324:
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408:
636:
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143:
131:
332:
351:
522:
169:
34:
377:, first ruler of Tokugawa Japan. Tokugawa issued red-sealed permits to his favourite feudal lords and principal merchants who were interested in foreign trade. By doing so, he was able to control Japanese traders and reduce Japanese piracy in the South Sea. His seal also guaranteed the protection of the ships, since he vowed to pursue any pirate or nation who would violate it.
217:
752:
819:
1048:
The
Japanese Shōgun was very defiant of Spain, and Spain very reluctant to divert shipping resources between distant territories, so that besides the few shipwrecks of the Manila galleon on the Japanese coast, only about one Spanish ship was dispatched to Japan every year for trade. They had a small
1044:
only received four ships from
England in the space of 10 years (during its existence between 1613 and 1623), with generally non-valuable cargo. To survive, the factory actually had to resort to trade between Japan and Southeast Asia under the Red seal system, organizing seven expeditions, four of
533:
The crew of the red seal ships were international, for many
Chinese, Portuguese, and Dutch pilots and interpreters joined the sails. The first red seal ships were required to have a Portuguese pilot on board, although the Japanese progressively developed pilots of their own. The
1071:
In 1612, overall, Portuguese priest
Valentim de Carvalho, head of the Jesuit mission, stated that the annual "Great Ship" from Macau brought 1,300 quintals of silk, whereas 5,000 quintals were brought in red seal ships and ships from China and Manila.
284:, etc. Their commerce disappeared around 1570 with the rise of Chinese merchants and the intervention of Portuguese and Spanish ships and corresponds with the beginnings of the red seal system. Japan finally invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1609.
512:
and spices were rarely imported into Japan, where people did not eat a great deal of meat due to the local preponderance of adherents to the
Buddhist belief system. Southeast Asian ports provided meeting places for Japanese and Chinese ships.
791:, the Dutch governor of Java, requested 25 Japanese Samurai to be sent to him from Japan. In 1620, the Dutch record that 90 Japanese samurai were recruited from the islands surrounding Java, in order to reinforce the fort of Batavia.
236:
coasts. Often paid by various
Japanese feudal leaders, they were frequently involved in Japan’s civil wars during the early part of this period. Quasi-official trading missions were also sent to China, such as the
741:
Since it is an undoubted fact that the going of
Japanese in ships to Macau is prejudicial to that place, this practice will be strictly prohibited for the future. (25 July 1609, Ieyasu Shuinjo, remitted to Mateus
398:
had nothing to do with this practice, because the Empire officially prohibited
Japanese ships from entering Chinese ports. (But Ming officials were not able to stop Chinese smugglers from setting sail to Japan.)
445:, employed Chinese and European techniques to Japanese ship designs. Others were captured Chinese junks. Later, when the Southeast Asian trade was well-established, numerous ships were ordered and purchased in
779:), possibly because of the remoteness and because of the direct Dutch involvement there, Japanese samurai were recruited by the Dutch in the area. They distinguished themselves in the capture of the
241:
around 1341. The wakō attacks became less frequent by the third quarter of the sixteenth century. Wakō activity was efficiently curbed in the late 16th century with the interdiction of piracy by
1589:
William Wray, "The
Seventeenth-century Japanese Diaspora: Questions of Boundary and Policy", in Ina Baghdiantz McCabe et al (eds.), Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks, Oxford: Berg (2005), 82.
694:(VOC), as their strong position with the King of Siam typically allowed them to buy at least 50% of the total production, leaving small quantities of a lesser quality to other traders.
476:. The funds for the purchase of merchandise in Asia were loaned to the managers of the expedition for an interest of 35% to 55% per trip, going as high as 100% in the case of Siam.
568:
The Japons are not suffered to land in any port in India (Asia) with weapons; being accounted a people so desperate and daring, that they are feared in all places where they come.
1788:
394:, Spanish, Dutch, and English ships along with Asian rulers basically protected Japanese red seal ships, since they had diplomatic relations with the Japanese shōgun. Only
1440:
Cesare
Polenghi, Samurai of Ayutthaya: Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese warrior and merchant in early seventeenth-century Siam. Bangkok: White Lotus Press (2009), 18-19
1450:
438:
The complement is speculated to have been about 200 people per ship; the average of the fifteen Red Seal ships for which the number of people is known is 236.
653:
Around 56 red seal ships to Siam are recorded between 1604 and 1635. The Japanese community in Siam seems to have been in the hundreds, as described by the
701:, became very influential and ruled part of the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) during that period. The colony also had an important military role in Thailand.
682:
The colony was active in trade, particularly in the export of deer-hide and sappan wood to Japan in exchange for Japanese silver and Japanese handicrafts (
885:
every year, which was larger in tonnage (between 2 and 3 times a single red seal ship), and carried a rich cargo of silk directly obtained from China.
833:
is related to have traveled to Siam as well as India on board a Red Seal ship of Jan Joosten. Upon his return to Japan, Tokubei wrote an essay titled
679:, the famous English explorer, was killed by Japanese pirates off the coast of Siam, thus becoming the first Englishman to be killed by a Japanese.
611:
The Japanese led an abortive rebellion in Dilao against the Spanish in 1606–1607. Their numbers rose again with the interdiction of Christianity by
837:("Relations of travels to India") on his adventures in foreign countries, which became very popular in Japan. He is sometimes referred to as the
1247:
1608 – A red seal ship in Macau caused a public brawl that caused the deaths of 50 Japanese samurai and some Portuguese guards, leading to the
323:
373:, date of the first known mention of the system in a document. The first actually preserved shuinjō (red seal permit) is dated to 1604, under
1763:
572:
A Dutch commander wrote (c. 1615): "they are a rough and a fearless people, lambs in their own country, but well-nigh devils outside of it".
1085:
388:, are known to have received permits. At one point after 1621, Jan Joosten is recorded to have possessed 10 Red Seal Ships for commerce.
1547:
135:
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Although prohibited by China from touching Chinese soil, Japanese sailors from red seal ships transited through the Portuguese port of
1248:
714:
873:
The 350 red seal ships recorded between 1604 and 1634, averaging about 10 ships per year, could be compared to the single Portuguese
623:
traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. They are at the origin of today's 200,000-strong
1731:
1717:
1695:
1623:
1429:
1223:
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factory. They were tortured and killed by Dutch forces from the neighbouring factory. (See Chapter 11 "Trial by Fire and Water" in
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in the first half of the 17th century. Between 1600 and 1635, more than 350 Japanese ships went overseas under this permit system.
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733:
led to a fight in which 50 Japanese lost their lives. The remaining 50 were released by the authorities after having to sign an
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446:
51:
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are recorded between 1604 and 1624 (and only 4 more recorded by 1635). The Japanese had established quite early an enclave at
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98:
55:
407:
70:
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The Japanese seem to have been feared throughout Asian countries, according to a contemporary, Sir Edward Michelbourne:
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wood and deer hides. Altogether 150 Ryukyuan ships are recorded between the kingdom and Southeast Asia, 61 of them for
1778:
624:
469:
385:
77:
661:
784:
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1633 – Re-establishment of the Japanese settlement in Ayutthaya (300–400 Japanese), with returnees from Indochina.
1064:, head of the English factory in Hirado, reported that 60 to 70 Chinese junks visited Nagasaki in 1614, sailed by
650:" record that already in 1592, 500 Japanese troops under the King of Siam helped defeat an invading Burmese army.
44:
84:
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1094:
691:
664:, who recounted having administered sacrament to around 400 Japanese Christians in 1627 in the Thai capital of
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maps used on the red seal ships were drawn on the Portuguese model, with directions in the Japanese language.
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From the 13th to the 16th century, Japanese ships were quite active in Asian waters, often in the role of "
66:
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policy, which officially prohibited overseas travel by Japanese. This ended red seal trade voyages. The
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blaming themselves for the incident. Ieyasu prohibited visits to Macau by Japanese nationals in 1609:
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to Japan, with an Ambassador of the Siamese king Songtam (พระเจ้าทรงธรรม). He returns to Siam in 1626.
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687:
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Red seal ships usually ranged in size between 500 and 750 tons, a size equal or superior to European
265:
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20:
1783:
1773:
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policy and interdiction of foreign travel or return from foreign countries for Japanese nationals.
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1111:
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and aft designs. The ships were typically armed with 6 to 8 cannons. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
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690:, high-quality papers). They were noted by the Dutch for challenging the trade monopoly of the
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260:), which exchanged Japanese products (silver, swords) and Chinese products for Southeast Asian
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Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the main trading intermediary in East Asia was the island
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1361:– Destruction of Takagi Sakuemon's (高木作右衛門) red seal ship in Ayutthaya by a Spanish warship.
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Red seal ships varied in style and place of construction. Some, especially those built in
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in 1589 a storm-battered Japanese junk bound for Siam, or when the Dutch circumnavigator
798:, 9 Japanese mercenaries were recorded to have been with the 10 English traders of the
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in December 1600, and on the same voyage a red seal ship with a Portuguese captain off
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Only Chinese shipping seems to have been quite important during the last years of the
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sailing map, depicting the Indian Ocean and the East Asian coast, early 17th century.
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1703:
The Affair of the Madre de Deus: A Chapter in the History of the Portuguese in Japan
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Although few red seal ships are recorded for the areas of modern Indonesia (
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When the first Europeans started to navigate in the Pacific Ocean (see also
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216:
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become the sole officially sanctioned party for European trade with Japan.
435:, which were often in the vicinity of 1,000 and 2,000 tons, respectively.
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Besides Japanese traders, 12 European and 11 Chinese residents, including
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settled in the Philippines. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of
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A 17th-century red seal ship of the Araki trading family, sailing out of
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1615:
Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543-1900
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1451:"Shuinsen, or 'Red Seal ships', were Japanese armed merchant sailing..."
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was involved in the support of the Dilao enclave between 1600 and 1608.
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1634 – Travel of Yamada Yahei (山田弥兵衛) from Japan to Indochina and Siam.
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Red seal ship with Japanese and Portuguese sailors, early 17th century
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1289:– William Adams starts engaging in red seal trade to Southeast Asia.
1131:: A similar Japanese figure appears on the right, in the forefront.
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Establishment of the port of Nagasaki for trade with the Portuguese
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and Sueyoshi, or by individual adventurers such as Suetsugu Heizō,
1209:
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Sueyoshi red seal ship in 1633, with foreign pilots and sailors.
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in Siam, on account of high-quality construction and materials.
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A modern scale model reconstruction of a red seal ship in the
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The ships were managed by rich trading families such as the
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on the Chinese coast in some numbers. On 30 November 1608,
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under the acting governor and Captain of the Japan voyage
1705:, London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1929.
806:.) This event was partly the cause for the advent of the
1690:, 2001, 永積洋子 「朱印船」2001 日本歴史会館, Japan Historical Society
1254:
and the red seal ships being banned from going to Macau.
600:
rebellion, they numbered 1,500 and 3,000 in 1606. The
369:
The red seal system appears from at least 1592, under
1336:
1624 – Japanese Jesuits start to proselytise in Siam.
1275:
leaves for his embassy to Europe. He returns in 1620.
196:
were Japanese armed merchant sailing ships bound for
615:
in 1614, when 300 Japanese Christian refugees under
220:
Record of a red seal license, dated 11 January 1608.
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1476:"Naval Warrior Groups – Matsura Historical Museum"
172:Japanese red seal trade in the early 17th century.
1264:1613 – England opens a trading factory in Hirado.
427:, but inferior to that of the massive Portuguese
1296:1615 – Japanese Jesuits start to proselytise in
1219:1592 – First recorded mention of Red Seal ships.
541:Major Southeast Asian ports, including Filipino
311:through which they learned about the arrival of
1498:"Centuries-old scroll, maps at your fingertips"
1164:1543 – Portuguese sailors (among them possibly
504:as well as some Southeast Asian products (like
187:
16:1604–1635 Japanese armed merchant sailing ships
181:
1664:(University of California Press, 1951) p. 272
1548:"Full text of "A History Of Japan 1334 1615""
1523:"Wakō | Samurai, Raids, Pirates | Britannica"
19:For the RCA or RCA Victor record series, see
8:
1364:– Destruction of the Japanese settlement in
500:, and other artifacts, and imported Chinese
1789:Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate
1282:1614 – Expulsion of the Jesuits from Japan.
1257:1609 – The Dutch open a trading factory in
1235:encounters a 110 tons Japanese junk in the
1744:Commercial Trade between Japan and Vietnam
354:Suminokura red seal ship with foreigners.
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1710:The Christian century in Japan 1549–1650
1673:Boxer, The Christian Century, p. 100-101
1424:"Histoire du Japon", p. 72, Michel Vie,
1179:1570 – Japanese pirates occupy parts of
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817:
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520:
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141:
129:
1417:
1343:– Interruption of relations with Spain.
715:a fight with about 100 Japanese samurai
672:") (Ishii Yoneo, Multicultural Japan).
1201:1577 – First Japanese ships travel to
903:(From "Red Seal Ships", Nagazumi Yoko)
763:in 1623, when they were victim of the
1045:which were handled by William Adams.
7:
1126:. Christianity indicated by the hat.
783:from the English and the defense of
152:, incorporating both European-style
56:adding citations to reliable sources
1244:1604 – First known red seal permit.
484:Japanese merchants mainly exported
136:National Museum of Japanese History
1566:"Some Notes on "Japanese Pirates""
1496:Otake, Tomoko (22 December 2021).
849:Other major destinations included
14:
1183:, from where they prey on China.
1093:
1084:
1036:Also in comparison, the English
32:
1612:Leupp, Gary P. (January 2003).
646:The Siamese "Chronicles of the
299:encountered a 110-ton Japanese
43:needs additional citations for
1724:Fighting Ships of the Far-East
1649:Fighting ships of the Far East
1:
1570:Association for Asian Studies
1135:by Andries Beeckman, c. 1656.
1764:1604 establishments in Japan
580:Around 50 red seal ships to
1381:1636 – Introduction of the
1325:– Jan Joosten sinks in the
1190:, under the supervision of
228:" pirates, that raided the
188:
1805:
1651:, p. 12, Osprey Publishing
1307:manages 10 red seal ships.
800:English East India Company
18:
890:
861:(35 ships), and Annam in
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1153:Dutch East India Company
835:Tenjiku Tōkai Monogatari
829:The Japanese adventurer
692:Dutch East India Company
662:António Francisco Cardim
156:sails and Chinese-style
1759:Merchant ships of Japan
1502:The University of Tokyo
1226:reaches Japan in April.
1208:1588 – Interdiction of
697:A Japanese adventurer,
1769:1635 disestablishments
1701:Boxer, Charles Ralph.
1250:Nossa Senhora da Graça
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670:a 400 japões christãos
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200:ports with red-sealed
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1726:, Osprey Publishing,
1662:The Christian Century
1600:The Christian Century
1141:In 1633–1639, Shogun
1133:The Castle of Batavia
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794:In 1623, during the
789:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
688:Japanese lacquerware
648:Kingdom of Ayutthaya
627:in the Philippines.
204:issued by the early
52:improve this article
21:RCA Red Seal Records
1205:(Southern Vietnam).
1166:Fernão Mendes Pinto
869:Relative importance
727:Portuguese soldiers
625:Japanese population
289:Nanban trade period
1779:Austronesian ships
1722:Stephen Turnbull,
1647:Stephen Turnbull,
1527:www.britannica.com
1456:. 20 November 2021
1368:by Siamese forces.
1273:Hasekura Tsunenaga
1108:Japanese Christian
845:Other destinations
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804:Nathaniel's Nutmeg
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675:In December 1605,
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617:Dom Justo Takayama
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206:Tokugawa shogunate
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1618:. A&C Black.
1233:Olivier van Noort
1172:and transmit the
1076:End of the system
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978:Portuguese ships
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958:(in kg of Silver)
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613:Tokugawa Ieyasu
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177:Red seal ships
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63:Find sources:
57:
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41:This article
39:
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1573:. Retrieved
1569:
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1530:. Retrieved
1526:
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1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:Getty Images
1453:
1445:
1436:
1420:
1401:Djong (ship)
1396:Nanban trade
1249:
1239:in December.
1168:) arrive in
1146:
1145:enacted the
1140:
1132:
1128:
1110:remained in
1103:
1070:
1058:Ming dynasty
1055:
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1006:Dutch ships
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865:(14 ships).
857:(44 ships),
853:(74 ships),
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731:André Pessoa
708:
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517:Destinations
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247:Ming dynasty
223:
189:
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88:
81:
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50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
1552:archive.org
1406:Junk (ship)
1314:sails from
1305:Jan Joosten
1237:Philippines
1203:Cochinchina
1170:Tanegashima
1129:Right image
1068:smugglers.
851:Cochinchina
717:, wielding
606:Luis Sotelo
586:Philippines
576:Philippines
470:Jan Joosten
403:Ship design
386:Jan Joosten
305:Philippines
1784:Tall ships
1774:Ship types
1753:Categories
1681:References
1212:piracy by
1104:Left image
1030:2,066,556
841:of Japan.
839:Marco Polo
677:John Davis
655:Portuguese
602:Franciscan
549:, Siamese
454:Suminokura
396:Ming China
392:Portuguese
361:painting,
315:in Japan.
272:), 10 for
249:generals.
78:newspapers
1712:Carcanet
1366:Ayutthaya
1298:Indochina
1214:Hideyoshi
1066:Fukienese
1027:2,583,195
970:1,053,750
946:Of which:
927:per year)
877:visiting
747:Indonesia
735:affidavit
551:Ayutthaya
525:Japanese
456:, Araki,
447:Ayutthaya
419:(Vietnam)
276:, 10 for
243:Hideyoshi
108:June 2008
1602:, p. 268
1390:See also
1354:in Siam.
1252:incident
1174:arquebus
1159:Timeline
1118:) after
1049:base in
1015:228,996
1001:343,860
987:650,700
973:843,000
923:(Average
919:of ships
879:Nagasaki
855:Cambodia
666:Ayuthaya
660:priest,
658:Catholic
621:Japanese
553:, Malay
536:Portolan
527:portolan
490:diamonds
443:Nagasaki
429:carracks
425:galleons
413:Nagasaki
280:, 8 for
256:(modern
190:Shuinsen
158:junk rig
1708:Boxer,
1598:Boxer,
1554:. 1961.
1310:1623 –
1303:1621 –
1222:1600 –
1186:1571 –
1116:Jakarta
1112:Batavia
1038:factory
1012:286,245
998:429,825
984:813,375
875:carrack
863:Vietnam
785:Batavia
761:Amboyna
757:samurai
742:Leitão)
723:muskets
642:c.1630.
598:Sangley
584:in the
555:Pattani
303:in the
278:Pattani
274:Malacca
270:Vietnam
258:Okinawa
234:Chinese
212:Origins
160:sails,
92:scholar
1730:
1716:
1694:
1622:
1575:1 June
1532:1 June
1507:1 June
1481:1 June
1460:1 June
1428:
1383:sakoku
1259:Hirado
1181:Taiwan
1148:sakoku
1120:Sakoku
1042:Hirado
954:Volume
933:Export
915:Number
859:Taiwan
719:katana
604:friar
594:Manila
547:Hội An
543:Manila
510:Pepper
498:swords
494:copper
486:silver
431:or to
309:Borneo
293:Manila
262:sappan
230:Korean
162:rudder
154:lateen
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1412:Notes
1051:Uraga
1021:Total
937:Value
883:Macau
881:from
814:India
711:Macau
705:Macau
590:Dilao
582:Luzon
506:sugar
458:Chaya
417:Annam
363:Kyoto
344:Kyoto
266:Annam
99:JSTOR
85:books
1728:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1577:2024
1534:2024
1509:2024
1483:2024
1462:2024
1426:ISBN
1316:Siam
1210:wakō
1194:and
995:N/A
910:Type
899:1639
895:1604
773:Java
721:and
502:silk
415:for
384:and
301:junk
282:Java
232:and
226:wakō
71:news
1040:in
967:10
472:or
359:Ema
340:Ema
183:朱印船
54:by
1755::
1568:.
1550:.
1525:.
1500:.
1271:–
1231:-
1106::
1060:.
1009:3
981:1
810:.
775:,
686:,
668:("
561:.
496:,
492:,
488:,
468:,
464:,
186:,
1628:.
1579:.
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1176:.
897:-
767:.
365:.
346:.
268:(
194:)
180:(
138:.
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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