examples of such new properties are fire resistance or flame retardancy, and accelerated
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investigated the origin of the depth of colour and the resistance to acids and bio-corrosion of
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Compendium of Evaluated Constitutional Data and Phase Diagrams
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1453:"Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering"
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1097:"Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering"
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1012:"Nanocomposite layers of ceramic oxides and metals prepared by reactive gas-flow sputtering"
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Nanocomposites are found in nature, for example in the structure of the
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An alternative route to synthesis of nanocomposites is
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2104:
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1657:"Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications"
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507:by the hollow cathode technique that showed a high
426:, heat resistance or mechanical properties such as
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586:Polymer-matrix nanocomposites
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592:Polymer nanocomposite
440:percolation threshold
424:dielectric properties
268:Technology portal
63:Mechanical properties
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758:10.2497/jjspm.38.315
416:thermal conductivity
402:bulk of the matrix.
233:Nanoporous materials
96:Buckminsterfullerene
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1975:2016IAWPL..15...72H
1934:(12): 2330 - 2346.
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1827:2011Nanos...3..877B
1604:2008NRL.....3..444S
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1297:2007NatMa...6....9M
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1019:Surf. Coat. Technol
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920:2013IJHMT..61..577T
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509:mechanical hardness
486:Gas flow sputtering
391:composite materials
346:<50 nm for
135:Carbon quantum dots
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1514:10.1039/D1NR07363J
1457:Acta Biomaterialia
1101:Acta Biomaterialia
1062:10.1039/C7QM00316A
1050:Mater. Chem. Front
542:. You can help by
420:optical properties
355:superparamagnetism
336:<5 nm for
256:Science portal
68:Optical properties
1673:10.1002/bit.25160
1644:978-0-471-73426-0
1420:10.1021/bm301995s
1408:Biomacromolecules
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885:978-3-527-30359-5
837:978-0-444-41706-0
707:Technology portal
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1188:
1187:
1182:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1025:(2–3): 279–285.
1016:
1007:
1001:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
976:(2–3): 113–119.
965:
959:
958:
949:(5–6): 511–535.
938:
932:
931:
896:
890:
889:
871:
865:
864:
857:
851:
845:
839:
825:
819:
818:
774:
768:
762:
760:
736:
715:Hybrid materials
709:
704:
703:
695:
690:
689:
639:biodegradability
608:nanoparticulates
598:nanoparticulates
555:
552:
534:
527:
408:carbon nanotubes
348:refractive index
296:
289:
282:
266:
265:
254:
253:
205:Titanium dioxide
44:Carbon nanotubes
38:
19:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2131:
2130:
2097:
2094:
2092:Further reading
2089:
2088:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1598:(11): 444–453.
1585:
1584:
1580:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
993:
989:
967:
966:
962:
940:
939:
935:
898:
897:
893:
886:
873:
872:
868:
859:
858:
854:
846:
842:
826:
822:
785:(5272): 223–5.
776:
775:
771:
738:
737:
733:
728:
705:
698:
691:
684:
681:
672:
651:
594:
588:
556:
550:
547:
540:needs expansion
525:
501:
471:
448:
300:
260:
248:
145:Aluminium oxide
17:
12:
11:
5:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2067:(2): 455–464.
2051:
1996:
1953:
1918:
1899:(2): 442–447.
1883:
1864:(4): 365–374.
1848:
1821:(3): 877–892.
1805:
1770:
1723:
1712:(3): 248–264.
1696:
1667:(3): 441–453.
1647:
1627:
1578:
1543:
1492:
1443:
1414:(3): 900–909.
1394:
1373:(3): 177–186.
1353:
1318:
1268:
1225:
1192:
1164:
1136:
1107:(9): 8365–73.
1083:
1067:
1036:
1002:
987:
960:
943:J. Aerosol Sci
933:
891:
884:
866:
852:
840:
827:B.K.G. Theng "
820:
769:
730:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:
711:
710:
696:
693:Science portal
680:
677:
671:
668:
650:
647:
590:Main article:
587:
584:
558:
557:
537:
535:
524:
521:
499:
490:hollow cathode
469:
447:
444:
363:
362:
351:
344:
341:
302:
301:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
258:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
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157:
152:
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142:
137:
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121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
90:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2158:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Nanomaterials
2139:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Tian, Zhiting
895:
892:
887:
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
856:
853:
850:
844:
841:
838:
834:
830:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
770:
766:
763:in Kelly, A,
759:
754:
751:(3): 315–21.
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
725:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
702:
697:
694:
688:
683:
678:
676:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
630:
629:
622:
620:
615:
611:
609:
605:
604:
599:
593:
585:
583:
581:
580:superthermite
576:
574:
573:nanomaterials
568:
566:
554:
551:November 2008
545:
541:
538:This section
536:
533:
529:
528:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
464:
463:phase diagram
459:
457:
453:
445:
443:
441:
437:
436:mass fraction
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:improves the
409:
403:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:abalone shell
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
339:
335:
334:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
307:Nanocomposite
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
277:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:Nanocomposite
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:Iron–platinum
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:nanoparticles
122:
117:
114:
112:
111:Health impact
109:
107:
104:
102:
101:C70 fullerene
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
88:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
28:Nanomaterials
25:
21:
20:
2107:
2103:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1635:
1630:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1288:
1284:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1175:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1147:
1139:
1104:
1100:
1086:
1075:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1005:
996:
990:
973:
969:
963:
946:
942:
936:
911:
907:
894:
875:
869:
855:
843:
828:
823:
782:
778:
772:
764:
748:
744:
734:
673:
664:
660:
656:
652:
643:
633:
632:
627:
626:
623:
616:
612:
602:
601:
595:
579:
577:
569:
561:
548:
544:adding to it
539:
479:
460:
449:
435:
404:
398:
395:aspect ratio
388:
379:nanoparticle
370:
364:
318:porous media
315:
306:
305:
222:
160:Cobalt oxide
140:Quantum dots
73:Applications
1858:ChemCatChem
1291:(1): 9–11.
914:: 577–582.
902:; Hu, Han;
582:materials.
515:and a high
461:The binary
359:dislocation
2135:Categories
2016:: 165718.
1186:2008-09-28
1172:Gash, AE.
1158:2008-09-28
1144:Gash, AE.
726:References
494:deposition
482:thin films
412:electrical
330:copolymers
311:nanometers
180:Iron oxide
87:Fullerenes
2110:: 37–58.
2081:203986488
2046:202137993
2038:0304-8853
1969:: 72–75.
1815:Nanoscale
1786:: 89–96.
1765:225292702
1757:1433-3015
1573:1099-0690
1538:244288401
1522:2040-3372
1502:Nanoscale
1255:1521-3765
1212:: 56–63.
1093:Mikos, AG
1056:: 22–35.
904:Sun, Ying
878:. Wiley.
428:stiffness
375:Maya blue
338:catalytic
150:Cellulose
106:Chemistry
58:Chemistry
53:Synthesis
2124:22432572
1878:96894484
1843:21165500
1800:26938504
1691:24264728
1530:34851346
1487:23727293
1438:23405887
1389:97169049
1348:19957928
1328:ACS Nano
1313:17199118
1263:25302846
1131:23727293
815:34424830
720:Aquamelt
679:See also
511:, small
432:strength
382:polymer/
361:movement
340:activity
322:colloids
228:Nanofoam
195:Platinum
78:Timeline
2018:Bibcode
1991:1335792
1971:Bibcode
1948:6587533
1901:Bibcode
1823:Bibcode
1682:3924876
1621:3244951
1600:Bibcode
1478:3732565
1429:3601907
1293:Bibcode
1122:3732565
916:Bibcode
807:8662502
787:Bibcode
779:Science
634:hybrids
488:by the
452:ceramic
350:changes
155:Ceramic
2122:
2079:
2044:
2036:
1989:
1946:
1876:
1841:
1798:
1763:
1755:
1689:
1679:
1642:
1618:
1571:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1485:
1475:
1436:
1426:
1387:
1346:
1311:
1261:
1253:
1129:
1119:
882:
835:
813:
805:
399:et al.
371:et al.
200:Silver
165:Copper
124:Other
2077:S2CID
2042:S2CID
1987:S2CID
1944:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1761:S2CID
1534:S2CID
1385:S2CID
1181:(PDF)
1153:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
811:S2CID
456:metal
190:Lipid
2120:PMID
2034:ISSN
1839:PMID
1796:PMID
1753:ISSN
1687:PMID
1640:ISBN
1569:ISSN
1557:2016
1526:PMID
1518:ISSN
1483:PMID
1434:PMID
1344:PMID
1309:PMID
1259:PMID
1251:ISSN
1127:PMID
880:ISBN
833:ISBN
803:PMID
503:and
473:and
414:and
384:clay
328:and
326:gels
175:Iron
170:Gold
2112:doi
2069:doi
2026:doi
2014:493
1979:doi
1936:doi
1932:105
1909:doi
1897:316
1866:doi
1831:doi
1788:doi
1745:doi
1741:110
1714:doi
1710:216
1677:PMC
1669:doi
1665:111
1616:PMC
1608:doi
1561:doi
1510:doi
1473:PMC
1465:doi
1424:PMC
1416:doi
1375:doi
1336:doi
1301:doi
1243:doi
1214:doi
1117:PMC
1109:doi
1058:doi
1027:doi
1023:179
978:doi
974:167
951:doi
924:doi
795:doi
783:273
753:doi
631:or
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498:TiO
468:TiO
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2012:.
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1942:.
1930:.
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