1800:, two reviews make a case for nerve decompression surgery as an effective means of pain relief and support claims for protection from foot ulceration. There is less evidence for efficacy of surgery for non-diabetic peripheral neuropathy of the legs and feet. One uncontrolled study did before/after comparisons with a minimum of one-year follow-up and reported improvements for pain relief, impaired balance and numbness. "There was no difference in outcomes between patients with diabetic versus idiopathic neuropathy in response to nerve decompression." There are no placebo-controlled trials for idiopathic peripheral neuropathy in the published scientific literature.
1746:(TENS) therapy is often used to treat various types of neuropathy. A 2010 review of three trials, for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy explicitly, involving a total of 78 patients found some improvement in pain scores after 4 and 6 but not 12 weeks of treatment and an overall improvement in neuropathic symptoms at 12 weeks. Another 2010 review of four trials, for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, found significant improvement in pain and overall symptoms, with 38% of patients in one trial becoming asymptomatic. The treatment remains effective even after prolonged use, but symptoms return to baseline within a month of cessation of treatment.
56:
1650:
that sodium valproate may reduce pain in diabetic neuropathy". They discuss how there is a probable overestimate of effect due to the inherent problems with the data and conclude that the evidence does not support its usage. In a 2014 systematic review of carbamazepine the authors believe the drug to be of benefit for some people. No trials were considered greater than level III evidence; none were longer than 4 weeks in length or were deemed as having good reporting quality.
1638:
authors of the review had conflicts of interest declared. In a 2019 Cochrane review of pregabalin the authors conclude that there is some evidence of efficacy in the treatment of pain deriving from post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy and post-traumatic neuropathic pain only. They also warned that many patients treated will have no benefit. Two of the five authors declared receiving payments from pharmaceutical companies.
1604:
example explicitly state that amitriptyline and gabapentin can be used for treating the pain of sciatica. This is despite both the lack of high quality evidence that demonstrates efficacy of these medications for that symptom, and also the prominence of generally moderate to high quality evidence that reveals that antiepileptics in specific, including gabapentin, demonstrate no efficacy in treating it.
1671:
agreement with the results of this review and recommend the use of opioids. A 2017 Cochrane review examining mainly propoxyphene therapy as a treatment for many non-cancer pain syndromes (including neuropathic pain) concluded, "There was no evidence from randomised controlled trials to support or refute the use of opioids to treat chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents."
1712:-based medicines may increase the number of people achieving 50% or greater pain relief compared with placebo" but "the evidence for improvement in Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) with cannabis to be of very low quality". The authors also conclude, "The potential benefits of cannabis-based medicine... might be outweighed by their potential harms."
1642:
effectiveness of zonisamide for the treatment of pain deriving from any peripheral neuropathy. A 2014 Cochrane review found that studies of levetiracetam showed no indication for its effectiveness at treating pain from any neuropathy. The authors also found that the evidence was possibly biased and that some patients experienced adverse events.
1861:(ALA) with benfotiamine is a proposed pathogenic treatment for painful diabetic neuropathy only. The results of two systematic reviews state that oral ALA produced no clinically significant benefit, intravenous ALA administered over the course of three weeks may improve symptoms and that long-term treatment has not been investigated.
1646:
major bias; despite this, it found no effectiveness for the drug in treating the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. It had not been tested for any other type of neuropathy. Cochrane reviews from 2012 of clonazepam and phenytoin uncovered no evidence of sufficient quality to support their use in chronic neuropathic pain."
377:" is a pattern of nerve damage that is quite different from mononeuropathy, often more serious and affecting more areas of the body. The term "peripheral neuropathy" sometimes is used loosely to refer to polyneuropathy. In cases of polyneuropathy, many nerve cells in various parts of the body are affected, without regard to the
1600:
antidepressant medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Better designed clinical trials and further review from non-biased third parties are necessary to gauge just how useful for patients these medications truly are. Reviews of these systematic reviews are also necessary to assess for their failings.
3296:
Gabriel JM, Erne B, Pareyson D, Sghirlanzoni A, Taroni F, Steck AJ (December 1997). "Gene dosage effects in hereditary peripheral neuropathy. Expression of peripheral myelin protein 22 in
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies nerve biopsies".
1853:
as a treatment for neuropathic pain concludes, "Due to the limited data available, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of acupuncture for neuropathic pain in general, or for any specific neuropathic pain condition when compared with sham acupuncture or other active therapies."
1649:
A 2012 Cochrane systematic review of lacosamide found it very likely that the drug is ineffective for treating neuropathic pain. The authors caution against positive interpretations of the evidence. For sodium valproate the authors of a 2011 Cochrane review found that "three studies no more than hint
1603:
It is also often the case that the aforementioned medications are prescribed for neuropathic pain conditions for which they had not been explicitly tested on or for which controlled research is severely lacking; or even for which evidence suggests that these medications are not effective. The NHS for
1662:
A Cochrane review of buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone and morphine, all dated between 2015 and 2017, and all for the treatment of neuropathic pain, found that there was insufficient evidence to comment on their efficacy. Conflicts of interest were declared by the authors in this review. A 2017
1599:
As is revealed in many of the
Cochrane systematic reviews listed below, studies of these medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain are often methodologically flawed and the evidence is potentially subject to major bias. In general, the evidence does not support the usage of antiepileptic and
1064:
appears symmetrically and generally at the terminals of the longest nerves, which are in the lower legs and feet. Sensory symptoms generally develop before motor symptoms such as weakness. Length-dependent peripheral neuropathy symptoms make a slow ascent of the lower limbs, while symptoms may never
1666:
For tramadol, Cochrane found that there was only modest information about the benefits of its usage for neuropathic pain. Studies were small, had potential risks of bias and apparent benefits increased with risk of bias. Overall the evidence was of low or very low quality and the authors state that
1081:
A user-friendly, disease-specific, quality-of-life scale can be used to monitor how someone is doing living with the burden of chronic, sensorimotor polyneuropathy. This scale, called the
Chronic, Acquired Polyneuropathy - Patient-reported Index (CAP-PRI), contains only 15 items and is completed by
1645:
A 2013 Cochrane systematic review concluded that there was high quality evidence to suggest that lamotrigine is not effective for treating neuropathic pain, even at high dosages 200–400 mg. A 2013 Cochrane systematic review of topimirate found that the included data had a strong likelihood of
1641:
A 2017 Cochrane systematic review found that oxcarbazepine had little evidence to support its use for treating diabetic neuropathy, radicular pain and other neuropathies. The authors also call for better studies. In a 2015 Cochrane systematic review the authors found a lack of evidence showing any
464:
before a diagnosis of diabetes or pre-diabetes. However, in August 2015, the Mayo Clinic published a scientific study in the
Journal of the Neurological Sciences showing "no significant increase in...symptoms...in the prediabetes group", and stated that "A search for alternate neuropathy causes is
418:
The effect of this is to cause symptoms in more than one part of the body, often symmetrically on left and right sides. As for any neuropathy, the chief symptoms include motor symptoms such as weakness or clumsiness of movement; and sensory symptoms such as unusual or unpleasant sensations such as
1727:
for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy included two studies of 8 and 12 weeks in length; both of which compared topical clonidine to placebo and both of which were funded by the same drug manufacturer. The review found that topical clonidine may provide some benefit versus placebo. However, the
1653:
A 2017 Cochrane systematic review aiming to assess the benefit of antiepileptic medications for several types of chronic non-cancer pains (including neuropathic pain) in children and adolescents found the evidence inconclusive. Two of the ten authors of this study declared receiving payments from
1637:
A 2017 Cochrane systematic review found that daily dosages between 1800–3600 mg of gabapentin could provide good pain relief for pain associated with diabetic neuropathy only. This relief occurred for roughly 30–40% of treated patients, while placebo had a 10–20% response. Three of the seven
1624:
that did not possess inherent bias. The authors believe amitriptyline may have an effect in some patients but that the effect is overestimated. A 2014 Cochrane systematic review of imipramine notes that the evidence suggesting benefit were "methodologically flawed and potentially subject to major
1352:
Peripheral neuropathy may first be considered when an individual reports symptoms of numbness, tingling, and pain in feet. After ruling out a lesion in the central nervous system as a cause, diagnosis may be made on the basis of symptoms, laboratory and additional testing, clinical history, and a
1845:
has any meaningful efficacy in neuropathic pain conditions.The quality of the current evidence raises serious uncertainties about the estimates of effect observed, therefore, we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the
1667:
it "does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect". For oxycodone the authors found very low quality evidence showing its usefulness in treating diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia only. One of the four authors declared receiving payments from pharmaceutical companies.
1749:
These older reviews can be balanced with a more recent 2017 review of TENS for neuropathic pain by
Cochrane which concluded that, "This review is unable to state the effect of TENS versus sham TENS for pain relief due to the very low quality of the included evidence... The very low quality of
1670:
More generally, a large scale 2013 review found opioids to be more effective for intermediate term use than short term use, but couldn't properly assess effectiveness for chronic use because of insufficient data. Most recent guidelines on the pharmacotherapy of neuropathic pain however are in
1854:
Also, "Most studies included a small sample size (fewer than 50 participants per treatment arm) and all studies were at high risk of bias for blinding of participants and personnel." Also, the authors state, "we did not identify any study comparing acupuncture with treatment as usual."
1008:
Those with diseases or dysfunctions of their nerves may present with problems in any of the normal nerve functions. Symptoms vary depending on the types of nerve fiber involved. In terms of sensory function, symptoms commonly include loss of function ("negative") symptoms, including
2563:
Samson M, Puéchal X, Devilliers H, Ribi C, Cohen P, Bienvenu B, Terrier B, Pagnoux C, Mouthon L, Guillevin L (September 2014). "Mononeuritis multiplex predicts the need for immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs for EGPA, PAN and MPA patients without poor-prognosis factors".
1880:
A 2019 review concluded that "gluten neuropathy is a slowly progressive condition. About 25% of the patients will have evidence of enteropathy on biopsy (CD ) but the presence or absence of an enteropathy does not influence the positive effect of a strict gluten-free diet."
1616:
Cochrane systematically reviewed the evidence for the antidepressants nortriptyline, desipramine, venlafaxine and milnacipran and in all these cases found scant evidence to support their use for the treatment of neuropathic pain. All reviews were done between 2014 and 2015.
1082:
the person affected by polyneuropathy. The total score and individual item scores can be followed over time, with item scoring used by the patient and care-provider to estimate clinical status of some of the more common life domains and symptoms impacted by polyneuropathy.
1406:
function of small thinly- and unmyelinated fibers. These tests include a sweat test and a tilt table test. Diagnosis of small fiber involvement in peripheral neuropathy may also involve a skin biopsy in which a 3 mm-thick section of skin is removed from the calf by a
139:
nerve fibers result in different symptoms. More than one type of fiber may be affected simultaneously. Peripheral neuropathy may be acute (with sudden onset, rapid progress) or chronic (symptoms begin subtly and progress slowly), and may be reversible or permanent.
1697:. Capsaicin is the factor that causes heat in chili peppers. However the evidence suggesting that capsaicin applied to the skin reduces pain for peripheral neuropathy is of moderate to low quality and should be interpreted carefully before this treatment is used.
1612:
In general, according to
Cochrane's systematic reviews, antidepressants have shown to either be ineffective for the treatment of neuropathic pain or the evidence available is inconclusive. Evidence also tends to be tainted by bias or issues with the methodology.
2648:
Lenglet T, Haroche J, Schnuriger A, Maisonobe T, Viala K, Michel Y, Chelbi F, Grabli D, Seror P, Garbarg-Chenon A, Amoura Z, Bouche P (July 2011). "Mononeuropathy multiplex associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics, treatment and outcome".
1458:, blood sugar management is key to treatment. In prediabetes in particular, strict blood sugar control can significantly alter the course of neuropathy. In peripheral neuropathy that stems from immune-mediated diseases, the underlying condition is treated with
495:. The pattern of involvement is asymmetric. However, as the disease progresses, deficit(s) becomes more confluent and symmetrical, making it difficult to differentiate from polyneuropathy. Therefore, attention to the pattern of early symptoms is important.
2935:
Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Khandelwal N, Chakravarty S, Kumar A, Raghunath M (1 September 2020). "Increased stress and altered expression of histone modifying enzymes in brain are associated with aberrant behaviour in vitamin B12 deficient female mice".
1824:
concluded that, "There is insufficient evidence of the efficacy and safety of psychological interventions for chronic neuropathic pain. The two available studies show no benefit of treatment over either waiting list or placebo control groups."
1411:, and is used to measure the skin intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), the density of nerves in the outer layer of the skin. Reduced density of the small nerves in the epidermis supports a diagnosis of small-fiber peripheral neuropathy.
7452:
7433:
1628:
A 2017 Cochrane systematic review assessed the benefit of antidepressant medications for several types of chronic non-cancer pains (including neuropathic pain) in children and adolescents and the authors found the evidence inconclusive.
3671:
Nobile-Orazio E, Barbieri S, Baldini L, Marmiroli P, Carpo M, Premoselli S, Manfredini E, Scarlato G (June 1992). "Peripheral neuropathy in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: prevalence and immunopathogenetic studies".
8213:
427:
such as texture or temperature, and impaired balance when standing or walking. In many polyneuropathies, these symptoms occur first and most severely in the feet. Autonomic symptoms also may occur, such as dizziness on standing up,
1792:
I-III) rather than high-grade nerve injury (Sunderland classification IV-V). Nerve decompressions for properly selected patients are associated with a significant reduction in pain, in some cases the complete elimination of pain.
1719:
for the treatment of various peripheral neuropathies found its usage supported by a few low quality studies. The authors state that there are no high quality randomised control trials demonstrating its efficacy or safety profile.
1663:
Cochrane review of methadone found very low quality evidence, three studies of limited quality, of its efficacy and safety. They could not formulate any conclusions about its relative efficacy and safety compared to a placebo.
6690:
Lu VM, Burks SS, Heath RN, Wolde T, Spinner RJ, Levi AD (January 2021). "Meralgia paresthetica treated by injection, decompression, and neurectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain and operative outcomes".
1780:. In a nerve decompression, a surgeon explores the entrapment site and removes tissue around the nerve to relieve pressure. Common sites of entrapment are spaces of anatomic narrowing such as osteofibrous tunnels (e.g.
1295:, automobile accident, sports injury, sports pinching, cutting, projectile injuries (for example, gunshot wound), strokes including prolonged occlusion of blood flow, electric discharge, including lightning strikes
455:
Most types of polyneuropathy progress fairly slowly, over months or years, but rapidly progressive polyneuropathy also occurs. It is important to recognize that at one time it was thought that many of the cases of
1414:
In EMG testing, demyelinating neuropathy characteristically shows a reduction in conduction velocity and prolongation of distal and F-wave latencies, whereas axonal neuropathy shows a reduction in amplitude.
7125:
447:
end products (AGEs) is related to diabetic neuropathy. Other causes relate to the particular type of polyneuropathy, and there are many different causes of each type, including inflammatory diseases such as
8206:
7367:"Practice advisory for the prevention of perioperative peripheral neuropathies: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Prevention of Perioperative Peripheral Neuropathies".
1449:
The treatment of peripheral neuropathy varies based on the cause of the condition, and treating the underlying condition can aid in the management of neuropathy. When peripheral neuropathy results from
2523:
Criado PR, Marques GF, Morita TC, de
Carvalho JF (June 2016). "Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory profiles of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa patients: Report of 22 cases and literature review".
1750:
evidence means we have very limited confidence in the effect estimate reported." A very low quality of evidence means, 'multiple sources of potential bias' with a 'small number and size of studies'.
468:
The treatment of polyneuropathies is aimed firstly at eliminating or controlling the cause, secondly at maintaining muscle strength and physical function, and thirdly at controlling symptoms such as
287:
may produce diverse symptoms, depending on the affected glands and organs, but common symptoms are poor bladder control, abnormal blood pressure or heart rate, and reduced ability to sweat normally.
246:
Neuropathy affecting just one nerve is called "mononeuropathy" and neuropathy involving nerves in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body is called "symmetrical polyneuropathy" or simply "
2874:
8199:
6440:
Jin DM, Xu Y, Geng DF, Yan TB (July 2010). "Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
3469:
Valdivia JM, Weinand M, Maloney CT, Blount AL, Dellon AL (June 2013). "Surgical treatment of superimposed, lower extremity, peripheral nerve entrapments with diabetic and idiopathic neuropathy".
7556:
6568:
Kay J, de Sa D, Morrison L, Fejtek E, Simunovic N, Martin HD, Ayeni OR (December 2017). "Surgical
Management of Deep Gluteal Syndrome Causing Sciatic Nerve Entrapment: A Systematic Review".
1925:
Kaur J, Ghosh S, Sahani AK, Sinha JK (November 2020). "Mental
Imagery as a Rehabilitative Therapy for Neuropathic Pain in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial".
6935:
Tu Y, Lineaweaver WC, Chen Z, Hu J, Mullins F, Zhang F (March 2017). "Surgical
Decompression in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
640:
organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Autonomic nerve fibers form large collections in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis outside the
1704:
for some forms of neuropathic pain. A 2018 Cochrane review of cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain included 16 studies. All of these studies included
7886:
1118:
6606:
ElHawary H, Barone N, Baradaran A, Janis JE (February 2022). "Efficacy and Safety of Migraine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes and Complication Rates".
336:. Diagnostically, it is important to distinguish it from polyneuropathy because when a single nerve is affected, it is more likely to be due to localized trauma or infection.
1788:). In many cases the potential for nerve recovery (full or partial) after decompression is excellent, as chronic nerve compression is associated with low-grade nerve injury (
295:
Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, or polyneuropathy), the type of
1339:
651:
Autonomic neuropathy is one cause of malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, but not the only one; some conditions affecting the brain or spinal cord also may cause
7918:
8136:
8245:
2200:
7549:
3140:"Construction and validation of the chronic acquired polyneuropathy patient-reported index (CAP-PRI): A disease-specific, health-related quality-of-life instrument"
311:). The affected nerves are found in an EMG (electromyography) / NCS (nerve conduction study) test and the classification is applied upon completion of the exam.
537:
491:, either partially or completely, evolving over days to years and typically presenting with acute or subacute loss of sensory and motor function of individual
127:. Damage to nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland function, and/or organ function depending on which nerve fibers are affected. Neuropathies affecting
8530:
8071:
907:
498:
Mononeuritis multiplex is sometimes associated with a deep, aching pain that is worse at night and frequently in the lower back, hip, or leg. In people with
502:, mononeuritis multiplex typically is encountered as acute, unilateral, and severe thigh pain followed by anterior muscle weakness and loss of knee reflex.
8126:
1743:
1495:
2312:
1474:
A range of medications that act on the central nervous system have been used to symptomatically treat neuropathic pain. Commonly used medications include
7542:
1708:
as a pharmacological component of the test group. The authors rated the quality of evidence as very low to moderate. The primary outcome was quoted as, "
1303:
644:. They have connections with the spinal cord and ultimately the brain, however. Most commonly autonomic neuropathy is seen in persons with long-standing
308:
8159:
397:
sheath around axons is damaged, which affects the ability of the axons to conduct electrical impulses. The third and least common pattern affects the
7409:
1812:
is an effective treatment when neuropathy is caused by gluten sensitivity, with or without the presence of digestive symptoms or intestinal injury.
7858:
6643:"Pudendal Nerve Neurolysis in Patients Afflicted With Pudendal Nerve Entrapment: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques and Their Efficacy"
2996:
6641:
Giulioni C, Pirola GM, Maggi M, Pitoni L, Fuligni D, Beltrami M, Palantrani V, De Stefano V, Maurizi V, Castellani D, Galosi AB (March 2024).
7357:
3434:
2851:
7866:
2879:
1837:
products for people with neuropathic pain for at least three months concluded that, "There was insufficient evidence to determine whether
250:". When two or more (typically just a few, but sometimes many) separate nerves in disparate areas of the body are affected it is called "
1877:
and peripheral neuropathy due to lower levels of evidence and conflicting evidence. There is not yet convincing evidence of causality."
1773:
1728:
authors state that the included trials are potentially subject to significant bias and that the evidence is of low to moderate quality.
1687:
1211:
6198:
Hill KP (June 2015). "Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review".
1387:. For large fiber neuropathy, an exam will usually show an abnormally decreased sensation to vibration, which is tested with a 128-Hz
648:
type 1 and 2. In most—but not all—cases, autonomic neuropathy occurs alongside other forms of neuropathy, such as sensory neuropathy.
277:
causing poorer coordination and balance, reduced sensitivity to temperature change and pain, spontaneous tingling or burning pain, or
3065:
Azhary H, Farooq MU, Bhanushali M, Majid A, Kassab MY (April 2010). "Peripheral neuropathy: differential diagnosis and management".
1683:
for the treatment of neuropathic pain concluded that its benefit alone or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine is unknown.
1364:, those with generalized peripheral neuropathies most commonly have distal sensory or motor and sensory loss, although those with a
457:
6224:
Use of marijuana for chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis is supported by high-quality evidence
8064:
7716:
6334:
Serednicki WT, Wrzosek A, Woron J, Garlicki J, Dobrogowski J, Jakowicka-Wordliczek J, Wordliczek J, Zajaczkowska R (2022-05-19).
1190:
533:
1693:
There is some evidence that symptomatic relief from the pain of peripheral neuropathy may be obtained by application of topical
3189:"Chronic dry eye symptoms after LASIK: parallels and lessons to be learned from other persistent post-operative pain disorders"
7913:
3340:
Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS (January 1986). "Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. V. Hypertensive optic neuropathy".
1369:
1225:
928:
8010:
7819:
1368:(problem) of the nerves may be perfectly normal; may show proximal weakness, as in some inflammatory neuropathies, such as
1065:
appear in the upper limbs; if they do, it will be around the time that leg symptoms reach the knee. When the nerves of the
8290:
7881:
5411:
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ (July 2015). Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group (ed.).
5187:
Pinto RZ, Verwoerd AJ, Koes BW (October 2017). "Which pain medications are effective for sciatica (radicular leg pain)?".
2204:
1887:
is also being looked at as a possible means to repair peripheral nerve damage but efficacy has not yet been demonstrated.
1434:
956:
212:
1402:(NCSs), which assess large myelinated nerve fibers. Testing for small-fiber peripheral neuropathies often relates to the
1229:
552:
55:
7871:
6726:
Lundborg G, Dahlin LB (May 1996). "Anatomy, function, and pathophysiology of peripheral nerves and nerve compression".
5904:
Cooper TE, Wiffen PJ, Heathcote LC, Clinch J, Howard R, Krane E, Lord SM, Sethna N, Schechter N, Wood C (August 2017).
8057:
7891:
3606:
2278:
1789:
1430:
1114:
5257:"Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8020:
2785:
1765:
1732:
1459:
505:
440:
304:
8525:
8371:
8264:
7945:
7566:
5040:
Gaskell H, Derry S, Stannard C, Moore RA (July 2016). Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group (ed.).
1438:
792:
265:(fine muscle twitching), muscle loss, bone degeneration, and changes in the skin, hair, and nails. Additionally,
4676:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Kalso EA (April 2014). Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group (ed.).
8448:
8081:
7971:
7950:
7471:
7403:
1772:. When a nerve is subject to localized pressure or stretching, the vascular supply is interrupted leading to a
1475:
1403:
1399:
1380:
1361:
1066:
621:
136:
2399:
Sugimoto K, Yasujima M, Yagihashi S (2008). "Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic neuropathy".
1968:
Sugimoto K, Yasujima M, Yagihashi S (2008). "Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic neuropathy".
1237:
5512:
Cooper TE, Heathcote LC, Clinch J, Gold JI, Howard R, Lord SM, Schechter N, Wood C, Wiffen PJ (August 2017).
299:
predominantly affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), or the process affecting the nerves; e.g., inflammation (
8180:
8154:
8146:
7778:
7672:
5138:
Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Hancock M, Oliveira VC, McLachlan AJ, Koes B (February 2012).
1896:
1870:
1070:
732:
656:
4832:
McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Schumann R (May 2017). Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group (ed.).
8110:
8015:
7940:
7846:
7770:
7742:
7724:
7695:
7629:
7606:
6755:"Entrapment neuropathies: a contemporary approach to pathophysiology, clinical assessment, and management"
4936:
Stannard C, Gaskell H, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Cooper TE, Knaggs R, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (May 2016).
1785:
1620:
A 2015 Cochrane systematic review of amitriptyline found that there was no evidence supporting the use of
1315:
1292:
1135:
1106:
883:
679:
344:
340:
320:
251:
132:
4379:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2013). Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group (ed.).
8131:
8100:
7905:
7810:
7639:
7297:"Mesenchymal stem cells to treat diabetic neuropathy: a long and strenuous way from bench to the clinic"
1204:(pyridoxine). Peripheral neuropathies also may result from long term (more than 21 days) treatment with
720:
652:
629:
541:
6888:"Nerve decompression and neuropathy complications in diabetes: Are attitudes discordant with evidence?"
3187:
Levitt AE, Galor A, Weiss JS, Felix ER, Martin ER, Patin DJ, Sarantopoulos KD, Levitt RC (April 2015).
8191:
7139:
Bartkoski S, Day M (2016-05-01). "Alpha-Lipoic Acid for Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy".
6053:"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults"
452:, vitamin deficiencies, blood disorders, and toxins (including alcohol and certain prescribed drugs).
8175:
8105:
7534:
5230:
1906:
1842:
1735:
for the treatment of the pain deriving from diabetic polyneuropathy found it no better than placebo.
1705:
1463:
1426:
1357:
670:
548:
529:
429:
407:
348:
283:
176:
75:
6002:
Cooper TE, Fisher E, Gray AL, Krane E, Sethna N, van Tilburg MA, Zernikow B, Wiffen PJ (July 2017).
8314:
8229:
7796:
7760:
7682:
7456:
2054:"Role of advanced glycation endproducts and glyoxalase I in diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy"
1797:
1769:
1759:
965:
902:
746:
461:
390:
160:
7611:
7199:
7174:
Grossman G (April 2008). "Neurological complications of coeliac disease: what is the evidence?".
6960:
5212:
3697:
3653:
3537:
3494:
3322:
3042:
2961:
2917:
2816:
2766:
2723:
2674:
2630:
2256:
1950:
1263:
1257:
1156:
1038:
924:
738:
703:
460:
with typical symptoms of tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the feet and hands were due to
204:
156:
94:
7268:
Xu W, Cox CS, Li Y (2011). "Induced pluripotent stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration".
1372:; or may show focal sensory disturbance or weakness, such as in mononeuropathies. Classically,
8420:
8410:
7662:
7634:
7511:
7482:
7384:
7353:
7326:
7277:
7250:
7191:
7156:
7148:
7107:
7058:
7009:
6952:
6917:
6868:
6819:
6784:
6735:
6708:
6672:
6623:
6585:
6547:
6498:
6457:
6422:
6373:
6355:
6316:
6267:
6215:
6180:
6131:
6082:
6033:
5984:
5935:
5886:
5837:
5788:
5739:
5690:
5641:
5592:
5543:
5494:
5442:
5390:
5338:
5286:
5204:
5169:
5120:
5071:
5019:
4967:
4915:
4863:
4811:
4759:
4707:
4658:
4609:
4560:
4511:
4462:
4410:
4361:
4312:
4260:
4208:
4156:
4102:
4053:
4004:
3955:
3901:
3852:
3800:
3746:
3689:
3645:
3628:
Gonzalez-Duarte A, Cikurel K, Simpson DM (August 2007). "Managing HIV peripheral neuropathy".
3572:
3529:
3486:
3448:
3440:
3430:
3399:
3357:
3314:
3278:
3220:
3169:
3120:
3074:
2953:
2909:
2857:
2847:
2808:
2758:
2715:
2666:
2622:
2581:
2540:
2465:
2416:
2378:
2343:
2248:
2177:
2137:
2083:
2034:
1985:
1942:
1901:
1884:
1451:
1373:
1131:
961:
873:
645:
587:
520:
499:
200:
144:
82:
8456:
8356:
8222:
7376:
7316:
7308:
7240:
7230:
7183:
7097:
7089:
7048:
7040:
7027:
Boyd A, Bleakley C, Hurley DA, Gill C, Hannon-Fletcher M, Bell P, McDonough S (April 2019).
6999:
6991:
6944:
6907:
6899:
6858:
6850:
6811:
6774:
6766:
6700:
6662:
6654:
6615:
6577:
6537:
6529:
6488:
6449:
6412:
6404:
6363:
6347:
6306:
6298:
6257:
6249:
6207:
6170:
6162:
6121:
6113:
6072:
6064:
6023:
6015:
5974:
5966:
5925:
5917:
5876:
5868:
5827:
5819:
5778:
5770:
5729:
5721:
5680:
5672:
5631:
5623:
5582:
5574:
5533:
5525:
5484:
5476:
5432:
5424:
5380:
5372:
5328:
5320:
5276:
5268:
5255:
Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Lin CC (July 2018).
5196:
5159:
5151:
5110:
5102:
5061:
5053:
5009:
5001:
4957:
4949:
4905:
4897:
4853:
4845:
4801:
4793:
4749:
4741:
4697:
4689:
4648:
4640:
4599:
4591:
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4542:
4501:
4493:
4452:
4444:
4400:
4392:
4351:
4343:
4302:
4294:
4250:
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4198:
4190:
4146:
4138:
4092:
4084:
4043:
4035:
3994:
3986:
3945:
3937:
3891:
3883:
3842:
3834:
3790:
3782:
3736:
3728:
3681:
3637:
3564:
3521:
3478:
3422:
3389:
3349:
3306:
3268:
3210:
3200:
3159:
3151:
3110:
3034:
2945:
2901:
2839:
2800:
2750:
2705:
2658:
2612:
2573:
2532:
2455:
2447:
2408:
2370:
2335:
2238:
2203:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 19 September 2012. Archived from
2169:
2127:
2119:
2073:
2065:
2024:
2016:
1977:
1934:
1809:
1553:
1395:
1046:
1018:
581:
469:
324:
216:
108:
8049:
8434:
4780:
Cooper TE, Chen J, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Carr DB, Aldington D, Cole P, Moore RA (May 2017).
4728:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Stannard C, Aldington D, Cole P, Knaggs R (September 2015).
1709:
1267:
1215:
831:
674:
666:
633:
625:
5140:"Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2979:
2160:
Torpy JM, Kincaid JL, Glass RM (April 2010). "JAMA patient page. Peripheral neuropathy".
892:
6667:
6642:
4884:
Derry S, Stannard C, Cole P, Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Aldington D, Moore RA (October 2016).
3999:
3974:
8500:
8322:
7876:
7842:
7690:
7579:
7321:
7296:
7245:
7218:
7102:
7077:
7053:
7028:
7004:
6979:
6912:
6887:
6863:
6838:
6779:
6754:
6542:
6517:
6417:
6392:
6368:
6335:
6311:
6286:
6262:
6237:
6175:
6150:
6126:
6101:
6077:
6052:
6028:
6003:
5979:
5954:
5930:
5905:
5881:
5856:
5832:
5807:
5783:
5758:
5734:
5709:
5685:
5660:
5636:
5611:
5587:
5562:
5538:
5513:
5489:
5464:
5437:
5412:
5385:
5360:
5333:
5308:
5281:
5256:
5164:
5139:
5115:
5090:
5066:
5041:
5014:
4989:
4962:
4937:
4910:
4885:
4858:
4833:
4806:
4781:
4754:
4729:
4702:
4677:
4653:
4628:
4604:
4579:
4555:
4530:
4506:
4481:
4457:
4432:
4405:
4380:
4356:
4331:
4307:
4282:
4255:
4230:
4203:
4178:
4151:
4126:
4097:
4072:
4048:
4023:
3950:
3925:
3896:
3871:
3847:
3822:
3795:
3770:
3741:
3716:
3685:
3426:
3215:
3188:
3164:
3139:
2843:
2460:
2435:
2132:
2107:
2078:
2053:
2029:
2004:
1874:
1511:
1319:
1174:
1151:
1042:
971:
951:
897:
888:
687:
617:
567:
402:
382:
368:
351:
are examples. Direct injury to a nerve, interruption of its blood supply resulting in (
339:
The most common cause of mononeuropathy is physical compression of the nerve, known as
274:
247:
208:
37:
33:
7465:
7461:
6815:
6477:"Electrotherapy for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review"
3568:
3353:
2273:
1069:
are affected, symptoms may include constipation, dry mouth, difficulty urinating, and
8519:
8486:
8384:
8380:
8342:
8338:
8277:
8273:
8237:
7928:
7788:
7752:
7380:
3046:
2770:
2617:
2600:
1954:
1821:
1781:
1621:
1585:
1569:
1557:
1529:
1523:
1483:
1479:
1182:
1147:
1110:
1054:
846:
707:
699:
389:
are affected in proportion to their length; the longest axons are the most affected.
381:
through which they pass; not all nerve cells are affected in any particular case. In
262:
180:
172:
7203:
6964:
5808:"Valproic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
5216:
5106:
4629:"Valproic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
3701:
3657:
3541:
3498:
3326:
2965:
2921:
2820:
2634:
2260:
2227:"Treatment of Neurological Manifestations of Gluten Sensitivity and Coeliac Disease"
8415:
8226:
8095:
7955:
7901:
7734:
7654:
7598:
7093:
7044:
6995:
6533:
6518:"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults"
6408:
6351:
6302:
6253:
6166:
6117:
6068:
6019:
5970:
5921:
5872:
5823:
5774:
5725:
5676:
5627:
5578:
5529:
5480:
5428:
5324:
5057:
5005:
4953:
4901:
4849:
4797:
4745:
4693:
4644:
4595:
4546:
4497:
4448:
4396:
4347:
4298:
4246:
4194:
4142:
4039:
3990:
3941:
3924:
Hearn L, Moore RA, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Phillips T (September 2014). Hearn L (ed.).
3887:
3838:
3786:
2727:
2678:
1777:
1701:
1309:
1299:
1245:
1221:
1194:
868:
857:
808:
788:
764:
742:
715:
563:
488:
449:
424:
356:
188:
184:
164:
6980:"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
6903:
6839:"Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: a critical review of the literature"
6453:
4125:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, Moore RA (June 2017).
2949:
2488:
2292:
435:
Polyneuropathies usually are caused by processes that affect the body as a whole.
7476:
6770:
6619:
6581:
3599:
3482:
3273:
3256:
3115:
3099:"Peripheral Neuropathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Symptom Management"
3098:
2804:
2741:
Vargas DL, Stern BJ (August 2010). "Neurosarcoidosis: diagnosis and management".
2710:
2693:
2577:
2536:
2501:
393:
is the most common cause of this pattern. In demyelinating polyneuropathies, the
8470:
8430:
8388:
8350:
8334:
8258:
7621:
7506:
7312:
2601:"Mononeuritis multiplex: the yield of evaluations for occult rheumatic diseases"
2483:
1858:
1850:
1680:
1533:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1455:
1419:
1408:
1388:
1253:
1166:
1143:
1061:
1034:
1022:
981:
800:
728:
724:
641:
576:
420:
398:
296:
269:
may cause impaired balance and coordination or, most commonly, muscle weakness;
236:
232:
168:
128:
104:
7522:
6151:"Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
3512:
Cohen JS (Dec 2001). "Peripheral neuropathy associated with fluoroquinolones".
3394:
3377:
2412:
2069:
1981:
1391:, and decreased sensation of light touch when touched by a nylon monofilament.
385:, one common pattern is that the cell bodies of neurons remain intact, but the
8494:
8438:
8394:
8366:
8346:
8330:
8326:
8299:
8254:
7932:
7667:
7644:
7517:
7487:
7446:
7076:
Ju ZY, Wang K, Cui HS, Yao Y, Liu SM, Zhou J, Chen TY, Xia J (December 2017).
6854:
5376:
4177:
Derry S, Bell RF, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D, Moore RA (January 2019).
4088:
3732:
3641:
3205:
3038:
2905:
2662:
2451:
2243:
2226:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1499:
1487:
1384:
1249:
1241:
1198:
990:
920:
915:
841:
812:
601:
525:
67:
63:
7187:
7152:
6704:
6359:
5906:"Antiepileptic drugs for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents"
3444:
3421:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 120. Elsevier. pp. 703–735.
2892:
Chin RL, Latov N (January 2005). "Peripheral Neuropathy and Celiac Disease".
2173:
2123:
2020:
1938:
1037:. Motor symptoms include loss of function ("negative") symptoms of weakness,
8482:
8478:
8460:
8425:
8360:
8281:
8025:
7442:
6658:
6051:
Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Derry S, Cole P, Phillips T, Moore RA (December 2016).
4988:
Duehmke RM, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Bell RF, Aldington D, Moore RA (June 2017).
2984:
2436:"Does prediabetes cause small fiber sensory polyneuropathy? Does it matter?"
1834:
1724:
1716:
1694:
1593:
1577:
1545:
1365:
1331:
1327:
1278:
1274:
1205:
1178:
1170:
1139:
1124:
976:
836:
816:
754:
711:
683:
597:
444:
278:
220:
152:
87:
71:
7388:
7330:
7281:
7254:
7235:
7195:
7160:
7111:
7062:
7013:
6956:
6948:
6921:
6872:
6823:
6788:
6712:
6676:
6627:
6589:
6551:
6502:
6461:
6426:
6377:
6320:
6271:
6219:
6211:
6184:
6135:
6086:
6037:
5988:
5939:
5890:
5841:
5792:
5743:
5694:
5645:
5596:
5547:
5498:
5446:
5394:
5342:
5290:
5208:
5173:
5124:
5075:
5023:
4971:
4919:
4867:
4815:
4763:
4711:
4662:
4613:
4564:
4515:
4466:
4414:
4365:
4316:
4264:
4212:
4160:
4106:
4057:
4008:
3959:
3905:
3856:
3804:
3750:
3649:
3533:
3490:
3452:
3282:
3224:
3173:
3124:
3078:
2957:
2913:
2861:
2812:
2762:
2754:
2719:
2670:
2585:
2544:
2469:
2420:
2382:
2347:
2252:
2181:
2141:
2087:
2038:
1989:
1946:
6739:
6493:
6476:
6393:"Aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy"
3975:"Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia"
3717:"Peripheral Neuropathy – Clinical and Electrophysiological Considerations"
3693:
3576:
3555:
Heck AW, Phillips LH (August 1989). "Sarcoidosis and the nervous system".
3403:
3361:
3318:
3310:
2626:
2339:
1873:
and evaluations of methodology, there is only a 'possible' association of
1060:
In the most common form, length-dependent peripheral neuropathy, pain and
17:
8490:
8474:
8452:
8442:
8303:
5514:"Antidepressants for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents"
5307:
Gallagher HC, Gallagher RM, Butler M, Buggy DJ, Henman MC (August 2015).
4022:
Gallagher HC, Gallagher RM, Butler M, Buggy DJ, Henman MC (August 2015).
3417:
Wood-allum CA, Shaw PJ (2014). "Thyroid disease and the nervous system".
2293:"Volume 12, Spring 1999 | University of Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Journal"
1589:
1581:
1573:
1335:
937:
933:
864:
820:
750:
741:: impairments in the signals associated with regulation of breathing and
695:
436:
352:
300:
196:
5272:
3600:"Service-Connected Disability Compensation For Exposure To Agent Orange"
2599:
Hellmann DB, Laing TJ, Petri M, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, Parry GJ (May 1988).
616:
is a form of polyneuropathy that affects the non-voluntary, non-sensory
487:, is simultaneous or sequential involvement of individual noncontiguous
443:
are the most common causes. Hyperglycemia-induced formation of advanced
27:
Nervous system disease affecting nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord
7350:
Peripheral Neuropathy: When the Numbness, Weakness, and Pain Won't Stop
5857:"Carbamazepine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
4678:"Carbamazepine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
1282:
1233:
1186:
852:
804:
768:
637:
591:
559:
148:
7425:
5200:
3525:
3155:
2784:
Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D (September 2015).
2434:
Kassardjian CD, Dyck PJ, Davies JL, Carter RE, Dyck PJ (August 2015).
2374:
662:
The signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy include the following:
8466:
8287:
7437:
5612:"Lamotrigine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
5155:
4381:"Lamotrigine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
4224:
4222:
1838:
1565:
1561:
1050:
1014:
946:
691:
659:, and therefore, may cause similar symptoms to autonomic neuropathy.
492:
394:
192:
6285:
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, Quinlan J (July 2014). Derry S (ed.).
4431:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Lunn MP, Moore RA (August 2013). Derry S (ed.).
1010:
8246:
6236:
Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, Petzke F, Häuser W (March 2018).
5561:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Lunn MP (July 2014). Derry S (ed.).
4330:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Lunn MP (July 2014). Derry S (ed.).
2838:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 117. pp. 279–94.
1162:
1099:
784:
760:
Skin : thermal regulation, dryness through sweat disturbances
378:
333:
281:(pain from normally nonpainful stimuli, such as light touch); and
258:
224:
124:
6802:
Mackinnon SE (May 2002). "Pathophysiology of nerve compression".
6238:"Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
6004:"Opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents"
2326:
Amato AA, Ropper AH (22 October 2020). "Sensory Ganglionopathy".
1869:
A 2008 literature review concluded that, "based on principles of
515:
It is caused by, or associated with, several medical conditions:
7029:"Herbal medicinal products or preparations for neuropathic pain"
6102:"Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for neuropathic pain"
1030:
1026:
796:
509:
386:
100:
8195:
8053:
7992:
7840:
7577:
7538:
7352:. New York: American Academy of Neurology Press Demos Medical.
5091:"Worsening trends in the management and treatment of back pain"
3821:
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ (July 2015).
7126:"Review of Diabetic Polyneuropathy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis A"
6100:
Moore RA, Chi CC, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Rice AS (October 2015).
5463:
Hearn L, Derry S, Phillips T, Moore RA, Wiffen PJ (May 2014).
3870:
Hearn L, Derry S, Phillips T, Moore RA, Wiffen PJ (May 2014).
3138:
Gwathmey KG, Conaway MR, Sadjadi R, et al. (2015-12-29).
1323:
571:
254:", "multifocal mononeuropathy", or "multiple mononeuropathy".
5759:"Lacosamide for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
5661:"Clonazepam for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
5089:
Mafi JN, McCarthy EP, Davis RB, Landon BE (September 2013).
4580:"Lacosamide for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
4482:"Clonazepam for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
4433:"Topiramate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
2005:"Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications"
5710:"Phenytoin for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
4531:"Phenytoin for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
4229:
Zhou M, Chen N, He L, Yang M, Zhu C, Wu F (December 2017).
2834:
Vinik AI, Erbas T (2013). "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy".
1214:: irreversible neuropathy is a serious adverse reaction of
6149:
Derry S, Rice AS, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA (January 2017).
3769:
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D, Moore RA (January 2015).
3025:
Cioroiu CM, Brannagan TH (2014). "Peripheral Neuropathy".
795:. Symptoms depend on the nerves involved, but may include
3257:"Neuropathic pain: principles of diagnosis and treatment"
2999:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1820:
A 2015 review on the treatment of neuropathic pain with
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
7887:
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
6475:
Pieber K, Herceg M, Paternostro-Sluga T (April 2010).
5359:
Derry S, Phillips T, Moore RA, Wiffen PJ (July 2015).
4281:
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Lunn MP (January 2015).
4071:
Derry S, Phillips T, Moore RA, Wiffen PJ (July 2015).
2361:
Gwathmey KG (January 2016). "Sensory neuronopathies".
1119:
hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
8291:
5855:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Kalso EA (April 2014).
5806:
Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (October 2011).
5659:
Corrigan R, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (May 2012).
4627:
Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (October 2011).
4480:
Corrigan R, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (May 2012).
2003:
Singh VP, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS (February 2014).
1462:
or steroids. When peripheral neuropathy results from
7415:
1723:
A 2015 (updated in 2022) Cochrane review of topical
624:), affecting mostly the internal organs such as the
586:
Reactions to exposure to chemical agents, including
8403:
8313:
8251:
Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
8236:
8168:
8145:
8119:
8088:
8003:
7964:
7927:
7900:
7857:
7809:
7787:
7769:
7751:
7733:
7715:
7708:
7681:
7653:
7620:
7597:
7590:
7497:
7419:
4127:"Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
3382:
The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry
2009:
The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology
332:is a type of neuropathy that only affects a single
273:may cause numbness to touch and vibration, reduced
93:
81:
48:
6978:Eccleston C, Hearn L, Williams AC (October 2015).
6516:Gibson W, Wand BM, O'Connell NE (September 2017).
6336:"Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults"
6287:"Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults"
5953:McNicol ED, Midbari A, Eisenberg E (August 2013).
2743:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1340:Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
8372:
8265:
7919:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
4782:"Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
3092:
3090:
3088:
1690:are effective in treating peripheral neuropathy.
1596:) are also often used to treat neuropathic pain.
143:Common causes include systemic diseases (such as
8137:Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
3378:"A case of aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus"
1379:A physical examination will involve testing the
1049:; and gain of function ("positive") symptoms of
3464:
3462:
3376:Kawana T, Yamamoto H, Izumi H (December 1987).
2558:
2556:
2554:
1466:or other disorders, those are treated as well.
1437:screening for diabetes and pre-diabetes, and a
1021:. Gain of function (positive) symptoms include
735:, inadequate increase of heart rate on exertion
239:, "disease of") without modifier usually means
6391:Chalk C, Benstead TJ, Moore F (October 2007).
5610:Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2013).
5563:"Levetiracetam for neuropathic pain in adults"
5413:"Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults"
4938:"Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults"
4730:"Buprenorphine for neuropathic pain in adults"
4332:"Levetiracetam for neuropathic pain in adults"
3973:Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ (January 2014).
3823:"Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults"
3771:"Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults"
3419:Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease Part II
8502:
8207:
8065:
7550:
4426:
4424:
4276:
4274:
4172:
4170:
4120:
4118:
4116:
3816:
3814:
3715:Chung T, Prasad K, Lloyd TE (February 2014).
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3060:
3058:
3056:
2394:
2392:
538:eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
8:
7078:"Acupuncture for neuropathic pain in adults"
6837:Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P (September 2012).
5757:Hearn L, Derry S, Moore RA (February 2012).
5361:"Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults"
5309:"Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults"
4578:Hearn L, Derry S, Moore RA (February 2012).
4073:"Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults"
4024:"Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults"
3926:"Desipramine for neuropathic pain in adults"
2313:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:mononeuropathy"
1123:Hyperglycemia-induced formation of advanced
123:, refers to damage or disease affecting the
8127:Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy
7082:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7033:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6984:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6522:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6397:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6340:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6291:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6242:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6155:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6106:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6057:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6008:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5959:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5910:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5861:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5812:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5763:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5714:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5665:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5616:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5567:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5518:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5469:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5465:"Imipramine for neuropathic pain in adults"
5417:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5365:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5313:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5046:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4994:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4942:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4890:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4838:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4786:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4734:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4682:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4633:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4584:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4535:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4486:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4437:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4385:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4336:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4287:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4283:"Zonisamide for neuropathic pain in adults"
4235:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4183:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4179:"Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults"
4131:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4077:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4028:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3979:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3930:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3876:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3872:"Imipramine for neuropathic pain in adults"
3827:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3775:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1833:A 2019 Cochrane review of the treatment of
1744:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
1496:serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
1441:, which tests for antibodies in the blood.
1102:(corneal neuropathy — 20 to 55% of people).
1090:The causes are grouped broadly as follows:
508:studies will show multifocal sensory motor
8214:
8200:
8192:
8072:
8058:
8050:
8000:
7989:
7854:
7837:
7712:
7594:
7587:
7574:
7557:
7543:
7535:
7416:
7217:Sayad Fathi S, Zaminy A (September 2017).
5042:"Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults"
4834:"Methadone for neuropathic pain in adults"
3255:Gilron I, Baron R, Jensen T (April 2015).
1304:Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
309:chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
223:(no known cause). In conventional medical
54:
45:
8160:Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
7320:
7244:
7234:
7101:
7052:
7003:
6911:
6862:
6778:
6666:
6541:
6492:
6416:
6367:
6310:
6261:
6174:
6125:
6076:
6027:
5978:
5929:
5880:
5831:
5782:
5733:
5684:
5635:
5586:
5537:
5488:
5436:
5384:
5332:
5280:
5163:
5114:
5065:
5013:
4990:"Tramadol for neuropathic pain in adults"
4961:
4909:
4886:"Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults"
4857:
4805:
4753:
4701:
4652:
4603:
4554:
4505:
4456:
4404:
4355:
4306:
4254:
4202:
4150:
4096:
4047:
3998:
3949:
3895:
3846:
3794:
3740:
3393:
3272:
3214:
3204:
3163:
3114:
2709:
2616:
2459:
2242:
2225:Zis P, Hadjivassiliou M (February 2019).
2131:
2077:
2028:
1418:Laboratory tests include blood tests for
1159:refers to neuropathy with no known cause.
908:Wartenberg's migratory sensory neuropathy
783:is a general term for inflammation of a
432:, and difficulty controlling urination.
6753:Schmid AB, Fundaun J, Tampin B (2020).
6601:
6599:
6563:
6561:
6442:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
5708:Birse F, Derry S, Moore RA (May 2012).
4529:Birse F, Derry S, Moore RA (May 2012).
1917:
1849:A 2017 Cochrane review on the usage of
1095:Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency
596:Rarely, following the sting of certain
107:, tingling, tremors, bladder problems,
5035:
5033:
4983:
4981:
4931:
4929:
2894:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
2231:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
2155:
2153:
2151:
1383:as well as examining the feet for any
465:needed in patients with prediabetes."
401:of neurons directly. This affects the
8296:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5458:
5456:
5406:
5404:
5354:
5352:
5302:
5300:
4879:
4877:
4827:
4825:
4775:
4773:
4723:
4721:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3721:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
2195:
2193:
2191:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1927:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
215:, or viral infection. It can also be
7:
7219:"Stem cell therapy for nerve injury"
4231:"Oxcarbazepine for neuropathic pain"
2692:Kaku M, Simpson DM (November 2014).
2440:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
1688:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1376:is absent in peripheral neuropathy.
819:, wasting, and disappearance of the
8531:Peripheral nervous system disorders
1212:Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones
7295:Zhou JY, Zhang Z, Qian GS (2016).
6481:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
3686:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb06033.x
3427:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4087-0.00048-6
2997:"Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet"
2844:10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00022-5
2201:"Peripheral neuropathy fact sheet"
1715:A 2014 Cochrane review of topical
1686:Few studies have examined whether
1130:Metabolic and endocrine diseases:
547:Immune-mediated diseases, such as
425:reduced ability to feel sensations
25:
8377:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
8270:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
912:Underlying conditions including:
458:small fiber peripheral neuropathy
203:, excessive alcohol consumption,
7717:lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
7381:10.1097/00000542-200004000-00036
3097:Watson JC, Dyck PJ (July 2015).
2793:The American Journal of Medicine
2618:10.1097/00005792-198805000-00001
1774:cascade of physiological changes
1157:Idiopathic peripheral neuropathy
534:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
5107:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.8992
2698:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
2328:New England Journal of Medicine
359:also may cause mononeuropathy.
8011:Complex regional pain syndrome
7820:Template:Cranial nerve disease
7094:10.1002/14651858.CD012057.pub2
7045:10.1002/14651858.CD010528.pub4
6996:10.1002/14651858.CD011259.pub2
6534:10.1002/14651858.CD011976.pub2
6409:10.1002/14651858.CD004572.pub2
6352:10.1002/14651858.CD010967.pub3
6303:10.1002/14651858.CD010958.pub2
6254:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2
6167:10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4
6118:10.1002/14651858.CD010902.pub2
6069:10.1002/14651858.CD012227.pub2
6020:10.1002/14651858.CD012538.pub2
5971:10.1002/14651858.CD006146.pub2
5955:"Opioids for neuropathic pain"
5922:10.1002/14651858.CD012536.pub2
5873:10.1002/14651858.cd005451.pub3
5824:10.1002/14651858.CD009183.pub2
5775:10.1002/14651858.CD009318.pub2
5726:10.1002/14651858.CD009485.pub2
5677:10.1002/14651858.CD009486.pub2
5628:10.1002/14651858.CD006044.pub4
5579:10.1002/14651858.CD010943.pub2
5530:10.1002/14651858.CD012535.pub2
5481:10.1002/14651858.CD010769.pub2
5429:10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3
5325:10.1002/14651858.CD011091.pub2
5058:10.1002/14651858.CD010692.pub3
5006:10.1002/14651858.CD003726.pub4
4954:10.1002/14651858.CD011604.pub2
4902:10.1002/14651858.CD011605.pub2
4850:10.1002/14651858.CD012499.pub2
4798:10.1002/14651858.CD011669.pub2
4746:10.1002/14651858.CD011603.pub2
4694:10.1002/14651858.CD005451.pub3
4645:10.1002/14651858.cd009183.pub2
4596:10.1002/14651858.cd009318.pub2
4547:10.1002/14651858.cd009485.pub2
4498:10.1002/14651858.cd009486.pub2
4449:10.1002/14651858.CD008314.pub3
4397:10.1002/14651858.CD006044.pub4
4348:10.1002/14651858.cd010943.pub2
4299:10.1002/14651858.CD011241.pub2
4247:10.1002/14651858.CD007963.pub3
4195:10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub3
4143:10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4
4040:10.1002/14651858.CD011091.pub2
3991:10.1002/14651858.cd007115.pub3
3942:10.1002/14651858.CD011003.pub2
3888:10.1002/14651858.CD010769.pub2
3839:10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3
3787:10.1002/14651858.CD011209.pub2
1798:diabetic peripheral neuropathy
723:: disturbances of heart rate (
179:class of antibiotics (such as
1:
7882:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
6904:10.1080/2000625X.2017.1367209
6816:10.1016/s0749-0712(01)00012-9
6454:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.03.021
3674:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
3569:10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30805-3
3514:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3354:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33773-4
2950:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1548676
2786:"Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis"
2401:Current Pharmaceutical Design
2052:Jack M, Wright D (May 2012).
1970:Current Pharmaceutical Design
1764:Peripheral neuropathy due to
1700:Evidence supports the use of
1435:comprehensive metabolic panel
1017:, impairment of balance, and
957:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
257:Neuropathy may cause painful
213:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
6771:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000829
6620:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005057
6582:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.041
3483:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182764fb0
3274:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.018
3116:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.004
2880:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2805:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017
2711:10.1097/COH.0000000000000103
2578:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.002
2537:10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.010
1230:systemic lupus erythematosus
826:Causes of neuritis include:
553:systemic lupus erythematosus
7892:Familial amyloid neuropathy
7867:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
7313:10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.55
7223:World Journal of Stem Cells
3607:Vietnam Veterans of America
2279:Online Etymology Dictionary
2106:Hughes RA (February 2002).
1733:aldose reductase inhibitors
1431:thyroid stimulating hormone
1115:Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
1077:CAP-PRI scale for diagnosis
879:Types of neuritis include:
8547:
8021:Nerve compression syndrome
7375:(4): 1168–82. April 2000.
3395:10.2334/josnusd1959.29.298
3027:Current Geriatrics Reports
2413:10.2174/138161208784139774
2070:10.1016/j.trsl.2011.12.004
1982:10.2174/138161208784139774
1757:
1731:A 2007 Cochrane review of
1679:A 2016 Cochrane review of
1654:pharmaceutical companies.
1460:intravenous immunoglobulin
506:Electrodiagnostic medicine
441:impaired glucose tolerance
413:dorsal root ganglionopathy
366:
318:
31:
8449:NMDA receptor antagonists
7999:
7988:
7946:Pectoralis minor syndrome
7853:
7836:
7586:
7573:
7567:peripheral nervous system
7565:Diseases relating to the
7141:American Family Physician
6855:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-x
5377:10.1002/14651858.CD011789
4089:10.1002/14651858.CD011789
3733:10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.023
3642:10.1007/s11904-007-0017-6
3206:10.1186/s12990-015-0020-7
3150:(1). Muscle Nerve: 9–17.
3067:American Family Physician
3039:10.1007/s13670-014-0079-4
2906:10.1007/s11940-005-0005-3
2663:10.1007/s00415-011-5931-2
2452:10.1016/j.jns.2015.05.026
2244:10.1007/s11940-019-0552-7
1790:Sunderland classification
1512:antiepileptic medications
1476:tricyclic antidepressants
1439:serum immunofixation test
1394:Diagnostic tests include
793:peripheral nervous system
167:, or commonly prescribed
151:), hyperglycemia-induced
62:
53:
8082:autonomic nervous system
7972:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
7951:Thoracic outlet syndrome
7188:10.1136/jnnp.2007.139717
6705:10.3171/2020.7.JNS202191
3630:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
2938:Nutritional Neuroscience
2836:Autonomic Nervous System
2484:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2174:10.1001/jama.303.15.1556
2124:10.1136/bmj.324.7335.466
2021:10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1
1939:10.1177/1545968320962498
1404:autonomic nervous system
1400:nerve conduction studies
1362:neurological examination
1067:autonomic nervous system
622:autonomic nervous system
219:(present from birth) or
32:Not to be confused with
8181:Multiple system atrophy
8155:Orthostatic hypotension
8147:Orthostatic intolerance
7914:Guillain–Barré syndrome
7872:Dejerine–Sottas disease
7673:Cheiralgia paresthetica
6659:10.5213/inj.2448010.005
3609:. April 2015. p. 4
3261:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3103:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2502:"Peripheral Neuropathy"
2489:Multiple mononeuropathy
2108:"Peripheral neuropathy"
1897:Giant axonal neuropathy
1871:evidence-based medicine
1810:strict gluten-free diet
1808:According to a review,
1370:Guillain–Barré syndrome
1226:Guillain–Barré syndrome
1071:dizziness when standing
929:Guillain–Barré syndrome
733:orthostatic hypotension
657:multiple system atrophy
235:, "nervous system" and
70:peripheral neuropathy;
8111:Pure autonomic failure
8016:Mononeuritis multiplex
7941:Brachial plexus injury
7847:Polyradiculoneuropathy
7771:superior gluteal nerve
7743:Tarsal tunnel syndrome
7725:Meralgia paraesthetica
7630:Ulnar nerve entrapment
7607:Carpal tunnel syndrome
7236:10.4252/wjsc.v9.i9.144
6949:10.1055/s-0036-1594300
6212:10.1001/jama.2015.6199
5095:JAMA Internal Medicine
2755:10.1055/s-0030-1262210
2058:Translational Research
1786:carpal tunnel syndrome
1353:detailed examination.
1316:Carpal tunnel syndrome
1189:), organic herbicides
1136:chronic kidney failure
680:Gastrointestinal tract
485:polyneuritis multiplex
483:, occasionally termed
481:Mononeuritis multiplex
476:Mononeuritis multiplex
345:Carpal tunnel syndrome
341:compression neuropathy
321:Compression neuropathy
305:compression neuropathy
252:mononeuritis multiplex
8132:Familial dysautonomia
8101:Autonomic dysreflexia
8031:Peripheral neuropathy
7906:demyelinating disease
7640:Ulnar tunnel syndrome
7523:Peripheral neuropathy
7410:Peripheral Neuropathy
7404:Peripheral Neuropathy
7270:Journal of Stem Cells
6886:Nickerson DS (2017).
6494:10.2340/16501977-0554
3589:Note NO mention of MS
3311:10.1212/WNL.49.6.1635
2340:10.1056/NEJMra2023935
1846:estimate of effect."
1822:psychological therapy
1568:medications (such as
1053:, and muscle twitch (
721:Cardiovascular system
653:autonomic dysfunction
630:cardiovascular system
542:vasculitic neuropathy
241:peripheral neuropathy
205:immune system disease
119:, often shortened to
117:Peripheral neuropathy
49:Peripheral neuropathy
8315:Ion channel blockers
8106:Autonomic neuropathy
7779:Trendelenburg's sign
7301:Cell Death Discovery
6937:J Reconstr Microsurg
6576:(12): 2263–2278.e1.
2651:Journal of Neurology
2566:Autoimmunity Reviews
2525:Autoimmunity Reviews
1907:Sensory neuronopathy
1829:Alternative medicine
1768:is treatable with a
1498:(SNRI) medications (
1464:vitamin deficiencies
1427:complete blood count
1358:physical examination
923:disease, especially
803:(pins-and-needles),
671:bladder incontinence
614:Autonomic neuropathy
609:Autonomic neuropathy
549:rheumatoid arthritis
530:polyarteritis nodosa
430:erectile dysfunction
408:sensory neuronopathy
349:axillary nerve palsy
284:autonomic neuropathy
76:Toluidine blue stain
7797:Piriformis syndrome
7683:long thoracic nerve
7176:Practical Neurology
5273:10.1503/cmaj.171333
5231:"Which painkiller?"
3199:: s12990–015–0020.
1770:nerve decompression
1760:Nerve decompression
1273:(Methylcobalamin),
1260:may also be causal.
1197:, excess intake of
1127:end products (AGEs)
1107:Friedreich's ataxia
966:Diabetic neuropathy
903:Vestibular neuritis
747:central sleep apnea
462:glucose intolerance
421:tingling or burning
391:Diabetic neuropathy
7612:Ape hand deformity
7498:External resources
7412:at the Mayo Clinic
3557:Neurologic Clinics
3144:Muscle & Nerve
2363:Muscle & Nerve
2207:on 4 January 2016.
1264:Vitamin deficiency
1258:Multiple sclerosis
1238:Sjögren's syndrome
1193:, organic metals,
1105:Genetic diseases:
1047:gait abnormalities
1004:Signs and symptoms
925:multiple sclerosis
739:Respiratory system
704:fecal incontinence
540:. This results in
271:sensory neuropathy
157:vitamin deficiency
8513:
8512:
8421:Botulinum toxin A
8411:Alpha lipoic acid
8357:Local anesthetics
8230:pharmacotherapies
8189:
8188:
8176:Horner's syndrome
8047:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7805:
7804:
7704:
7703:
7663:Radial neuropathy
7532:
7531:
7359:978-1-932603-59-0
6892:Diabet Foot Ankle
5267:(26): E786–E793.
5201:10.1136/bmj.j4248
3526:10.1345/aph.1Z429
3436:978-0-7020-4087-0
3156:10.1002/mus.24985
2853:978-0-444-53491-0
2375:10.1002/mus.24943
2334:(17): 1657–1662.
1933:(11): 1038–1049.
1902:Scrambler therapy
1885:Stem-cell therapy
1766:nerve compression
1452:diabetes mellitus
1429:, measurement of
1381:deep ankle reflex
1374:ankle jerk reflex
1360:, specifically a
1291:Physical trauma:
1169:, metronidazole,
1132:diabetes mellitus
962:Diabetes mellitus
884:Brachial neuritis
874:Radiation therapy
646:diabetes mellitus
588:trichloroethylene
521:Diabetes mellitus
500:diabetes mellitus
383:distal axonopathy
307:), chemotherapy (
201:radiation therapy
114:
113:
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8538:
8526:Myelin disorders
8504:
8501:Sodium oxybate (
8457:dextromethorphan
8378:
8374:
8297:
8293:
8271:
8267:
8252:
8248:
8223:Neuropathic pain
8216:
8209:
8202:
8193:
8080:Diseases of the
8074:
8067:
8060:
8051:
8001:
7990:
7877:Refsum's disease
7855:
7838:
7761:Morton's neuroma
7713:
7595:
7588:
7575:
7559:
7552:
7545:
7536:
7417:
7392:
7363:
7348:Latov N (2007).
7335:
7334:
7324:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7248:
7238:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7105:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7056:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7007:
6990:(10): CD011259.
6975:
6969:
6968:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6915:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6614:(2): e315–e323.
6603:
6594:
6593:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6545:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6496:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6420:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6371:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6265:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6112:(10): CD010902.
6097:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6031:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5982:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5818:(10): CD009183.
5803:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5622:(12): CD006044.
5607:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5156:10.1136/bmj.e497
5135:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5017:
4985:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4639:(10): CD009183.
4624:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4391:(12): CD006044.
4376:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4241:(12): CD007963.
4226:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4122:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3252:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2980:Vitamin Toxicity
2976:
2970:
2969:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2889:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2713:
2694:"HIV neuropathy"
2689:
2683:
2682:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2246:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1922:
1835:herbal medicinal
1554:sodium valproate
1396:electromyography
1035:pins-and-needles
1033:, crawling, and
1019:gait abnormality
889:Cranial neuritis
582:Cryoglobulinemia
470:neuropathic pain
325:Ulnar neuropathy
303:), compression (
267:motor neuropathy
72:plastic embedded
58:
46:
21:
8546:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8399:
8376:
8323:Anticonvulsants
8309:
8295:
8269:
8250:
8232:
8220:
8190:
8185:
8164:
8141:
8115:
8084:
8078:
8048:
8035:
7995:
7976:
7960:
7923:
7896:
7849:
7824:
7801:
7783:
7765:
7747:
7729:
7700:
7677:
7649:
7616:
7582:
7569:
7563:
7533:
7528:
7527:
7493:
7492:
7428:
7406:from the US NIH
7400:
7395:
7366:
7360:
7347:
7343:
7341:Further reading
7338:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7088:(7): CD012057.
7075:
7074:
7070:
7039:(5): CD010528.
7026:
7025:
7021:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6647:Int Neurourol J
6640:
6639:
6635:
6605:
6604:
6597:
6567:
6566:
6559:
6528:(3): CD011976.
6515:
6514:
6510:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6403:(4): CD004572.
6390:
6389:
6385:
6346:(5): CD010967.
6333:
6332:
6328:
6297:(7): CD010958.
6284:
6283:
6279:
6248:(7): CD012182.
6235:
6234:
6230:
6206:(24): 2474–83.
6197:
6196:
6192:
6161:(7): CD007393.
6148:
6147:
6143:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6063:(5): CD012227.
6050:
6049:
6045:
6014:(7): CD012538.
6001:
6000:
5996:
5965:(8): CD006146.
5952:
5951:
5947:
5916:(8): CD012536.
5903:
5902:
5898:
5867:(4): CD005451.
5854:
5853:
5849:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5769:(2): CD009318.
5756:
5755:
5751:
5720:(5): CD009485.
5707:
5706:
5702:
5671:(5): CD009486.
5658:
5657:
5653:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5573:(7): CD010943.
5560:
5559:
5555:
5524:(8): CD012535.
5511:
5510:
5506:
5475:(5): CD010769.
5462:
5461:
5454:
5423:(7): CD008242.
5410:
5409:
5402:
5371:(7): CD011789.
5358:
5357:
5350:
5319:(8): CD011091.
5306:
5305:
5298:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5101:(17): 1573–81.
5088:
5087:
5083:
5052:(7): CD010692.
5039:
5038:
5031:
5000:(6): CD003726.
4987:
4986:
4979:
4948:(5): CD011604.
4935:
4934:
4927:
4896:(5): CD011605.
4883:
4882:
4875:
4844:(5): CD012499.
4831:
4830:
4823:
4792:(5): CD011669.
4779:
4778:
4771:
4740:(9): CD011603.
4727:
4726:
4719:
4688:(4): CD005451.
4675:
4674:
4670:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4590:(2): CD009318.
4577:
4576:
4572:
4541:(5): CD009485.
4528:
4527:
4523:
4492:(5): CD009486.
4479:
4478:
4474:
4443:(8): CD008314.
4430:
4429:
4422:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4342:(7): CD010943.
4329:
4328:
4324:
4293:(1): CD011241.
4280:
4279:
4272:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4189:(1): CD007076.
4176:
4175:
4168:
4137:(2): CD007938.
4124:
4123:
4114:
4083:(7): CD011789.
4070:
4069:
4065:
4034:(8): CD011091.
4021:
4020:
4016:
3985:(1): CD007115.
3972:
3971:
3967:
3936:(9): CD011003.
3923:
3922:
3913:
3882:(5): CD010769.
3869:
3868:
3864:
3833:(7): CD008242.
3820:
3819:
3812:
3781:(5): CD011209.
3768:
3767:
3758:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3437:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3254:
3253:
3232:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2854:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2562:
2561:
2552:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2481:
2477:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2272:
2268:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2118:(7335): 466–9.
2105:
2104:
2095:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1893:
1867:
1831:
1818:
1806:
1796:In people with
1762:
1756:
1741:
1739:Medical devices
1677:
1660:
1635:
1610:
1608:Antidepressants
1472:
1447:
1423:
1350:
1345:
1286:
1271:
1216:fluoroquinolone
1202:
1165:causes: drugs (
1088:
1079:
1006:
1001:
994:
985:
941:
867:injury such as
832:Physical injury
787:or the general
778:
675:urine retention
667:Urinary bladder
634:digestive tract
611:
606:
478:
403:sensory neurons
371:
365:
327:
317:
293:
177:fluoroquinolone
44:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8544:
8542:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8518:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8498:
8464:
8446:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8369:
8364:
8354:
8319:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8285:
8262:
8242:
8240:
8238:Monoaminergics
8234:
8233:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8054:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8005:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7937:
7935:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7851:
7850:
7843:Polyneuropathy
7841:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7815:
7813:
7811:Cranial nerves
7807:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7757:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7739:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7696:Backpack palsy
7693:
7691:Winged scapula
7687:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7635:Froment's sign
7632:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7603:
7601:
7592:
7584:
7583:
7580:Mononeuropathy
7578:
7571:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7539:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7514:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7479:
7468:
7449:
7429:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7420:Classification
7414:
7413:
7407:
7399:
7398:External links
7396:
7394:
7393:
7369:Anesthesiology
7364:
7358:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7287:
7260:
7229:(9): 144–151.
7209:
7166:
7131:
7117:
7068:
7019:
6970:
6927:
6898:(1): 1367209.
6878:
6829:
6794:
6745:
6718:
6699:(3): 912–922.
6682:
6633:
6595:
6557:
6508:
6467:
6432:
6383:
6326:
6277:
6228:
6190:
6141:
6092:
6043:
5994:
5945:
5896:
5847:
5798:
5749:
5700:
5651:
5602:
5553:
5504:
5452:
5400:
5348:
5296:
5247:
5222:
5179:
5130:
5081:
5029:
4977:
4925:
4873:
4821:
4769:
4717:
4668:
4619:
4570:
4521:
4472:
4420:
4371:
4322:
4270:
4218:
4166:
4112:
4063:
4014:
3965:
3911:
3862:
3810:
3756:
3707:
3663:
3620:
3591:
3582:
3547:
3520:(12): 1540–7.
3504:
3471:Ann Plast Surg
3458:
3435:
3409:
3388:(4): 298–302.
3368:
3332:
3305:(6): 1635–40.
3288:
3230:
3193:Molecular Pain
3179:
3130:
3084:
3052:
3010:
2988:
2971:
2944:(9): 714–723.
2927:
2884:
2867:
2852:
2826:
2776:
2733:
2684:
2640:
2591:
2550:
2515:
2492:
2475:
2446:(1–2): 196–8.
2426:
2407:(10): 953–61.
2388:
2353:
2318:
2304:
2284:
2266:
2210:
2187:
2147:
2093:
2044:
1995:
1976:(10): 953–61.
1960:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1875:celiac disease
1866:
1863:
1843:St John's wort
1830:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1737:
1676:
1673:
1659:
1656:
1634:
1633:Antiepileptics
1631:
1609:
1606:
1471:
1468:
1446:
1443:
1421:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1320:electric shock
1312:
1306:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1269:
1261:
1219:
1209:
1200:
1175:nitrofurantoin
1160:
1154:
1152:hypothyroidism
1128:
1121:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1055:fasciculations
1043:muscle atrophy
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
972:Hypothyroidism
969:
959:
954:
952:Celiac disease
949:
944:
939:
931:
918:
910:
905:
900:
898:Optic neuritis
895:
886:
877:
876:
871:
862:
861:
860:
855:
850:
844:
834:
828:
777:
774:
773:
772:
761:
758:
736:
718:
688:abdominal pain
677:
618:nervous system
610:
607:
605:
604:
600:, such as the
594:
584:
579:
574:
568:parvovirus B19
556:
545:
523:
517:
477:
474:
375:Polyneuropathy
369:Polyneuropathy
367:Main article:
364:
363:Polyneuropathy
361:
330:Mononeuropathy
316:
315:Mononeuropathy
313:
292:
291:Classification
289:
275:position sense
263:fasciculations
248:polyneuropathy
209:celiac disease
191:)), traumatic
112:
111:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
60:
59:
51:
50:
42:
38:Neuropathology
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8543:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8506:
8499:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8487:buprenorphine
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8385:nortriptyline
8382:
8381:amitriptyline
8375:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8343:oxcarbazepine
8340:
8339:carbamazepine
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8305:
8301:
8294:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8278:nortriptyline
8275:
8274:amitriptyline
8268:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8249:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8075:
8070:
8068:
8063:
8061:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7987:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7929:Radiculopathy
7926:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7789:sciatic nerve
7786:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7753:plantar nerve
7750:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7560:
7555:
7553:
7548:
7546:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7170:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7020:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6971:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6943:(3): 151–57.
6942:
6938:
6931:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6810:(2): 231–41.
6809:
6805:
6798:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6746:
6741:
6737:
6734:(2): 185–93.
6733:
6729:
6722:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6634:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6487:(4): 289–95.
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5248:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:(6): 383–90.
3679:
3675:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3608:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:(3): 641–54.
3562:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:(6): 675–79.
3476:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:Ophthalmology
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3267:(4): 532–45.
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3109:(7): 940–51.
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3073:(7): 887–92.
3072:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:(4): 419–27.
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:(7): 1321–6.
2656:
2652:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2611:(3): 145–53.
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:(9): 945–53.
2571:
2567:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:(6): 558–63.
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(5): 355–65.
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:carpal tunnel
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:amitriptyline
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:hydromorphone
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:buprenorphine
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:carbamazepine
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:levetiracetam
1528:
1525:
1524:oxcarbazepine
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:amitriptyline
1481:
1480:nortriptyline
1477:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:ethyl alcohol
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:liver failure
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Fabry disease
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1003:
995:
989:
986:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
942:
935:
932:
930:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
875:
872:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
847:Herpes zoster
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
770:
767:unawareness,
766:
763:Other areas:
762:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:gastroparesis
705:
701:
700:malabsorption
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:muscles, the
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:Infections:
557:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
516:
513:
511:
507:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
473:
471:
466:
463:
459:
453:
451:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
426:
422:
416:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
288:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:ciprofloxacin
178:
174:
173:metronidazole
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8431:Cannabinoids
8416:Benfotiamine
8227:fibromyalgia
8096:Dysautonomia
8030:
7956:Phantom limb
7735:tibial nerve
7655:radial nerve
7599:median nerve
7516:
7505:
7481:
7470:
7451:
7432:
7372:
7368:
7349:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7276:(1): 39–49.
7273:
7269:
7263:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7182:(2): 77–89.
7179:
7175:
7169:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7120:
7085:
7081:
7071:
7036:
7032:
7022:
6987:
6983:
6973:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6895:
6891:
6881:
6849:(3): 242–6.
6846:
6842:
6832:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6762:
6758:
6748:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6696:
6692:
6685:
6653:(1): 11–21.
6650:
6646:
6636:
6611:
6607:
6573:
6569:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6400:
6396:
6386:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6245:
6241:
6231:
6223:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5472:
5468:
5420:
5416:
5368:
5364:
5316:
5312:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5239:. Retrieved
5237:. 2018-04-26
5234:
5225:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5049:
5045:
4997:
4993:
4945:
4941:
4893:
4889:
4841:
4837:
4789:
4785:
4737:
4733:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4440:
4436:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4290:
4286:
4238:
4234:
4186:
4182:
4134:
4130:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3933:
3929:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3830:
3826:
3778:
3774:
3727:(1): 49–65.
3724:
3720:
3710:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3636:(3): 114–8.
3633:
3629:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3594:
3585:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3474:
3470:
3418:
3412:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3348:(1): 74–87.
3345:
3341:
3335:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3264:
3260:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3106:
3102:
3070:
3066:
3033:(2): 83–90.
3030:
3026:
3001:. Retrieved
2991:
2978:
2974:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2900:(1): 43–48.
2897:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2870:
2835:
2829:
2799:(9): 950–5.
2796:
2792:
2779:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2704:(6): 521–6.
2701:
2697:
2687:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2569:
2565:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2495:
2482:
2478:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2404:
2400:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2307:
2296:. Retrieved
2287:
2277:
2274:"neuropathy"
2269:
2234:
2230:
2205:the original
2168:(15): 1556.
2165:
2161:
2115:
2111:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1856:
1848:
1832:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1778:nerve injury
1776:that causes
1763:
1748:
1742:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1702:cannabinoids
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1473:
1448:
1417:
1413:
1409:punch biopsy
1393:
1378:
1355:
1351:
1310:Agent Orange
1308:Exposure to
1300:chemotherapy
1246:Lyme disease
1222:Inflammatory
1195:heavy metals
1089:
1080:
1059:
1007:
893:Bell's palsy
878:
869:chemotherapy
858:Lyme disease
825:
811:(numbness),
809:hypoesthesia
807:(weakness),
789:inflammation
780:
779:
765:hypoglycemia
743:gas exchange
716:constipation
669:conditions:
661:
650:
613:
612:
564:lyme disease
526:Vasculitides
514:
512:neuropathy.
504:
497:
489:nerve trunks
484:
480:
479:
467:
454:
450:Lyme disease
434:
417:
412:
406:
374:
372:
357:inflammation
338:
329:
328:
294:
282:
270:
266:
256:
245:
240:
228:
189:moxifloxacin
185:levofloxacin
165:chemotherapy
142:
120:
116:
115:
109:unsteadiness
29:
8471:hydrocodone
8389:desipramine
8351:lamotrigine
8335:mirogabalin
8259:milnacipran
7622:ulnar nerve
7507:MedlinePlus
6765:(4): e829.
6693:J Neurosurg
6570:Arthroscopy
6448:(1): 10–5.
2504:. NeuraVite
2369:(1): 8–19.
2015:(1): 1–14.
1859:lipoic acid
1851:acupuncture
1816:Counselling
1681:paracetamol
1534:lamotrigine
1508:milnacipran
1504:venlafaxine
1492:desipramine
1470:Medications
1456:prediabetes
1389:tuning fork
1293:compression
1254:sarcoidosis
1191:TCDD dioxin
1167:vincristine
1144:amyloidosis
1062:parasthesia
943:deficiency)
801:paresthesia
729:bradycardia
725:tachycardia
642:spinal cord
620:(i.e., the
577:Sarcoidosis
399:cell bodies
297:nerve fiber
227:, the word
169:antibiotics
34:Nephropathy
8520:Categories
8495:tapentadol
8439:dronabinol
8395:Ziconotide
8367:Mexiletine
8347:lacosamide
8331:pregabalin
8327:gabapentin
8300:tapentadol
8255:duloxetine
8120:Hereditary
7933:plexopathy
7902:Autoimmune
7668:Wrist drop
7645:Ulnar claw
7518:Patient UK
7483:DiseasesDB
7147:(9): 786.
6843:Hand (N Y)
5241:2019-05-20
2875:"neuritis"
2298:2019-10-28
2233:(Review).
1913:References
1550:lacosamide
1542:clonazepam
1538:topiramate
1527:zonisamide
1520:pregabalin
1516:gabapentin
1500:duloxetine
1488:imapramine
1433:levels, a
1425:levels, a
1398:(EMG) and
1385:ulceration
1298:Effect of
1250:vasculitis
1242:Babesiosis
1224:diseases:
987:deficiency
921:Autoimmune
916:Alcoholism
849:(shingles)
842:Diphtheria
813:anesthesia
655:, such as
636:, and the
602:sea nettle
405:(known as
319:See also:
229:neuropathy
221:idiopathic
171:including
161:medication
121:neuropathy
68:vasculitic
66:showing a
64:Micrograph
18:Neuropathy
8483:methadone
8479:oxycodone
8461:methadone
8426:Bupropion
8361:lidocaine
8282:dosulepin
8026:Neuralgia
7307:: 16055.
7153:1532-0650
6804:Hand Clin
6728:Hand Clin
6360:1469-493X
5195:: j4248.
3613:20 August
3445:0072-9752
3299:Neurology
3047:195246984
2985:eMedicine
2771:260321346
2500:Ball DA.
2237:(3): 10.
1955:222300017
1725:clonidine
1717:lidocaine
1695:capsaicin
1594:oxycodone
1578:methadone
1546:phenytoin
1478:(such as
1445:Treatment
1420:vitamin B
1366:pathology
1348:Diagnosis
1332:radiation
1330:disease,
1328:malignant
1288:(thiamin)
1283:vitamin B
1279:vitamin E
1275:vitamin A
1268:Vitamin B
1206:linezolid
1199:vitamin B
1179:isoniazid
1171:phenytoin
1140:porphyria
1125:glycation
1098:Surgery:
1039:tiredness
991:Vitamin B
982:Vitamin B
977:Porphyria
938:vitamin B
837:Infection
817:paralysis
771:impotence
755:bradypnea
712:diarrhoea
684:dysphagia
598:jellyfish
445:glycation
279:allodynia
153:glycation
137:autonomic
99:Shooting
88:Neurology
83:Specialty
8491:tramadol
8475:morphine
8453:ketamine
8443:nabilone
8435:cannabis
8304:tramadol
7389:10754638
7331:27551543
7282:22997844
7255:29026460
7204:28327166
7196:18344378
7161:27175957
7112:29197180
7063:30938843
7014:26513427
6965:22825614
6957:27894152
6922:28959382
6873:23997725
6824:12371026
6789:32766466
6759:Pain Rep
6713:33450741
6677:38569616
6668:10990758
6628:35007230
6608:Ann Surg
6590:28866346
6552:28905362
6503:20461329
6462:20510476
6427:17943821
6378:35587172
6321:25058164
6272:29513392
6220:26103031
6185:28085183
6136:26436601
6087:28027389
6038:28745394
5989:23986501
5940:28779491
5891:24719027
5842:21975791
5793:22336864
5744:22592741
5695:22592742
5646:24297457
5597:25000215
5548:28779487
5499:24838845
5447:26146793
5395:26148202
5343:26298465
5291:29970367
5217:11229746
5209:29025735
5174:22331277
5150:: e497.
5125:23896698
5076:27465317
5024:28616956
4972:27216018
4920:27727431
4868:28514508
4816:28530786
4764:26421677
4712:24719027
4663:21975791
4614:22336864
4565:22592741
4516:22592742
4467:23996081
4415:24297457
4366:25000215
4317:25879104
4265:29199767
4213:30673120
4161:28597471
4107:26148202
4058:26298465
4009:24385423
4000:10711341
3960:25246131
3906:24838845
3857:26146793
3805:25569864
3751:24210312
3702:30788715
3658:34689986
3650:17883996
3542:12589772
3534:11793615
3499:10150616
3491:23673565
3453:24365348
3327:37715021
3283:25841257
3225:25896684
3174:26600438
3125:26141332
3079:20353146
2966:53785219
2958:30474509
2922:40765123
2914:15610706
2862:24095132
2821:12560858
2813:25837517
2763:20665392
2720:25275705
2671:21287183
2635:24059700
2605:Medicine
2586:25153486
2545:26876385
2508:24 March
2470:26049659
2421:18473845
2383:26467754
2348:33085862
2261:73466457
2253:30806821
2182:20407067
2142:11859051
2088:22500508
2039:24634591
1990:18473845
1947:33040678
1891:See also
1865:Research
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