22:
524:. Though the shogunate would impose maritime restrictions in 1635, banning direct Japanese involvement in overseas trade, Dutch records indicate that for the few years which the Dutch and Japanese coexisted in Hội An, the Japanese completely dominated the port's economy. Even after 1635, Japanese were hesitant to deal with the Dutch, buying silks from the Chinese in such volume that the Dutch merchants were rarely able to purchase the amounts they desired, and had to face significantly higher prices resulting from the drastically reduced supply.
430:, and many of these samurai soldiers served the court in battle. The kings also engaged in formal relations with the Tokugawa shōguns, receiving shipments of arms and munitions among many other trade items. By the 1620s, Japan was Ayutthaya's most major trading partner, as over twenty Japanese merchant houses, along with many independent adventurers and traders, engaged in commercial shipping between Ayutthaya and
454:, expelling or killing most of the residents. Many Japanese fled to Cambodia, and a number returned several years later after having been granted amnesty by the king. The shogunate, regarding Prasat Thong as an usurper and a pretender to the throne, severed ties with the kingdom. Trade continued aboard Chinese and Dutch ships, and, though formal relations were not resumed following the ascension of King
278:, bore prominent posts and titles in the royal court. Yamada led an army of 700 Japanese, and took part in suppressing rebellions, civil wars, and succession disputes. He was also allowed to control monopolies over particular goods, such as deerskin, and was given at least nominal governorship of a few provinces at various points.
499:, was the largest port in early modern Vietnam. The Japanese community there was quite small, consisting of only a few tens of households, in contrast both to the Japanese community of other cities such as Ayutthaya, and to the Chinese population of Hội An, which numbered in the thousands. Even so, the Japanese in the
531:, but between notable Japanese merchant families and the Nguyễn noble family, is indicated by contemporary records, grave markers, and various forms of anecdotal evidence. The descendants of several of these merchant families still hold today as heirlooms objects relating the families' connections to Vietnam.
507:
For several months every year, when the trade winds allowed
Chinese and Japanese ships to arrive, a vibrant marketplace would appear in the port, and Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese merchants engaged in trading a wide variety of goods. Among other factors which contributed to its prosperity, Hội An
465:
recovered for a time, playing an important role in managing aspects of the
Japanese trade at the port, and lasting through the end of the 17th century before becoming assimilated into the Siamese population and disappearing. Much of the city was destroyed when it was taken by the Burmese in 1767, and
503:
of Hội An exerted a powerful influence upon the affairs of the trading port, the
Japanese demand for silk being so great that the comings and goings of Japanese merchant ships every year caused dramatic cyclical shifts in market prices. On average, more than ten Japanese ships visited the port every
174:
survived through the end of the 17th century. Japan's foreign trade was now handled exclusively by
Chinese, Dutch, and Southeast Asian ships, but Japanese living abroad continued to play important commercial roles and, in some cases, to exert considerable influence upon the economies of a number of
293:
there. This is believed to have largely been the result of concerns over the martial nature of the
Japanese in the region (many were samurai serving as pirates and mercenaries), and over the shipments of weapons and munitions from Japan to Siam and southern Vietnam. In order to avoid potential
131:
for their violation of the ban were thus able to engage in legal activity, though trade and travel directly between China and Japan remained illegal. These factors combined with a number of others to create a vibrant trading scene across East and
Southeast Asia, a period which Southeast Asian
421:, a short distance to Japan's south, for over one hundred years. This time also marked the beginning of the Japanese community in Ayutthaya, among the most distant ports from Japan with which the Japanese traded in the early modern period. Japanese "adventurers", mostly
875:
by a
Japanese inhabitant of the port describes a Chinese population of 4,000-5,000 and a Japanese population of 40-50. (Laarhoven, Ruurdje (trans.) "A Japanese Resident's Account: Declaration of the Situation of Quinam Kingdom by Francisco, 1642." in Li and Reid (eds.)
512:
ban. During the rest of the year, members of the
Japanese community in the port city prepared for the market by gathering goods from Chinese and Vietnamese merchants according to the particular demands of the Japan-based merchants who would be arriving with the ships.
86:
The
Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious, and other reasons. The 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the
425:
fleeing Japan and seeking their fortunes overseas, were welcomed by the kings of
Ayutthaya, and more than a few were employed by the royal government as bodyguards, soldiers, and in other capacities. The kingdom engaged frequently in conflict with
126:
on direct Sino-Japanese trade or travel, the various lands of Southeast Asia became the primary destinations. Beginning in 1567, the ban was lifted for trade and contact in Southeast Asia, and many traders who would otherwise have been deemed
437:
Trade and relations between Japan and Ayutthaya were quite friendly and strong for roughly sixty years, until a series of political scandals in 1630 led to the shogunate formally severing ties with the kingdom. Following the death of King
384:
The name Dilao was used until 1791, when the name San Fernando was added, making it San Fernando de Dilao. In the 19th century, the town of San Fernando de Dilao was given the nickname of Paco (which means Francisco). Paco, along with
542:("Bridge of Friends from Afar"), remains one of the city's most famous sites and serves as a reminder of the Japanese community that once thrived there. Conventional wisdom seems to indicate that this bridge marks the entrance to the
175:
ports. Still, by the end of the 17th century, the lack of influx of new Japanese immigrants led these communities to either disappear through assimilation into the peoples of their new homes, or to die out entirely.
450:, Yamada Nagamasa, who also served in prominent roles in court and as head of a contingent of royal Japanese bodyguards, to be killed. Fearing retribution from the Japanese community, the new king burnt down the
504:
year during the period of the "red seal ships", that is, between roughly 1590 and 1635. This represented fully a quarter of all Japanese maritime economic activity, more than that of any other individual port.
294:
violence within their chief port, the Trịnh Lords sought to avoid any significant permanent Japanese presence, though many notable and prominent Japanese merchants did frequently make port there.
534:
Hội An today is a small and relatively unassuming city, its port having long since silted up, leading to a sharp decline in its economic prosperity and significance. The precise location of the
147:
in the early decades of the 17th century, caused this trade and overseas activity to reach a climax and enter a golden age. Through these maritime adventurers and overseas communities, Japanese
538:
within the city remains unknown, though scholars continue to explore the subject, using both contemporary records and archaeological findings. The so-called "Japanese bridge", also known as
159:, served as a liaison between the community and the local authorities, and played an important role in coordinating the port's trade with non-resident Japanese traders who came to the port.
527:
Over the course of the 17th century, the Japanese community in Hội An gradually shrank and disappeared, assimilated into the Vietnamese community. Intermarriage not only within the
79:
For a brief period in the 16th-17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities, known as
1064:
Woodside, Alexander (1995). "Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles'". In Taylor, K.W.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.).
139:
Japanese abroad worked in a myriad of roles, though most were merchants, mercenaries, sailors, soldiers, servants, or manual laborers of various sorts. The establishment of the
99:
to seek their fortunes across the seas. Many of the samurai who fled Japan around this time were those who stood on the losing sides of various major conflicts. Some were
458:
to the throne in 1657, an event in which the Japanese community played a not insignificant part, the royal court's involvement in trade with Japan did resume.
470:. A formal marker, placed in modern times, denotes the site, which has been the subject of some archaeological research, and which has been visited by
151:
trade in Southeast Asia thrived. Many of the more active ports came to have a port master, or head of the Japanese community. This port master, called
104:
83:, could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.
546:
main street. However, the observation that the bridge is not constructed in a Japanese style has led a number of scholars to discount this idea.
212:
1015:
Iwao, Seiichi (July 1963). "Reopening of the diplomatic and commercial relations between Japan and Siam during the Tokugawa period".
718:
693:
162:
For roughly three decades, Japanese communities across Southeast Asia thrived. This came to an end, however, in the 1630s, as the
1092:
411:
Ayutthaya (not far from present-day Bangkok, Thailand) is said to have had a Japanese settlement of about 1500, known in Thai as
170:. In 1635, Japanese were banned from travelling abroad, and from returning to Japan from overseas. Some of these Southeast Asian
417:, in the 1620s. The kingdom only began trading with Japan around 1570, though it had been actively engaged in commerce with the
675:
115:, issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country. A significant portion of those settled in Catholic Manila.
768:
21:
1055:
Theeravit, Khien (1988). "Japanese-Siamese Relations, 1606-1629". In Khamchoo, Chaiwat; Reynolds, E. Bruce (eds.).
63:. The term has come to also be applied to several modern-day communities, though most of these are called simply "
872:
517:
329:
974:. International Symposium Held in Danang on 22–23 March 1990. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1991.
508:
was well-placed to serve as a neutral port where Chinese and Japanese could trade without violating the Ming
133:
1039:
Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Đàng Trong), 1602-1777
224:
418:
1097:
317:
216:
983:. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
773:
555:
431:
321:
248:
163:
112:
108:
466:
very little by way of intact buildings or other large, noticeable remnants remain today of the
343:
271:
192:
200:
471:
386:
362:
286:
722:
560:
427:
275:
260:
144:
697:
140:
88:
56:
393:
became the second largest districts that became part of Manila. It became to known as
320:, where they numbered between 300 and 400 in 1593. The statue of its famous resident,
1086:
446:
in a violent coup. As part of this scheme, Prasat Thong arranged for the head of the
187:) existed in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, including
565:
443:
303:
285:
in northern Vietnam played an important role in the region's silk trade, the local
256:
235:
119:
1030:
Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
679:
374:
148:
196:
30:
743:
378:
332:
239:
220:
96:
413:
406:
373:
settlers because of the Japanese migrants who lived there, describing their
354:
68:
64:
60:
778:
520:
merchants arrived in the port in 1633, and were greeted by the head of the
335:
478:
439:
204:
100:
16:
Term used for historical Japanese communities in Southeast and East Asia
496:
474:
339:
245:
242:
188:
155:
in Malay and Indonesia, oversaw the activities of the residents of the
123:
92:
992:. Translated by Wright, H.M. Berkeley: University of California Press.
143:
system by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 1590s, and its continuation under
490:
390:
366:
313:
282:
270:
of the period was that in the Siamese port city and royal capital of
252:
208:
167:
1075:
The 17th Century Japanese Diaspora: Questions of Boundary and Policy
1077:. Thirteenth International Economic History Congress. Buenos Aires.
455:
422:
370:
128:
999:
The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century
369:. Some sources say it was named Dilao or "Yellow Plaza" by the
888:
886:
55:
is a term used to refer to historical Japanese communities in
357:
plants that were once plentiful in this district. Dilao or
183:
During this brief but vibrant period, Japanese communities (
251:
and his wife, children, and descendants lived. The exiled
1068:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. pp. 157–172.
381:
missionaries founded the town of Paco as early as 1580.
769:"Bayanihan unveils new dances in its latest production"
676:"San Fernando De Dilao Parish: History of Paco Church"
281:
On the other end of the spectrum, though the port of
255:was known for his military prowess and served with
1041:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1010:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1057:Thai-Japanese Relations in Historical Perspective
1048:Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680
1001:(PhD thesis). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
25:The Japanese Covered Bridge was created by the
397:and eventually, as Paco as it is known today.
44:
670:
668:
666:
8:
50:
346:, they numbered 1,500, and 3,000 in 1606.
342:, can be found there. In 1603, during the
107:, or of various other major conflicts. As
953:Chuong, Thau. "Bridge of Friendship." in
940:Chuong, Thau. "Bridge of Friendship." in
811:
799:
859:
289:actively discouraged the formation of a
20:
1032:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.
641:
639:
576:
1037:Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony, eds. (1993).
847:
495:Hội An, located a short distance from
266:The largest, and perhaps most famous,
91:caused a great many people, primarily
928:
645:
389:, Santa Ana, San Juan del Monte, and
7:
1059:. Bangkok: Innomedia Co. Ltd. Press.
916:
904:
835:
823:
657:
630:
618:
607:
595:
583:
213:Captaincy General of the Philippines
67:", in imitation of the common term "
1050:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1008:The Junk Trade from Southeast Asia
981:Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)
892:
312:quite early at Dilao, a suburb of
136:has dubbed "the Age of Commerce."
14:
777:. 25 October 2007. Archived from
53:"Japan town" or "Japan street")
1:
990:The Making of South East Asia
230:An important and significant
1066:Essays into Vietnamese Pasts
238:in Manila, where the famous
442:, the throne was seized by
308:The Japanese established a
105:Japanese invasions of Korea
1114:
488:
404:
301:
95:, commoner merchants, and
997:Innes, Robert L. (1980).
979:Chen, Chingho A. (1974).
45:
873:Dutch East India Company
1093:Ethnic enclaves in Asia
694:"Paco: Page Nation.com"
103:, some veterans of the
1073:Wray, William (2002).
1046:Reid, Anthony (1993).
972:Ancient Town of Hoi An
955:Ancient Town of Hoi An
942:Ancient Town of Hoi An
34:
1006:Ishii, Yoneo (1998).
871:A 1642 report to the
477:and his predecessor,
168:maritime restrictions
24:
719:"Manila Attractions"
988:Coedes, G. (1966).
391:San Pedro de Macati
365:word for the color
318:Spanish Philippines
217:Spanish East Indies
118:As a result of the
931:, pp. 187–188
850:, pp. 164–165
781:on 25 October 2007
744:"Beyond the Walls"
556:Dom Justo Takayama
349:Paco was known as
322:Dom Justo Takayama
164:Tokugawa shogunate
109:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
97:Christian refugees
35:
1028:Li, Tana (1998).
472:Japanese Emperors
419:kingdom of Ryūkyū
344:Sangley rebellion
330:Japanese Catholic
287:Trinh authorities
193:Dutch East Indies
1105:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
958:
951:
945:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
881:
878:Southern Vietnam
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
838:, pp. 28–29
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
802:, pp. 26–27
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
721:. Archived from
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
696:. Archived from
690:
684:
683:
678:. Archived from
672:
661:
655:
649:
643:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
166:began to impose
113:Tokugawa shōguns
111:, and later the
54:
52:
48:
47:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
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1054:
1045:
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948:
939:
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637:
629:
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617:
613:
606:
602:
594:
590:
582:
578:
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561:Ieyasu Tokugawa
552:
493:
487:
409:
403:
353:because of the
306:
300:
276:Yamada Nagamasa
261:Ieyasu Tokugawa
181:
145:Tokugawa Ieyasu
77:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:
946:
933:
921:
909:
897:
882:
864:
852:
840:
828:
826:, pp. 2–4
816:
812:Theeravit 1988
804:
800:Theeravit 1988
792:
760:
735:
710:
685:
682:on 2009-10-21.
662:
650:
635:
623:
621:, pp. 8–9
611:
600:
588:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
551:
548:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
405:Main article:
402:
399:
302:Main article:
299:
296:
274:, whose head,
180:
177:
141:red seal ships
89:Sengoku period
76:
73:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1110:
1099:
1096:
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1067:
1062:
1058:
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1040:
1035:
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1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Acta Asiatica
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
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991:
986:
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977:
973:
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922:
918:
913:
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901:
898:
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889:
887:
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879:
874:
868:
865:
862:, p. 162
861:
860:Woodside 1995
856:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
820:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
796:
793:
780:
776:
775:
770:
764:
761:
749:
745:
739:
736:
725:on 2008-02-24
724:
720:
714:
711:
700:on 2010-05-07
699:
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681:
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669:
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541:
540:Lai Vien Kieu
537:
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429:
424:
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416:
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400:
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395:Paco de Dilao
392:
388:
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376:
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368:
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352:
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84:
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62:
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41:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
954:
949:
941:
936:
924:
919:, p. 14
912:
907:, p. 13
900:
895:, p. 63
877:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
814:, p. 22
807:
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
772:
763:
751:. Retrieved
747:
738:
727:. Retrieved
723:the original
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:the original
688:
680:the original
660:, p. 10
653:
626:
614:
603:
591:
579:
566:Oda Nobunaga
544:Nihonmachi's
543:
539:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
515:
509:
506:
500:
494:
467:
462:
460:
451:
447:
444:Prasat Thong
436:
434:every year.
412:
410:
394:
383:
358:
350:
348:
325:
309:
307:
304:Paco, Manila
298:Paco, Manila
290:
280:
267:
265:
257:Oda Nobunaga
231:
229:
184:
182:
171:
161:
156:
152:
138:
134:Anthony Reid
120:Ming dynasty
117:
85:
80:
78:
38:
37:
36:
26:
18:
848:Coedes 1966
785:23 February
753:23 February
648:, p. 1
633:, p. 9
598:, p. 2
586:, p. 8
375:physiognomy
234:is that of
203:, southern
179:Communities
1098:Japantowns
1087:Categories
964:References
929:Innes 1980
729:2008-02-27
704:2008-02-27
646:Ishii 1998
536:Nihonmachi
529:Nihonmachi
522:Nihonmachi
516:The first
501:Nihonmachi
468:Nihonmachi
463:Nihonmachi
452:Nihonmachi
448:Nihonmachi
379:Franciscan
377:. Spanish
333:kirishitan
310:Nihonmachi
291:Nihonmachi
268:Nihonmachi
232:Nihonmachi
221:Phnom Penh
185:Nihonmachi
172:Nihonmachi
157:Nihonmachi
153:syahbandar
132:historian
81:Nihonmachi
39:Nihonmachi
27:Nihonmachi
917:Chen 1974
905:Chen 1974
836:Iwao 1963
824:Iwao 1963
748:Aenet.org
658:Wray 2002
631:Wray 2002
619:Wray 2002
608:Reid 1993
596:Wray 2002
584:Wray 2002
414:Ban Yipun
407:Ban Yipun
401:Ayutthaya
355:Amaryllis
272:Ayutthaya
240:Christian
69:Chinatown
65:Japantown
61:East Asia
57:Southeast
33:, Vietnam
550:See also
479:Hirohito
440:Songtham
432:Nagasaki
387:Sampaloc
326:Takayama
249:Takayama
225:Cambodia
205:Viet Nam
149:entrepôt
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497:Da Nang
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363:Tagalog
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246:General
243:Samurai
211:in the
191:in the
189:Batavia
129:pirates
93:samurai
75:History
46:日本町/日本街
774:Malaya
491:Hoi An
485:Hội An
367:yellow
336:daimyō
314:Manila
283:Tonkin
253:daimyo
219:, and
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201:Nguyễn
197:Hội An
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572:Notes
518:Dutch
456:Narai
428:Burma
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359:dilaw
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