951:
49:
1231:
1308:
870:
468:
982:
1873:
920:
811:
2100:
406:
1068:
605:
71:
570:
1339:
246:
646:
2131:
191:, usually with downward-curved bills. Many are brightly coloured, often with iridescent feathers, particularly in the males. Many species also have especially long tail feathers. Their range extends through most of Africa to the Middle East, South Asia, South-east Asia and southern China, to Indonesia, New Guinea and northern Australia. Species diversity is highest in equatorial regions.
531:. Most species are fairly resistant to changes in habitat, and while attractive the family is not sought after by the cagebird trade, as they have what is considered an unpleasant song and are tricky to keep alive. Sunbirds are considered attractive birds and readily enter gardens where flowering plants are planted to attract them. There are a few negative interactions, for example the
1154:
446:
is similarly attached but is a long tube. The nests of spiderhunters are inconspicuous, in contrast to those of the other sunbirds which are more visible. In most species the female alone constructs the nest. Up to four eggs are laid. The female builds the nest and incubates the eggs alone, although
376:
The sunbirds and spiderhunters occupy a wide range of habitats, with a majority of species being found in primary rainforest, but other habitats used by the family including disturbed secondary forest, open woodland, open scrub and savannah, coastal scrub and alpine forest. Some species have readily
288:
The moulting regimes of sunbirds are complex, being different in different species. Many species have no eclipse plumage, but do have juvenile plumage. Some species do show duller plumage in the off-season. In the dry months of June−August, male copper sunbirds and variable sunbirds lose much of
214:, especially when feeding their young. Flowers that prevent access to their nectar because of their shape (for example, very long and narrow flowers) are simply punctured at the base near the nectaries, from which the birds sip the nectar.
269:
colours. In addition to this the tails of many species are longer in the males, and overall the males are larger. Sunbirds have long thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding. The
437:
of sunbirds are generally purse-shaped, enclosed, suspended from thin branches with generous use of spiderweb. The nests of the spiderhunters are different, both from the sunbirds and in some cases from each other. Some, like the
2914:
Valente, Luis M.; Manning, John C.; Goldblatt, Peter; Vargas, Pablo (2012-07-01). "Did
Pollination Shifts Drive Diversification in Southern African Gladiolus? Evaluating the Model of Pollinator-Driven Speciation".
278:, are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family. They are typically larger than the other sunbirds, with drab brown plumage that is the same for both sexes, and long, down-curved beaks.
487:
are typically sturdier than hummingbird-pollinated flowers, with an appropriate landing spot from which the bird can feed. Sunbirds are critical pollinators for many iconic
African plants, including
2763:
Hargreaves, Anna L.; Johnson, Steven D.; Nol, Erica (2004). "Do floral syndromes predict specialization in plant pollination systems? An experimental test in an "ornithophilous" African Protea".
2349:
Prinzinger, R.; Schafer T.; Schuchmann K.L. (March 1992). "Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird
425:, breed in the dry season, it is thought to be associated with the flowering of favoured food plants. Species of sunbird in the equatorial areas breed throughout the year. They are generally
950:
377:
adapted to human modified landscapes such as plantations, gardens and agricultural land. Many species are able to occupy a wide range of habitats from sea level to 4900 m.
389:
birds that generally occur in pairs or occasionally in small family groups. A few species occasionally gather in larger groups, and sunbird will join with other birds to
2432:
Paton, D. C.; Collins, B. G. (1989). "Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function and performance, with intercontinental comparisons".
48:
3202:
447:
the male assists in rearing the nestlings. In the spiderhunters both sexes help to incubate the eggs. The nests of sunbirds and spiderhunters are often targeted by
3313:
3241:
237:
brought about by a similar nectar-feeding lifestyle. Some sunbird species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but they usually perch to feed.
1230:
3176:
479:
in
African ecosystems. Sunbird-pollinated flowers are typically long, tubular, and red-to-orange in colour, showing convergent evolution with many
3215:
2720:
Siegfried, W. R.; Rebelo, A. G.; Prŷs-Jones, R. P.; Prys-Jones, R. P. (1985). "Stem
Thickness of Erica Plants in Relation to Avian Pollination".
1434:
1307:
2590:
2562:
2416:
2300:
393:
potential predators, although sunbirds will also aggressively target other species, even if they are not predators, when defending their
1443:
2318:"Hyper-specialization for long-billed bird pollination in a guild of South African plants: the Malachite Sunbird pollination syndrome"
1425:
289:
their metallic sheen. In some instances different populations of the same species can display variation in different molting regimes.
281:
In metabolic behaviour similar to that of Andes hummingbirds, species of sunbirds that live at high altitudes or latitudes will enter
2407:
Cheke, Robert; Mann, Clive (2008). "Family
Nectariniidae (Sunbirds)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
365:. The greatest variety of species is found in Africa, where the group probably arose. Most species are sedentary or short-distance
3280:
1497:
1452:
1416:
1398:
869:
467:
2658:
Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Cole, William W.; Anderson, Bruce (May 2005). "Botany: Specialized bird perch aids cross-pollination".
1488:
1461:
981:
417:
Sunbirds that breed outside of the equatorial regions are mostly seasonal breeders, with the majority of them breeding in the
2118:
1506:
3220:
3228:
2235:
1872:
750:
741:
732:
70:
483:-pollinated flowers in the Americas. A key difference is that sunbirds cannot hover, so sunbird-pollinated flowers and
3124:
3111:
1017:
2262:
3246:
3015:
2226:
2163:
1326:
285:
while roosting at night, lowering their body temperature and entering a state of low activity and responsiveness.
2208:
2181:
443:
2528:
2507:
421:. This timing reflects the increased availability of insect prey for the growing young. Where species, like the
2824:"Pollination ecology of Aloe divaricata, Berger (Liliaceae): an endemic plant species of south-west Madagascar"
2217:
2190:
1785:
31:
1479:
1198:
887:
2199:
1995:
1941:
1614:
1257:
1216:
1189:
1121:
588:
548:
532:
258:
195:
147:
3308:
3064:
2031:
1821:
1794:
1533:
1407:
1389:
1380:
1293:
1180:
1103:
1008:
919:
810:
777:
696:
3129:
2968:"The pollination niche and its role in the diversification and maintenance of the southern African flora"
3267:
2253:
2013:
1713:
1695:
1632:
1596:
1587:
1362:
1171:
1085:
759:
705:
422:
405:
254:
2099:
2075:
1704:
678:
3285:
3150:
2864:
2772:
2729:
2667:
2366:
2244:
2004:
1932:
1830:
1776:
1677:
1560:
1551:
999:
969:
795:
786:
768:
714:
669:
234:
3019:
2154:
2084:
2057:
2049:
2022:
1896:
1740:
1578:
1515:
1248:
1130:
1035:
905:
896:
846:
631:
622:
439:
426:
57:
3102:
2948:
2896:
2804:
2745:
2699:
2640:
2533:
1812:
511:
flowers. Specialization on sunbirds vs other pollinators is thought to have contributed to plant
410:
394:
65:
3272:
1857:
1749:
604:
523:
Overall the family has fared better than many others, with only seven species considered to be
3254:
3137:
2997:
2940:
2932:
2888:
2880:
2796:
2788:
2691:
2683:
2632:
2586:
2558:
2488:
2449:
2412:
2296:
2172:
1914:
1803:
1641:
1524:
1284:
1094:
1067:
938:
262:
3207:
369:. Sunbirds occur over the entire family's range, whereas the spiderhunters are restricted to
3259:
2987:
2979:
2924:
2872:
2835:
2780:
2737:
2675:
2622:
2523:
2480:
2441:
2374:
2329:
2106:
1986:
1722:
1668:
1338:
1112:
1026:
828:
723:
390:
177:
2040:
1968:
1923:
1848:
1839:
1659:
1650:
1314:
1266:
1139:
358:
2868:
2776:
2733:
2671:
2370:
569:
245:
3052:
2992:
2967:
2445:
1977:
1767:
1758:
1686:
1542:
1275:
645:
448:
366:
2840:
2823:
3302:
3116:
2378:
2066:
1959:
1950:
1731:
1623:
1605:
1569:
1470:
1207:
1044:
855:
837:
687:
497:
484:
430:
2900:
2808:
2703:
2537:
2952:
2855:
Frost, S. K.; Frost, P. G. H. (1981). "Sunbird pollination of
Strelitzia nicolai".
2137:
1371:
1053:
271:
3142:
2611:"Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae)"
2552:
337:, with a gap in their distribution across inland Syria and Iraq, and resuming in
3233:
3189:
3096:
3023:
2468:
2130:
1905:
1074:
957:
576:
480:
310:
226:
219:
2334:
2317:
2784:
1237:
988:
876:
652:
528:
524:
512:
508:
476:
456:
442:, are small woven cups attached to the underside of large leaves; that of the
418:
386:
362:
361:. They are generally not found on oceanic islands, with the exception of the
350:
318:
266:
230:
3087:
2936:
2884:
2792:
2687:
2636:
2453:
547:
The family contains 151 species divided into 16 genera: For more detail, see
17:
3163:
2484:
2469:"The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology"
1879:
1160:
817:
611:
593:
536:
503:
434:
354:
346:
298:
188:
184:
132:
122:
82:
3001:
2983:
2944:
2892:
2800:
2695:
2492:
3081:
1345:
225:
The sunbirds have counterparts in two very distantly related groups: the
102:
2409:
Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 13: Penduline-tits to
Shrikes
1153:
515:, including the exceptionally high floral diversity in southern Africa.
2876:
2749:
2644:
926:
326:
261:, at about 45 grams. Like the hummingbirds, sunbirds are strongly
2972:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3194:
488:
452:
334:
330:
314:
302:
282:
211:
207:
203:
92:
3181:
3058:
2741:
2679:
2627:
2610:
475:
As nectar is a primary food source for sunbirds, they are important
3168:
2928:
535:
is considered a pest in cocoa plantations as it spreads parasitic
466:
404:
342:
322:
244:
215:
199:
492:
370:
338:
306:
112:
3062:
429:
and often territorial, although a few species of sunbirds have
30:
This article is about the family of birds. For other uses, see
341:, from where the group occurs continuously as far as southern
202:. Their family name is from most sunbirds feeding largely on
3155:
2508:"Nocturnal Heterothermy And Torpor In The Malachite Sunbird (
249:
The spectacled spiderhunter is the largest species of sunbird
2529:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0251:NHATIT]2.0.CO;2
471:
Sunbird drinking nectar from typical bird-pollinated flower
2467:
Altshuler, Douglas L.; Dudley, Robert (15 August 2002).
2295:. London, England, UK: Christopher Helm. p. 267.
3071:
325:. In Asia the group occurs along the coasts of the
187:birds. They are small, slender passerines from the
313:. In Africa they are found mostly in sub-Saharan
265:, with the males usually brilliantly plumaged in
222:is fast and direct, thanks to their short wings.
2581:Lindsey, Terence (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
218:is also part of the diet of some species. Their
2411:. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. pp. 196–243.
333:, and along the Mediterranean as far north as
3024:"Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds"
8:
2353:(Nectariniidae) and the Chilean Hummingbird
2293:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2506:Downs, Colleen; Mark Brown (January 2002).
3059:
253:The family ranges in size from the 5-gram
233:of Australia. The resemblances are due to
47:
38:
2991:
2839:
2626:
2527:
2333:
2585:. London: Merehurst Press. p. 207.
553:
2283:
2152:
2122:(monotypic) – purple-naped spiderhunter
1894:
1360:
667:
349:. In Australasia the family occurs in
3314:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors
3030:. International Ornithologists' Union
2715:
2713:
2604:
2602:
2576:
2574:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
973:(monotypic) – orange-breasted sunbird
7:
1435:Prigogine's double-collared sunbird
1330:(monotypic) – golden-winged sunbird
2554:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2446:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x
25:
3028:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
2966:Johnson Steven D. (2010-02-12).
2129:
2098:
1871:
1498:Usambara double-collared sunbird
1453:Northern double-collared sunbird
1444:Ludwig's double-collared sunbird
1417:Rwenzori double-collared sunbird
1399:Southern double-collared sunbird
1337:
1306:
1229:
1152:
1066:
980:
949:
918:
868:
809:
644:
603:
568:
301:family, with representatives in
69:
3055:on the Internet Bird Collection
2828:South African Journal of Botany
2583:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
2495:– via jeb.biologists.org.
2473:Journal of Experimental Biology
2322:South African Journal of Botany
1489:Eastern double-collared sunbird
1462:Greater double-collared sunbird
1426:Whyte's double-collared sunbird
2119:Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum
1507:Forest double-collared sunbird
1:
2841:10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30531-7
2434:Australian Journal of Ecology
2316:Geerts, S.; Pauw, A. (2009).
2236:Streaky-breasted spiderhunter
1319:Fischer & Reichenow, 1884
751:Uluguru violet-backed sunbird
742:Eastern violet-backed sunbird
733:Western violet-backed sunbird
2379:10.1016/0306-4565(92)90001-V
321:but are also distributed in
1018:Blue-throated brown sunbird
942:(monotypic) – giant sunbird
206:, but they will also catch
42:Sunbirds and spiderhunters
3330:
2615:American Journal of Botany
2359:Journal of Thermal Biology
2335:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.08.001
2291:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2227:Grey-breasted spiderhunter
2186:Arachnothera crassirostris
2164:Orange-tufted spiderhunter
1327:Drepanorhynchus reichenowi
1262:Nectarinia purpureiventris
29:
2785:10.1007/s00442-004-1495-5
2209:Yellow-eared spiderhunter
2182:Thick-billed spiderhunter
444:yellow-eared spiderhunter
160:
155:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
3022:, eds. (December 2023).
2551:Elliott, Andrew (2008).
2263:Whitehead's spiderhunter
2218:Naked-faced spiderhunter
2213:Arachnothera chrysogenys
2204:Arachnothera flavigaster
2191:Long-billed spiderhunter
2159:Arachnothera longirostra
1786:Apricot-breasted sunbird
1126:Chalcomitra senegalensis
892:Anabathmis reichenbachii
710:Anthreptes griseigularis
596:) – ruby-cheeked sunbird
519:Relationship with humans
297:Sunbirds are a tropical
293:Distribution and habitat
229:of the Americas and the
60:from Maharashtra, India
32:Sunbird (disambiguation)
2917:The American Naturalist
2822:Ratsirarson, J (1995).
2485:10.1242/jeb.205.16.2325
2355:Sephanoides sephanoides
2200:Spectacled spiderhunter
2168:Arachnothera flammifera
1942:Metallic-winged sunbird
1937:Aethopyga guimarasensis
1673:Cinnyris coccinigastrus
1615:Violet-breasted sunbird
1592:Cinnyris nectarinioides
1258:Purple-breasted sunbird
1217:Copper-throated sunbird
1190:Purple-throated sunbird
1122:Scarlet-chested sunbird
1117:Chalcomitra amethystina
860:Hedydipna pallidigaster
800:Anthreptes rubritorques
791:Anthreptes tephrolaemus
782:Anthreptes rectirostris
589:Chalcoparia singalensis
549:list of sunbird species
533:scarlet-chested sunbird
259:spectacled spiderhunter
2984:10.1098/rstb.2009.0243
2609:Bruneau, Anne (1997).
2032:Black-throated sunbird
1822:Malagasy green sunbird
1795:Flame-breasted sunbird
1583:Cinnyris erythrocercus
1390:Western Miombo sunbird
1381:Eastern Miombo sunbird
1294:Scarlet-tufted sunbird
1181:Crimson-backed sunbird
1104:Green-throated sunbird
1099:Chalcomitra fuliginosa
778:Yellow-chinned sunbird
737:Anthreptes longuemarei
719:Anthreptes rhodolaemus
697:Brown-throated sunbird
472:
414:
250:
3268:Paleobiology Database
2254:Streaked spiderhunter
2249:Arachnothera everetti
2177:Arachnothera dilutior
2014:White-flanked sunbird
1973:Aethopyga duyvenbodei
1946:Aethopyga pulcherrima
1919:Aethopyga linaraborae
1790:Cinnyris buettikoferi
1714:White-bellied sunbird
1696:Rufous-winged sunbird
1664:Cinnyris habessinicus
1633:Orange-tufted sunbird
1597:Purple-banded sunbird
1588:Black-bellied sunbird
1484:Cinnyris rockefelleri
1480:Rockefeller's sunbird
1448:Cinnyris ludovicensis
1367:Cinnyris chloropygius
1363:Olive-bellied sunbird
1280:Nectarinia kilimensis
1221:Leptocoma calcostetha
1199:Van Hasselt's sunbird
1172:Purple-rumped sunbird
1108:Chalcomitra rubescens
1090:Chalcomitra adelberti
1086:Buff-throated sunbird
1022:Cyanomitra cyanolaema
1013:Cyanomitra bannermani
1004:Cyanomitra verticalis
901:Anabathmis hartlaubii
888:Reichenbach's sunbird
760:Violet-tailed sunbird
746:Anthreptes orientalis
706:Grey-throated sunbird
701:Anthreptes malacensis
674:Anthreptes reichenowi
470:
423:buff-throated sunbird
413:at the nest with prey
408:
381:Behaviour and ecology
255:black-bellied sunbird
248:
2351:Aethopyga christinae
2245:Bornean spiderhunter
2240:Arachnothera affinis
2231:Arachnothera modesta
2195:Arachnothera robusta
2080:Aethopyga temminckii
2071:Aethopyga mystacalis
2027:Aethopyga christinae
2009:Aethopyga nipalensis
2005:Green-tailed sunbird
1996:Mrs. Gould's sunbird
1933:Maroon-naped sunbird
1901:Aethopyga primigenia
1853:Cinnyris coquerellii
1777:Olive-backed sunbird
1619:Cinnyris chalcomelas
1601:Cinnyris bifasciatus
1547:Cinnyris mariquensis
1511:Cinnyris fuelleborni
1502:Cinnyris usambaricus
1298:Nectarinia johnstoni
1203:Leptocoma brasiliana
1144:Chalcomitra balfouri
1000:Green-headed sunbird
970:Anthobaphes violacea
796:Banded green sunbird
787:Grey-chinned sunbird
769:Little green sunbird
764:Anthreptes aurantius
755:Anthreptes neglectus
728:Anthreptes gabonicus
715:Red-throated sunbird
683:Anthreptes anchietae
670:Plain-backed sunbird
235:convergent evolution
2869:1981Oecol..49..379F
2777:2004Oecol.140..295H
2734:1985Oikos..45..153S
2672:2005Natur.435...41A
2371:1992JTBio..17...71P
2267:Arachnothera juliae
2222:Arachnothera clarae
2155:Little spiderhunter
2089:Aethopyga ignicauda
2085:Fire-tailed sunbird
2053:Aethopyga magnifica
2050:Magnificent sunbird
2023:Fork-tailed sunbird
1897:Grey-hooded sunbird
1844:Cinnyris comorensis
1817:Cinnyris dussumieri
1700:Cinnyris rufipennis
1610:Cinnyris tsavoensis
1579:Red-chested sunbird
1538:Cinnyris loveridgei
1534:Loveridge's sunbird
1529:Cinnyris pulchellus
1457:Cinnyris reichenowi
1439:Cinnyris prigoginei
1421:Cinnyris stuhlmanni
1412:Cinnyris neergaardi
1408:Neergaard's sunbird
1176:Leptocoma zeylonica
1135:Chalcomitra hunteri
1049:Cyanomitra olivacea
1036:Blue-headed sunbird
1009:Bannerman's sunbird
910:Anabathmis newtonii
851:Hedydipna metallica
847:Nile Valley sunbird
773:Anthreptes seimundi
636:Deleornis axillaris
632:Grey-headed sunbird
440:little spiderhunter
385:Sunbird are active
3018:; Donsker, David;
2877:10.1007/BF00347603
2258:Arachnothera magna
2076:Temminck's sunbird
2062:Aethopyga vigorsii
2045:Aethopyga siparaja
2036:Aethopyga saturata
2000:Aethopyga gouldiae
1982:Aethopyga shelleyi
1964:Aethopyga decorosa
1955:Aethopyga jefferyi
1928:Aethopyga flagrans
1813:Seychelles sunbird
1808:Cinnyris sovimanga
1781:Cinnyris jugularis
1772:Cinnyris asiaticus
1709:Cinnyris oustaleti
1705:Oustalet's sunbird
1655:Cinnyris hellmayri
1574:Cinnyris congensis
1493:Cinnyris mediocris
1403:Cinnyris chalybeus
1394:Cinnyris gertrudis
1385:Cinnyris manoensis
1271:Nectarinia tacazze
1253:Nectarinia bocagii
1058:Cyanomitra veroxii
833:Hedydipna collaris
692:Anthreptes simplex
679:Anchieta's sunbird
473:
415:
411:Seychelles sunbird
263:sexually dimorphic
251:
3296:
3295:
3255:Open Tree of Life
3065:Taxon identifiers
3020:Rasmussen, Pamela
2978:(1539): 499–516.
2592:978-1-85391-186-6
2564:978-84-96553-45-3
2557:. Lynx Edicions.
2510:Nectarinia famosa
2479:(16): 2325–2336.
2418:978-84-96553-45-3
2302:978-1-4081-2501-4
2275:
2274:
2173:Pale spiderhunter
1910:Aethopyga boltoni
1862:Cinnyris lotenius
1835:Cinnyris humbloti
1831:Humblot's sunbird
1804:Souimanga sunbird
1727:Cinnyris venustus
1718:Cinnyris talatala
1691:Cinnyris superbus
1682:Cinnyris johannae
1678:Johanna's sunbird
1642:Palestine sunbird
1637:Cinnyris bouvieri
1565:Cinnyris hofmanni
1561:Hofmann's sunbird
1556:Cinnyris shelleyi
1552:Shelley's sunbird
1525:Beautiful sunbird
1376:Cinnyris minullus
1289:Nectarinia famosa
1285:Malachite sunbird
1212:Leptocoma aspasia
1194:Leptocoma sperata
1095:Carmelite sunbird
1079:Reichenbach, 1853
1040:Cyanomitra alinae
1031:Cyanomitra oritis
993:Reichenbach, 1853
939:Dreptes thomensis
842:Hedydipna platura
627:Deleornis fraseri
507:coral trees, and
367:seasonal migrants
167:
166:
151:
16:(Redirected from
3321:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3234:NHMSYS0020959138
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3060:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2630:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2383:
2382:
2357:(Trochilidae)".
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2143:
2133:
2112:
2107:Kurochkinegramma
2102:
2058:Vigors's sunbird
2018:Aethopyga eximia
1987:Handsome sunbird
1885:
1875:
1826:Cinnyris notatus
1799:Cinnyris solaris
1763:Cinnyris cupreus
1745:Cinnyris ursulae
1741:Ursula's sunbird
1723:Variable sunbird
1669:Splendid sunbird
1520:Cinnyris moreaui
1516:Moreau's sunbird
1351:
1341:
1320:
1310:
1249:Bocage's sunbird
1243:
1233:
1185:Leptocoma minima
1166:
1156:
1131:Hunter's sunbird
1113:Amethyst sunbird
1080:
1070:
1027:Cameroon sunbird
994:
984:
963:
953:
932:
922:
906:Newton's sunbird
897:Príncipe sunbird
882:
872:
829:Collared sunbird
823:
813:
724:Mangrove sunbird
658:
648:
623:Fraser's sunbird
617:
607:
582:
572:
554:
509:bird-of-paradise
353:, north eastern
329:as far north as
146:
74:
73:
58:Vigors's sunbird
51:
39:
21:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3067:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2742:10.2307/3565234
2719:
2718:
2711:
2680:10.1038/435041a
2666:(7038): 41–42.
2657:
2656:
2652:
2628:10.2307/2445883
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2386:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2271:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2110:
2093:
2041:Crimson sunbird
1991:Aethopyga bella
1969:Elegant sunbird
1924:Flaming sunbird
1893:
1892:
1883:
1866:
1858:Loten's sunbird
1849:Mayotte sunbird
1840:Anjouan sunbird
1754:Cinnyris batesi
1750:Bates's sunbird
1736:Cinnyris fuscus
1660:Shining sunbird
1651:Arabian sunbird
1628:Cinnyris pembae
1475:Cinnyris regius
1430:Cinnyris whytei
1359:
1358:
1349:
1318:
1315:Drepanorhynchus
1267:Tacazze sunbird
1241:
1164:
1140:Socotra sunbird
1078:
992:
961:
930:
881:Reichenow, 1905
880:
821:
804:
666:
665:
656:
615:
580:
545:
521:
465:
449:brood parasites
433:behaviour. The
403:
383:
359:Solomon Islands
295:
274:, of the genus
243:
145:
68:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:Sunbird videos
3048:
3047:External links
3045:
3042:
3041:
3007:
2958:
2929:10.1086/666003
2906:
2863:(3): 379–384.
2847:
2834:(5): 249–252.
2814:
2771:(2): 295–301.
2755:
2709:
2650:
2598:
2591:
2570:
2563:
2543:
2522:(1): 251–260.
2498:
2459:
2440:(4): 473–506.
2424:
2417:
2384:
2341:
2328:(4): 699–706.
2308:
2301:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:Temminck, 1826
2134:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1978:Lovely sunbird
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1915:Lina's sunbird
1912:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1768:Purple sunbird
1765:
1759:Copper sunbird
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1687:Superb sunbird
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1543:Marico sunbird
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1276:Bronzy sunbird
1273:
1264:
1255:
1244:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1167:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
995:
985:
977:
976:
975:
974:
964:
954:
946:
945:
944:
943:
933:
923:
915:
914:
913:
912:
903:
894:
883:
873:
865:
864:
863:
862:
853:
844:
835:
824:
814:
806:
805:
803:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
663:
662:
661:
659:
657:Swainson, 1832
649:
641:
640:
639:
638:
629:
618:
608:
600:
599:
598:
597:
583:
573:
565:
564:
561:
558:
544:
543:List of genera
541:
520:
517:
485:inflorescences
464:
461:
402:
399:
382:
379:
294:
291:
242:
239:
165:
164:
158:
157:
153:
152:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3326:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Nectariniidae
3307:
3306:
3304:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:Nectariniidae
3113:
3109:
3104:
3103:Nectariniidae
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:Nectariniidae
3070:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:Kashain, 1978
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:Javan sunbird
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:Bohol sunbird
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:Luzon sunbird
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1884:Cabanis, 1851
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:Dusky sunbird
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Cinnyris osea
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:Pemba sunbird
1622:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:Tsavo sunbird
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Congo sunbird
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:Regal sunbird
1469:
1467:
1466:Cinnyris afer
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:Illiger, 1811
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:Black sunbird
1206:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:Cabanis, 1851
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:Olive sunbird
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
991:
990:
986:
983:
979:
978:
972:
971:
967:
966:
965:
962:Cabanis, 1851
960:
959:
955:
952:
948:
947:
941:
940:
936:
935:
934:
931:Illiger, 1811
929:
928:
924:
921:
917:
916:
911:
907:
904:
902:
898:
895:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
879:
878:
874:
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
856:Amani sunbird
854:
852:
848:
845:
843:
839:
838:Pygmy sunbird
836:
834:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:Cabanis, 1851
820:
819:
815:
812:
808:
807:
801:
797:
794:
792:
788:
785:
783:
779:
776:
774:
770:
767:
765:
761:
758:
756:
752:
749:
747:
743:
740:
738:
734:
731:
729:
725:
722:
720:
716:
713:
711:
707:
704:
702:
698:
695:
693:
689:
688:Plain sunbird
686:
684:
680:
677:
675:
671:
668:
660:
655:
654:
650:
647:
643:
642:
637:
633:
630:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:Wolters, 1977
614:
613:
609:
606:
602:
601:
595:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
581:Cabanis, 1851
579:
578:
574:
571:
567:
566:
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162:16, see text
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18:Nectariniidae
3072:
3032:. Retrieved
3027:
3010:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2923:(1): 83–98.
2920:
2916:
2909:
2860:
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2827:
2817:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2725:
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2653:
2621:(1): 54–71.
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2501:
2476:
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2408:
2365:(2): 71–79.
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2138:Arachnothera
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2105:
2088:
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2052:
2044:
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2017:
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1372:Tiny sunbird
1366:
1350:Cuvier, 1816
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1313:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1236:
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1125:
1116:
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1054:Grey sunbird
1048:
1039:
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384:
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296:
287:
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276:Arachnothera
275:
252:
227:hummingbirds
224:
193:
180:
176:make up the
173:
169:
168:
161:
142:
36:
3190:iNaturalist
3097:Wikispecies
3016:Gill, Frank
2149:13 species:
1906:Apo sunbird
1891:22 species:
1357:63 species:
1075:Chalcomitra
958:Anthobaphes
664:15 species:
577:Chalcoparia
481:hummingbird
477:pollinators
463:Pollination
457:honeyguides
395:territories
311:Australasia
241:Description
231:honeyeaters
196:151 species
133:Passeroidea
3303:Categories
3034:22 January
2728:(1): 153.
2278:References
1238:Nectarinia
989:Cyanomitra
877:Anabathmis
653:Anthreptes
537:mistletoes
529:extinction
525:threatened
513:speciation
427:monogamous
419:wet season
363:Seychelles
351:New Guinea
319:Madagascar
267:iridescent
194:There are
2937:0003-0147
2885:0029-8549
2857:Oecologia
2793:1432-1939
2765:Oecologia
2688:1476-4687
2637:1537-2197
2454:1442-9993
1880:Aethopyga
1161:Leptocoma
818:Hedydipna
612:Deleornis
594:monotypic
504:Erythrina
355:Australia
347:Indonesia
299:Old World
189:Old World
185:passerine
89:Kingdom:
83:Eukaryota
3082:Wikidata
3002:20047876
2945:22673653
2901:11735363
2893:28310001
2809:24426457
2801:15168105
2704:25020534
2696:15875009
2538:85925616
2493:12124359
1346:Cinnyris
563:Species
451:such as
401:Breeding
357:and the
170:Sunbirds
139:Family:
103:Chordata
99:Phylum:
93:Animalia
79:Domain:
3088:Q208221
2993:2838267
2953:5989519
2865:Bibcode
2773:Bibcode
2750:3565234
2730:Bibcode
2668:Bibcode
2645:2445883
2367:Bibcode
927:Dreptes
489:proteas
453:cuckoos
431:lekking
409:Female
387:diurnal
327:Red Sea
257:to the
212:spiders
208:insects
156:Genera
119:Order:
109:Class:
3286:196026
3273:372591
3260:420994
3247:135425
3221:178807
3208:105000
3169:1NCTRF
3130:118748
3000:
2990:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2748:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2660:Nature
2643:
2635:
2589:
2561:
2536:
2491:
2452:
2415:
2299:
335:Beirut
331:Israel
315:Africa
303:Africa
283:torpor
220:flight
204:nectar
200:genera
198:in 16
178:family
150:, 1825
148:Vigors
3281:WoRMS
3203:IRMNG
3195:13273
2949:S2CID
2897:S2CID
2805:S2CID
2746:JSTOR
2722:Oikos
2700:S2CID
2641:JSTOR
2534:S2CID
560:Genus
557:Image
527:with
498:Erica
493:aloes
435:nests
343:China
323:Egypt
216:Fruit
56:Male
3242:NCBI
3216:ITIS
3182:5259
3177:GBIF
3164:EPPO
3156:1636
3125:BOLD
3036:2024
2998:PMID
2941:PMID
2933:ISSN
2889:PMID
2881:ISSN
2797:PMID
2789:ISSN
2692:PMID
2684:ISSN
2633:ISSN
2587:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2489:PMID
2450:ISSN
2413:ISBN
2297:ISBN
455:and
371:Asia
345:and
339:Iran
317:and
309:and
307:Asia
210:and
172:and
113:Aves
3229:NBN
3151:EoL
3143:D7B
3138:CoL
3112:AFD
2988:PMC
2980:doi
2976:365
2925:doi
2921:180
2873:doi
2836:doi
2781:doi
2769:140
2738:doi
2676:doi
2664:435
2623:doi
2524:doi
2520:119
2516:Auk
2481:doi
2477:205
2442:doi
2375:doi
2330:doi
391:mob
183:of
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