29:
88:
58:
498:
the
Phoenix and Line Islands during the 12th–14th centuries AD. There is evidence to suggest that Howland Island was the site of a prehistoric settlement, which may have extended down to Rawaki, Canton, Manra and Orona - and possibly Nikumaroro. Archaeological sites have been discovered on Manra and Orona that suggest there were two distinct groups of settlers in the area, one from eastern Polynesia, and one from Micronesia.
876:
864:". It is said that this was the maneaba of Nei Manganibuka who she saw sitting under its high thatched roof. Nei Manganibuka was seated with two children, and conversing with three ancients about the happy future of Nikumaroro and how it would one day support thousands of inhabitants. In later years this spot became known as Ghost Maneaba, though the area is now known as Kanawa Point
631:
41:
754:. By June 1939, a few wells had been successfully established and 58 I-Kiribati were on Gardner, comprising 16 men, 16 women, and 26 children. Wide coral-gravel streets and a parade ground were laid out and important structures included a thatched administration house, a wood-frame cooperative store, and a radio shack. Gallagher died and was buried on the island in 1941.
719:
95:
65:
1679::"Indeed, Gillespie's search, the way in which his gifted showmanship has overshadowed the dubiousness of his discoveries and long odds of success, may be the most fitting tribute that the world could offer Earhart on the 75th anniversary of her death." Zwick quoting Kurt Campbell: "He is by nature a showman and an explorer and an enthusiast."
613:, a large unladen British freighter with a crew of 35 men, ran aground on the reef at the island's northwest corner. A fire broke out in the engine room and all hands abandoned ship in darkness through storm waves across the dangerous coral reef. There were 11 fatalities. The survivors camped near collapsed structures from the abortive
1904:
Report dated 24 September 1829 in: American State Papers, Documents
Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States from the Second Session of the Twenty-first to the First Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress... Volume IV Naval Affairs, Document 573, Information Collected by the Navy
661:
checked several nearby islands, and flew over
Gardner Island, noting "signs of recent habitation", though they presumed the island was uninhabited. A British exploratory expedition visited Gardner Island in October 1937 but found nothing. In 1938, recent skeletal remains were found on the island, but
497:
The ancient settlements on nearby Manra and Orona Island were probably founded around 1000 BC, when eastern
Melanesians are known to have travelled northwards across the water. These have yielded basalt artifacts that originated in Samoa, the Marquesas, and the Cook Islands, and were transported to
672:
after they had failed to find
Howland Island, and died as castaways. TIGHAR found and cataloged artifacts: U.S. beauty and skin-care products that may have dated to the 1930s, such as flakes of rouge and a shattered mirror from a woman's cosmetic compact, parts of a folding pocket knife, traces of
701:
or evidence that it landed on
Nikumaroro. After days of searching the deep cliffs supporting the island and the nearby ocean, Ballard did not find any evidence of the plane or any associated wreckage of it. Allison Fundis, Ballard's chief operating officer stated: "We felt like if her plane was
689:
said: "Not to impugn , but I don't think he's found anything on any expedition." To date, TIGHAR has failed to connect any of their artifacts to
Earhart, Noonan, or to any specific person or people known to have been on the island from 1929 to present. TIGHAR has failed to provide any dating to
621:
was a prominent landmark on the reef for 70 years, although by 2007, only the ship's keel, engine, and two large tanks remained. A Digital Globe satellite image taken 15 November 2016 shows one of the two tanks pushed inland by wave action, and the engine is now gone.
299:
forest cover the land surface. The trees grow 15 m (49 ft) in height and result in decomposing leaf material in the soil. Coconut palms remain from the attempts to operate a plantation on the island from 1893 to 1894 and later from 1938 to 1963.
709:
tracing Robert
Ballard's efforts, National Geographic stated regarding the Gardner Island (Nikumaroro) hypothesis, "It’s a nice story. But like all the other evidence obtained here over the decades, there is no provable link to Amelia or her plane."
749:
established a headquarters of the
Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme in the village located on the island's western end, on the south side of the largest entrance to the lagoon. Efforts to clear land and plant coconuts were hindered by a lack of
677:
of a human finger had DNA tests done, but the tests were inconclusive as to whether it was turtle or human bone. A piece of aircraft-grade aluminum found on the island closely resembles a patch that is in photographs of
Earhart's airplane.
256:, which is dry at low tide. The ocean beyond the reef is very deep, and the only anchorage is at the island's west end, across the reef from the ruins of a mid-20th-century British colonial village, but this is safe only with the southeast
845:, is associated with the Buka tree, and first taught the Gilbertese canoe craft along with the lore of ocean navigation. Nikumaroro was named by the natives who accomanied the British during a visit to the island in 1938. In Tungaru (
593:
roofs were constructed, but a severe drought resulted in the failure of this project within a year. In 1916, it was leased to a Captain E.F.H. Allen of the Samoa Shipping Trading Co Ltd, but remained uninhabited until 1938.
404:. In contrast to the leeward side, very little loose coral rubble was found with the majority of bare surfaces covered by encrusting coralline algae in shallow water. The most abundant coral species at Nikumaroro included:
673:
campfires bearing bird and fish bones, clams opened in the same way as oysters in New England, "empty shells laid out as if to collect rain water", and U.S. bottles dating from before World War II. What appeared to be the
392:
and coral rubble were the three other dominant cover categories. The windward sites on the reef had an estimated 70% LCC and the lower cover on the reef slope was 30% LCC. The steep slope was dominated by
484:
suggested that what they believed to be fish traps on the shore of the island was indeed evidence of long forgotten pacific natives. Also found by TIGHAR's work party was what was believed to be a basalt
330:
sp. trees, viewed from underneath: Note the typical prop roots of the trees, enabling them to live along the coast, enduring violent seas and winds. They may have been planted as a food plant for the
757:
At his mother's request, Gallagher's remains were moved to Tarawa for reburial and the memorial plaque was retrieved. Although reasons cited for giving up on the struggling colony included unstable
2310:
2305:
388:
The 2000 surveys (Obura, et al.) identified that the leeward sites on the reef had 25-40% Live Coral Cover (LCC), in some places exceeding 75% LCC on the shallow reef platforms. Coralline algae,
1400:
Kelly, L. W., Barott, K. I., Dinsdale, E., Friedlander, A. M., Nosrat, B., Obura, D., Sala, E., Sandin, S. A., Smith, J. E., Vermeij, M. J., Williams, G. J., Willner, D., and Rohwer, F. (2012).
1002:
1068:
761:
and uncertain copra markets, observers familiar with the colony's history remarked that after Gallagher's death a "will" or "nerve" to succeed seemed to vanish from the settlements.
681:
The TIGHAR hypothesis has various critics, with TIGHAR's founder and executive director, Richard Gillespie, described as a good showman who lacks credible results. A curator at the
665:
1594:
860:
According to legend, the wife of Teng Koata, the first island leader of Nikumaroro, had been walking along the north-western part of the island when she saw a "great and perfect
657:. Nikumaroro Island—then called Gardner Island—is about 640 kilometres (400 mi) southeast of Howland Island. During the subsequent search for them and their plane, the
1542:
Di Piazza and Pearthree. Voyaging and basalt exchange in the Phoenix and Line archipelagoes: the viewpoint from three mystery islands. Archaeol. Oceania 36 (2001) 146–152
1873:
Ships Employed in the South Seas Trade, 1775–1861 (Part I and II) and Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen Transcripts of Registers of Shipping, 1787–1862 (Part III)
456:
Nikumaroro is in a naturally iron-poor region. The introduction of iron to this environment from shipwrecks and anchor gear is linked to proliferation of turf algae and
260:. Landing has always been difficult and is most often done south of the anchorage. Although occupied at various times during the past, the island is uninhabited today.
1508:
1451:
1383:
1327:
841:
The current name for the Island, Nikumaroro, comes from the name of a legendary goddess of the Gilbertese people, "Nei Manganibuka". It is said that she comes from
252:. Nikumaroro is about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) long by 2.5 km (1.6 mi) wide. The rim has two narrow entrances, both of which are blocked by a wide
1991:
824:. That same year, the United States, after having recently surveyed the island for possible weapons testing, relinquished any claims to Gardner through the
2300:
1944:
2285:
1954:
2320:
852:
In an interview in 1997, Risasi Finikaso, who lived in Nikumaroro as a child, remarked of a place called Niurabo which was sacred to Nei Manganibuka.
1738:, tighar.org, 1 August 2000, retrieved 14 October 2008. This source is itself supported by over a dozen citations, many of which are primary sources.
2290:
1010:
936:
at this time, either some confusion exists in the historical record or both Gardner and Coffin were on board when the island was sighted in 1825. (
690:
establish how long any of the artifacts were in the ground, nor has it provided evidence as to when the artifacts may have arrived on the island.
1076:
1934:
321:
730:
On 1 December 1938, members of the British Pacific Islands Survey Expedition arrived to evaluate the island as a possible location for either
1895:
1710:
267:
in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 425,300-km (164,200-mi) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Nikumaroro.
1939:
828:. The island was officially renamed Nikumaroro, a name inspired by Gilbertese legends and used by the settlers during the 1940s and 1950s.
477:
Little is known of habitation on the island prior to 1824. What evidence there is for pre-historic occupation is slim and unsubstantiated.
303:
The scarcity of fresh water on Nikumaroro has proven problematic for residents in the past, and contributed directly to the failure of a
2280:
1598:
668:(TIGHAR) made several expeditions to Nikumaroro during the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. The group investigated the renewed hypothesis that
127:
1345:
460:
communities, and degraded ‘black reefs’. Monitoring from 2000 to 2015 recorded the black reef originating at the 1929 wreck of the SS
1959:
1880:
1865:
1848:
331:
304:
87:
1919:
Strippel, Richard G. "Researching Amelia: A Detailed Summary for the Serious Researcher into the Disappearance of Amelia Earhart."
1734:
1635:
970:
2295:
1984:
1621:
1574:
57:
779:
The island's population reached a high of about 100 by the mid-1950s, but by the early 1960s, periodic drought and an unstable
1690:
1465:
Obura, D. O., Mangubhai, S. (2011). "Coral mortality associated with thermal fluctuations in the Phoenix Islands, 2002–2005".
519:, and Mary Letitia's Island. The first record of a European sighting was made by Capt. C. Kemiss (or Kemin, Kemish) from the
369:
264:
201:
1766:
2241:
1054:
686:
1264:
2275:
1977:
1099:
889:
811:
698:
574:
deposits ever being exploited, however. On 28 May 1892, the island was claimed by the United Kingdom during a call by
1949:
285:
the globe. However, to date, no conclusive evidence of her plane has been found on or in the vicinity of the island.
2315:
765:
534:
1651:
1199:
1164:
929:
270:
Nikumaroro has notably been the focus of considerable speculation and exploration as a possible location where
1032:
682:
650:
563:
538:
1294:
969:
The reference source provides a brief history of Gallagher and the Phoenix Island Settlement Scheme. See
849:), “Nei” is roughly the equivalent of Miss or Ms, and “Manganibuka” means “old woman of the Buka trees.”
2000:
1502:
1445:
1377:
1321:
438:
377:
28:
1474:
547:
527:
192:
537:
confirmed its position and recorded the atoll's name as Gardner Island, originally given in 1825 by
2254:
949:
The document contains a detailed description of the British Pacific Islands Survey Expedition. See
373:
617:
coconut plantation and were rescued after several days on the island. The devastated wreck of the
511:
Nikumaroro was known by sundry names during the early 19th century: Kemins' Island, Kemis Island,
1707:
1490:
1365:
658:
575:
520:
362:
1664:
1138:
1891:
1876:
1861:
1844:
1433:
1172:
1048:
950:
723:
567:
425:
412:
722:
Gardner and other islands of the Phoenix Group, from a geographical handbook compiled by the
2121:
2086:
1482:
1423:
1413:
1357:
1309:
825:
780:
758:
746:
343:
1964:
2231:
2184:
2164:
2103:
2008:
1714:
1293:
Obura, D. O., Stone, G., Mangubhai, S., Bailey, S., Yoshinaga, A., and Barrel, R. (2011).
1228:
904:
894:
817:
796:
772:
station with 25 crewmen on the southeastern tip of Gardner, installing an antenna system,
614:
607:
590:
582:
234:
162:
1905:
Department Relating to Islands, Reefs, Shoals etc, in the Pacific Ocean (29 January 1835)
1248:
1478:
1224:
320:
1638:
1428:
1401:
881:
795:) was evacuated by the British government in 1963. Its residents were evacuated to the
751:
739:
735:
694:
669:
654:
638:
552:
444:
282:
274:
630:
2269:
2199:
2179:
2131:
2116:
2111:
2056:
2046:
899:
1902:
1691:"Up in the Air: Hillary Clinton, a lone explorer, and the search for Amelia Earhart"
1494:
1369:
2236:
2169:
2156:
2036:
674:
457:
354:
281:
might have landed in July 1937 when they vanished during their ill-fated flight to
802:
The Gardner Island Post Office opened around 1939 and closed around January 1964.
773:
734:
landings or an airfield. On 20 December, more British officials arrived with 20
642:
406:
278:
1790:
562:
In 1856, Nikumaroro was claimed as "Kemins Island" by CA Williams & Co. of
2174:
2041:
1486:
1313:
871:
846:
431:
257:
1551:
1176:
142:
129:
2189:
2081:
1222:
w.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Expeditions/NikuV/NikuV.html "Niku V summary."
875:
542:
418:
350:
339:
40:
1437:
1418:
718:
464:
on Nikumaroro progressing northward to sites 1 kilometre (1 mi) away.
33:
Western entrance to Nikumaroro's lagoon as seen from near the village ruins
776:, and some smaller structures. Only scattered debris remains on the site.
1914:
The Sea-Hunters, The New England Whalemen during Two Centuries: 1635–1835
821:
731:
326:
238:
1969:
2194:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1747:
1035:. Government of Kiribati. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007
861:
586:
399:
295:
271:
241:, in the western Pacific Ocean. It is a remote, elongated, triangular
2215:
2146:
2092:
2076:
2051:
2031:
784:
481:
249:
1361:
1003:"Pacific Nation Bans Fishing in One of World's Largest Marine Parks"
971:"Gallagher of Nikumaroro: The Last Expansion of the British Empire."
589:. Twenty-nine islanders were settled there and some structures with
581:. Almost immediately, a license was granted to Pacific entrepreneur
1665:"DNA tests on bone fragment inconclusive in Amelia Earhart search."
1522:
2141:
2126:
1735:
Gallagher of Nikumaroro - The Last Expansion of the British Empire
1636:"Amelia Earhart's beauty case found? Conclusion to mystery nears."
1346:"Silent killer: black reefs in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area"
842:
792:
788:
769:
717:
629:
571:
358:
245:
242:
799:
by the British, and by 1965, Gardner was officially uninhabited.
742:(other than formal annexations preparatory to withdrawal, etc.).
486:
347:
253:
1973:
702:
there, we would have found it pretty early in the expedition."
551:. Some sources say the island was named after U.S. Congressman
1654:
Discovery News, 10 December 2010. Retrieved: 10 December 2010.
646:
1249:"Important Bird Areas in the Pacific: A Compendium (CD-ROM)."
1858:
Finding Amelia: The True Story of the Earhart Disappearance
1295:"Baseline marine biological surveys of the Phoenix Islands"
1552:
Jane's Oceania Home Page. Jane Resture. September 28, 2008
1069:"US reportedly to search again for Amelia Earhart's plane"
641:
attempted her world flight in 1937, but she and navigator
1100:"Researchers Identify Fragment of Amelia Earhart's Plane"
357:
and migratory birds, and rats abound. Several species of
1965:
http://www.loran-history.info/Gardner_Island/gardner.htm
1252:
Secretariat of the Pacific Region Environment Programme.
1890:. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 1968.
1402:"Black reefs: iron-induced phase shifts on coral reefs"
666:
The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery
1950:
Miamiherald.com: Planned July 2012 search for Earhart
1860:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2006.
1843:, Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press,
1195:
1193:
2311:
Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act
2306:
Former regions and territories of the United States
2224:
2208:
2155:
2102:
2007:
1828:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Tongg Publishing Company, 1942.
1165:"The Amelia Earhart Mystery Stays Down in the Deep"
248:with profuse vegetation and a large central marine
212:
207:
184:
176:
168:
158:
121:
116:
1831:Crouch, Thomas D. "Searching for Amelia Earhart."
820:, which achieved complete independence in 1979 as
1217:
1215:
1935:Geographical map of Nikumaroro (Earhart related)
1344:Obura, D. O., Mangubhai, S. (1 November 2018).
738:settlers in the last colonial expansion of the
670:Earhart and Noonan had landed on Gardner Island
1888:Of Islands and Men: Studies in Pacific History
1875:. Canberra, Australia: Roebuck Society, 1986.
1561:
1559:
365:have been observed in the surrounding waters.
1985:
1945:Forensic Imaging Project II (Earhart related)
1909:Washington, D.C.: Gales's & Seaton, 1861.
1708:"Archaeology and the fate of Amelia Earhart."
1622:"Group Ends Latest Search for Amelia Earhart"
8:
1507:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1450:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1382:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1221:
21:
1767:"Premier Postal History: Post Office List."
1667:CNN, 3 March 2011. Retrieved: 3 March 2011.
1139:"Gardner Island (Nikumaroro) Phoenix Group"
928:Since other sources say that family member
1992:
1978:
1970:
951:"The Colonization of the Phoenix Islands."
697:led a 2019 expedition to locate Earhart's
662:they were not linked to Earhart's flight.
39:
27:
20:
1960:Natlib.govt.nz: 1889 Survey catalog entry
1955:Tighar.org: Hydrographic Office Chart 125
1826:American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain
1652:"Amelia Earhart's finger bone recovered?"
1427:
1417:
816:In 1971, the UK granted self-rule to the
1575:"'Norwich City' photograph and caption."
606:During a storm on 29 November 1929, the
480:In 1989, an expedition to the island by
376:, especially for its breeding colony of
319:
1940:Earhart Project Hypothesis, Summer 2009
1728:
1726:
1595:"The Long Farewell of the Norwich City"
1339:
1337:
993:
937:
921:
1500:
1443:
1395:
1393:
1375:
1319:
1288:
1286:
1158:
1156:
1046:
338:Nikumaroro is sporadically visited by
305:British project to colonize the island
1801:P.B. Laxton, 1951, p. 150. Nikumaroro
1676:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
7:
1001:Howard, Brian Clark (16 June 2014).
1584:, 2007. Retrieved: 25 October 2009.
980:, 2007. Retrieved: 25 October 2009.
960:, 2007. Retrieved: 25 October 2009.
705:In their October 2019 documentary,
2301:Former populated places in Oceania
1835:, Volume 23, Issue 1, Summer 2007.
473:Evidence of prehistoric occupation
94:
64:
14:
2286:Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
1923:, Vol. 31, No. 11, November 1995.
1916:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1953.
1791:Place Names on Nikumaroro, TIGHAR
1098:Pruitt, Sarah (29 October 2014).
645:disappeared after the plane left
507:19th-century sightings and claims
372:, and as such, has been named an
332:Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
2321:Important Bird Areas of Kiribati
1523:https://tighar.org/Niku_I_(1989)
1033:"Phoenix Islands Protected Area"
874:
526:in 1824. On 19 August 1840, the
93:
86:
63:
56:
2291:Uninhabited islands of Kiribati
1841:Who's Who in Pacific Navigation
1620:Pyle, Richard (2 August 2007).
1163:Cohn, Julie (14 October 2019).
1075:. 19 March 2012. Archived from
493:Identity of prehistoric peoples
353:. The atoll has populations of
315:
1271:. BirdLife International. 2021
370:Phoenix Islands Protected Area
265:Phoenix Islands Protected Area
202:Phoenix Islands Protected Area
1:
1810:P.B. Laxton, 1951, Nikumaroro
1781:P.B. Laxton, 1951. Nikumaroro
1720:. Retrieved: 25 October 2009.
1689:Zwick, Jesse (23 June 2012).
1265:"Nikumaroro (Gardner Island)"
1247:O'Brien, Mark and Sue Waugh.
1238:. Retrieved: 25 October 2009.
1209:. Retrieved: 25 October 2009.
745:The British colonial officer
16:Island in the western Pacific
1757:. Retrieved: 31 August 2011.
1350:Pacific Conservation Biology
1254:Retrieved: 10 December 2010.
787:. Nikumaroro (together with
783:had thwarted the struggling
764:From 1944 through 1945, the
316:Nikumaroro's flora and fauna
890:List of Guano Island claims
812:List of islands of Kiribati
699:Lockheed Model 10-E Electra
342:attracted to its extensive
2337:
2281:Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)
1833:Invention & Technology
809:
634:Nikumaroro Island in 2014.
368:The island is part of the
2250:
1713:20 September 2007 at the
1487:10.1007/S00338-011-0741-7
1314:10.5479/si.00775630.589.1
1053:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
766:United States Coast Guard
714:British settlement scheme
535:U.S. Exploring Expedition
200:
189:
50:
38:
26:
1770:Premier Postal Auctions.
1007:National Geographic News
768:operated a navigational
2296:Former disputed islands
1772:Retrieved: 5 July 2013.
1302:Atoll Research Bulletin
683:Smithsonian Institution
564:New London, Connecticut
180:2 km (1.2 mi)
172:6 km (3.7 mi)
1912:Stackpole, Edouard A.
1839:Dunmore, John (1992),
1419:10.1038/ISMEJ.2011.114
727:
635:
570:. No record exists of
378:red-tailed tropicbirds
335:
263:Kiribati declared the
225:, previously known as
2001:Geography of Kiribati
1824:Bryan, Edwin H., Jr.
1748:"USCG LORAN Station."
1718:archaeology.about.com
1521:Niku I, 1989. TIGHAR.
721:
633:
566:, under the American
439:Pocillopora verrucosa
383:
323:
143:4.67556°S 174.51778°W
1886:Maude, Henry Evans.
1227:12 July 2013 at the
1200:"Niku IIII summary."
687:Air and Space Museum
521:British whaling ship
193:Republic of Kiribati
148:-4.67556; -174.51778
77:Show map of Kiribati
2255:Outline of Kiribati
1650:Lorenzi, Rossella.
1634:Lorenzi, Rossella.
1624:. Associated Press.
1479:2011CorRe..30..607O
932:was captain of the
707:"Expedition Amelia"
410:(staghorn corals);
374:Important Bird Area
363:bottlenose dolphins
307:from 1938 to 1963.
233:, is a part of the
139: /
107:Show map of Oceania
23:
2276:Atolls of Kiribati
1565:Bryan 1942, p. 71.
1269:BirdLife Data Zone
1169:The New York Times
728:
659:United States Navy
636:
384:Nikumaroro's reefs
336:
2263:
2262:
1896:978-0-19-550177-3
1601:on 21 August 2018
724:British Admiralty
653:, and headed for
568:Guano Islands Act
458:benthic bacterial
426:Favites pentagona
413:Acropora cytherea
220:
219:
45:Map of Nikumaroro
2328:
2316:Seabird colonies
2209:West of Gilberts
2122:Enderbury Island
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1856:Gillespie, Ric.
1853:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:The New Republic
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1597:. Archived from
1591:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1406:The ISME Journal
1397:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1219:
1210:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1134:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:. Archived from
998:
981:
967:
961:
947:
941:
926:
884:
879:
878:
826:Treaty of Tarawa
747:Gerald Gallagher
555:, who owned the
293:Thick scrub and
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
108:
97:
96:
90:
78:
67:
66:
60:
43:
31:
24:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2246:
2232:Carondelet Reef
2220:
2204:
2185:Starbuck Island
2165:Caroline Island
2151:
2104:Phoenix Islands
2098:
2009:Gilbert Islands
2003:
1998:
1931:
1926:
1901:Reynolds, J.N.
1851:
1838:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1724:
1715:Wayback Machine
1706:
1702:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1641:, 13 July 2012.
1633:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1499:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1442:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1374:
1362:10.1071/PC18048
1343:
1342:
1335:
1318:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1229:Wayback Machine
1220:
1213:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1137:Resture, Jane.
1136:
1135:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1013:on 19 June 2014
1000:
999:
995:
990:
985:
984:
968:
964:
948:
944:
927:
923:
918:
913:
905:Phoenix Islands
895:List of islands
880:
873:
870:
858:
839:
837:Nei Manganibuka
834:
832:Island Folklore
818:Gilbert Islands
814:
808:
797:Solomon Islands
781:freshwater lens
716:
693:Ocean explorer
628:
604:
591:corrugated iron
583:John T. Arundel
509:
504:
495:
475:
470:
397:with plates of
386:
318:
313:
311:Flora and fauna
291:
235:Phoenix Islands
196:
163:Phoenix Islands
147:
145:
141:
138:
133:
130:
128:
126:
125:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
98:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
68:
46:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:External links
1927:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1899:
1884:
1871:Jones, A.G.E.
1869:
1854:
1849:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1783:
1774:
1759:
1740:
1732:King, Thomas,
1722:
1700:
1681:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1639:Discovery News
1627:
1612:
1586:
1567:
1555:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1514:
1473:(3): 607–619.
1457:
1412:(3): 638–649.
1389:
1356:(2): 213–214.
1333:
1282:
1256:
1240:
1211:
1189:
1152:
1141:. Jane Resture
1116:
1090:
1060:
1024:
992:
991:
989:
986:
983:
982:
962:
942:
940:, p. 115)
930:Joshua Gardner
920:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
885:
882:Islands portal
869:
866:
857:
854:
838:
835:
833:
830:
807:
804:
752:drinking water
740:British Empire
715:
712:
695:Robert Ballard
655:Howland Island
639:Amelia Earhart
627:
626:Amelia Earhart
624:
603:
596:
553:Gideon Gardner
508:
505:
503:
500:
494:
491:
474:
471:
469:
466:
451:Pavona varians
385:
382:
317:
314:
312:
309:
290:
287:
283:circumnavigate
277:and navigator
275:Amelia Earhart
231:Gardner Island
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
198:
197:
190:
187:
186:
185:Administration
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
82:
70:
69:
62:
61:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2200:Vostok Island
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Malden Island
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:McKean Island
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Birnie Island
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:0-909434-30-1
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:1-59114-319-5
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:0-522-84488-X
1846:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1533:Suárez, p 17.
1530:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1079:on 2 May 2012
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
987:
979:
975:
972:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
922:
915:
910:
906:
903:
901:
900:Desert island
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
877:
872:
867:
865:
863:
856:Ghost Maneaba
855:
853:
850:
848:
844:
836:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
813:
805:
803:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
725:
720:
713:
711:
708:
703:
700:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
676:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
625:
623:
620:
616:
612:
611:
601:
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:for planting
584:
580:
579:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
539:Joshua Coffin
536:
532:
531:
525:
522:
518:
514:
506:
501:
499:
492:
490:
488:
483:
478:
472:
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
446:
441:
440:
435:
433:
428:
427:
422:
420:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
401:
396:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:coconut crabs
352:
349:
345:
341:
333:
329:
328:
322:
310:
308:
306:
301:
298:
297:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Kemins Island
224:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:
195:
194:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
152:
124:
120:
115:
89:
59:
49:
42:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2242:Winslow Reef
2237:Filippo Reef
2170:Flint Island
2157:Line Islands
2136:
2091:
1921:Air Classics
1920:
1913:
1903:
1887:
1872:
1857:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1818:Bibliography
1806:
1797:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1684:
1672:
1663:Gast, Phil.
1659:
1646:
1630:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1589:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1517:
1503:cite journal
1470:
1466:
1460:
1446:cite journal
1409:
1405:
1378:cite journal
1353:
1349:
1322:cite journal
1305:
1301:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1206:
1202:
1180:. Retrieved
1168:
1143:. Retrieved
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1072:
1063:
1037:. Retrieved
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1006:
996:
977:
973:
965:
957:
953:
945:
938:Dunmore 1992
933:
924:
859:
851:
840:
815:
801:
778:
774:quonset huts
763:
759:water lenses
756:
744:
729:
706:
704:
692:
680:
675:phalanx bone
664:
637:
619:Norwich City
618:
610:Norwich City
609:
605:
600:Norwich City
599:
577:
561:
556:
546:
529:
523:
516:
512:
510:
496:
479:
476:
462:Norwich City
461:
455:
450:
443:
437:
430:
424:
421:efflorescens
417:
411:
405:
398:
394:
389:
387:
367:
337:
334:, 1938–1962.
325:
302:
294:
292:
269:
262:
230:
226:
222:
221:
208:Demographics
191:
18:
1605:19 February
1467:Coral Reefs
1182:30 November
1104:history.com
643:Fred Noonan
468:Pre-History
407:Acroporidae
279:Fred Noonan
258:trade winds
159:Archipelago
146: /
122:Coordinates
2270:Categories
2175:Kiritimati
2137:Nikumaroro
2042:Butaritari
1755:tighar.org
1677:Zwick 2012
1582:tighar.org
1275:28 January
1236:tighar.org
1207:tighar.org
1145:25 January
1109:29 October
1039:25 January
978:tighar.org
958:tighar.org
911:References
847:Gilbertese
810:See also:
736:Gilbertese
726:in 1943-45
651:New Guinea
513:Motu Oonga
432:Leptastrea
351:ecosystems
340:biologists
223:Nikumaroro
213:Population
134:174°31′4″W
101:Nikumaroro
71:Nikumaroro
22:Nikumaroro
2190:Tabuaeran
2082:Tabiteuea
1177:0362-4331
988:Citations
543:Nantucket
530:Vincennes
524:Eliza Ann
517:Motu Oona
419:Montipora
289:Geography
131:4°40′32″S
117:Geography
1711:Archived
1495:34350055
1438:21881615
1370:92277240
1308:: 1–61.
1225:Archived
1083:20 March
1049:cite web
868:See also
822:Kiribati
806:Kiribati
732:seaplane
587:coconuts
434:purpurea
395:Halimeda
390:Halimeda
327:Pandanus
239:Kiribati
2195:Teraina
2072:Nonouti
2067:Nikunau
2062:Marakei
2027:Aranuka
2022:Abemama
2017:Abaiang
1475:Bibcode
1429:3280131
862:maneaba
615:Arundel
578:Curacoa
545:whaler
541:of the
533:of the
502:History
400:Porites
296:Pisonia
2216:Banaba
2147:Rawaki
2117:Canton
2093:Tarawa
2087:Tamana
2077:Onotoa
2052:Maiana
2032:Arorae
1894:
1879:
1864:
1847:
1751:TIGHAR
1578:TIGHAR
1493:
1436:
1426:
1368:
1232:TIGHAR
1203:TIGHAR
1175:
1017:15 May
974:TIGHAR
954:TIGHAR
934:Ganges
785:colony
557:Ganges
548:Ganges
482:TIGHAR
447:minuta
445:Pavona
359:sharks
344:marine
324:Large
250:lagoon
169:Length
2225:Reefs
2142:Orona
2127:Manra
2057:Makin
2047:Kuria
1491:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1298:(PDF)
1073:MSNBC
916:Notes
843:Samoa
793:Orona
789:Manra
770:LORAN
602:wreck
572:guano
348:avian
272:pilot
246:atoll
243:coral
177:Width
2037:Beru
1892:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1753:via
1607:2017
1580:via
1509:link
1452:link
1434:PMID
1384:link
1328:link
1277:2021
1234:via
1205:via
1184:2019
1173:ISSN
1147:2015
1111:2014
1085:2012
1055:link
1041:2015
1019:2015
976:via
956:via
791:and
576:HMS
528:USS
487:adze
449:and
361:and
346:and
254:reef
1483:doi
1424:PMC
1414:doi
1358:doi
1310:doi
1306:589
685:'s
647:Lae
608:SS
598:SS
402:rus
229:or
2272::
1725:^
1693:.
1558:^
1505:}}
1501:{{
1489:.
1481:.
1471:30
1469:.
1448:}}
1444:{{
1432:.
1422:.
1408:.
1404:.
1392:^
1380:}}
1376:{{
1364:.
1354:25
1352:.
1348:.
1336:^
1324:}}
1320:{{
1304:.
1300:.
1285:^
1267:.
1214:^
1192:^
1171:.
1167:.
1155:^
1119:^
1102:.
1071:.
1051:}}
1047:{{
1005:.
649:,
559:.
515:,
489:.
453:.
442:;
436:;
429:;
423:;
416:;
380:.
237:,
1993:e
1986:t
1979:v
1907:.
1898:.
1883:.
1868:.
1697:.
1609:.
1511:)
1497:.
1485::
1477::
1454:)
1440:.
1416::
1410:6
1386:)
1372:.
1360::
1330:)
1316:.
1312::
1279:.
1186:.
1149:.
1113:.
1087:.
1057:)
1043:.
1021:.
216:0
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
