137:
using the sign SIMUG, "smith", and writings such as SIMUG or NIN.SIMUG are also attested. However, in a single incantation a separate god named
Ninsimug appears alongside Ninagal, with the two seemingly described as responsible for different types of
372:. Another section of the same collection of texts states that after the completion of a statue representing a deity, the craftsman was supposed to recite the formula "I did not make him , Ninagal Ea of the smith made him". A text from the reign of
98:
indicate that he was the personal deity of this king, who built a temple dedicated to him, most likely in Girsu. He is well attested in texts dealing with the preparation of statues of deities, as well as other cultic paraphernalia.
353:
house credits him with helping the king with the preparation of its bronze gate. Many of the other known references to the worship of
Ninagal come from texts describing the preparation of statues. An instruction from the
175:
388:
as the three deities responsible for the creation of the "Great Copper", a semi-divine agent of purification presumed to be a type of ritual bell. Ninagal's task is to work the metal used to that end.
873:
222:. According to Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik, he was particularly commonly associated with the last of the aforementioned deities, who was a divine
946:
Rendu Loisel, Anne-Caroline (2015). "The Voice of Mighty Copper in a
Mesopotamian Exorcistic Ritual". In Pongratz-Leisten, Beate; Sonik, Karen (eds.).
360:
series prescribes the preparation of an offering table for him alongside those meant for other deities involved in the described rituals, such as
1087:
1021:
930:
849:
803:
1039:
Walker, Christopher; Dick, Michael B. (1999). "The
Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Mesopotamian mis pĂź Ritual".
268:
380:
mentions him in an enumeration of divine craftsmen and other figures involved in related rites. A fragmentary text enumerates
Ninagal,
251:
indicate that
Ninagal was his personal deity. In one of his inscriptions, he describes himself as the son of this god. He also built a
1056:
822:
768:
90:
regarded as a divine smith. He was commonly associated with other deities connected to craftsmanship. Texts from the reign of
166:
Ninagal is described as the "wielder of the upper and lower millstone", possibly either an anvil and a hammer or elements of
308:. This is the only known reference to any connection between Ninagal and the city of Ur. He is also attested in a single
1123:
264:
1128:
301:
1067:
316:
271:
texts from Lagash nor royal inscriptions and administrative texts from the reign of Ur-Baba's successor
170:. The following verses address him as a god "who grinds up hard copper like hide and who forges tools".
235:(tablet II, line 348), Ninagal's wife was the goddess Ninimin, "lady seven" of "lady of the seven".
964:
206:
Ninagal was regarded as a member of a category of deities referred to as "gods of the craftsmen" (
1101:
1093:
867:
149:
the meaning of SIMUG is apparently switched around with BAážȘAR, with the former explained as the
1083:
1052:
1027:
1017:
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828:
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130:
73:
1075:
1044:
976:
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256:
87:
320:
309:
226:. In late sources, all of the craftsmanship deities could be identified as aspects of Ea.
125:
121:
296:
1117:
1105:
385:
291:
252:
143:
1097:
162:
139:
901:
356:
173:
While LudÄk VacĂn refers to
Ninagal as a goddess, the consensus view presented in
950:. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records (SANER). De Gruyter. pp. 211â228.
920:
882:
741:
722:
275:
mention
Ninagal, and he only reappears in sources from Girsu during the reign of
344:
343:
to secure their help with the manufacture of a royal throne. An inscription of
1048:
955:
373:
287:
231:
1031:
988:
859:
290:
connected to the cult of
Ninagal is mentioned in two judicial texts from the
832:
778:
369:
361:
223:
219:
116:
1072:
Organization, Representation, and
Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East
319:
dealing with the consecration of cultic objects mentions Ninagal alongside
107:
Ninagal was regarded a divine smith. He could be called the "chief smith" (
1079:
980:
795:
328:
324:
305:
211:
196:
134:
788:
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle
377:
365:
340:
332:
244:
215:
167:
150:
91:
24:
842:
Mesopotamian incantations and related texts in the SchĂžyen Collection
276:
248:
154:
95:
20:
497:
495:
493:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
997:
381:
349:
272:
260:
48:
200:
925:. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records (SANER). De Gruyter.
176:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen ArchÀologie
112:
1014:: ancient Near Eastern studies in memory of Blahoslav HruĆĄka
579:
577:
575:
280:
441:
439:
263:. This assumption about its location is also supported by
480:
478:
426:
424:
335:
texts of the same genre from the first millennium BCE,
133:
as "lord of the big arm". It could also be represented
514:
512:
510:
376:
describing the transport of new statues of deities to
78:
761:
Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature
457:
815:
House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia
631:
501:
415:
59:
54:
44:
32:
187:An incantation recited during temple renovations,
740:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a),
1043:. Penn State University Press. pp. 55â122.
721:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
619:
969:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
294:documenting a case involving Enmaáž«galana, an
8:
703:
691:
679:
195:) mentions Ninagal among deities created by
998:"Gudea and NinÄiĆĄzida: A Ruler and His God"
872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
667:
655:
643:
595:
583:
554:
445:
339:, invokes Ninagal and the carpenter god
337:Wood of the Sea, Planted in a Pure Place
430:
397:
865:
607:
566:
542:
530:
484:
469:
29:
518:
347:commemorating the constriction of an
7:
1068:"EN-Priestess: Pawn or Power Mogul?"
312:from the same period, Ninagal-isag.
210:), which also included the likes of
14:
243:Multiple texts from the reign of
948:The Materiality of Divine Agency
922:Religion and Ideology in Assyria
919:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015).
458:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a
189:When Anu had created the heavens
1074:. Penn State University Press.
632:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
502:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
416:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
255:dedicated to him, according to
183:Associations with other deities
1:
1041:Born in Heaven, Made on Earth
179:is that he was a male deity.
129:, and can be translated from
1070:. In Wilhelm, Gernot (ed.).
1066:Westenholz, Joan G. (2012).
906:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
887:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
817:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
763:. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press.
759:Foster, Benjamin R. (2005).
746:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
727:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
900:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
881:Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
157:and the latter as Ninagal.
1145:
840:George, Andrew R. (2016).
813:George, Andrew R. (1993).
229:According to the god list
115:. His name was written in
77:
18:
1049:10.1515/9781575065120-003
956:10.1515/9781501502262-012
37:
786:Gadotti, Alhena (2014).
315:An incantation from the
304:from Ur and daughter of
265:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
19:Not to be confused with
963:Simons, Frank (2018).
844:. Bethesda, Maryland.
668:Walker & Dick 1999
656:Walker & Dick 1999
644:Walker & Dick 1999
1080:10.1515/9781575066752
1010:-ga-ni sĂĄ mu-ni-ib-du
996:VacĂn, LudÄk (2011).
981:10.3917/assy.112.0123
975:(1). CAIRN: 123â148.
796:10.1515/9781614515456
620:Pongratz-Leisten 2015
317:Old Babylonian period
1098:10.5325/j.ctv1bxgx80
694:, pp. 223â224.
682:, pp. 220â221.
634:, pp. 325â326.
533:, pp. 133â134.
267:. However, neither
199:with clay from the
193:enuma anu ibnĂ» ĆĄamĂȘ
1016:. Dresden: Islet.
965:"The Goddess Kusu"
103:Name and character
1124:Mesopotamian gods
1089:978-1-57506-675-2
1023:978-3-9808466-6-0
932:978-1-61451-426-8
851:978-1-934309-66-7
805:978-1-61451-708-5
704:Rendu Loisel 2015
692:Rendu Loisel 2015
680:Rendu Loisel 2015
610:, pp. 48â49.
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66:
45:Major cult center
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257:Andrew R. George
88:Mesopotamian god
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16:Mesopotamian god
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310:theophoric name
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208:ilÄ« mÄrÄ ummĂąni
185:
135:logographically
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40:
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17:
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11:
5:
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790:. De Gruyter.
783:
769:
756:
737:
717:
715:
712:
709:
708:
706:, p. 220.
696:
684:
672:
660:
648:
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624:
622:, p. 285.
612:
600:
598:, p. 304.
588:
586:, p. 305.
571:
569:, p. 167.
559:
557:, p. 384.
555:Krebernik 1998
547:
545:, p. 132.
535:
523:
521:, p. 271.
506:
504:, p. 326.
489:
487:, p. 889.
474:
472:, p. 134.
462:
460:, p. 489.
450:
448:, p. 508.
446:Krebernik 2011
435:
420:
418:, p. 325.
396:
395:
393:
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269:Early Dynastic
240:
237:
184:
181:
104:
101:
65:
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61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1141:
1130:
1129:Smithing gods
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1058:9781575065120
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824:0-931464-80-3
820:
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807:
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793:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
770:1-883053-76-5
766:
762:
757:
747:
743:
742:"(NIN.)SIMUG"
738:
728:
724:
719:
718:
713:
705:
700:
697:
693:
688:
685:
681:
676:
673:
670:, p. 66.
669:
664:
661:
658:, p. 81.
657:
652:
649:
646:, p. 79.
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436:
433:, p. 46.
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313:
311:
307:
303:
300:priestess of
299:
298:
293:
292:Ur III period
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50:
47:
43:
36:
31:
26:
22:
1071:
1040:
1001:
972:
968:
947:
936:. Retrieved
921:
910:, retrieved
905:
891:, retrieved
886:
841:
814:
787:
760:
750:, retrieved
745:
731:, retrieved
726:
714:Bibliography
699:
687:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
615:
603:
591:
562:
550:
538:
526:
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453:
431:Gadotti 2014
355:
348:
336:
314:
295:
285:
259:possibly in
242:
230:
228:
207:
205:
192:
188:
186:
174:
172:
163:Epic of Erra
161:
159:
146:
144:lexical list
140:metalworking
120:
108:
106:
83:
69:
68:
39:Divine smith
908:(in German)
889:(in German)
748:(in German)
729:(in German)
723:"Nin-agala"
608:George 2016
567:George 1993
543:Simons 2018
531:Simons 2018
485:Foster 2005
470:Simons 2018
345:Sennacherib
147:Diri Nippur
1118:Categories
938:2022-12-02
912:2022-12-03
893:2022-12-03
883:"Nin-imin"
752:2022-12-03
733:2022-12-02
519:VacĂn 2011
392:References
374:Esarhaddon
1106:247117642
1032:761844864
989:0373-6032
868:cite book
860:936548667
370:Ningirima
362:Kusibanda
232:An = Anum
224:goldsmith
220:Kusibanda
142:. In the
117:cuneiform
109:simug gal
55:Genealogy
833:27813103
779:57123664
333:Assyrian
329:Asalluhi
306:Amar-Sin
212:Ninkurra
131:Sumerian
84:Ninagala
79:đđđđČ
74:Sumerian
902:"SIMUG"
378:Babylon
366:Ninildu
341:Ninildu
288:prebend
245:Ur-Baba
239:Worship
216:Ninildu
168:bellows
160:In the
92:Ur-Baba
70:Ninagal
63:Ninimin
33:Ninagal
25:Ninegal
1104:
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357:MĂźs-pĂź
277:Shulgi
253:temple
249:Lagash
155:Nunura
151:potter
96:Lagash
86:was a
60:Spouse
21:Ningal
1102:S2CID
1094:JSTOR
382:Gibil
350:akītu
331:. An
321:Aruru
302:Nanna
273:Gudea
261:Girsu
111:) of
82:) or
49:Girsu
1084:ISBN
1053:ISBN
1028:OCLC
1018:ISBN
985:ISSN
927:ISBN
874:link
856:OCLC
846:ISBN
829:OCLC
819:ISBN
800:ISBN
775:OCLC
765:ISBN
384:and
327:and
201:Apsu
153:god
1076:doi
1045:doi
977:doi
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952:doi
792:doi
386:Ara
368:or
279:of
247:of
218:or
126:gal
124:-ĂĄ-
122:Nin
119:as
94:of
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