2879:(ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."
1170:
1769:
1884:(or an ancient and now-extinct North African component that diverged prior to the Out-of-Africa migration) and "also argue that (...) the Taforalt people (...) contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around", , which, according to Lazaridis et al., would be consistent with morphological and archaeological studies that indicate a dissemination of morphological characteristics and artifacts from North Africa to the Near East, as well as explaining the presence of Y-chromosome haplogroup E in Natufians and Levantine farmers. Fregel summarizes that "More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations".
2819:
Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2016).
308:
1701:
1880:
Western
Eurasia, and also stated that the ancestry of a primitive population from North Africa could not be tested because modern North Africans are largely descended from late migrant populations from Eurasia. However, Daniel Shriner (2018), using modern populations as a reference, found 28% autosomal African ancestry in Natufian samples, with 21.2% related to North Africa and 6.8% related to Omotic-speaking populations in southern Ethiopia, which reveals a plausible source for haplogroup E in Natufians; still according to Shriner, the Natufian samples had 61.2% ancestry related to Arabs and 10.8% ancestry related to West Asians.
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3027:
1737:
418:
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1207:(1993) cross-analysed the craniometric traits of Natufian specimens with those of various ancient and modern groups from the Near East, Africa and Europe. The Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic Natufian sample was described as problematic due to its small size (consisting of only three males and one female), as well as the lack of a comparative sample from the Natufians' putative descendants in the Neolithic Near East. Brace observed that the Natufian fossils lay between those of the
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1304:
1678:, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would have endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but upon which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, they began to practice agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture is controversial in the scientific community.
1820:
4592:
and a sub-Saharan
African component. They also argue that it is the Taforalt people who contributed to the genetic composition of Natufians and not the other way around. More evidence will be needed to determine the specific origin of the North African Upper Paleolithic populations, but the presence of an ancestral U6 lineage in the Dzudzuana people is consistent with this population being related to the back migration to Africa.
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45:
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group and the other samples used. Fig. 2 shows the plot produced by the first two canonical variates, but the same thing happens when canonical variates 1 and 3 (not shown here) are used. This placement suggests that there may have been a Sub-Saharan
African element in the make-up of the Natufians (the putative ancestors of the subsequent Neolithic)
1644:). Waterfowl and freshwater fish formed part of the diet in the Jordan river valley. Animal bones from Salibiya I (12,300 – 10,800 cal BP) have been interpreted as evidence for communal hunts with nets, however, the radiocarbon dates are far too old compared to the cultural remains of this settlement, indicating contamination of the samples.
4618:
of our model is that it allows for a local North
African component in the ancestry of Taforalt, rather than deriving them exclusively from Levantine and Sub-Saharan sources. ... and Taforalt, can all be modeled as a mixture of Dzudzuana and additional 'Deep' ancestry that may represent an even earlier split than the Basal Eurasians.
2871:(Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the
4617:
Moreover, our model predicts that West
Africans (represented by Yoruba) had 12.5±1.1% ancestry from a Taforalt related group rather than Taforalt having ancestry from an unknown Sub-Saharan African source; this may have mediated the limited Neanderthal admixture present in West Africans. An advantage
3662:
Weinstein-Evron, Mina; Yeshurun, Reuven; Ashkenazy, Hila; Chasan, Rivka; Rosenberg, Danny; Bachrach, Noga; Boaretto, Elisabetta; Caracuta, Valentina; Kaufman, Daniel; וינשטיין-עברון, מינה; ישורון, ראובן; אשכנזי, הילה; חזן, רבקה; רוזנברג, דני; בכרך, נגה (2018). "After 80 Years – Deeper in the
Natufian
1883:
As summarized by Rosa Fregel, a later preprint from
Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested Loosdrecht's conclusion and argues for a minor sub-Saharan African component in Natufians, stating "that Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component and a sub-Saharan African component"
1879:
being best represented by the Levant
Neolithic, and may be associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages. Lazaridis et al. (2016) did not find a greater genetic affinity between Natufians and sub-Saharan Africans than that existing between sub-Saharan Africans and other ancient populations of
4591:
However, a preprint from
Lazaridis et al. (2018) has contested this conclusion based on new evidence from Paleolithic samples from the Dzudzuana site in Georgia (25,000 years BCE). When these samples are considered in the analysis, Taforalt can be better modeled as a mixture of a Dzudzuana component
1552:
A study published in 2019 shows an advanced knowledge of lime plaster production at a
Natufian cemetery in Nahal Ein Gev II site in the Upper Jordan Valley dated to 12 thousand (calibrated) years before present . Production of plaster of this quality was previously thought to have been achieved some
1253:
Settlements occur mostly in Israel and Palestine. This could be deemed the core zone of the Natufian culture, but Israel is a place that has been excavated more frequently than other places hence the greater number of sites. During the years more sites have been found outside the core zone of Israel
3446:
The Natufian sample from Israel is also problematic because it is so small, being constituted of three males and one female from the Late Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic (34) of Israel, and there was no usable Neolithic sample for the Near East... the small Natufian sample falls between the Niger-Congo
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technique and "microlithic forms such as arched backed bladelets and La Mouillah points." But recent research has shown that the presence of arched backed bladelets, La Mouillah points, and the use of the microburin technique was already apparent in the Nebekian industry of the Eastern Levant. And
4392:
van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May
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is a Natufian cave site with occupation in the front part of the cave also called the terrace. Some Natufian sites were located in forest/steppe areas and others near inland mountains. The Natufian settlements appear to be the first to exhibit evidence of food storage; not all Natufian sites have
1149:
More generally there has been discussion of the similarities of these cultures with those found in coastal North Africa. Graeme Barker notes there are: "similarities in the respective archaeological records of the Natufian culture of the Levant and of contemporary foragers in coastal North Africa
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Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers
4324:
Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra (26 June
2818:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül
1862:
and the Late Neolithic Kelif el Boroud culture of North Africa, with samples associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic component dubbed the "Natufian component", which diverged from other West Eurasian lineages ~26,000 years ago, and is most closely linked to the Arabian
1548:
In 2018, the world's oldest brewery was found, with the residue of 13,000-year-old beer, in a prehistoric cave near Haifa in Israel when researchers were looking for clues into what plant foods the Natufian people were eating. This is 8,000 years earlier than experts previously thought beer was
1229:
According to Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, "It seems that certain preadaptive traits, developed already by the Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran populations within the Mediterranean park forest, played an important role in the emergence of the new socioeconomic system known as the Natufian culture."
4604:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Jakeli, Nino; Kvavadze, Eliso; Lordkipanidze, David; Matzkevich, Zinovi; Meshveliani, Tengiz; Culleton, Brendan J.; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 September 2018).
4181:
Feldman, Michal; Fernández-Domínguez, Eva; Reynolds, Luke; Baird, Douglas; Pearson, Jessica; Hershkovitz, Israel; May, Hila; Goring-Morris, Nigel; Benz, Marion; Gresky, Julia; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Fairbairn, Andrew; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Posth, Cosimo (19 March 2019).
4798:
Sirak, Kendra; Jansen Van Rensburg, Julian; Brielle, Esther; Chen, Bowen; Lazaridis, Iosif; Ringbauer, Harald; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Micco, Adam; Rohland, Nadin; Callan, Kimberly; Curtis, Elizabeth; Kearns, Aisling; Lawson, Ann Marie; Workman, J. Noah (8 February 2024).
1185:
Maher et al. state that, "Many technological nuances that have often been always highlighted as significant during the Natufian were already present during the Early and Middle EP and do not, in most cases, represent a radical departure in knowledge, tradition, or behavior."
4448:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (25 July 2016).
1800:
At the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together. At another Natufian site at the cave of Hayonim, humans were found buried with two canids.
1196:, but such suggestions are considered highly speculative until more North African archaeological evidence can be gathered. In fact, Weiss et al. have shown that the earliest known intensive usage of plants was in the Levant 23,000 years ago at the
4255:
Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (25 March 2024).
5024:
Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408.
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and Iranian farmers is believed to have decreased genetic variability among later populations in the Middle East. Migrations from the Near-East also occurred towards Africa, and the West Eurasian-like ancestry among populations in the
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1117:
hosts more than a hundred kinds of cereals, fruits, nuts, and other edible parts of plants, and the flora of the Levant during the Natufian period was not the dry, barren, and thorny landscape of today, but rather
4737:
Modern Saudi Arabian and Yemeni samples clustered tightly, overlapping with the three Natufian samples, and were close to the Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and C (PPNB and PPNC) and Levant Bronze Age samples.
230:. Natufian communities may be the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of
1700:
3294:
Nadel, D; Piperno, DR; Holst, I; Snir, A; Weiss, E (2012). "New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel".
242:, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world. The world's oldest known evidence of the production of bread-like foodstuff has been found at Shubayqa 1, a 14,400-year-old site in
1192:
have built upon the little evidence available to develop scenarios of intensive usage of plants having built up first in North Africa, as a precursor to the development of true farming in the
1923:, which derive most of their ancestry from local Natufian-like hunter-gatherer peoples and have less Neolithic Anatolian ancestry than Levantines. Sirak et al. (2024) found that medieval
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The period is commonly split into two subperiods: Early Natufian (12,000–10,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10,800–9,500 BC). The Late Natufian most likely occurred in tandem with the
1736:
1720:
1931:), similar to modern Saudis, Yemenis and Bedouins, have a majority component that is "maximized in Late Pleistocene (Epipaleolithic) Natufian hunter–gatherers from the Levant".
1863:
lineage. Possible bidirectional geneflow events between these groups has also been suggested, with particular evidence for affinity between the Natufians and Iberomaurusians.
1843:
origin. Vallini et al. (2024) modeled the amount of Basal Eurasian ancestry among Natufians at roughly 15%, with the remainder being associated with West Eurasian sources.
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Ferreira, Joana C; Alshamali, Farida; Montinaro, Francesco; Cavadas, Bruno; Torroni, Antonio; Pereira, Luisa; Raveane, Alessandro; Fernandes, Veronica (4 September 2021).
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1986:. Within this group, Ehret, who like Militarev believes Afroasiatic may already have been in existence in the Natufian period, would associate Natufians only with the
405:, firmly establishing the Natufian culture in the regional prehistoric chronology. As early as 1931, both Garrod and Neuville drew attention to the presence of stone
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and 86 tortoises, all of which are thought to have been brought to the site during a funeral feast. The body was surrounded by tortoise shells, the pelvis of a
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1134:. It is generally seen as a successor, which evolved out of elements within that preceding culture. There were also other industries in the region, such as the
1752:
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A pita-like bread has been found from 12,500 BC attributed to Natufians. This bread is made of wild cereal seeds and papyrus cousin tubers, ground into flour.
1823:
Principal component analysis of ancient West-Eurasian populations, including the Natufians. Natufians cluster together with modern Middle Eastern populations.
1541:(El-Wad, Ain Mallaha, Ain Sakhri), but the favorite subject of representative art seems to have been animals. Ostrich-shell containers have been found in the
7134:
5382:
3259:
Weiss, E; Kislev, ME; Simchoni, O; Nadel, D; Tschauner, H (2008). "Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel".
1903:
analyzed the Lazaridis et al. (2016) study concluding that the Natufians, together with one Neolithic Levantine sample, clustered in the proximity to modern
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1215:
analysis of Natufian skeletal remains by Lazaridis et al. (2016) found that the specimens instead were a mix of 50% Basal Eurasian ancestral component (see
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3663:
Layers of el-Wad Terrace, Mount Carmel, Israel / לאחר שמונים שנה: סיכום עונות החפירה 2012-2007 בשכבות הנאטופיות של טרסת מערת הנחל (אל-ואד), הכרמל, ישראל".
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desert. The settlements in the Natufian culture were larger and more permanent than in preceding ones. Some Natufian sites had stone built architecture;
339:
6805:
1573:
The Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains is poor because of the soil conditions, but at some sites such as
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series included and the other samples (Near East, Europe), which he suggested may point to a Sub-Saharan influence in their constitution. Subsequent
1827:
The population associated with the Natufian culture formed genetically by the merger of a West Eurasian-like population, sharing deep ancestry with
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281:
has revealed derivation of later (Neolithic to Bronze Age) Levantines primarily from Natufians, besides substantial admixture from Chalcholithic
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5209:
Campana, Douglas V.; Crabtree, Pam J. (1990). "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications".
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Byrd, Brian F. (1 June 1989). "The Natufian: Settlement variability and economic adaptations in the Levant at the end of the Pleistocene".
609:
1146:, which are sometimes distinguished from the Kebaran culture or believed to have been involved in the evolution of the Natufian culture.
5940:
5162:
Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999). "Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel".
4691:"Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations"
2936:
Boyd, Brian (1999). "'Twisting the kaleidoscope': Dorothy Garrod and the 'Natufian Culture'". In Davies, William; Charles, Ruth (eds.).
247:
50:
A map of the Levant with Natufian regions across present-day Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and a long arm extending into Lebanon and Syria
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5842:
5087:"Archaeological and Geomorphological Investigations of the Late Epipaleolithic in West-Central Jordan: TBAS 212 in a Regional Context"
1810:
888:
3194:
Maher, Tobias; Richter, Lisa A.; Stock, Jay T. (2012). "The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-Term Behavioral Trends in the Levant".
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3743:"Early Cypriot Prehistory: On the Traces of the Last Hunters and Gatherers on the Island—Preliminary Results of Luminescence Dating"
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422:
5147:
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2702:"Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting"
307:
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cave in northern Israel. Media reports referred to this person as a "shaman". The burial contained the remains of at least three
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6715:
5342:
2289:
1711:
1566:
5278:"Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins"
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In 2008, the 12,400–12,000 cal BC grave of an apparently significant Natufian female was discovered in a ceremonial pit in the
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417:
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5795:
2016:
536:
1915:. Ferreira et al. (2021) and Almarri et al. (2021) found that ancient Natufians cluster with modern Arabian groups, such as
2820:
6465:
6339:
2872:
2757:"'Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of [beer]!' (R.L. Stevenson) no beer but rather cereal-Food. Commentary: Liu et al. 2018"
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6780:
6705:
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5344:
Cultural Complexity (Hierarchical Societies [Socio-Economic-Political Inequalities]) in Mesopotamia: An Outline
4801:"Medieval DNA from Soqotra points to Eurasian origins of an isolated population at the crossroads of Africa and Arabia"
2633:
Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Gonzalez Carretero, Lara; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (31 July 2018).
474:
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3991:"'Lime plaster covering burials 12,000 years ago presents a technological leap forward at the end of the Palaeolithic"
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282:
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1947:
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4516:"Re-analysis of Whole Genome Sequence Data From 279 Ancient Eurasians Reveals Substantial Ancestral Heterogeneity"
4327:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe"
1370:-rich stems of cereals, indirectly suggesting the existence of incipient agriculture. Shaft straighteners made of
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storage facilities, but they have been identified at certain sites. Natufians are also suggested to have visited
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801:
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3741:
Tsakalos, Evangelos; Efstratiou, Nikos; Bassiakos, Yannis; Kazantzaki, Maria; Filippaki, Eleni (1 August 2021).
327:, on the West Bank of the Jordan River. Prior to the 1930s, the majority of archaeological work taking place in
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7071:
6878:
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5248:
Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools",
5040:""Founder crops" v. wild plants: Assessing the plant-based diet of the last hunter-gatherers in southwest Asia"
2483:
1867:
1828:
1220:
602:
3538:
Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1989). "The Origins of Sedentism and Farming Communities in the Levant".
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Bar-Yosef O (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective.
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77:
3154:"Interaction before Agriculture: Exchanging Material and Sharing Knowledge in the Final Pleistocene Levant"
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and early Holocene boundary". According to Isabelle De Groote and Louise Humphrey, Natufians practiced the
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5852:
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1990:
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is an example of round stone structures. Cave sites are also seen frequently during the Natufian culture.
205:
3067:
Barker G (2002) Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa, in Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002),
1246:
389:
Over the next two decades Garrod found Natufian material at several of her pioneering excavations in the
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Epi-Palaeolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian Culture of Israel (The History of the Ancient Near East)
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1537:. Stone and bone were worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few human figurines made of
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832:
563:
489:
5483:
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2244:
2001:
The Natufian culture has been documented at dozens of sites. Around 90 have been excavated, including:
1674:. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year-long interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the
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2198:
2142:
2137:
1959:
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1432:), bones, and stone. There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and belt-ornaments as well.
1329:
1321:
1064:
434:
332:
5605:
5498:
3459:
Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (17 June 2016). "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers".
2700:
Liu, Li; Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (1 October 2018).
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1400:, is the oldest known depiction of a couple having sex. It was found in the Ain Sakhri cave in the
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5760:
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2437:
2411:
2325:
2309:
2123:
2103:
7081:
7031:
6990:
6850:
6838:
6763:
6724:
6688:
6551:
6525:
6183:
5673:
5642:
5300:
5179:
5151:
4971:
4237:
4184:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"
3953:
3723:
3680:
3644:
3601:
3555:
3398:"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form"
3311:
3219:
3176:
3121:
2916:
2776:
2756:
2737:
2615:
2443:
2385:
2314:
1888:
1180:
has argued that there are signs of influences coming from North Africa to the Levant, citing the
1091:
960:
869:
729:
548:
328:
152:
5739:
5734:
5658:
5600:
5595:
5589:
2635:"Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan"
2380:
2370:
2365:
2350:
2345:
2213:
2152:
2147:
1290:
882:
5714:
5277:
4395:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations"
2113:
2093:
2078:
2047:
2037:
1303:
7151:
6936:
6860:
6666:
6470:
6405:
6360:
6213:
6058:
6023:
5950:
5488:
5317:
5235:
5196:
5114:
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4996:
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4780:
4728:
4710:
4671:
4653:
4580:
4555:
4537:
4496:
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4430:
4422:
4374:
4356:
4303:
4285:
4229:
4211:
4162:
4131:
4069:
4063:
4022:
3945:
3847:
3829:
3762:
3715:
3672:
3636:
3593:
3518:
3491:
3437:
3378:
3360:
3211:
3113:
3042:
3008:
2990:
2941:
2861:
2799:
2729:
2682:
2664:
2605:
2565:
2549:
2448:
2406:
2401:
2340:
2330:
2203:
2021:
2006:
1951:
1392:
1337:
1189:
1173:
Mortars from Natufian Culture, grinding stones from Neolithic pre-pottery phase (Dagon Museum)
1135:
992:
973:
966:
918:
781:
695:
651:
509:
504:
469:
457:
347:
222:, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. The culture was unusual in that it supported a
134:
4892:
3920:
Kislev, ME; Hartmann, A; Bar-Yosef, O (2006). "Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley".
3083:"Characterizing evulsion in the Later Stone Age Maghreb: Age, sex and effects on mastication"
2532:
2417:
2335:
2128:
1344:) is characteristic for the early Natufian. In the late Natufian, the Harif-point, a typical
7175:
7156:
7091:
6973:
6909:
6873:
6643:
6502:
6395:
6375:
6370:
6316:
6150:
6053:
6048:
6043:
5910:
5827:
5811:
5749:
5678:
5524:
5452:
5292:
5265:
5218:
5171:
5143:
5059:
4955:
4836:
4820:
4770:
4762:
4718:
4702:
4661:
4643:
4574:
4545:
4527:
4486:
4470:
4414:
4364:
4346:
4293:
4277:
4219:
4203:
4123:
4012:
4002:
3937:
3837:
3819:
3754:
3707:
3698:
Boyd, Brian (1 June 2006). "On 'sedentism' in the Later Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant".
3628:
3585:
3547:
3427:
3417:
3368:
3350:
3303:
3276:
3203:
3168:
3105:
3050:
2998:
2982:
2908:
2851:
2843:
2768:
2721:
2672:
2654:
2597:
2063:
2011:
1967:
1606:
1602:
1574:
1507:
1193:
1151:
1015:
807:
409:
in Natufian assemblages and the possibility that this represented a very early agriculture.
402:
239:
166:
120:
5128:
4258:"The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal"
4041:
2893:
2396:
2182:
1819:
1226:
Natufians have also been described by anthropologists as a Proto-Mediterranean population.
429:. Temperatures would rise again at the end of the Younger Dryas, and with the onset of the
7076:
7051:
7041:
7036:
6390:
6355:
6321:
6236:
5945:
5935:
5529:
5503:
5462:
5447:
5336:
2355:
2187:
2177:
2172:
1836:
1362:
blades also appear for the first time in the Natufian lithic industry. The characteristic
1308:
1267:
1204:
1159:
1143:
1131:
942:
838:
573:
278:
6798:
5694:
5564:
3514:
Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems
3028:"Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant"
5261:
5055:
4946:
Ehret, Christopher; Keita, S. O. Y.; Newman, Paul (2004). "The Origins of Afroasiatic".
4841:
4816:
4800:
4466:
4410:
4342:
4298:
4273:
4257:
4199:
4017:
3990:
3933:
3815:
3589:
3413:
3346:
3272:
3101:
2978:
2839:
2717:
2650:
1435:
7191:
7146:
7109:
7064:
6843:
6739:
6638:
6633:
6385:
6365:
6331:
6306:
5892:
5765:
5754:
4775:
4750:
4723:
4690:
4666:
4631:
4550:
4515:
4491:
4450:
4369:
4326:
4224:
4183:
3842:
3799:
3742:
3432:
3397:
3003:
2962:
2856:
2677:
2634:
2593:
2553:
2427:
1979:
1928:
1916:
1876:
1851:
1840:
1496:
1492:
1397:
1341:
1177:
1155:
997:
986:
906:
638:
379:
316:
288:
255:
5348:
4394:
3971:
3373:
3330:
3153:
7206:
7124:
6734:
6617:
6612:
6597:
6435:
6412:
6380:
6345:
6281:
6223:
6193:
6000:
5668:
5663:
5183:
4241:
4153:
3727:
3648:
3559:
3315:
3180:
3125:
2780:
2741:
2557:
2432:
1912:
1660:
1526:
1401:
1379:
1219:) and 50% West-Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gatherer (UHG) population related to European
1110:
1041:
1003:
930:
499:
494:
479:
426:
383:
343:
342:(BSAJ) to excavate Shuqba cave, where prehistoric stone tools had been discovered by
5304:
5155:
5063:
5015:
Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34
3957:
3223:
2920:
2590:
Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia
2513:
6946:
6607:
6418:
5987:
5724:
5610:
5091:
5038:
Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; González Carretero, Lara; Roe, Joe; Richter, Tobias (2018).
4975:
4959:
3879:
2320:
2157:
2133:
1963:
1955:
1904:
1727:
1468:
1464:
1371:
1363:
524:
390:
324:
267:
263:
259:
219:
67:
4934:
3989:
Friesem, David E.; Abadi, Itay; Shaham, Dana; Grosman, Leore (30 September 2019).
335:
focused on historic periods, and little was known about the region's prehistory.
5367:
4990:
4127:
3512:
3485:
3237:
3109:
2772:
2725:
1307:
The Ain Sakhri lovers, from Ain Sakhri, near Bethleem (British Museum:
27:
Archaeological culture of the Levant, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago
7113:
6885:
6868:
6311:
6271:
6203:
6198:
6005:
5819:
5647:
5574:
5569:
2475:
2083:
2031:
1950:, which they in turn believe has a Levantine origin. Some scholars, for example
1900:
1671:
1425:
1417:
1275:
1212:
1103:
1095:
936:
894:
626:
437:. Climate and Post-Glacial expansion in the Near East, based on the analysis of
394:
375:
363:
320:
292:
273:
Generally, though, Natufians exploited wild cereals and hunted animals, notably
227:
112:
97:
4824:
4766:
4281:
4207:
6246:
6208:
6015:
5925:
5857:
5637:
5269:
5175:
4917:
Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira,
3711:
3329:
Weiss, Ehud; Wetterstrom, Wilma; Nadel, Dani; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (29 June 2004).
3307:
3280:
3172:
2465:
2042:
2026:
1336:, trapezes, and triangles. There are backed blades as well. A special type of
1181:
1054:
912:
876:
749:
707:
449:
398:
359:
351:
212:
101:
5129:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture"
5071:
5026:
4832:
4714:
4657:
4648:
4541:
4532:
4482:
4426:
4360:
4289:
4215:
4042:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture"
3833:
3766:
3719:
3676:
3640:
3597:
3364:
3117:
3046:
2994:
2894:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture"
2733:
2668:
266:, although the beer-related residues may simply be a result of a spontaneous
6592:
6301:
5915:
5902:
4605:"Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry".
4418:
4351:
3941:
3880:"Hebrew U. unearths 12,000-year-old skeleton of 'petite' Natufian priestess"
3824:
3422:
3355:
3054:
2659:
1987:
1629:
1594:
1538:
1534:
1488:
1345:
980:
924:
900:
761:
689:
585:
367:
355:
223:
209:
144:
92:
44:
5314:
The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape
4967:
4850:
4784:
4732:
4675:
4630:
Das, Ranajit; Wexler, Paul; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (21 June 2017).
4559:
4500:
4434:
4378:
4307:
4233:
4135:
4026:
3949:
3851:
3487:
The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape
3441:
3382:
3215:
3012:
2865:
2686:
2619:
2585:
5222:
4706:
6241:
6231:
5995:
5920:
5877:
5867:
5837:
5729:
5704:
5584:
5363:
The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016
4114:
Balter, Michael (2010), "Archaeology: The Tangled Roots of Agriculture",
3665:
Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן
2586:"The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications"
2259:
2088:
2057:
1847:
1691:
1480:
1429:
1353:
1119:
1099:
1021:
1009:
862:
820:
634:
430:
148:
17:
4894:
Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation
4474:
3684:
2847:
2601:
7046:
5930:
5872:
4749:
Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; et al. (2021).
4159:
The domestic dog: its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people
4007:
3883:
3632:
3605:
3551:
3207:
2208:
2192:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1858:, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture of the Levant, the Early Neolithic
1855:
1656:
1625:
1530:
1456:
1452:
1375:
1259:
954:
844:
767:
755:
701:
683:
677:
274:
130:
116:
5148:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7
4451:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
2986:
2913:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7
2821:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
6648:
6602:
6276:
6261:
5709:
5579:
3972:"'World's oldest brewery' found in a cave in Israel, say researchers"
2218:
2098:
1975:
1832:
1637:
1633:
1598:
1586:
1582:
1503:
1367:
1359:
1333:
1284:
1279:
1263:
1114:
814:
406:
371:
296:
243:
231:
215:
63:
1846:
The Natufian population also displays ancestral ties to Paleolithic
5780:
5296:
4611:
3800:"A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel)"
3781:"BBC - A History of the World - Object: Ain Sakhri lovers figurine"
3758:
3465:
6516:
6266:
6138:
5965:
5862:
1983:
1971:
1775:
1759:
1743:
1707:
1590:
1560:
1542:
1499:
1440:
1434:
1411:
1349:
1325:
1302:
1289:
1271:
1255:
1237:
1197:
1168:
1139:
416:
346:
four years earlier. She discovered a layer sandwiched between the
6107:
2963:"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia"
2562:
Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra
6256:
1641:
1621:
1484:
1460:
792:
740:
668:
664:
251:
6111:
5784:
5371:
2961:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017).
311:
Dorothy Garrod (centre) discovered the Natufian culture in 1928
235:
315:
The Natufian culture was discovered by British archaeologist
226:
or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of
181:
3331:"The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains"
3081:
De Groote, Isabelle; Humphrey, Louise T. (22 August 2016).
425:, before temperatures dropped drastically again during the
190:
187:
172:
4090:"World's oldest bread found at prehistoric site in Jordan"
2796:
Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology
1866:
Contact between Natufians and other Neolithic Levantines,
1094:
places the Natufian culture at an epoch from the terminal
382:, Garrod suggested the name "the Natufian culture", after
4867:
Origins of Semiosis: Sign Evolution in Nature and Culture
4576:
Paleogenomics of the Neolithic Transition in North Africa
3576:
Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1991). "The Natufian in the Levant".
1577:
substantial amounts of plant remains discovered through
1352:. Some scholars use it to define a separate culture, the
1287:, requiring travel over significant distances of water.
1130:
The Natufian developed in the same region as the earlier
291:
coined the term Natufian based on her excavations at the
378:. A year later, when she discovered similar material at
5234:(2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4632:"The Origins of Ashkenaz, Ashkenazic Jews, and Yiddish"
3517:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132.
5195:, Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory,
4154:"Origins of the dog: domestication and early history"
4065:
After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BC
250:. In addition, the oldest known evidence of possible
193:
184:
169:
4146:
4144:
3798:
Grosman, L.; Munro, N. D.; Belfer-Cohen, A. (2008).
178:
7090:
7008:
6966:
6908:
6859:
6665:
6626:
6575:
6524:
6445:
6428:
6330:
6222:
6176:
6149:
6014:
5986:
5901:
5818:
5687:
5630:
5551:
5542:
5512:
5471:
5440:
5431:
3069:
Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis
2938:
Dorothy Garrod and the progress of the Palaeolithic
1946:and others have linked the Natufian culture to the
1655:According to one theory, it was a sudden change in
175:
140:
126:
107:
91:
83:
73:
59:
5191:Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francois R. (ed.),
4152:
3863:
3861:
2512:
2588:. In Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (eds.).
1811:Genetic history of the Middle East § Levant
1348:made from a regular blade, became common in the
4935:https://books.google.com/books?doi=esFy3Po57A8C
4331:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3804:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3335:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3240:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia
2887:
2885:
2639:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1670:to 9500 BC), which inspired the development of
1581:have been excavated. However wild cereals like
1479:At Ain Mallaha (in Northern Israel), Anatolian
3511:Fitzhugh, Ben; Habu, Junko (6 December 2012).
3238:The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800
3035:Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte
6123:
5796:
5383:
1439:Schematic human figure made of pebbles, from
1072:
603:
8:
3249:Bellwood P (2005) Blackwell, Oxford. Page 97
246:northeastern desert, 4,000 years before the
32:
5085:Neeley, Michael P.; Hill, J. Brett (2017).
3899:Secrets of the world's oldest funeral feast
3490:. University of Arizona Press. p. 72.
2544:
2542:
1597:have been collected throughout most of the
1420:, Mount Carmel, Israel (Rockefeller Museum)
7014:
6914:
6671:
6534:
6530:
6155:
6130:
6116:
6108:
6092:
6082:
5803:
5789:
5781:
5548:
5437:
5390:
5376:
5368:
5027:http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf
2761:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2706:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1850:samples, the makers of the Epipaleolithic
1254:and Palestine stretching into what now is
1079:
1065:
621:
610:
596:
444:
354:deposits characterised by the presence of
340:British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem
248:emergence of agriculture in Southwest Asia
5276:Munro, Natalie D. (August–October 2004).
5232:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals
4840:
4774:
4722:
4665:
4647:
4610:
4549:
4531:
4490:
4368:
4350:
4297:
4223:
4161:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4016:
4006:
3841:
3823:
3464:
3431:
3421:
3372:
3354:
3002:
2855:
2798:, Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 155–156,
2676:
2658:
1102:, a time period between 12,500 and 9,500
421:The Natufian appeared at the time of the
7228:Archaeological cultures of the Near East
4751:"The genomic history of the Middle East"
3571:
3569:
1911:, and also "marginally overlapped" with
1818:
306:
6826:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
6029:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2504:
1680:
1428:are typically made of shell, teeth (of
1332:was used. Geometric microliths include
624:
447:
4891:Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (2003).
3396:Brace, C. Loring; et al. (2006).
1487:valley have been found. The source of
31:
6834:Political status of the Golan Heights
4992:Black Athena: The linguistic evidence
3870:. National Geographic 4 November 2008
3473:Table S6.1 – Y-chromosome haplogroups
2931:
2929:
1366:shows that they were used to cut the
1294:Remains of a wall of a Natufian house
1162:custom of sometimes extracting their
7:
7258:Archaeological cultures in Palestine
7223:Archaeological cultures of West Asia
5211:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
2533:participating institution membership
1396:, a carved stone object held at the
1378:. There are heavy ground-stone bowl
1216:
362:, a transitional period between the
3590:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.001123
2940:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 209–223.
2564:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1714:, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC
338:In 1928, Garrod was invited by the
7253:Archaeological cultures in Lebanon
5843:List of Paleolithic sites in China
5193:The Natufian Culture in the Levant
4870:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 293.
3896:Hogenboom, Melissa (24 May 2016),
3484:Simmons, Alan H. (15 April 2011).
1730:, Natufian Culture, 12,500–9500 BC
1694:, Natufian culture, 12,500–9500 BC
1506:to the southeastern corner of the
1126:Precursors and associated cultures
889:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
401:, as did the French archaeologist
374:but had not yet been found in the
25:
7248:Archaeological cultures in Jordan
7243:Archaeological cultures in Israel
6064:List of Bronze Age sites in China
5250:Journal of Archaeological Science
4573:Fregel, Rosa (17 November 2021).
3261:Journal of Archaeological Science
3140:The African Archaeological Review
1762:, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC
1746:, Natufian period, 12,500–9500 BC
295:(Wadi an-Natuf) near the town of
254:, dating to approximately 13,000
7263:Archaeological cultures in Syria
6515:
6091:
6081:
3161:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2468:
1767:
1751:
1735:
1719:
1699:
1683:
165:
43:
5316:, University of Arizona Press,
5064:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.011
1416:Natufian burial – Homo 25 from
358:. She identified this with the
5399:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia
5230:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999),
4960:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c
4805:Nature Ecology & Evolution
4151:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995),
1774:Limestone and basalt mortars,
537:Mesolithic Southeastern Europe
370:which was well-represented in
1:
3578:Annual Review of Anthropology
1958:and others, contend that the
1779:
1664:
1511:
1098:to the very beginning of the
788:
736:
658:
238:, by the Natufian culture at
6974:Energy and mineral resources
6774:Supreme Constitutional Court
4995:. Rutgers University Press.
4695:Genome Biology and Evolution
4128:10.1126/science.327.5964.404
4068:. Harvard University Press.
3110:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.082
2773:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101913
2726:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008
6996:Water supply and sanitation
6896:Weapons of mass destruction
6799:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
5916:Early Neolithic settlements
4312:supplementary data 1-15; 11
4157:, in Serpell, James (ed.),
3868:"Oldest Shaman Grave Found"
3621:Journal of World Prehistory
3540:Journal of World Prehistory
1443:, Early Natufian, 12,000 BC
515:Epipaleolithic Transylvania
386:that ran close to Shuqba.
7289:
6891:Chief of the General Staff
6819:National Progressive Front
6491:independent First Republic
5044:Quaternary Science Reviews
4825:10.1038/s41559-024-02322-x
4767:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013
4282:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7
4208:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7
3995:Cambridge University Press
3026:Munro, Natalie D. (2003).
2794:Kottak, Conrad P. (2005),
2489:Proto-Afroasiatic language
1970:, probably in the area of
1948:proto-Afroasiatic language
1808:
1796:Origin of the domestic dog
1793:
1706:Basalt sharpening stones,
1648:Development of agriculture
1569:, Natufian, 12,500–9500 BC
1164:maxillary central incisors
1113:(10,800 to 9,500 BC). The
393:region, including el-Wad,
319:during her excavations of
7169:
7017:
6917:
6674:
6537:
6533:
6513:
6158:
6077:
5405:
5312:Simmons, Alan H. (2007),
5270:10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003
5176:10.1017/s0003598x00088347
5136:Evolutionary Anthropology
4897:. Routledge. p. 70.
4049:Evolutionary Anthropology
3712:10.1080/00438240600688398
3308:10.1017/s0003598x00048201
3281:10.1016/j.jas.2008.03.012
3196:Evolutionary Anthropology
3173:10.1017/S0959774311000060
2901:Evolutionary Anthropology
2520:Oxford English Dictionary
1868:Caucasus hunter-gatherers
1815:Genetic history of Africa
1601:. Animal bones show that
1374:indicate the practice of
1243:Epipalaeolithic Near East
802:Initial Upper Paleolithic
543:Epipalaeolithic Near East
37:
7238:Epipalaeolithic cultures
7233:Hunter-gatherers of Asia
7218:Industries (archaeology)
6069:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
5127:Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998),
5113:, New York: Free Press,
5111:The Goddess and the Bull
5109:Balter, Michael (2005),
4649:10.3389/fgene.2017.00087
4533:10.3389/fgene.2018.00268
4514:Shriner, Daniel (2018).
3152:Richter, Tobias (2011).
3090:Quaternary International
2892:Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998),
2592:(1 ed.). New York:
2484:Prehistory of the Levant
1829:Western Hunter-Gatherers
1491:beads is still unknown.
1221:Western Hunter-Gatherers
6401:Principality of Antioch
5977:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
5971:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
5853:Paleolithic Mesopotamia
4989:Bernal, Martin (1987).
4419:10.1126/science.aar8380
4352:10.1073/pnas.1800851115
4062:Mithen, Steven (2006).
3942:10.1126/science.1125910
3825:10.1073/pnas.0806030105
3423:10.1073/pnas.0509801102
3356:10.1073/pnas.0402362101
2660:10.1073/pnas.1801071115
2584:Grosman, Leore (2013).
2525:Oxford University Press
1993:branch of Afroasiatic.
1565:Mortar and pestle from
1483:and shellfish from the
530:Schela Cladovei culture
520:Mesolithic Transylvania
475:Fosna–Hensbacka culture
423:Bølling–Allerød warming
279:Archaeogenetic analysis
6942:International rankings
6588:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
6252:Middle Assyrian Empire
6087:Archaeological periods
4864:Winfried Nöth (1994).
3882:. By Bradley Burston.
1824:
1617:) were the main prey.
1570:
1475:Long-distance exchange
1444:
1421:
1312:
1295:
1250:
1174:
442:
312:
206:archaeological culture
6747:Government ministries
6297:Neo-Babylonian Empire
5883:South Asian Stone Age
5223:10.1558/jmea.v3i2.223
4954:(5702): 1680.3–1680.
4636:Frontiers in Genetics
4520:Frontiers in Genetics
4262:Nature Communications
4188:Nature Communications
3142:; Chapter 5, pg 29–38
2755:Eitam, David (2019).
1887:In their 2017 paper,
1822:
1564:
1438:
1415:
1306:
1293:
1241:
1172:
1166:(upper front teeth).
564:Trialetian Mesolithic
490:Iron Gates Mesolithic
420:
310:
7059:(2011–present)
6955:Securities Exchange
6706:Council of Ministers
6461:Haj Fadel Government
5961:Neolithic South Asia
5956:Neolithic Revolution
5833:Japanese Paleolithic
5285:Current Anthropology
3978:. 15 September 2018.
3747:Current Anthropology
2596:. pp. 622–627.
2494:Afroasiatic Urheimat
2265:Mushabi IV & XIX
1960:Afroasiatic Urheimat
1860:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa
1676:Last Glacial Maximum
1615:Gazella subgutturosa
1330:microburin technique
1322:microlithic industry
1209:Niger–Congo-speaking
435:Neolithic Revolution
333:biblical archaeology
6735:Golan Heights claim
6292:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6287:Syro-Hittite states
6177:Prehistorical Syria
6039:Bronze Age Caucasus
6034:Bronze Age Anatolia
5262:2004JArSc..31.1613D
5056:2018QSRv..186..263A
4817:2024NatEE...8..817S
4707:10.1093/gbe/evab194
4475:10.1038/nature19310
4467:2016Natur.536..419L
4411:2018Sci...360..548V
4343:2018PNAS..115.6774F
4274:2024NatCo..15.1882V
4200:2019NatCo..10.1218F
3934:2006Sci...312.1372K
3928:(5778): 1372–1374.
3816:2008PNAS..10517665G
3810:(46): 17665–17669.
3414:2006PNAS..103..242B
3347:2004PNAS..101.9551W
3273:2008JArSc..35.2400W
3102:2016QuInt.413...50D
2979:2017NatSR...740338P
2875:lineage. "We used
2848:10.1038/nature19310
2840:2016Natur.536..419L
2718:2018JArSR..21..783L
2651:2018PNAS..115.7925A
2602:10.2307/j.ctv8bt33h
2550:Moore, Andrew M. T.
2523:(Online ed.).
1944:Vitaly Shevoroshkin
1940:Alexander Militarev
1742:Stone mortars from
1726:Bovine-rib dagger,
1690:Grinding tool from
1632:were hunted in the
1553:2,000 years later.
1328:and bladelets. The
1320:The Natufian had a
485:Maglemosian culture
466:Mesolithic cultures
439:Greenland ice cores
34:
6986:Telecommunications
6979:Petroleum industry
6483:Mandatory Republic
6429:Early modern Syria
6184:Levantine corridor
5926:Trialetian culture
5424:(15,000–11,500 BP)
5418:(19,000–15,000 BP)
5412:(25,000–19,000 BP)
4094:The Jerusalem Post
4040:Bar-Yosef, Offer.
4008:10.1017/ehs.2019.9
3633:10.1007/BF00975760
3552:10.1007/bf00975111
3208:10.1002/evan.21307
2967:Scientific Reports
2622:– via JSTOR.
2554:Hillman, Gordon C.
2109:Fazael IV & VI
1962:is to be found in
1825:
1778:, Early Natufian,
1758:Stone mortar from
1571:
1495:Natufians carried
1445:
1422:
1324:centered on short
1313:
1296:
1251:
1175:
1092:Radiocarbon dating
730:Middle Paleolithic
549:Levantine corridor
443:
348:Upper Palaeolithic
313:
153:Shepherd Neolithic
60:Geographical range
7200:
7199:
7165:
7164:
7004:
7003:
6904:
6903:
6793:Political parties
6730:Foreign relations
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6511:
6510:
6471:Syrian Federation
6406:County of Tripoli
6361:Ikhshidid dynasty
6214:Yarmukian culture
6105:
6104:
6059:Bronze Age Levant
6024:Andronovo culture
5931:Nemrikian culture
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5538:
5537:
5479:Geometric Kebaran
5351:on 8 October 2016
5323:978-0-8165-2966-7
5256:(11): 1613–1629,
5241:978-0-521-63247-8
5202:978-1-879621-03-9
5120:978-0-7432-4360-5
5002:978-0-8135-3655-2
4931:978-0-7591-0466-2
4904:978-1-134-81623-1
4877:978-3-11-087750-2
4761:(18): 4612–4625.
4586:978-90-04-50022-8
4461:(7617): 419–424.
4405:(6388): 548–552.
4337:(26): 6774–6779.
4168:978-0-521-41529-3
4122:(5964): 404–406,
4075:978-0-674-01999-7
3886:, 5 November 2008
3700:World Archaeology
3524:978-1-4615-0543-3
3497:978-0-8165-2966-7
3341:(26): 9551–9555.
3302:(334): 990–1003.
2987:10.1038/srep40338
2947:978-1-78570-519-9
2834:(7617): 419–424.
2805:978-0-07-289028-0
2645:(31): 7925–7930.
2611:978-1-879621-45-9
2571:978-0-19-510806-4
2558:Legge, Anthony J.
2531:(Subscription or
2250:Maaleh Ramon West
2245:Maaleh Ramon East
1952:Christopher Ehret
1525:There was a rich
1467:, and skull of a
1463:, a wingtip of a
1393:Ain Sakhri lovers
1245:temporary tents (
1190:Christopher Ehret
1136:Mushabian culture
1089:
1088:
782:Upper Paleolithic
652:Lower Paleolithic
620:
619:
510:Swiderian culture
505:Komornica culture
470:Mesolithic Europe
458:Upper Paleolithic
329:British Palestine
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
7280:
7213:Natufian culture
7185:
7178:
7060:
7015:
6958:
6957:(stock exchange)
6950:
6915:
6828:
6821:
6812:
6810:regional command
6801:
6672:
6644:Fertile Crescent
6535:
6531:
6519:
6396:County of Edessa
6376:Mirdasid dynasty
6371:Hamdanid dynasty
6350:
6317:Palmyrene Empire
6302:Achaemenid Syria
6189:Natufian culture
6156:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6109:
6095:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6054:Bronze Age Korea
6049:Bronze Age India
6044:Bronze Age China
5921:Khiamian culture
5911:Fertile Crescent
5848:Natufian culture
5828:Dmanisi hominins
5812:Prehistoric Asia
5805:
5798:
5791:
5782:
5750:Tell Abu Hureyra
5549:
5438:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5347:, archived from
5326:
5308:
5282:
5272:
5244:
5226:
5205:
5187:
5170:(280): 402–409.
5158:
5133:
5123:
5097:
5096:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4943:
4937:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4726:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4651:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4535:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4354:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4301:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4227:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4156:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4010:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3893:
3887:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3827:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3425:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3358:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3267:(8): 2400–2414.
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2869:
2859:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2662:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2516:
2509:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2275:Nahal Ein Gev II
2270:Nachcharini Cave
2069:Bawwab al Ghazal
2012:Tell Abu Hureyra
1968:Northeast Africa
1790:Domesticated dog
1784:
1783: 12,000 BC
1781:
1771:
1755:
1739:
1723:
1703:
1687:
1669:
1666:
1575:Tell Abu Hureyra
1516:
1515: 10,000 BC
1513:
1508:Fertile Crescent
1299:Material culture
1247:Şanlıurfa Museum
1194:Fertile Crescent
1188:Authors such as
1152:late Pleistocene
1081:
1074:
1067:
808:Fertile Crescent
796:
790:
744:
738:
672:
663:
660:
622:
612:
605:
598:
445:
240:Tell Abu Hureyra
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
161:Natufian culture
121:Tell Abu Hureyra
87:15,000–11,500 BP
47:
35:
33:Natufian culture
21:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7268:Epipalaeolithic
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7161:
7086:
7072:Public holidays
7058:
7000:
6962:
6956:
6948:
6900:
6855:
6824:
6817:
6804:
6797:
6653:
6622:
6571:
6520:
6507:
6497:Second Republic
6441:
6424:
6391:Crusader states
6356:Tulunid dynasty
6349:(Bilad al-Sham)
6348:
6346:Caliphal Syria
6340:Muslim conquest
6326:
6322:Byzantine Syria
6237:Akkadian Empire
6218:
6172:
6145:
6136:
6106:
6101:
6073:
6010:
5982:
5951:Neolithic Korea
5946:Neolithic Tibet
5941:Neolithic China
5936:Zarzian culture
5897:
5814:
5809:
5779:
5770:
5720:Hilazon Tachtit
5700:ʿAyn al-Saratan
5683:
5659:ʿUyun al-Hammam
5653:Tabaqat al-Buma
5626:
5534:
5508:
5467:
5427:
5401:
5396:
5354:
5352:
5341:
5333:
5324:
5311:
5280:
5275:
5247:
5242:
5229:
5208:
5203:
5190:
5161:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5108:
5105:
5103:Further reading
5100:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4587:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4034:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3859:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2612:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2530:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2356:Sands of Beirut
2300:Nahal Sekher VI
2295:Nahal Sekher 23
2284:Nahal Hadera IV
2199:Jebel Saaidé II
2143:Hilazon Tachtit
2138:Hayonim Terrace
1999:
1937:
1897:Mehdi Pirooznia
1854:culture of the
1837:Basal Eurasians
1817:
1809:Main articles:
1807:
1805:Archaeogenetics
1798:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1772:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1704:
1695:
1688:
1667:
1650:
1611:Gazella gazella
1559:
1523:
1514:
1477:
1459:, forearm of a
1449:Hilazon Tachtit
1410:
1388:
1318:
1301:
1268:Sinai Peninsula
1236:
1217:Archaeogenetics
1205:C. Loring Brace
1203:Anthropologist
1144:Sinai Peninsula
1132:Kebaran culture
1128:
1085:
1048:
1047:
903:(41,000-37,000)
883:Châtelperronian
797:
786:
784:
774:
773:
745:
734:
732:
722:
721:
692:(1.76–0.13 Ma)
673:
661:
656:
654:
616:
579:
578:
574:Zarzian culture
467:
415:
305:
258:, was found in
234:, specifically
168:
164:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7286:
7284:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7205:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7187:
7186:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7054:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6970:
6968:
6967:Infrastructure
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6844:Syria (region)
6836:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6711:Prime Minister
6703:
6701:Vice President
6698:
6697:
6696:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6639:Southern Syria
6636:
6634:Syria (region)
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6477:State of Syria
6474:
6466:French Mandate
6463:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6388:
6386:Saljuqid Syria
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6366:Zangid dynasty
6363:
6358:
6353:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6332:Medieval Syria
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6307:Seleucid Syria
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6168:Years in Syria
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5893:Xiaochangliang
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5766:Wadi Hammeh 27
5763:
5758:
5755:Tell es-Sultan
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5606:Wadi Hammeh 26
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5555:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5339:
5332:
5331:External links
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5309:
5297:10.1086/422084
5273:
5245:
5240:
5227:
5217:(2): 223–243.
5206:
5201:
5188:
5159:
5142:(5): 159–177,
5124:
5119:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5077:
5030:
5017:
5008:
5001:
4981:
4938:
4910:
4903:
4883:
4876:
4856:
4811:(4): 817–829.
4790:
4741:
4701:(9): evab194.
4681:
4622:
4612:10.1101/423079
4596:
4585:
4565:
4506:
4440:
4384:
4316:
4247:
4173:
4167:
4140:
4106:
4081:
4074:
4054:
4032:
3981:
3963:
3912:
3888:
3872:
3857:
3790:
3772:
3759:10.1086/716100
3753:(4): 412–425.
3733:
3706:(2): 164–178.
3690:
3654:
3627:(2): 159–197.
3611:
3565:
3546:(4): 447–498.
3530:
3523:
3503:
3496:
3476:
3466:10.1101/059311
3451:
3408:(1): 242–247.
3388:
3321:
3286:
3251:
3242:
3229:
3186:
3144:
3131:
3073:
3060:
3018:
2953:
2946:
2925:
2907:(5): 159–177,
2881:
2873:Basal Eurasian
2810:
2804:
2786:
2747:
2692:
2625:
2610:
2594:Berghahn Books
2576:
2570:
2538:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2428:Wadi Hammeh 27
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2305:Nahr el Homr 2
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2280:Nahal Hadera I
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Moghr el Ahwal
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:Kefar Vitkin 3
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1980:Horn of Africa
1936:
1933:
1929:Soqotri people
1917:Saudi Arabians
1877:Horn of Africa
1852:Iberomaurusian
1806:
1803:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1649:
1646:
1620:Additionally,
1558:
1555:
1522:
1519:
1497:parthenocarpic
1493:Epipaleolithic
1476:
1473:
1409:
1406:
1398:British Museum
1387:
1384:
1342:Helwan retouch
1317:
1314:
1300:
1297:
1235:
1232:
1178:Ofer Bar-Yosef
1156:Iberomaurusian
1127:
1124:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
990:
987:Iberomaurusian
984:
971:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
945:(15.5–13.1 ka)
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
867:
866:
865:(12.2–10.8 ka)
860:
859:(14.5–11.5 ka)
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
805:
804:
798:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
765:
759:
753:
746:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
711:
705:
699:
687:
681:
674:
650:
649:
646:
645:
630:
629:
618:
617:
615:
614:
607:
600:
592:
589:
588:
581:
580:
577:
576:
567:
566:
557:
556:
551:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:
527:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
453:
452:
414:
411:
380:el-Wad Terrace
317:Dorothy Garrod
304:
301:
289:Dorothy Garrod
203:Epipaleolithic
156:
155:
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
109:
105:
104:
95:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
78:Epipaleolithic
75:
71:
70:
61:
57:
56:
49:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7285:
7274:
7273:Younger Dryas
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6618:Syrian Desert
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Golan Heights
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6436:Ottoman Syria
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6413:Ayyubid Syria
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:Fatimid Syria
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Aram-Damascus
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6224:Ancient Syria
6221:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Halaf culture
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6098:
6090:
6088:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6002:
6001:Halaf culture
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:(Mesopotamia)
5978:
5975:
5973:(Mesopotamia)
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:ʿIraq ed-Dubb
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Wadi Jilat 22
5667:
5665:
5664:Wadi Jilat 10
5662:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5621:Yutil al-Hasa
5619:
5617:
5616:Wadi Madamagh
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5559:Ain al-Buhira
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5204:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:0-7591-0466-2
4920:
4914:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4887:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3785:www.bbc.co.uk
3782:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:Ehret (2002)
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3071:, pp 151–161.
3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2454:Yutil al Hasa
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Wadi Jilat 22
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Upper Besor 6
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Shukhbah Cave
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Shluhat Harif
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Kosak Shamali
2238:
2236:
2235:Khirbat Janba
2233:
2230:
2229:Khallat Anaza
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Iraq ez Zigan
2166:
2164:
2163:Iraq el Barud
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Givat Hayil I
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:(Ain Saratan)
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Antelias Cave
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:Proto-Semitic
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:Yemenite Jews
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668: 10,800
1662:
1661:Younger Dryas
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1640:and caprids (
1639:
1636:, as well as
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:bone industry
1520:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1402:Judean desert
1399:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1198:Ohalo II site
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:Younger Dryas
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:Afontova Gora
1040:
1037:
1036:Mal'ta–Buret'
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
977:
975:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:Epigravettian
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
809:
803:
800:
799:
794:
783:
778:
777:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
742:
731:
726:
725:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
670:
666:
653:
648:
647:
643:
642:
636:
632:
631:
628:
623:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
591:
590:
587:
583:
582:
575:
572:
571:
570:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
538:
535:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Narva culture
498:
496:
495:Kunda culture
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Komsa culture
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
446:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Younger Dryas
424:
419:
412:
410:
408:
404:
403:René Neuville
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
384:Wadi an-Natuf
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
325:Judaean Hills
322:
318:
309:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
198:
162:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:Shuqba cave,
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
46:
36:
30:
19:
7105:Coat of arms
7027:Demographics
6927:Central Bank
6808: /
6769:High council
6752:Human rights
6679:Constitution
6557:Governorates
6455:Arab kingdom
6447:Modern Syria
6419:Mamluk Syria
6347:
6188:
6097:Time periods
5988:Chalcolithic
5847:
5761:Tell Qarassa
5695:ʿAin Mallaha
5611:Wadi Jilat 6
5565:ʿAyn Qasiyya
5519:
5353:, retrieved
5349:the original
5343:
5313:
5288:
5284:
5253:
5249:
5231:
5214:
5210:
5192:
5167:
5163:
5139:
5135:
5110:
5092:ResearchGate
5090:
5080:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5020:
5011:
4991:
4984:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4913:
4893:
4886:
4866:
4859:
4808:
4804:
4793:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4736:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4616:
4599:
4590:
4575:
4568:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4458:
4454:
4443:
4402:
4398:
4387:
4334:
4330:
4319:
4311:
4265:
4261:
4250:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4158:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4098:, retrieved
4093:
4084:
4064:
4057:
4048:
4035:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3904:, retrieved
3902:, earth, BBC
3898:
3891:
3875:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3581:
3577:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3513:
3506:
3486:
3479:
3454:
3445:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3232:
3202:(2): 69–81.
3199:
3195:
3189:
3164:
3160:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3093:
3089:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3021:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2937:
2904:
2900:
2876:
2831:
2827:
2813:
2795:
2789:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2589:
2579:
2561:
2518:
2507:
2438:Wadi Judayid
2412:Tor at Tariq
2326:Rosh Horesha
2321:Raqefet Cave
2158:Iraq ed Dubb
2134:Hayonim Cave
2124:Har Harif K7
2104:Erq el Ahmar
2000:
1988:Near Eastern
1964:North Africa
1956:Roger Blench
1938:
1905:Palestinians
1886:
1882:
1865:
1845:
1826:
1799:
1728:HaYonim Cave
1654:
1651:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1572:
1551:
1547:
1529:, including
1524:
1478:
1469:beech marten
1465:golden eagle
1446:
1423:
1391:
1389:
1372:ground stone
1364:sickle-gloss
1358:
1319:
1309:1958,1007.1
1252:
1228:
1225:
1202:
1187:
1176:
1148:
1129:
1108:
1090:
1027:
972:
951:(14–12.8 ka)
885:(44.5–36 ka)
868:
856:
847:(18–12.5 ka)
806:
716:(400–220 ka)
710:(424–400 ka)
704:(500–130 ka)
686:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
640:
568:
558:
553:
541:
525:Tardenoisian
391:Mount Carmel
388:
364:Palaeolithic
337:
314:
287:
272:
268:fermentation
264:Mount Carmel
260:Raqefet Cave
252:beer-brewing
220:Western Asia
201:) is a Late
160:
159:
68:Western Asia
29:
6922:Agriculture
6879:air defense
6839:Nationalism
6499:(1950–1963)
6438:(1516–1918)
6421:(1260–1516)
6415:(1174–1260)
6312:Roman Syria
6204:Abu Hureyra
6199:Uruk period
6006:Uruk period
5820:Paleolithic
5674:Wadi Mataha
5648:Kharaneh IV
5643:Jebel Hamra
5592:(WHNBS 242)
5575:Kebara Cave
5570:Kharaneh IV
5050:: 263–283.
4268:(1): 1882.
4194:(1): 1218.
3584:: 167–186.
2712:: 783–793.
2620:j.ctv8bt33h
2476:Asia portal
2444:Wadi Mataha
2386:Shunera VII
2315:Ramat Harif
2195:1–3 & 9
2084:Dibsi Faraj
2032:Ain Mallaha
1901:Eran Elhaik
1893:Paul Wexler
1889:Ranajit Das
1672:agriculture
1557:Subsistence
1521:Other finds
1426:grave goods
1418:el-Wad Cave
1276:Ain Mallaha
1234:Settlements
1213:ancient DNA
1150:across the
1096:Pleistocene
949:Federmesser
937:Magdalenian
907:Périgordian
895:Aurignacian
833:Aurignacian
827:Baradostian
770:(130–10 ka)
764:(130–70 ka)
758:(145–20 ka)
752:(160–40 ka)
627:Paleolithic
344:Père Mallon
321:Shuqba cave
293:Shuqba cave
228:agriculture
213:prehistoric
141:Followed by
127:Preceded by
113:Ain Mallaha
108:Major sites
98:Shuqba cave
7207:Categories
7140:television
7022:Censorship
6949:(currency)
6781:Parliament
6740:Iskandaron
6684:Corruption
6247:Canaanites
6016:Bronze Age
5858:Peking Man
5740:Shubayqa 6
5735:Shubayqa 1
5638:Neve David
5601:Uwaynid 18
5596:Uwaynid 14
5590:Tor Sageer
5291:: S5–S33.
3167:: 95–114.
3055:Q107520328
2767:: 101913.
2535:required.)
2514:"Natufian"
2500:References
2414:(WHS 1065)
2381:Shunera VI
2371:Shubayqa 6
2366:Shubayqa 1
2351:Salibiya 9
2346:Salibiya 1
2290:Nahal Oren
2286:(Hefsibah)
2231:(BDS 1407)
2214:Kaus Kozah
2153:Huzuq Musa
2148:Hof Shahaf
2043:Ain Sakhri
2027:Ain Choaab
1794:See also:
1712:Nahal Oren
1609:gazelles (
1595:pistachios
1567:Nahal Oren
1549:invented.
1535:fish hooks
1182:microburin
1055:Mesolithic
1044:(21–12 ka}
1038:(24–15 ka)
1012:(15–11 ka)
1006:(15—11 ka)
1000:(22–14 ka)
989:(25–11 ka)
983:(42–18 ka)
963:(13–12 ka)
961:Ahrensburg
957:(14–10 ka)
939:(17–12 ka)
933:(20–10 ka)
927:(22–17 ka)
921:(29–25 ka)
915:(33–24 ka)
913:Gravettian
909:(35–20 ka)
897:(43–26 ka)
891:(43–32 ka)
879:(48–40 ka)
877:Bohunician
851:Trialetian
841:(20–10 ka)
835:(35–29 ka)
829:(36–18 ka)
823:(46–42 ka)
817:(50–40 ka)
750:Mousterian
708:Clactonian
662: 3.3
450:Mesolithic
360:Mesolithic
356:microliths
352:Bronze Age
283:Anatolians
102:Wadi Natuf
7082:Squatting
7057:refugees
7032:Education
6991:Transport
6932:Companies
6874:Air force
6851:Terrorism
6764:Judiciary
6725:Elections
6689:President
6593:Euphrates
6583:Al-Jazira
6567:Volcanoes
6552:Districts
6526:Geography
6503:Civil war
6493:(1946–50)
6485:(1930–46)
6479:(1925–30)
6473:(1922–25)
5903:Neolithic
5757:(Jericho)
5715:Gilgal II
5623:(WHS 784)
5561:(WHS 618)
5489:Mushabian
5484:Nizzanian
5184:160868877
5164:Antiquity
5072:0277-3791
4833:2397-334X
4715:1759-6653
4658:1664-8021
4579:. Brill.
4542:1664-8021
4483:1476-4687
4427:0036-8075
4361:0027-8424
4290:2041-1723
4242:256633173
4216:2041-1723
3834:0027-8424
3767:0011-3204
3728:143734829
3720:0043-8243
3677:0334-3839
3649:162302031
3641:1573-7802
3598:0084-6570
3560:162966796
3365:0027-8424
3316:162019976
3296:Antiquity
3181:162887983
3126:130343302
3118:1040-6182
3096:: 50–61.
3047:1611-7948
3041:: 47–71.
2995:2045-2322
2973:: 40338.
2781:198454176
2742:165595175
2734:2352-409X
2669:0027-8424
2456:(WHS 784)
2393:(WHS 895)
2310:Qarassa 3
2114:Gilgal II
2094:El Kowm I
2079:Dederiyeh
2048:Ala Safat
2038:Ain Rahub
2017:Abu Salem
1872:Anatolian
1839:of local
1630:wild boar
1579:flotation
1539:limestone
1489:malachite
1424:Natufian
1382:as well.
1346:arrowhead
1024:(10–8 ka)
1018:(15–5 ka)
993:Mushabian
981:Khormusan
969:(11–8 ka)
967:Swiderian
925:Solutrean
919:Pavlovian
901:Szeletian
853:(16–8 ka)
762:Micoquien
696:Madrasian
690:Acheulean
586:Neolithic
559:Caucasus
376:Near East
368:Neolithic
303:Discovery
224:sedentary
210:Neolithic
145:Neolithic
135:Mushabian
93:Type site
18:Natufians
7192:Category
7152:Religion
7077:Scouting
7052:diaspora
6937:Industry
6861:Military
6806:national
6786:Speakers
6667:Politics
6576:Features
6242:Arameans
6232:Amorites
6163:Timeline
6143:articles
5996:Daimabad
5888:Ubeidiya
5878:Solo Man
5868:Sangiran
5838:Java Man
5730:Mureybet
5705:Azraq 18
5655:(WZ 200)
5585:Ohalo II
5525:Harifian
5520:Natufian
5494:Ramonian
5453:Nebekian
5433:Cultures
5305:42749024
5156:35814375
4968:15576591
4851:38332026
4842:11009077
4785:34352227
4733:34480555
4676:28680441
4560:30079081
4501:27459054
4435:29545507
4379:29895688
4308:38528002
4299:10963722
4234:30890703
4136:20093449
4027:37588409
4018:10427327
3958:42150441
3950:16741119
3852:18981412
3685:26579622
3671:: 5–61.
3442:16371462
3383:15210984
3224:32252766
3216:22499441
3051:Wikidata
3013:28059138
2921:35814375
2866:27459054
2687:30012614
2560:(2000),
2462:See also
2449:Yabrud 3
2407:TBAS 212
2402:TBAS 102
2341:Saflulim
2331:Rosh Zin
2260:Mureybet
2204:Jeftelik
2089:El Khiam
2058:Azraq 18
2022:Abu Usba
2007:Aammiq 2
1935:Language
1909:Bedouins
1848:Taforalt
1607:goitered
1603:mountain
1531:harpoons
1481:obsidian
1430:red deer
1354:Harifian
1270:and the
1142:and the
1120:woodland
1100:Holocene
1022:Magosian
1010:Sebilian
863:Khiamian
857:Natufian
821:Ahmarian
714:Mugharan
698:(1.5 Ma)
680:(3.3 Ma)
635:Pliocene
554:Natufian
433:and the
431:Holocene
366:and the
275:gazelles
244:Jordan's
149:Khiamian
7176:Outline
7157:Smoking
7110:Cuisine
7092:Culture
7010:Society
6910:Economy
6627:Related
6613:Orontes
6542:Borders
6151:History
5873:Soanian
5530:Zarzian
5504:Zarzian
5463:Zarzian
5458:Qalkhan
5448:Kebaran
5258:Bibcode
5052:Bibcode
4976:8057990
4948:Science
4813:Bibcode
4776:8445022
4724:8435661
4667:5478715
4607:bioRxiv
4551:6062619
4526:: 268.
4492:5003663
4463:Bibcode
4407:Bibcode
4399:Science
4393:2018).
4370:6042094
4339:Bibcode
4325:2018).
4270:Bibcode
4225:6425003
4196:Bibcode
4116:Science
4100:16 July
3930:Bibcode
3922:Science
3884:Haaretz
3843:2584673
3812:Bibcode
3606:2155798
3461:bioRxiv
3433:1325007
3410:Bibcode
3343:Bibcode
3269:Bibcode
3098:Bibcode
3004:5216412
2975:Bibcode
2857:5003663
2836:Bibcode
2714:Bibcode
2678:6077754
2647:Bibcode
2418:Tugra I
2336:Sabra 1
2209:Jericho
2193:Jayroud
2129:Hatoula
2034:(Eynan)
1925:Socotra
1921:Yemenis
1870:(CHG),
1856:Maghreb
1841:Arabian
1663:event (
1657:climate
1638:onagers
1626:aurochs
1587:almonds
1583:legumes
1457:leopard
1453:aurochs
1408:Burials
1380:mortars
1376:archery
1338:retouch
1334:lunates
1316:Lithics
1260:Lebanon
1160:Capsian
1138:of the
1029:Siberia
1016:Eburran
955:Azilian
943:Hamburg
845:Kebaran
839:Zarzian
768:Sangoan
756:Aterian
739:300–50
702:Soanian
684:Oldowan
678:Lomekwi
639:before
569:Zagros
407:sickles
323:in the
232:cereals
208:of the
131:Kebaran
117:Ein Gev
7100:Anthem
7047:People
7042:Hunger
7037:Health
6947:Pound
6649:Levant
6608:Hermon
6603:Hauran
6562:Rivers
6547:Cities
6457:(1920)
6277:Ugarit
6262:Yamhad
6141:
5745:Tabaqa
5710:El Wad
5679:WZ 148
5631:Middle
5580:KPS-75
5499:Hamran
5472:Middle
5416:Middle
5355:2 June
5320:
5303:
5238:
5199:
5182:
5154:
5117:
5070:
4999:
4974:
4966:
4929:
4921:
4901:
4874:
4849:
4839:
4831:
4783:
4773:
4731:
4721:
4713:
4674:
4664:
4656:
4642:: 87.
4609:
4583:
4558:
4548:
4540:
4499:
4489:
4481:
4455:Nature
4433:
4425:
4377:
4367:
4359:
4306:
4296:
4288:
4240:
4232:
4222:
4214:
4165:
4134:
4096:, 2018
4072:
4025:
4015:
4001:: e9.
3956:
3948:
3906:24 May
3850:
3840:
3832:
3765:
3726:
3718:
3683:
3675:
3647:
3639:
3604:
3596:
3558:
3521:
3494:
3463:
3440:
3430:
3381:
3374:470712
3371:
3363:
3314:
3222:
3214:
3179:
3124:
3116:
3053:
3045:
3011:
3001:
2993:
2944:
2919:
2864:
2854:
2828:Nature
2802:
2779:
2740:
2732:
2685:
2675:
2667:
2618:
2608:
2568:
2391:Tabaqa
2219:Kebara
2099:El Wad
2074:Beidha
1976:Sahara
1974:, the
1835:, and
1833:Europe
1813:, and
1692:Gilgal
1659:, the
1634:steppe
1599:Levant
1591:acorns
1504:Africa
1368:silica
1360:Sickle
1326:blades
1285:Cyprus
1280:El Wad
1266:, the
1264:Jordan
1115:Levant
998:Halfan
974:Africa
870:Europe
815:Emiran
791:50–12
785:
733:
667:– 300
655:
413:Dating
395:Kebara
372:Europe
297:Shuqba
216:Levant
74:Period
64:Levant
7183:Index
7147:Music
7135:State
7130:Media
7120:Films
7065:women
6342:(636)
6267:Qatna
6209:Aswad
6139:Syria
5966:Ohalo
5863:Riwat
5552:Early
5544:Sites
5441:Early
5410:Early
5301:S2CID
5281:(PDF)
5180:S2CID
5152:S2CID
5132:(PDF)
4972:S2CID
4238:S2CID
4045:(PDF)
3954:S2CID
3724:S2CID
3681:JSTOR
3645:S2CID
3602:JSTOR
3556:S2CID
3312:S2CID
3220:S2CID
3177:S2CID
3157:(PDF)
3122:S2CID
3086:(PDF)
3031:(PDF)
2917:S2CID
2897:(PDF)
2877:qpAdm
2824:(PDF)
2777:S2CID
2738:S2CID
2616:JSTOR
2529:
2397:Taibé
2183:J406a
1997:Sites
1984:Sudan
1972:Egypt
1927:(the
1776:Eynan
1760:Eynan
1744:Eynan
1708:Eynan
1543:Negev
1502:from
1441:Eynan
1350:Negev
1272:Negev
1256:Syria
1140:Negev
1004:Qadan
399:Tabun
100:, in
84:Dates
7125:Flag
7114:wine
6886:Navy
6869:Army
6757:LGBT
6716:list
6694:list
6272:Mari
6257:Ebla
5688:Late
5513:Late
5422:Late
5357:2002
5318:ISBN
5236:ISBN
5197:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5068:ISSN
4997:ISBN
4964:PMID
4927:ISBN
4919:ISBN
4899:ISBN
4872:ISBN
4847:PMID
4829:ISSN
4781:PMID
4755:Cell
4729:PMID
4711:ISSN
4672:PMID
4654:ISSN
4581:ISBN
4556:PMID
4538:ISSN
4497:PMID
4479:ISSN
4431:PMID
4423:ISSN
4375:PMID
4357:ISSN
4304:PMID
4286:ISSN
4230:PMID
4212:ISSN
4163:ISBN
4132:PMID
4102:2018
4070:ISBN
4023:PMID
3946:PMID
3908:2016
3848:PMID
3830:ISSN
3763:ISSN
3716:ISSN
3673:ISSN
3637:ISSN
3594:ISSN
3519:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3438:PMID
3402:PNAS
3379:PMID
3361:ISSN
3212:PMID
3114:ISSN
3043:ISSN
3009:PMID
2991:ISSN
2942:ISBN
2862:PMID
2800:ISBN
2730:ISSN
2683:PMID
2665:ISSN
2606:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2440:(J2)
2317:(G8)
2282:and
2188:J614
2178:J203
2173:J202
2136:and
2064:Baaz
1919:and
1907:and
1899:and
1710:and
1642:ibex
1628:and
1622:deer
1613:and
1605:and
1593:and
1533:and
1500:figs
1485:Nile
1461:boar
1390:The
1158:and
641:Homo
625:The
448:The
397:and
350:and
331:was
5293:doi
5266:doi
5219:doi
5172:doi
5144:doi
5060:doi
5048:186
4956:doi
4952:306
4837:PMC
4821:doi
4771:PMC
4763:doi
4759:184
4719:PMC
4703:doi
4662:PMC
4644:doi
4546:PMC
4528:doi
4487:PMC
4471:doi
4459:536
4415:doi
4403:360
4365:PMC
4347:doi
4335:115
4294:PMC
4278:doi
4220:PMC
4204:doi
4124:doi
4120:327
4013:PMC
4003:doi
3976:BBC
3938:doi
3926:312
3838:PMC
3820:doi
3808:105
3755:doi
3708:doi
3629:doi
3586:doi
3548:doi
3428:PMC
3418:doi
3406:103
3369:PMC
3351:doi
3339:101
3304:doi
3277:doi
3204:doi
3169:doi
3106:doi
3094:413
2999:PMC
2983:doi
2909:doi
2852:PMC
2844:doi
2832:536
2769:doi
2722:doi
2673:PMC
2655:doi
2643:115
2598:doi
1982:or
1978:,
1966:or
1942:,
1831:of
1386:Art
262:on
236:rye
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