189:
3127:
40:
591:
3139:
603:
2685:
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Peristalsis is a series of radially symmetrical contractions and relaxations of muscles which propagate down a muscular tube. In humans and other mammals, peristalsis is found in the smooth muscles of the digestive tract to propel contents through the digestive system. The word is derived from New
474:
Segmentation contractions are the contractions in intestines carried out by the smooth muscle walls. Unlike peristalsis, which involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles in one direction, segmentation occurs simultaneously in both directions as the circular muscles alternatively contract.
549:
are a class of gastrointestinal disorders where there is a malfunction in the normal activities of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are no structural abnormalities that can explain the cause. There are rarely any tests that can detect the presence of these disorders. Clinical research in
271:
Auerbach's plexus, also known as the myenteric plexus, is a collection of fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies that lie between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It was discovered and named by German neuropathologist
155:
in healthy subjects. However, studies have shown that the system is operable with a severed vagus nerve. The neurons of the enteric nervous system control the motor functions of the system, in addition to the secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes. These neurons communicate through many
562:
Motility disorders are the second classification of gastrointestinal disorder studied by neurogastroenterologists. Motility disorders are divided by what they affect, with four regions: The esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines, and the large intestines. Clinical research in
1237:"The role of "mixed" orexigenic and anorexigenic signals and autoantibodies reacting with appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptides of the adipose tissue-gut-brain axis: relevance to food intake and nutritional status in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa"
988:"The role of "mixed" orexigenic and anorexigenic signals and autoantibodies reacting with appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptides of the adipose tissue-gut-brain axis: relevance to food intake and nutritional status in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa"
459:
of dogs, they found that the response of increasing the pressure in the intestine caused the contraction of the muscle wall above the point of stimulation and the relaxation of the muscle wall below the point of stimulation.
758:
Barlow AJ, Wallace AS, Thapar N, Burns AJ (May 2008). "Critical numbers of neural crest cells are required in the pathways from the neural tube to the foregut to ensure complete enteric nervous system formation".
1189:
Martinucci I, Blandizzi C, de
Bortoli N, Bellini M, Antonioli L, Tuccori M, et al. (2015). "Genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic transmitter pathways in functional gastrointestinal disorders".
940:
Martinucci I, Blandizzi C, de
Bortoli N, Bellini M, Antonioli L, Tuccori M, et al. (2015). "Genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic transmitter pathways in functional gastrointestinal disorders".
538:, and enteric divisions of the digestive tract. The term also describes a medical sub-specialism of gastroenterology dedicated to the treatment of motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
1142:
276:. These neurons provide motor inputs to both layers of the muscularis externa and provide both parasympathetic and sympathetic input. The anatomy of the plexus is similar to the anatomy of the
409:. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut, as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain.
412:
The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition. In addition, the ENS contains support cells which are similar to
288:, that are used to provide sensory input to the interneurons in the enteric nervous system. The plexus is the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the vagus nerve and communicates with the
884:
Li Y, Owyang C (September 2003). "Musings on the wanderer: what's new in our understanding of vago-vagal reflexes? V. Remodeling of vagus and enteric neural circuitry after vagal injury".
622:
326:; although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. Its study is the focus of
1748:
1056:
579:. Transplantation, previously described as a theoretical possibility, has been a clinical reality in the United States since 2011 and is regularly performed at some hospitals.
338:
The enteric nervous system has been described as a "second brain" for several reasons. The enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the
447:
Latin and comes from the Greek peristallein, "to wrap around," from peri-, "around" + stallein, "to place". Peristalsis was discovered in 1899 by the work of physiologists
1505:"Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology"
1133:
Ross, Michael H, and
Wojciech Pawlina. Histology: A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006
140:. It is capable of acting independently of the SNS and PSNS, although it may be influenced by them. The ENS is nicknamed the "second brain". It is derived from
1384:"GABA signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarius sets the level of activity in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus cholinergic neurons in the vagovagal circuit"
84:
3047:
1741:
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and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Specifically, neurogastroenterology focuses on the functions, malfunctions, and the malformations of the
385:
in the absence of CNS input. The sensory neurons report on mechanical and chemical conditions. Through intestinal muscles, the motor neurons control
2314:
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The enteric nervous system is capable of operating independently of the brain and spinal cord, but is thought to rely on innervation from the
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encompasses the study of the brain, the gut, and their interactions with relevance to the understanding and management of gastrointestinal
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1038:
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499:, is regulated through cholinergic neurons residing in the walls of the digestive tract. Hormone secretion is controlled by the
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2018:
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567:, the damage of the mucosa of the esophagus caused by rising stomach acid through the lower esophageal sphincter.
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196:. The wall of the alimentary canal has four basic tissue layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
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neurogastroenterology focuses mainly on the study of common functional gastrointestinal disorders such as
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of the brain and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding ganglia which is similar to the
382:
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The Second Brain: A Groundbreaking New
Understanding of Nervous Disorders of the Stomach and Intestine
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314:. It functions as a pathway for the innervation in the mucosa layer of the gastrointestinal wall.
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The submucosal plexus (also known as
Meissner's plexus) is found in the submucosal layer of the
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381:, all of which make the enteric nervous system capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an
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212:, five times as many as the one hundred million neurons in the human spinal cord, and about
1554:"Do lesions of the enteric nervous system occur following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion?"
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1976:
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129:
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Burns AJ, Thapar N (October 2006). "Advances in ontogeny of the enteric nervous system".
1595:"Transplanting the enteric nervous system: a step closer to treatment for aganglionosis"
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neurogastroenterology focuses mainly on the study of common motility disorders such as
311:
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1288:"Nutrient-induced changes in the phenotype and function of the enteric nervous system"
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and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of
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249:. Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the
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1004:
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2339:
2009:
1988:
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Kumar A, Rinwa P, Sharma N (2012). "Irritable Bowel
Syndrome: A Review".
1212:
963:
576:
527:
496:
421:
402:
165:
432:
1900:
1382:
Herman MA, Cruz MT, Sahibzada N, Verbalis J, Gillis RA (January 2009).
1235:
Smitka K, Papezova H, Vondra K, Hill M, Hainer V, Nedvidkova J (2013).
986:
Smitka K, Papezova H, Vondra K, Hill M, Hainer V, Nedvidkova J (2013).
925:
772:
492:
390:
238:
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Linhares GK, Martins JL, Fontanezzi F, PatrĂcio F, Montero EF (2007).
1203:
954:
97:
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2035:
1993:
1905:
1876:
1795:
1388:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
886:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
323:
201:
133:
503:, where the neurons in the digestive tract communicate through both
322:
The ENS is capable of autonomous functions like the coordination of
2684:
1088:
Hall JE (2011). "General
Principles of Gastrointestinal Function".
2349:
2030:
1832:
1641:
476:
431:
200:
The enteric nervous system in humans consists of some 500 million
187:
2292:
1361:
475:
This allows for thorough mixing of intestinal contents, known as
393:. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30
2364:
2238:
1653:
ESNM - European
Society for Neurogastroenterology & Motility
397:, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as
2501:
2497:
2296:
1730:
366:
is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.
226:. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the
132:
nervous system (PSNS), and consists of a mesh-like system of
44:
The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the
1642:
ANMS - American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society
1362:"The Pyloric Sphincteric Cylinder in health and disease"
737:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 63.
237:
The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of
1652:
623:
European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
292:
through both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves.
172:. The large presence of serotonin and dopamine in the
310:. It was discovered and named by German physiologist
1083:
1081:
369:
In vertebrates, the enteric nervous system includes
3015:
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2004:
1964:
1951:
1944:
1890:
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1781:
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1765:
921:"Stanford Hospital: Brain in the Gut - Your Health"
619:
American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society
78:
66:
58:
53:
32:
27:
Vital system controlling the gastrointestinal tract
849:
712:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1862.
1092:(12th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 755.
1039:"Gut Instincts: The secrets of your second brain"
280:. The plexus includes sensory receptors, such as
1672:Fish Physiology: The Multifunctional Gut of Fish
1669:Grosell M, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ, eds. (2010).
879:
877:
253:, while submucosal plexuses are located in the
2513:
2308:
1742:
1090:Guyton and Hal Textbook of Medical Physiology
676:
674:
8:
3048:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1349:. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
2520:
2506:
2498:
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2315:
2301:
2293:
2228:
2170:
1961:
1948:
1778:
1771:
1749:
1735:
1727:
554:, the most common functional GI disorder.
547:Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders
120:is one of the three main divisions of the
38:
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1407:
1313:
1303:
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1252:
1211:
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1013:
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843:
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687:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 35–38.
1509:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1178:(video). Your Health. Stanford Hospital.
710:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
608:The submucosal plexus of a rabbit. X 50.
208:), 0.5% of the number of neurons in the
1437:"Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology"
670:
596:The myenteric plexus of a rabbit. X 50.
586:
1241:International Journal of Endocrinology
992:International Journal of Endocrinology
735:Human Physiology The Basis of Medicine
436:A simplified image showing peristalsis
95:
29:
542:Functional gastrointestinal disorders
7:
3138:
1503:DeVault KR, Castell DO (June 1999).
1286:Neunlist M, Schemann M (July 2014).
856:. New York: HarperCollins. pp.
629:Neurogastroenterology & Motility
804:Neurogastroenterology and Motility
25:
3028:Development of the nervous system
1522:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.1123_a.x
136:that governs the function of the
3137:
3126:
3125:
2683:
816:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00806.x
601:
589:
247:submucosal (Meissner's) plexuses
234:and extending down to the anus.
204:(including the various types of
1571:10.1590/S0102-86502007000200008
1435:, Andrews PL (September 1999).
1054:; alternate source at website:
614:Neurogastroenterology societies
575:ENS function can be damaged by
565:gastroesophageal reflux disease
479:, to allow greater absorption.
1715:Essentials of Human Physiology
176:are key areas of research for
160:similar to the CNS, including
1:
2869:Social cognitive neuroscience
2728:
1965:Bile and pancreatic secretion
733:Pocock G, Richards C (2006).
224:whole nervous system of a cat
2844:Molecular cellular cognition
1305:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272948
1148:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1114:"The Enteric Nervous System"
681:Furness JB (15 April 2008).
659:Human gastrointestinal tract
358:) nervous systems. However,
3063:Neurodevelopmental disorder
3038:Neural network (biological)
3033:Neural network (artificial)
362:studies show that when the
124:(ANS), the other being the
3187:
2590:Computational neuroscience
2185:Interstitial cell of Cajal
684:The Enteric Nervous System
467:
439:
299:
264:
3121:
3058:Neurodegenerative disease
2902:Evolutionary neuroscience
2681:
2535:
2423:Peripheral nervous system
2260:Enterohepatic circulation
2116:Segmentation contractions
1711:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_29"
1593:Gershon MD (April 2007).
1558:Acta Cirurgica Brasileira
1292:The Journal of Physiology
489:gastrointestinal hormones
470:Segmentation contractions
90:
37:
3023:Brain–computer interface
2972:Neuromorphic engineering
2897:Educational neuroscience
2804:Nutritional neuroscience
2709:Clinical neurophysiology
2605:Integrative neuroscience
1400:10.1152/ajpgi.90504.2008
1298:(14). Wiley: 2959–2965.
1143:"enteric nervous system"
898:10.1152/ajpgi.00119.2003
552:irritable bowel syndrome
122:autonomic nervous system
118:intrinsic nervous system
2834:Behavioral neuroscience
2190:Basal electrical rhythm
2121:Migrating motor complex
1759:gastrointestinal system
1611:10.1136/gut.2006.107748
1453:10.1136/gut.45.2008.ii6
1345:Silverthorn DU (2007).
644:Basal electrical rhythm
228:gastrointestinal system
46:gastrointestinal system
3166:Enteric nervous system
2829:Affective neuroscience
2610:Molecular neuroscience
2565:Behavioral epigenetics
2332:Central nervous system
2145:Enteric nervous system
1160:Gershon, 1998 & 17
437:
340:central nervous system
308:gastrointestinal tract
278:central nervous system
260:
243:myenteric (Auerbach's)
197:
138:gastrointestinal tract
110:enteric nervous system
92:Anatomical terminology
33:Enteric nervous system
2892:Cultural neuroscience
2887:Consumer neuroscience
2729:Neurogastroenterology
2585:Cellular neuroscience
2059:Enterochromaffin cell
2054:Enteroendocrine cells
1447:(Suppl 2): II6–II16.
524:Neurogastroenterology
519:Clinical significance
435:
328:neurogastroenterology
191:
178:neurogastroenterology
18:Neurogastroenterology
2864:Sensory neuroscience
2704:Behavioral neurology
2675:Systems neuroscience
2047:Endocrine cell types
1694:. Harper Perennial.
356:prevertebral ganglia
153:prevertebral ganglia
3007:Social neuroscience
2907:Global neurosurgery
2784:Neurorehabilitation
2754:Neuro-ophthalmology
2739:Neurointensive care
2570:Behavioral genetics
2073:Exocrine cell types
2006:Glucose homeostasis
1690:Gershon MD (1999).
1254:10.1155/2013/483145
1057:"NeuroScienceStuff"
1005:10.1155/2013/483145
649:Homeostatic emotion
418:blood–brain barrier
230:, beginning in the
3083:Neuroimmune system
2977:Neurophenomenology
2917:Neural engineering
2640:Neuroendocrinology
2620:Neural engineering
2196:Gastrocolic reflex
1757:Physiology of the
1675:. Academic Press.
1662:Further references
848:Gershon M (1998).
773:10.1242/dev.017418
708:Dorland's (2012).
558:Motility disorders
511:pathways with the
455:. Working on the
438:
383:integrating center
342:(CNS) through the
251:muscularis externa
222:as many as in the
198:
3153:
3152:
3002:Paleoneurobiology
2937:Neuroepistemology
2912:Neuroanthropology
2878:Interdisciplinary
2764:Neuropharmacology
2724:Neuroepidemiology
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2290:
2289:
2268:
2267:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2153:Submucous plexus
2139:
2138:
2088:
2087:
1940:
1939:
1701:978-0-06-093072-1
1682:978-0-08-096136-1
1204:10.2217/pgs.15.12
955:10.2217/pgs.15.12
744:978-0-19-856878-0
719:978-1-4160-6257-8
694:978-1-4051-7344-5
583:Additional images
487:The secretion of
395:neurotransmitters
302:Submucosal plexus
296:Submucosal plexus
290:medulla oblongata
267:Auerbach's plexus
261:Auerbach's plexus
158:neurotransmitters
106:
105:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3178:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3043:Detection theory
2927:Neurocriminology
2854:Neurolinguistics
2769:Neuroprosthetics
2687:
2650:Neuroinformatics
2600:Imaging genetics
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2428:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2282:Peritoneal fluid
2244:Pancreatic juice
2229:
2171:
2158:Myenteric plexus
2100:Intestinal juice
1962:
1949:
1861:Gastric emptying
1813:Intrinsic factor
1779:
1772:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1717:. Archived from
1705:
1686:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1515:(6): 1434–1442.
1500:
1494:
1493:
1486:J Phys Pharm Adv
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1394:(1): G101–G111.
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:Human Physiology
1342:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1192:Pharmacogenomics
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:Brain in the Gut
1169:
1163:
1157:
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1140:
1134:
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1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:. Archived from
1053:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1007:
983:
977:
976:
966:
943:Pharmacogenomics
937:
931:
930:
916:
910:
909:
892:(3): G461–G469.
881:
872:
871:
855:
852:The Second Brain
845:
836:
835:
799:
793:
792:
767:(9): 1681–1691.
755:
749:
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730:
724:
723:
705:
699:
698:
678:
605:
593:
501:vagovagal reflex
457:small intestines
375:afferent neurons
371:efferent neurons
286:mechanoreceptors
274:Leopold Auerbach
221:
220:
216:
194:Alimentary Canal
98:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3117:
3103:Neurotechnology
3098:Neuroplasticity
3093:Neuromodulation
3088:Neuromanagement
3011:
2982:Neurophilosophy
2879:
2873:
2859:Neuropsychology
2820:
2813:
2774:Neuropsychiatry
2734:Neuroimmunology
2719:Neurocardiology
2695:
2688:
2679:
2670:Neurophysiology
2660:Neuromorphology
2615:Neural decoding
2556:
2549:
2531:
2526:
2496:
2487:
2478:Parasympathetic
2459:
2417:
2326:
2321:
2291:
2286:
2264:
2248:
2210:
2162:
2135:
2104:
2084:
2068:
2042:
2000:
1977:Cholecystokinin
1936:
1886:
1865:
1839:
1828:
1761:
1755:
1725:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1031:
985:
984:
980:
939:
938:
934:
918:
917:
913:
883:
882:
875:
868:
847:
846:
839:
810:(10): 876–887.
801:
800:
796:
757:
756:
752:
745:
732:
731:
727:
720:
707:
706:
702:
695:
680:
679:
672:
667:
640:
616:
609:
606:
597:
594:
585:
573:
560:
544:
536:parasympathetic
521:
485:
472:
466:
453:Ernest Starling
449:William Bayliss
444:
430:
424:blood vessels.
354:(e.g., via the
346:(e.g., via the
344:parasympathetic
336:
320:
304:
298:
269:
263:
218:
214:
213:
186:
130:parasympathetic
102:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3171:Animal anatomy
3168:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3113:Self-awareness
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Neurodiversity
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:Neuromarketing
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Neuroesthetics
2939:
2934:
2932:Neuroeconomics
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Neuroradiology
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Neuropathology
2756:
2751:
2749:Neuro-oncology
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Neurochemistry
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Cranial nerves
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:Nervous system
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2274:Abdominopelvic
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1972:Enterogastrone
1968:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1820:Foveolar cells
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1803:Parietal cells
1800:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1721:on 2016-03-24.
1706:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1634:
1605:(4): 459–461.
1585:
1564:(2): 120–124.
1544:
1495:
1476:
1423:
1374:
1352:
1337:
1278:
1227:
1198:(5): 523–539.
1181:
1164:
1152:
1135:
1126:
1105:
1099:978-1416045748
1098:
1077:
1066:
1063:on 4 May 2013.
1029:
978:
949:(5): 523–539.
932:
911:
873:
866:
837:
794:
750:
743:
725:
718:
700:
693:
669:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
656:
654:Gut–brain axis
651:
646:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
620:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
600:
598:
595:
588:
584:
581:
572:
569:
559:
556:
543:
540:
520:
517:
484:
481:
468:Main article:
465:
462:
440:Main article:
429:
426:
335:
332:
319:
316:
312:Georg Meissner
300:Main article:
297:
294:
282:chemoreceptors
265:Main article:
262:
259:
192:Layers of the
185:
182:
104:
103:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Neurotheology
2995:
2993:
2992:Neurorobotics
2990:
2988:
2987:Neuropolitics
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Neuroethology
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Motor control
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Chronobiology
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Neurovirology
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Neurogenetics
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Brain-reading
2578:
2576:
2575:Brain mapping
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Sensory nerve
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2411:Limbic system
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1213:11577/3166305
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1172:Pasricha PJ.
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1044:
1043:New Scientist
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
970:
965:
964:11577/3166305
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
936:
933:
928:
927:
922:
919:Pasricha PJ.
915:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:0-06-018252-0
863:
859:
854:
853:
844:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
754:
751:
746:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
715:
711:
704:
701:
696:
690:
686:
685:
677:
675:
671:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
631:
630:
626:
625:
624:
621:
618:
617:
613:
604:
599:
592:
587:
582:
580:
578:
571:Gut ischaemia
570:
568:
566:
557:
555:
553:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
480:
478:
471:
463:
461:
458:
454:
450:
443:
434:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:acetylcholine
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
211:
207:
203:
195:
190:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:acetylcholine
159:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
99:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3142:
3130:
3078:Neuroimaging
3073:Neurogenesis
2957:Neurohistory
2922:Neurobiotics
2821:neuroscience
2789:Neurosurgery
2714:Epileptology
2696:neuroscience
2665:Neurophysics
2655:Neurometrics
2630:Neurobiology
2625:Neuroanatomy
2595:Connectomics
2529:Neuroscience
2482:
2455:Spinal nerve
2387:Diencephalon
2144:
2080:Goblet cells
1925:Somatostatin
1892:Gastric acid
1882:Gastric acid
1808:Gastric acid
1719:the original
1714:
1691:
1671:
1648:
1637:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1492:(2): 97–108.
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1365:. Retrieved
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1117:. Retrieved
1108:
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1061:the original
1046:. Retrieved
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486:
473:
464:Segmentation
445:
411:
379:interneurons
368:
337:
327:
321:
305:
270:
236:
206:Dogiel cells
199:
146:
142:neural crest
117:
113:
109:
107:
2947:Neuroethics
2794:Neurotology
2473:Sympathetic
2445:Motor nerve
2397:Optic nerve
2345:Spinal cord
2181:Peristalsis
2167:Either/both
2126:Borborygmus
1791:Chief cells
1367:18 November
1119:29 November
761:Development
532:sympathetic
513:vagus nerve
442:Peristalsis
428:Peristalsis
387:peristalsis
364:vagus nerve
352:sympathetic
348:vagus nerve
149:vagus nerve
126:sympathetic
54:Identifiers
3160:Categories
3108:Neurotoxin
2809:Psychiatry
2370:Cerebellum
2206:Enterocyte
2131:Defecation
1851:Swallowing
1796:Pepsinogen
1709:Nosek TM.
1247:: 483145.
998:: 483145.
665:References
491:, such as
360:vertebrate
334:Complexity
174:intestines
128:(SNS) and
59:Acronym(s)
3053:Neurochip
2819:Cognitive
2744:Neurology
2465:Autonomic
2382:Forebrain
2355:Hindbrain
2253:Processes
2224:Accessory
2201:Digestion
2174:Processes
2109:Processes
2064:APUD cell
2010:incretins
1957:paracrine
1953:Endocrine
1918:ECL cells
1913:Histamine
1894:secretion
1844:Processes
1433:Alpers DH
1431:Wood JD,
1360:Keet AS.
1037:Young E.
483:Secretion
414:astroglia
407:serotonin
255:submucosa
232:esophagus
184:Structure
170:serotonin
3132:Category
3016:Concepts
2962:Neurolaw
2694:Clinical
2404:Cerebrum
2377:Midbrain
2340:Meninges
1989:Secretin
1856:Vomiting
1783:Exocrine
1767:GI tract
1629:17369379
1580:17375218
1539:32509777
1531:10364004
1471:10457039
1418:19008339
1332:37969390
1324:24907307
1273:24106499
1222:25916523
1024:24106499
973:25916523
906:12909562
832:34066966
824:16961690
781:18385256
638:See also
577:ischemia
528:motility
509:efferent
505:afferent
497:secretin
422:cerebral
403:dopamine
324:reflexes
318:Function
166:dopamine
3144:Commons
2557:science
2545:History
2540:Outline
2483:Enteric
2432:Somatic
2360:Medulla
2036:L cells
2024:K cells
1994:S cells
1982:I cells
1930:D cells
1906:G cells
1901:Gastrin
1620:1856867
1462:1766686
1409:2636929
1315:4214652
1264:3782835
1048:8 April
1015:3782835
926:YouTube
789:7401456
493:gastrin
391:enzymes
239:ganglia
217:⁄
202:neurons
144:cells.
134:neurons
73:D017615
2880:fields
2392:Retina
2232:Fluids
2093:Fluids
1877:Saliva
1870:Fluids
1698:
1679:
1627:
1617:
1578:
1537:
1529:
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405:, and
377:, and
350:) and
168:, and
2555:Basic
2350:Brain
2031:GLP-1
1945:Lower
1833:Mucus
1775:Upper
1535:S2CID
1328:S2CID
828:S2CID
785:S2CID
477:chyme
210:brain
116:) or
96:[
85:66070
2365:Pons
2239:Bile
1696:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1625:PMID
1576:PMID
1527:PMID
1467:PMID
1414:PMID
1369:2013
1320:PMID
1269:PMID
1245:2013
1218:PMID
1121:2008
1094:ISBN
1050:2015
1020:PMID
996:2013
969:PMID
902:PMID
862:ISBN
820:PMID
777:PMID
739:ISBN
714:ISBN
689:ISBN
507:and
495:and
451:and
284:and
245:and
151:and
108:The
68:MeSH
2019:GIP
1825:HCO
1615:PMC
1607:doi
1599:Gut
1566:doi
1517:doi
1457:PMC
1449:doi
1441:Gut
1404:PMC
1396:doi
1392:296
1310:PMC
1300:doi
1296:592
1259:PMC
1249:doi
1208:hdl
1200:doi
1145:at
1010:PMC
1000:doi
959:hdl
951:doi
894:doi
890:285
858:2–7
812:doi
769:doi
765:135
420:of
114:ENS
80:FMA
62:ENS
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