741:—the individual private messages between people using bulletin boards—including the protocols and standards with which to support it. A netmail message would contain the name of the person sending, the name of the intended recipient, and the respective FidoNet addresses of each. The FidoNet system was responsible for routing the message from one system to the other (details below), with the bulletin board software on each end being responsible for ensuring that only the intended recipient could read it. Due to the hobbyist nature of the network, any privacy between the sender and recipient was only the result of politeness from the owners of the FidoNet systems involved in the mail's transfer. It was common, however, for system operators to reserve the right to review the content of mail that passed through their system.
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in turn. In the United States, local calls were normally free, and in most other countries were charged at a low rate. Additionally, the initial call setup, generally the first minute of the call, was normally billed at a higher rate than continuing an existing connection. Therefore, it would be less expensive to deliver all the messages from all the users in San
Francisco to all of the users in St. Louis in a single call. Packets were generally small enough to be delivered within a minute or two, so delivering all the messages in a single call could greatly reduce costs by avoiding multiple first-minute charges. Once delivered, the packet would be broken out into separate packets for local systems, and delivered using multiple local free calls.
553:. This reversed the flow of information, instead of being driven by the sending systems, these were driven by the calling system. This meant it was the receiver, the user trying to get the file, that paid for the connection. Additionally, requests were directly routed using one-time point-to-point connections instead of the traditional routing, so they did not cause the file to be copied multiple times. Two such standards became common, "WaZOO" and "Bark", which saw varying support among different mailers. Both worked similarly, with the mailer calling the remote system and sending a new handshake packet to request the files.
1264:
answered the phone and a human caller was detected rather than other mailer software, the mailer would exit, and pass control to the BBS software, which would then initialise for interaction with the user. When outgoing mail was waiting on the local system, the mailer software would attempt to send it from time to time by dialing and connecting to other systems who would accept and route the mail further. Due to the costs of toll calls which often varied between peak and off-peak times, mailer software would usually allow its operator to configure the optimal times in which to attempt to send mail to other systems.
393:. From then on, joining FidoNet required one to set up their system and use it to deliver a netmail message to a special system, Node 51. The message contained various required contact information. If this message was transmitted successfully, it ensured that at least some of the system was working properly. The nodelist team would then reply with another netmail message back to the system in question, containing the assigned node number. If delivery succeeded, the system was considered to be working properly, and it was added to the nodelist. The first new nodelist was published on 21 September 1984.
229:
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internet mail and so on, for the same cost as accessing a local BBS system. Many BBS sysops became
Internet Service Providers. Their Internet gateways also made FidoNet less expensive to implement, because inter-net transfers could be delivered over the Internet as well, at little or no marginal cost. But this seriously diluted the entire purpose of the store-and-forward model, which had been built up specifically to address a long-distance problem that no longer existed.
525:. Zones represented major geographical areas roughly corresponding to continents. There were six zones in total, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Points represented non-public nodes, which were created privately on a host BBS system. Point mail was delivered to a selected host as if it was addressed to a user on that machine, but then re-packaged into a packet for the point to pick up on-demand. The complete addressing format was now
474:. The tosser produced a file that was similar (or identical) to the output from the normal netmail scan, but these files were then compressed and attached to a normal netmail message as an attachment. This message was then sent to a special address on the remote system. After receiving netmail as normal, the scanner on the remote system looked for these messages, unpacked them, and put them into the same public forum on the original system.
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network offered to make regular toll calls to a particular system elsewhere, other operators might arrange to forward all of their mail destined for the remote system, and those near it, to the local volunteer. Operators within individual networks would sometimes have cost-sharing arrangements, but it was also common for people to volunteer to pay for regular toll calls either out of generosity or to build their status in the community.
425:, someone who volunteered to pay for any long distance charges. That single site would collect up all the netmail from all of the systems in their network, then re-package it into single packets destined to each network. They would then call any required network admin sites and deliver the packet to them. That site would then process the mail as normal, although all of the messages in the packet would be guaranteed to be local calls.
3737:
1160:, as it was named, varies depending on the geographic location of the node, and was designated to occur during the early morning. The exact hour varies depending on the time zone, and any node with only one telephone line is required to reject human callers. In practice, particularly in later times, most FidoNet systems tend to accept mail at any time of day when the phone line is not busy, usually during night.
584:
1174:
615:
50:
3747:
3726:
874:; groupings of nodes that use Fido-compatible software to carry their own independent message areas without being in any way controlled by FidoNet's political structure. Using un-used zone numbers would ensure that each network would have a unique set of addresses, avoiding potential routing conflicts and ambiguities for systems that belonged to more than one network.
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597:
April 1993, the FidoNet nodelist contained over 20,000 systems. At that time it was estimated that each node had, on average, about 200 active users. Of these 4 million users in total, 2 million users commonly used echomail, the shared public forums, while about 200,000 used the private netmail system. At its peak, FidoNet listed approximately 39,000 systems.
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would then include a list of all the known systems in that area, with instructions to forward mail to each of those nodes through node 10. This process was later semi-automated by John Warren's NODELIST program. Over time, this information was folded into updated versions of the nodelist format, and the ROUTES file is no longer used.
576:. Late in the evolution of the FidoNet system, there was a proposal to allow mail (but not forum messages) from these systems to switch into the FidoNet structure. This was not adopted, and the rapid rise of the internet made this superfluous as these networks rapidly added internet exchange, which acted as a
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is in Net 2410 which is in Region 24. Zone 2 also relates the node number to the hub number if the network is large enough to contain any hubs. This effect may be seen in the nodelist by looking at the structure of Net 2410 where node 2:2410/330 is listed under Hub 300. This is not the case in other zones.
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was responsible for transferring files and messages between systems, as well as passing control to other applications, such as the BBS software, at appropriate times. The mailer would initially answer the phone and, if necessary, deal with incoming mail via FidoNet transfer protocols. If the mailer
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In real-world use, points are fairly difficult to set up. The FidoNet software typically consisted of a number of small utility programs run by manually edited scripts that required some level of technical ability. Reading and editing the mail required either a "sysop editor" program or a BBS program
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This ad-hoc system was particularly popular with networks that were built on top of FidoNet. Echomail, for instance, often involved relatively large file transfers due to its popularity. If official FidoNet distributors refused to transfer
Echomail due to additional toll charges, other node operators
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of every other member system. Information on each node includes the name of the system or BBS, the name of the node operator, the geographic location, the telephone number, and software capabilities. The nodelist is updated weekly, to avoid unwanted calls to nodes that had shut down, with their phone
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led to a slow increase in internet-connected BBS and nodes. Telnet, rlogin, and SSH are being used between systems. This means the user can telnet to any BBS worldwide as cheaply as ones next door. Also, Usenet and internet mail has been added, along with long file names to many newer versions of BBS
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Echomail did not necessarily use the same distribution pathways as normal netmail, and the distribution routing was stored in a separate setup file not unlike the original ROUTES.BBS. At the originating site a header line was added to the message indicating the origin system's name and address. After
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A huge advantage of the new scheme was that node numbers were now unique only within their network, not globally. This meant the previous 250 node limit was gone, but for a variety of reasons this was initially limited to about 1,200. This change also devolved the maintenance of the nodelists down to
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The network address was placed in an unused field in the Fido message database, which formerly always held a zero. Systems running existing versions of the software already ignored the fields containing the new addressing, so they would continue to work as before; when noticing a message addressed to
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It was also realized that Fido systems were generally clustered – of the 15 systems running by the start of June 1984, 5 of them were in St. Louis. A user on
Jennings's system in San Francisco that addressed emails to different systems in St. Louis would cause calls to be made to each of those BBSes
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UARTs, which were at the time an upgrade. As a
Fidonet system was usually a BBS, it needed to quickly process any new mail events before returning to its 'waiting for call' state. In addition, the BBS itself usually necessitated lots of storage space. Finally, a FidoNet system usually had at least
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and Squish, would normally be invoked when a BBS user had entered a new FidoNet message that needed to be sent, or when a mailer had received new mail to be imported into the local messages bases. This application would be responsible for handling the packaging of incoming and outgoing mail, moving
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In other parts of the world, especially Europe, this was different. In Europe, even local calls are generally metered, so there was a strong incentive to keep the duration of the calls as short as possible. Point software employs standard compression (ZIP, ARJ, etc.) and so keeps the calls down to a
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Network coordinators are responsible for managing the individual nodes within their area, usually a city or similar sized area. Regional coordinators are responsible for managing the administration of the network coordinators within their region, typically the size of a state, or small country. Zone
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Throughout its lifetime, FidoNet was beset with management problems and infighting. Much of this can be traced to the fact that the inter-net delivery cost real money, and the traffic grew more rapidly than decreases caused by improving modem speeds and downward trending long-distance rates. As they
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FidoNet started in 1984 and listed 100 nodes by the end of that year. Steady growth continued through the 1980s, but a combination of factors led to rapid growth after 1988. These included faster and less expensive modems and rapidly declining costs of hard drives and computer systems in general. By
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soon followed, including GAYNET and CLANG. These spawned hundreds of new echos, and led to the creation of the
Echomail Conference List (Echolist) by Thomas Kenny in January 1987. Echomail produced world-spanning shared forums, and its traffic volume quickly surpassed the original netmail system. By
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meeting in Dallas, the idea was raised that it would be nice if there was some way for the sysops to post messages that would be shared among the systems. In
February 1986 Jeff Rush, one of the group members, introduced a new mailer that extracted messages from public forums that the sysop selected,
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was used to interact with human callers to the system. BBS software would allow dial-in users to use the system's message bases and write mail to others, locally or on other BBSes. Mail directed to other BBSes would later be routed and sent by the mailer, usually after the user had finished using
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In practice, the FidoNet structure allows for any node to connect directly to any other, and node operators would sometimes form their own toll-calling arrangements on an ad-hoc basis, allowing for a balance between collective cost saving and timely delivery. For instance, if one node operator in a
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Originally there was no specific relationship between network numbers and the regions they reside in. In some areas of FidoNet, most notably in Zone 2, the relationship between region number and network number are entwined. For example, 2:201/329 is in Net 201 which is in Region 20 while 2:2410/330
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As modems reached speeds of 28.8 kbit/s, dial-up
Internet became increasingly common. By 1995, the bulletin board market was reeling as users abandoned local BBS systems in favour of a subscription to a local Internet Provider, which allowed access to worldwide internet services, such as HTTP,
505:
The evolution towards the net/node addressing scheme was also useful for reducing communications costs between continents, where time zone differences on either end of the connection might also come into play. For instance, the best time to forward mail in the US was at night, but that might not be
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were added to the system, allowing a file to be referenced from an email message. During the normal exchange between two instances of FIDONET, any files attached to the messages in the packets were delivered after the packet itself had been up or downloaded. It is not clear when this was added, but
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The rapid improvement in modem speeds during the early 1990s, combined with the rapid decrease in price of computer systems and storage, made BBSes increasingly popular. By the mid-1990s there were almost 40,000 FidoNet systems in operation, and it was possible to communicate with millions of users
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Many regions distribute a pointlist in parallel with the nodelist. The pointlist segments are maintained by Net- and Region
Pointlist Keepers and the Zone Point List Keeper assembles them into the Zone pointlist. At the peak of FidoNet there were over 120,000 points listed in the Zone 2 pointlist.
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were interested in using FidoNet protocols as a way of delivering the large quantities of echomail to their local machines where it could be read offline. These users did not want their systems to appear in the nodelist - they did not (necessarily) run a bulletin board system and were not publicly
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By May, Jennings had early versions of the new software running. These early versions specified the routing manually through a new ROUTE.BBS file that listed network hosts for each node. For instance, an operator might want to forward all mail to St. Louis through a single node, node 10. ROUTE.BBS
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Jennings released the first version of the FidoNet software in June 1984. In early 1985 he wrote a document explaining the operations of the FidoNet, along with a short portion on the history of the system. In this version, FidoNet was developed as a way to exchange mail between the first two Fido
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software that encompassed all required functions in one package is available, such as D'Bridge. Such software eliminated the need for custom batch files and is tightly integrated in operation. The preference for deployment was that of the operator and there were both pros and cons of running in
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In Zone 1, things are much different. Zone 1 was the starting point and when Zones and
Regions were formed, the existing nets were divided up regionally with no set formula. The only consideration taken was where they were located geographically with respect to the region's mapped outline. As net
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By June 1984, Version 7 of the system was being run in production, and nodes were rapidly being added to the network. By August there were almost 30 systems in the nodelist, 50 by September, and over 160 by January 1985. As the network grew, the maintenance of the nodelist became prohibitive, and
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Jennings responded by calling into Baker's system that night and uploading a new version of the software consisting of three files: FIDO_DECV6, a new version of the BBS program itself, FIDONET, a new program, and NODELIST.BBS, a text file. The new version of FIDO BBS had a timer that caused it to
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connections starting in the mid-1990s lessened the need for FidoNet's store-and-forward system, as any system in the world could be reached for equal cost. Direct dialing into local BBS systems rapidly declined. Although FidoNet has shrunk considerably since the late 1990s, it has remained in use
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To accomplish regular updates, coordinators of each network maintain the list of systems in their local areas. The lists are forwarded back to the International Coordinator via automated systems on a regular basis. The International Coordinator would then compile a new nodelist, and generate the
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as they all called each other during development, or called into each other's BBSes to leave email. During one such call "in May or early June", Baker and Jennings discussed how great it would be if the BBS systems could call each other automatically, exchanging mail and files between them. This
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FidoNet supported file attachments from even the earliest standards. File attachments followed the normal mail routing through multiple systems and could back up transfers all along the line as the files were copied. Additionally, users could send files to other users and rack up long distance
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and, if this succeeded, the calling system would upload its packet, download a return packet if there was one, and disconnect. FIDONET would then unpack the return packet, place the received messages into the local system's database, and move onto the next packet. When there were no remaining
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The FidoNet nodelist started shrinking, especially in areas with a widespread availability of internet connections. This downward trend continues but has levelled out at approximately 2,500 nodes. FidoNet remains popular in areas where Internet access is difficult to come by, or expensive.
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FidoNet is governed in a hierarchical structure according to FidoNet policy, with designated coordinators at each level to manage the administration of FidoNet nodes and resolve disputes between members. The rules of conduct are summed up into these two deliberately vague principles:
441:, a purely administrative level that was not part of the addressing scheme. Regional hosts would handle any stragglers in the network maps, remote systems that had no local network hosts. They then divided up the US into ten regions that they felt would have roughly equal populations.
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__ / \ /|oo \ (_| /_) _`@/_ \ _ | | \ \\ | (*) | \ )) ______ |__U__| / \// / FIDO \ _//|| _\ / (________) (_/(_|(____/ (c) John Madill
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A new version of FIDO and FIDONET, 10C, was released containing all of these features. On 12 June 1985 the core group brought up 10C, and most Fido systems had upgraded within a few months. The process went much smoother than anyone imagined, and very few nodes had any problems.
946:. The hub, acting as a distribution point for mail, might then send the message to the Net Coordinator. From there it may be sent through a Regional Coordinator, or to some other system specifically set up for the function. Mail to other zones might be sent through a Zone Gate.
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In August 1984, Jennings handed off control of the nodelist to the group in St. Louis, mostly Ken Kaplan and Ben Baker. Kaplan had come across Fido as part of finding a BBS solution for his company, which worked with DEC computers and had been given a Rainbow computer and a
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The exact number can be determined by examining the official nodelist. However, the format is difficult to parse and many systems deliberately appear more than once, in different sections. The 2,500 node limit is an estimate made by the current maintainer as of 2013, Janis
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errors were common. In these cases, people would start receiving phone calls at 4 AM, from a caller that would say nothing and then hang up. In other cases the system would be listed before it was up and running, resulting in long-distance calls that accomplished nothing.
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that were independent of BBS software were also developed. Often the System Operator of a particular BBS would use a devoted message reader, rather than the BBS software itself, to read and write FidoNet and related messages. One of the most popular editors in 2008 was
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another node they would look it up and call that system. Newer systems would recognize the network number and instead deliver that message to the network host. To ensure backward compatibility, existing systems retained their original node numbers through this period.
1448:, it is published weekly. It was first published in 1984. Throughout its history, it has been published by various people and entities, including the short-lived International FidoNet Association. From January 2002 it has been published by Björn Felten, Sweden.
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Growth continued to accelerate, and by the spring of 1985, the system was already reaching its limit of 250 nodes. In addition to the limits on the growth of what was clearly a popular system, nodelist maintenance continued to grow more and more time-consuming.
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for the machine to which the message should be delivered to. When FIDONET ran, it would search through the email database for any messages with a number in this field. FIDONET collected all of the messages for a particular node number into a file known as a
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There are several modern Windows based FidoNet Mailers available today with source code, including Argus, Radius, and Taurus. MainDoor is another Windows based Fidonet mailer, which also can be run using either a modem or directly over TCP/IP. Two popular
1307:. In some cases, FidoNet nodes, or more often FidoNet points, had no public bulletin board attached and existed only for the transfer of mail for the benefit of the node's operator. Most nodes in 2009 had no BBS access, but only points, if anything.
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for transferring mail as were used for dial-in human users of the BBS, FidoNet policy dictates that at least one designated line of each FidoNet node must be available for accepting mail from other FidoNet nodes during a particular hour of each day.
1257:, which was a small device driver which provided a standard way for the Fido software to talk to the modem. This driver needed to be loaded before any Fido software would work. An efficient FOSSIL driver meant faster, more reliable connections.
356:. After all the packets were generated, one for each node, the FIDONET program would look up the destination node's phone number in NODELIST.BBS, and call the remote system. Provided that FIDONET was running on that system, the two systems would
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To do this, the FidoNet addressing scheme was extended with the addition of a final address segment, the point number. For instance, a user on the example system above might be given point number 10, and thus could be sent mail at the address
1234:
Most FidoNet deployments were designed in a modular fashion. A typical deployment would involve several applications that would communicate through shared files and directories, and switch between each other through carefully designed
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it between the local system's message bases and the mailer's inbound and outbound directories. The scanner/tosser application would generally be responsible for basic routing information, determining which systems to forward mail to.
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Some of FidoNet's echomail conferences are available via gateways with the Usenet news hierarchy using software like UFGate. There are also mail gates for exchanging messages between Internet and FidoNet. Widespread net abuse and
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that, each system that the message traveled through added itself to a growing PATH header, as well as a SEENBY header. SEENBY prevented the message from looping around the network in the case of misconfigured routing information.
1095:
Listing points is on a voluntary basis and not every point is listed, so how many points there really were is anybody's guess. As of June 2006, there are still some 50,000 listed points. Most of them are in Russia and Ukraine.
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was used for administrative purposes, and was only part of the address if the node was listed directly underneath the Regional Coordinator, rather than one of the networks that were used to divide the region further.
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the network hosts, who then sent updated lists back to Node 51 to be collected into the master list. The St. Louis group now had to only maintain their own local network, and do basic work to compile the global list.
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protocols that built additional features onto FidoNet by passing information back and forth as file attachments. These included the automated distribution of files and transmission of data for inter-BBS games.
1074:
In North America (Zone 1), where local calls are generally free, the benefits of the system were offset by its complexity. Points were used only briefly, and even then only to a limited degree. Dedicated
330:
The Fido software required changes to the serial drivers to work properly on the Rainbow. A porting effort started, involving Jennings, Madill and Baker. This caused all involved to rack up considerable
436:
At a meeting held in Kaplan's living room in St. Louis on 11 April 1985 the various parties hammered out all of the details of the new concept. As part of this meeting, they also added the concept of a
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coordinators are responsible for managing the administration of all of the regions within their zone. The world is divided into six zones, the coordinators of which elect one of themselves to be the
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increased, various methods of recouping the costs were attempted, all of which caused friction in the groups. The problems were so bad that Jennings came to refer to the system as the "fight-o-net".
497:
Echomail was not the only system to use the file attachment feature of netmail to implement store-and-forward capabilities. Similar concepts were used by online games and other systems as well.
248:
started work on a new bulletin board system that would emerge as Fido BBS. It was called "Fido" because the assorted hardware together was "a real mongrel". Jennings set up the system in
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exit at a specified time, normally at night. As it exited it would run the separate FIDONET program. NODELIST was the list of Fido BBS systems, which Jennings had already been compiling.
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would allow them to compose mail on their local machines, and then deliver it quickly, as opposed to calling in and typing the message in while on a long-distance telephone connection.
1013:
is universally supported); one toll call could then be made during off-peak hours to exchange entire message-filled archives with an out-of-town uplink for further redistribution.
776:, attached the resulting archive to a Netmail message, and sent that message to a selected system. On receiving such a message, identified because it was addressed to a particular
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were introduced to address this, allowing technically-savvy users to receive the already compressed and batched Echomail (and Netmail) and read it locally on their own machines.
898:. The FidoNet structure also allows for semantic designation of region, host, and hub status for particular nodes, but this status is not directly indicated by the main address.
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would now consist of the network and node number pair, which would be written with a slash between them. All mail travelling between networks would first be sent to their local
1992:
With sadness I have removed the last entry for Zone6 as of this writing. All remaining members have been transitioned to Zone3 as previously determined by Z6 members at large.
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software, and some other FidoNet-supporting software from the 1980s, is no longer functional on modern systems. This is for several reasons, including problems related to the
462:
it was already a feature of the basic system when the 8 February 1985 version of the FidoNet standards document was released, so this was added very early in Fido's history.
3796:
866:
Zone 6 was Asia, Israel and the Asian parts of Russia, (which are listed in Zone 2). On 26 July 2007 zone 6 was removed, and all remaining nodes were moved to zone 3.
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charges on a host systems. For these reasons, file transfers were normally turned off for most users, and only available to the system operators and tosser/scanners.
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2221:
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one dedicated phone line. Consequently, operating a Fidonet system often required significant financial investment, a cost usually met by the owner of the system.
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Part of the objective behind the formation of local nets was to implement cost reduction plans by which all messages would be sent to one or more hubs or hosts in
799:
FidoNet is politically organized into a tree structure, with different parts of the tree electing their respective coordinators. The FidoNet hierarchy consists of
260:. Fido started spreading to new systems, and Jennings eventually started keeping an informal list of their phone numbers, with Jennings becoming #1 and Madill #2.
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264:
BBS systems, Jennings' and Madill's, to "see if it could be done, merely for the fun of it". This was first supported in Fido V7, "sometime in June 84 or so".
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3681:
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systems filled this role with systems that were much easier to use. Points remain in use to this day but are less popular than when they were introduced.
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the system. Many BBSes also allowed users to exchange files, play games, and interact with other users in a variety of ways (i.e.: node to node chat).
1083:, Squiggy and Silver Xpress (OPX) were introduced in the mid-1990s and quickly rendered the point system obsolete. Many of these packages supported the
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As the number of messages in Echomail grew over time, it became very difficult for users to keep up with the volume while logged into their local BBS.
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with an assigned node number is 918, located in Zone 1 (North America), Region 19, and Network 170. The full FidoNet address for this system would be
172:
system to exchange private (email) and public (forum) messages between the BBSes in the network, as well as other files and protocols in some cases.
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2458:
179:
to support other BBS software. FidoNet was one of the few networks that was supported by almost all BBS software, as well as a number of non-BBS
3703:
2246:
1405:
While the use of FidoNet has dropped dramatically compared with its use up to the mid-1990s, it is still used in many countries and especially
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newsgroups in nature. Echomail was supported by a variety of software that collected up new messages from the local BBSes' public forums (the
3698:
3688:
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364:
In order to lower long-distance charges, the mail exchanges were timed to run late at night, normally 4 AM. This would later be known as
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the best time for European hosts to exchange. Efforts towards introducing a continental level to the addressing system started in 1986.
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forum was one created by the Dallas area sysops to discuss business, known as SYSOP. Another called TECH soon followed. Several public
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Each zone is broken down into regions, which are broken down into nets, which consist of individual nodes. Zones 7-4095 are used for
3559:
1855:
1812:
1685:
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1337:, Intermail, MainDoor and D'Bridge from the early 1990s can still be run today under Windows without a modem, by using the freeware
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133:
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phone number. There are similar solutions for Linux such as MODEMU (modem emulator) which has limited success when combined with
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Baker provides details of the club and the SIG at about the 8- to 10-minute mark during BBS interviews by Jason Scott Sadofsky,
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accessible. A mechanism allowing netmail delivery to these systems without the overhead of nodelist maintenance was desirable.
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3001:
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2207:
1199:
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Region 19, for instance, contains nets 380-399 and 3800-3999 in addition to those that were in Region 19 when it was formed.
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71:
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Handshaking - the protocols used by mailer software to identify each other and exchange meta-information about the session.
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1896:
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the early 1990s, echo mail was carrying over 8 MB of compressed message traffic a day, many times that when uncompressed.
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2007:
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2718:
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2320:
30:
This article is about the BBS computer network. For the industry association standardizing authentication methods, see
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327:. While searching for software that would run on the MS-DOS side of the system, Baker learned of Fido through Madill.
114:
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625:
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Message format - the standard format for FidoNet messages during the time which they were exchanged between systems.
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few minutes a day at most. In contrast to North America, pointing saw rapid and fairly widespread uptake in Europe.
319:, with the BBS running on the latter. When the machine arrived, they learned that the Z80 side had no access to the
86:
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3521:
3460:
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1357:(DOS emulator). Mail Tossers such as FastEcho and FMail are still used today under both Windows and Linux/DOSEMU.
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1188:
644:
629:
60:
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3332:
3177:
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3006:
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1103:
FidoNet contained several technical specifications for compatibility between systems. The most basic of all is
1021:
would sometimes volunteer. In such cases, Echomail messages would be routed to the volunteers' systems instead.
347:. The FIDO BBS software was modified to use a previously unused numeric field in the message headers to store a
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2972:
2907:
2860:
2746:
2587:
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2059:
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636:
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Although FidoNet was, by far, the best known BBS-based network, it was by no means the only one. From 1988 on,
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67:
2184:
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side, Fido systems were usually well-equipped machines, for their day, with quick CPUs, high-speed modems and
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1080:
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computer on indefinite loan, so he made plans to move the CBBS onto this machine. The Rainbow contained two
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3092:
3037:
3032:
2845:
2810:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2194:
1795:"BBS Documentary Interview Collection: Ben Baker, Ken Kaplan, That Old Frog (Ryugen Fisher) Part 1 (2004)"
1755:"BBS Documentary Interview Collection: Ben Baker, Ken Kaplan, That Old Frog (Ryugen Fisher) Part 1 (2004)"
1743:"BBS Documentary Interview Collection: Ben Baker, Ken Kaplan, That Old Frog (Ryugen Fisher) Part 1 (2004)"
284:
252:
sometime in early 1984. Another early user was John Madill, who was trying to set up a similar system in
232:
Hand-compiled list of Fido BBS systems, June 1984. This document formed the basis of the first nodelists.
100:
3801:
3393:
3197:
3162:
3082:
3062:
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2872:
2793:
2572:
2230:
1319:
357:
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165:
2003:
The message from the 2 zone coordinator Ward Dossche to 50 region coordinator about 6 zone dropping —
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3237:
2994:
2929:
2820:
2397:
2117:
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Details of the sequence of events leading to the new routing scheme differ slightly between accounts.
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and former republics of the USSR. Some BBSes, including those that are now available for users with
1107:, with which all FidoNet systems are required to comply as a minimum requirement. FTS-0001 defined:
82:
3317:
3257:
3016:
2978:
2835:
2776:
2761:
2605:
1976:
1076:
272:
In early 1984, Ben Baker was planning on starting a BBS for the newly forming computer club at the
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The FidoNet system was based on several small interacting programs, only one of which needed to be
2179:
1385:
protocol) and qico (supports modem communication as well as the IP protocol of ifcico and binkp).
3544:
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3302:
3232:
3207:
3142:
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2289:
236:
There are two major accounts of the development of the FidoNet, differing only in small details.
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came close in terms of breadth or numbers; FidoNet's user base far surpassed other networks like
477:
In this fashion, Rush's system implemented a store and forward public message system similar to
470:
similar to the way the original mailer handled private messages. The new program was known as a
1137:), file compression, nodelist format, transfer over reliable connections such as the Internet (
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3252:
3212:
3042:
3011:
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2127:
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773:
769:
273:
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565:
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Then when some regions started running out of network numbers, the following was also used.
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access between bulletin board systems, and much of its policy and structure reflected this.
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numbers possibly having been reassigned for voice use by the respective telephone company.
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2011:
1900:
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1689:
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1122:- the protocols to be used for transferring files containing FidoNet mail between systems.
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system, and went looking for a machine to run it on. The club's president told Baker that
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934:(nodediff) to be distributed for node operators to apply to their existing nodelist.
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850:
827:
577:
249:
107:
31:
1894:"An Enhanced FidoNet Technical Standard Extending FTS-0001 to include Bark requests"
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1236:
837:
569:
245:
37:"Netmail" redirects here. For the Novell/Messaging Architects server software, see
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2147:
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driver, and by using a Virtual Modem such as NetSerial. This allows the mailer to
1244:
517:
In October 1986 the last major change to the FidoNet network was released, adding
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1251:
Arguably the most important piece of software on a DOS-based Fido system was the
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service was inexpensive and long-distance calls (or intercity data transfer via
854:
844:
614:
296:
257:
49:
1893:
1881:
1781:
697:, resulting in increasing use. Nodelists are no longer declining in all cases.
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2565:
2378:
2004:
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510:
386:
304:
38:
1602:
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1374:
1334:
1323:
1025:
583:
414:
308:
277:
253:
1304:
973:. From there, it was distributed 'down stream' to the destination node(s).
183:. This modular construction also allowed FidoNet to easily upgrade to new
3627:
3617:
3534:
3359:
3182:
2637:
2356:
2262:
2199:
1462:
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on the Internet side has caused some gateways (such as the former 1:1/31
1410:
1279:
694:
573:
561:
320:
211:
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1702:
942:
In a theoretical situation, a node would normally forward messages to a
3607:
2361:
2126:(DVD, Episode 4: "Fidonet"). Boston, MA, USA: Bovine Ignition Systems.
1457:
1338:
1315:
1044:
557:
176:
17:
1364:
File queue in qcc, the ncurses UI for qico. The addresses are made-up.
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3612:
2934:
2726:
2679:
2615:
2550:
2335:
1954:
1429:
fidonet.org gateway) to become unusable or cease operation entirely.
1414:
1406:
1354:
1342:
1253:
1117:
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1024:
The FidoNet system was best adapted to an environment in which local
861:
831:
761:
533:. Points were widely used only for a short time, the introduction of
478:
312:
204:
2048:
1926:
1913:
1793:
Kaplan provides details 14 to 16-minute mark during this interview,
1589:
John Madill; Bart Mullins (5 August 1996). Christopher Baker (ed.).
791:
the FidoNet. Private person-to-person Netmail was relatively rare.
215:
even today despite internet connectivity becoming more widespread.
3637:
3574:
2882:
2535:
2294:
1653:
1382:
1378:
1359:
1138:
1036:
1010:
582:
481:, but based on, and hosted by, the FidoNet system. The first such
466:
390:
324:
227:
188:
2135:
1349:
an IP address or hostname via Telnet, rather than dialing a real
822:
The highest level is the zone, which is largely continent-based:
3579:
2668:
2658:
1467:
1426:
1006:
931:
587:
Rapid rise, 1996 peak, and slower decline in number of Fidonodes
316:
288:
281:
200:
2683:
2454:
2203:
1983:, vol. 24, no. 31 (published 30 July 2007), p. 2
756:
By far the most commonly used of these piggyback protocols was
737:
The FidoNet system officially referred only to the transfer of
2825:
1167:
780:, the reverse process was used to extract the messages, and a
608:
287:
within the club. He intended to use the seminal, CP/M-hosted,
43:
1543:
Agutter, Claire; Botha, Johann; Hove, Suzanne D. Van (2018).
921:
FidoNet policy requires that each FidoNet system maintain a
2189:
748:
of a single file to every message. This led to a series of
361:
packets, FIDONET would exit, and run the FIDO BBS program.
2162:
1975:
Shenkenberger, Carol (26 July 2007), Felten, Björn (ed.),
1149:
Since computer bulletin boards historically used the same
1129:
Other specifications that were commonly used provided for
2169:
1572:"The Lost Civilization of Dial-Up Bulletin Board Systems"
560:
systems were able to host similar functionality known as
2180:
FidoNews, the weekly newsletter of the FidoNet community
1417:, also retain their FidoNet netmail and echomail feeds.
2174:
1717:"FidoNet, Sidekick, Apple, Get Organized!, and Handle"
1133:, different transfer protocols and handshake methods (
949:
For example, a FidoNet message might follow the path:
787:
Echomail was so popular that for many users, Echomail
1500:
In the interviews, Baker says this took place in May.
1318:. In some cases, the original authors have left the
730:
FidoNet was historically designed to use modem-based
343:
The FIDONET program was what later became known as a
191:-based communications over telephone links with high
1444:
of the FidoNet community. Affectionately nicknamed
3661:
3598:
3520:
3484:
3441:
3382:
3316:
3025:
2717:
2651:
2586:
2526:
2407:
2370:
2344:
2308:
2255:
982:numbers got added, the following formula was used.
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1043:, where tolls on local calls and competition with
1333:Several DOS-based legacy FidoNet Mailers such as
1035:) costly. Therefore, it fared somewhat poorly in
409:The team settled on the concept of adding a new
2175:FidoNet Technical Standards Committee Home Page
1326:community, and the software, much of which was
1782:"FidoNet: Technology, Use, Tools, and History"
1039:, where even local lines are expensive, or in
2695:
2466:
2215:
1715:Markoff, John; Shapiro, Ezra (October 1984).
187:systems, which was important in an era using
8:
784:put them back into the new system's forums.
3710:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2005:http://alex-rex.livejournal.com/282920.html
1832:. Bbscorner.com. 2010-02-10. Archived from
1202:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1047:or other data networks limited its growth.
643:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3746:
2702:
2688:
2680:
2473:
2459:
2451:
2222:
2208:
2200:
882:FidoNet addresses explicitly consist of a
1949:
1947:
1222:Learn how and when to remove this message
819:broken down more-or-less geographically.
663:Learn how and when to remove this message
509:At the same time, it was noted that some
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
2084:
2072:
2034:
2022:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1648:
1646:
1644:
901:For example, consider a node located in
710:Thou shalt not excessively annoy others.
564:, while other popular networks included
147:
1955:"FidoNet Policy Document: Version 4.07"
1804:
1802:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1535:
1484:
457:Sometime during the evolution of Fido,
323:, so CBBS could not communicate with a
164:that is used for communication between
3787:Computer-related introductions in 1984
2247:List of bulletin board system software
549:A solution was offered in the form of
2056:FidoNet Technical Standards Committee
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1609:from the original on 20 December 2021
894:number. They are written in the form
713:Thou shalt not be too easily annoyed.
7:
3756:
1200:adding citations to reliable sources
641:adding citations to reliable sources
72:adding citations to reliable sources
2101:Schuyler, Michael (November 1992).
1381:(cross-platform, IP-only, uses the
210:The broad availability of low-cost
3797:Pre–World Wide Web online services
2103:"The Big Dummy's Guide to FidoNet"
25:
1927:"A Proposal for NetMail AreaTags"
1570:Edwards, Benj (4 November 2016).
890:number (or region number), and a
3755:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3724:
3345:Free-space optical communication
2185:International Echolist Home Page
2062:from the original on 2008-05-30.
1705:", FIDONET Episode, 21 May 2005.
1546:VeriSM ™ - unwrapped and applied
1172:
760:, public discussions similar to
701:FidoNet organizational structure
613:
48:
3792:Computer-mediated communication
2482:Computer-mediated communication
1683:"FidoNet History and Operation"
59:needs additional citations for
2242:List of bulletin board systems
2170:Alternate US FidoNet Home Page
1941:, Jargon File, 4 November 1996
27:International computer network
1:
1753:Baker at the 35 minute mark,
1597:. Vol. 13, no. 32.
1371:free and open source software
529:, so a real example might be
3731:Telecommunication portal
3512:Telecommunications equipment
2518:Virtual learning environment
1135:e.g.: Yoohoo/Yoohoo2u2, EMSI
1009:was nominally standard, but
3248:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2631:Voice chat in online gaming
1509:The Jargon File puts it at
152:FidoNet logo by John Madill
3818:
2952:Telecommunications history
2047:Bush, Randy (1995-09-30).
1882:"FidoNet History Timeline"
1330:, is no longer supported.
311:, allowing it to run both
36:
29:
3719:
3560:Public Switched Telephone
3372:telecommunication circuit
3333:Fiber-optic communication
3078:Francis Blake (telephone)
2873:Optical telecommunication
2528:Asynchronous conferencing
2488:
2237:
1854:Wynn Wagner (July 1985),
1830:"The Fidonet BBS Network"
836:Zone 2 is Europe, Former
720:International Coordinator
413:patterned on the idea of
3471:Orbital angular-momentum
2908:Satellite communications
2747:Communications satellite
2588:Synchronous conferencing
2195:Fidonet Showcase Project
2010:January 5, 2012, at the
1099:Technical specifications
744:Netmail allowed for the
280:. Baker was part of the
3350:Molecular communication
3173:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3002:Undersea telegraph line
2737:Cable protection system
2541:Electronic mailing list
2331:Remote Imaging Protocol
2118:Scott, Jason (director)
1957:. FidoNet. June 9, 1989
1914:"YOOHOO and YOOHOO/2U2"
1701:Jason Scott Sadofsky, "
1087:offline mail standard.
938:Routing of FidoNet mail
768:), compressed it using
368:, and, later still, as
295:would be giving them a
276:automotive division in
267:
244:Around Christmas 1983,
199:around the world. Only
3492:Communication protocol
3278:Charles Sumner Tainter
3093:Walter Houser Brattain
3038:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2846:Information revolution
2513:Social network service
2508:Collaborative software
2503:Communication software
2231:Bulletin board systems
1365:
1141:), and other aspects.
996:
988:
795:Geographical structure
588:
531:Bob Smith@1:250/250.10
285:special interest group
239:
233:
166:bulletin board systems
3466:Polarization-division
3198:Narinder Singh Kapany
3163:Erna Schneider Hoover
3083:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3063:Alexander Graham Bell
2794:online video platform
2573:Bulletin board system
2190:IFDC FileGate Project
1363:
1278:application, such as
992:
984:
840:countries, and Israel
693:software, some being
586:
333:long distance charges
240:Tom Jennings' account
231:
193:long-distance calling
3308:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3268:Almon Brown Strowger
3238:Charles Grafton Page
2893:Prepaid mobile phone
2821:Electrical telegraph
2398:BBS: The Documentary
2123:BBS: The Documentary
1810:"FidoNet History #2"
1703:BBS: The Documentary
1401:FidoNet availability
1373:FidoNet mailers for
1196:improve this section
994:Region number × 200
967:(region coordinator)
637:improve this section
68:improve this article
3258:Johann Philipp Reis
3017:Wireless revolution
2979:The Telephone Cases
2836:Hydraulic telegraph
2606:Internet Relay Chat
1977:"Removal of Zone 6"
1857:History of Echomail
1164:FidoNet deployments
1077:offline mail reader
1071:to be run locally.
986:Region number × 20
726:Technical structure
527:zone:net/node.point
268:Ben Baker's account
168:(BBSes). It uses a
3456:Frequency-division
3433:Telephone exchange
3303:Charles Wheatstone
3233:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3208:Innocenzo Manzetti
3143:Reginald Fessenden
2878:Optical telegraphy
2711:Telecommunications
1916:, 30 November 1991
1899:2013-05-20 at the
1815:2014-08-21 at the
1688:2014-08-21 at the
1659:2018-03-14 at the
1366:
1114:Transfer protocol
971:(zone coordinator)
589:
366:national mail hour
234:
3769:
3768:
3507:Store and forward
3502:Data transmission
3416:Network switching
3367:Transmission line
3213:Guglielmo Marconi
3178:Internet pioneers
3043:Mohamed M. Atalla
3012:Whistled language
2677:
2676:
2621:Videoconferencing
2601:Instant messaging
2596:Data conferencing
2498:Online discussion
2448:
2447:
2300:Virtual community
1929:, 3 December 1993
1912:Vince Perriello,
1903:, 15 October 1990
1654:"Fidonet History"
1591:"FidoNet History"
1232:
1231:
1224:
1079:programs such as
963:(net coordinator)
896:Zone:Network/Node
878:FidoNet addresses
673:
672:
665:
274:McDonnell Douglas
170:store-and-forward
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3809:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3600:Notable networks
3590:Wireless network
3530:Cellular network
3522:Types of network
3497:Computer network
3384:Network topology
3298:Thomas A. Watson
3153:Oliver Heaviside
3138:Philo Farnsworth
3113:Daniel Davis Jr.
3088:Charles Bourseul
3048:John Logie Baird
2757:Data compression
2752:Computer network
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2643:Web conferencing
2578:Online guestbook
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2415:Ward Christensen
2386:Computer Shopper
2326:Internet outdial
2316:ANSI escape code
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2166:
2165:
2163:Official website
2146:
2144:
2143:
2134:. Archived from
2113:
2111:
2110:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1860:, archived from
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:, 20 August 1985
1806:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1679:
1664:
1650:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1413:connections via
1377:systems are the
1294:In later times,
1248:either fashion.
1227:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1176:
1168:
1066:
912:
897:
690:a retro movement
668:
661:
657:
654:
648:
617:
609:
541:Other extensions
532:
528:
501:Zones and points
459:file attachments
185:data compression
162:computer network
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3657:
3594:
3516:
3480:
3437:
3386:
3378:
3319:
3312:
3218:Robert Metcalfe
3073:Tim Berners-Lee
3021:
2841:Information Age
2713:
2708:
2678:
2673:
2647:
2582:
2522:
2484:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2403:
2366:
2340:
2304:
2251:
2233:
2228:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2141:
2139:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2094:Further reading
2091:
2087:, Section 10.0.
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2012:Wayback Machine
2002:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1901:Wayback Machine
1891:
1887:
1880:Frank Robbins,
1879:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1817:Wayback Machine
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1692:, February 1985
1690:Wayback Machine
1680:
1667:
1661:Wayback Machine
1651:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1454:
1435:
1403:
1296:message readers
1261:Mailer software
1228:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1193:
1177:
1166:
1151:telephone lines
1147:
1101:
1064:
1053:
1030:packet-switched
1003:compressed form
940:
932:list of changes
910:
903:Tulsa, Oklahoma
895:
880:
797:
728:
703:
686:
669:
658:
652:
649:
634:
618:
607:
594:
543:
530:
526:
503:
455:
419:network address
399:
378:
270:
242:
226:
221:
181:online services
160:is a worldwide
155:
154:
153:
150:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3815:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3743:
3733:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Space-division
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Camille Tissot
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Claude Shannon
3260:
3255:
3253:Tivadar Puskás
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Antonio Meucci
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Charles K. Kao
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Harold Hopkins
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Emile Berliner
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Videotelephony
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2905:
2903:Radiotelephone
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Internet video
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2556:Internet forum
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Chuck Forsberg
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2371:Media coverage
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2155:External links
2153:
2151:
2150:
2114:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2075:, Section 6.0.
2065:
2039:
2027:
2025:, Section 4.0.
2015:
1996:
1967:
1943:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1892:Philip Becker
1885:
1873:
1846:
1821:
1808:Tom Jennings,
1798:
1786:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1707:
1694:
1681:Tom Jennings,
1665:
1620:
1581:
1562:
1555:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1502:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1434:
1431:
1402:
1399:
1276:scanner/tosser
1230:
1229:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:Zone Mail Hour
1146:
1145:Zone mail hour
1143:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1100:
1097:
1052:
1049:
975:
974:
939:
936:
879:
876:
868:
867:
864:
858:
847:
841:
834:
826:Zone 1 is the
796:
793:
727:
724:
715:
714:
711:
702:
699:
685:
682:
671:
670:
621:
619:
612:
606:
603:
593:
590:
542:
539:
535:offline reader
502:
499:
472:tosser/scanner
454:
451:
411:network number
398:
397:Nets and nodes
395:
377:
376:Up and running
374:
370:Zone Mail Hour
354:message packet
269:
266:
241:
238:
225:
222:
220:
217:
151:
146:
145:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3814:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3476:Code-division
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Time-division
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:and switching
3385:
3381:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:optical fiber
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Coaxial cable
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Radia Perlman
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Lee de Forest
3131:
3129:
3128:Thomas Edison
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Donald Davies
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Claude Chappe
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Smoke signals
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:Semiconductor
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:Digital media
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Microblogging
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:Voice over IP
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:LAN messenger
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:textfiles.com
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2138:on 2008-05-11
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2085:Schuyler 1992
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:Schuyler 1992
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:Schuyler 1992
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:Schuyler 1992
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:"fight-o-net"
1935:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1864:on 2016-02-10
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1836:on 2022-02-07
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1723:. p. 357
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:9789401803717
1552:
1549:. Van Haren.
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:closed source
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:The original
1308:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:FOSSIL driver
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1212:November 2017
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:This section
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:to 1:170/900
956:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
937:
935:
933:
927:
924:
919:
916:
908:
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865:
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851:Latin America
848:
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688:Around 2014,
683:
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664:
656:
653:February 2018
646:
642:
638:
632:
631:
627:
622:This section
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598:
591:
585:
581:
579:
578:lingua franca
575:
571:
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551:file requests
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420:
417:. A complete
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250:San Francisco
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124:February 2017
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88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
32:FIDO Alliance
19:
3802:BBS networks
3622:
3443:Multiplexing
3318:Transmission
3283:Nikola Tesla
3273:Henry Sutton
3228:Samuel Morse
3158:Robert Hooke
3123:Amos Dolbear
3058:John Bardeen
2977:
2957:Telautograph
2861:Mobile phone
2816:Edholm's law
2799:social media
2732:Broadcasting
2545:
2435:Steve Punter
2430:Tom Jennings
2396:
2384:
2377:
2351:
2309:Technologies
2273:File sharing
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2122:
2107:. Retrieved
2080:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2037:, Section 5.
2030:
2018:
1999:
1991:
1985:, retrieved
1980:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:Steve Gove,
1921:
1908:
1888:
1876:
1866:, retrieved
1862:the original
1856:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1824:
1789:
1780:Randy Bush,
1749:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1697:
1663:, 2 May 1987
1611:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
1576:The Atlantic
1575:
1565:
1545:
1538:
1518:
1513:at its peak.
1505:
1496:
1487:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1419:
1404:
1389:
1387:
1367:
1346:
1332:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1275:
1273:
1268:BBS software
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1243:. However,
1233:
1218:
1209:
1194:Please help
1182:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1065:1:170/918.10
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928:
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871:
869:
838:Soviet Union
821:
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798:
788:
786:
781:
777:
765:
757:
755:
749:
745:
743:
738:
736:
729:
722:of FidoNet.
719:
716:
704:
687:
678:
674:
659:
650:
635:Please help
623:
599:
595:
570:Commodore 64
555:
550:
548:
544:
522:
518:
516:
508:
504:
496:
492:
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438:
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431:
427:
423:network host
422:
410:
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404:
400:
383:
379:
369:
365:
363:
353:
348:
344:
342:
338:
329:
271:
262:
246:Tom Jennings
243:
235:
209:
197:
174:
157:
156:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3643:NPL network
3355:Radio waves
3293:Alfred Vail
3203:Hedy Lamarr
3188:Dawon Kahng
3148:Elisha Gray
3108:Yogen Dalal
3033:Nasir Ahmed
2967:Teleprinter
2831:Heliographs
2493:Online chat
2440:Jason Scott
2420:Randy Suess
1652:Ben Baker,
1613:20 December
1423:e-mail spam
1241:batch files
961:to 1:170/0
860:Zone 5 was
855:Puerto Rico
845:Australasia
572:world, and
511:power users
349:node number
297:Rainbow 100
258:Rainbow 100
3776:Categories
3689:Antarctica
3648:Toasternet
3570:Television
3053:Paul Baran
2985:Television
2969:(teletype)
2962:Telegraphy
2940:transistor
2918:Phryctoria
2888:Photophone
2866:Smartphone
2856:Mass media
2652:Publishing
2566:Imageboard
2379:Boardwatch
2142:2010-08-01
2109:2010-09-30
2049:"FTS-0001"
1987:2010-10-08
1961:2024-07-04
1868:2021-12-04
1840:2014-01-28
1727:23 October
1474:References
1446:The Snooze
1442:newsletter
1245:monolithic
965:to 1:19/0
953:1:170/918
886:number, a
849:Zone 4 is
843:Zone 3 is
746:attachment
684:Resurgence
415:area codes
389:1200bit/s
387:USRobotics
305:Intel 8088
301:processors
94:newspapers
3673:Americas
3662:Locations
3633:Internet2
3394:Bandwidth
3098:Vint Cerf
2995:streaming
2973:Telephone
2913:Semaphore
2804:streaming
2561:Textboard
2278:Protocols
2268:Chat room
2105:. FidoNet
1603:1198-4589
1531:Citations
1375:Unix-like
1335:FrontDoor
1324:shareware
1183:does not
1081:Blue Wave
1026:telephone
969:to 1:1/0
911:1:170/918
872:othernets
750:piggyback
624:does not
568:from the
358:handshake
321:I/O ports
309:Zilog Z80
278:St. Louis
254:Baltimore
195:charges.
83:"FidoNet"
39:M+NetMail
3741:Category
3628:Internet
3618:CYCLADES
3535:Ethernet
3485:Concepts
3409:terminal
3360:wireless
3183:Bob Kahn
3026:Pioneers
2851:Internet
2742:Cable TV
2638:Web chat
2357:RelayNet
2345:Networks
2283:Timeline
2263:ANSI art
2132:61156153
2120:(2005).
2060:Archived
2008:Archived
1981:FidoNews
1897:Archived
1813:Archived
1686:Archived
1657:Archived
1607:Archived
1595:FidoNews
1463:RelayNet
1452:See also
1438:FidoNews
1433:FidoNews
1411:Internet
1390:hardware
1312:Fido BBS
1280:FastEcho
1131:echomail
1105:FTS-0001
1033:networks
923:nodelist
853:(except
809:networks
758:Echomail
695:freeware
574:AlterNet
562:RelayNet
483:echomail
453:Echomail
212:Internet
3782:FidoNet
3761:Commons
3751:Outline
3704:Oceania
3623:FidoNet
3608:ARPANET
3421:circuit
2990:digital
2719:History
2546:FidoNet
2362:WWIVnet
2352:FidoNet
2256:Culture
2148:Alt URL
1523:Kracht.
1458:PODSnet
1440:is the
1388:On the
1341:Telnet
1339:NetFoss
1316:Y2K bug
1305:GoldED+
1300:editors
1288:TosScan
1237:scripts
1204:removed
1189:sources
1045:Minitel
913:. The
888:network
805:regions
766:scanner
739:Netmail
732:dial-up
645:removed
630:sources
605:Decline
566:RBBSNet
558:PCBoard
256:on his
224:Origins
219:History
201:UUCPNET
158:FidoNet
108:scholar
18:Netmail
3699:Europe
3669:Africa
3653:Usenet
3613:BITNET
3550:Mobile
3426:packet
2935:MOSFET
2930:device
2727:Beacon
2616:Talker
2551:Usenet
2408:People
2336:Skypix
2130:
1784:, 1992
1601:
1553:
1511:38,000
1415:telnet
1407:Russia
1355:DOSEMU
1343:FOSSIL
1118:XMODEM
1057:Points
1051:Points
1041:France
955:(node)
915:region
862:Africa
832:Canada
817:points
782:tosser
762:Usenet
523:points
479:Usenet
439:region
345:mailer
313:MS-DOS
307:and a
205:BITNET
177:ported
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3682:South
3677:North
3638:JANET
3575:Telex
3565:Radio
3404:Nodes
3399:Links
3320:media
2898:Radio
2883:Pager
2811:Drums
2777:video
2772:image
2762:audio
2536:Email
2295:Sysop
2052:(TXT)
1479:Notes
1394:16550
1383:binkp
1379:binkd
1284:FMail
1139:Binkp
1037:Japan
1011:PKZIP
959:(hub)
813:nodes
801:zones
519:zones
487:echos
467:sysop
465:At a
391:modem
325:modem
303:, an
189:modem
115:JSTOR
101:books
3694:Asia
3580:UUCP
3540:ISDN
2669:Wiki
2659:Blog
2321:Door
2128:OCLC
1729:2013
1721:BYTE
1615:2021
1599:ISSN
1551:ISBN
1468:UUCP
1427:IEEE
1351:POTS
1347:dial
1187:any
1185:cite
892:node
884:zone
830:and
815:and
778:user
628:any
626:cite
592:Peak
521:and
317:CP/M
315:and
289:CBBS
282:CP/M
87:news
3585:WAN
3555:NGN
3545:LAN
2826:Fax
2767:DCT
2290:MUD
1322:or
1320:BBS
1298:or
1239:or
1198:by
1085:QWK
1007:ARC
944:hub
789:was
774:ZIP
772:or
770:ARC
639:by
293:DEC
70:by
3778::
2058:.
2054:.
1990:,
1979:,
1946:^
1801:^
1761:^
1719:.
1668:^
1623:^
1605:.
1593:.
1574:.
1286:,
1282:,
1274:A
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807:,
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2112:.
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112:·
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