614:... on matters affecting the Nipmuc Tribe', as well as calling for the creation of a state 'Commission on Indian Affairs.' The all-Indian Commission was established; it conferred state support for education, health care, cultural continuity, and protection of remaining lands for the descendants of the Wampanoag, Nipmuc and Massachusett tribes. The state also calls for the examination of all human remains discovered in the course of construction and other projects, requiring notification of the Commission, who after the investigation by the State Archaeologist (in part in an effort to determine age of remains, decide the appropriate course of action.
684:
1301:, and only one speaker could be found in 1798. A cultural practice that survived was peddling handcrafted, square-edged splint baskets and medicines. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, after investigating the condition of the Native Americans, decided to grant citizenship to the Native Americans with the passage of the Massachusetts Enfranchisement Act of 1869, which ultimately led to the sale of any of the remaining lands. Hassanamessit was divided up among a few families. In 1897, the last of the Dudley lands were sold, and five of the families were placed in a tenement house on Lake Street in
780:
826:. There they instructed the Native Americans in European farming methods, culture, and language, administered by Indian preachers and councilors who were often descended from the elite native families. The Native Americans melded indigenous and European culture, but were mistrusted by both the colonists and their non-converted brethren. The colonists and later state governments gradually sold off the plantations. By the end of the 19th century, only the Cisco homestead in Grafton was still owned by direct descendants of Nipmuc landholders.
480:
643:
1297:
Americans were and to justify the colonial expansion. Native
Americans continued to exist but fewer and fewer were able to live on the dwindling reserve lands and most left to seek employment as domestics or servants in White households, out to sea as whalers or seafarers, or into the growing cities where they became labourers or barbers. Growing acculturation, intermarriage, and dwindling populations led to the extinction of the Natick Dialect of the
86:
110:
98:
670:
finding was made by the BIA in favor of the Nipmuc Nation of Sutton, Massachusetts, which had most of its membership in
Massachusetts, while a negative preliminary finding was issued for the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Band of Dudley, Massachusetts, which had its membership about evenly split between Massachusetts and Connecticut. In 2004, the BIA notified the Nipmuc Nation that they had been rejected for federal recognition.
1305:. "The rest scattered, moving with other Nipmuc families living in Woodstock, Worcester, Providence, and Hassanamisco. Worcester developed strong Indian enclaves in mainly African-American neighborhoods. Nipmuc activities became centered on the Hassanamisco Reservation. Events such as the Annual Clambake and elections on the 4th of July were times for Nipmucs to gather and discuss tribal business."
403:
1479:
1102:
736:, the colonists attributed the decimation of the Native Americans to God's providence in clearing the new lands for settlement, but they were accustomed to interpreting their lives in such religious terms. At the time of contact, the Nipmuc were a fairly large grouping, subject to more powerful neighbors who provided protection, especially against the
1196:, and in 1797, Chaubunagungamaug Reserve was reduced to 26 of their 200 acres. The switch to the cattle industry also disrupted the native economy, as the colonists' cattle ate the unfenced lands of the Nipmuc and the courts did not always side with the Native Americans, but the Native Americans rapidly adopted the husbandry of
225:, to which the Native Americans had no immunity, and tribes in New England suffered high mortality rates to these infectious diseases. After the colonists encroached on their land, negotiated fraudulent land sales and introduced legislation designed to encourage further European settlement, many Nipmuc joined
1191:
returned in 1702, 1721, 1730, 1752, 1764, 1776, and 1792. Land sales continued unabated, much of it used to pay for legal fees, personal expenses, and improvements to the reserve lands. By 1727, Hassanamisset was reduced to 500 acres from the original 7,500 acres with that land incorporated into the
1153:
in Boston Harbor over the winter where a great many perished from starvation and exposure to the elements. Although many of the Native
Americans fled to join the uprising, other Native Americans joined the colonists. The Praying Indians were particularly at risk, as the war made all Native Americans
669:
On July 20, 1984, the BIA received the petition letter from the 'Nipmuc Tribal
Council Federal Recognition Committee', co-signed by Zara Cisco Brough and her successor, Walter A. Vickers, of the Hassanamisco, and Edwin 'Wise Owl' W. Morse, Sr. of the Chaubunagungamaug. In January 2001, a preliminary
1375:
that was submitted in 1861. Each report was more informative and thorough than the previous one. The Nipmuc require having an ancestor listed on these reports and the disbursement lists of funds from Nipmuc land sales. The lists did not count all Native
Americans, as many Native Americans may have
617:
The
Commonwealth of Massachusetts also cited the continuity of the Nipmuc(k) with the historic tribe and commended tribal efforts to preserve their culture and traditions. The state also symbolically repealed the General Court Act of 1675 that banned Native Americans from the City of Boston during
1296:
The Native
Americans were reduced to wards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and were represented by state-appointed non-Native guardians. Rapid acculturation and intermarriage led many to believe the Nipmuc had simply just vanished, due to a combination of romantic notions of who the Native
1200:
since the changes in economy and loss of remaining pristine lands reduced ability to hunt and fish. Since the Native
Americans had few assets besides land, much of the land was sold to pay for medical, legal and personal expenses, increasing the number of landless Native Americans. With smaller
1608:
purchased the property and kept it off the market until 2004, after sufficient funding was procured to permanently protect the property. The property also has ecological significance as it is adjacent to 187 acres of
Grafton owned land as well as 63 acres owned by the Grafton Land Trust. These
1362:
Joint
Committee on Claims called for a report on the condition of several tribes that received aid from the Commonwealth. Three reports were listed: The 1848 'Denney Report' presented to the Senate the same year; the 1849 'Briggs Report', written by Commissioners F. W. Bird,
1549:
clothing was often worn as potent statements of Indian identity and to prove their continued residence in the area and because much of the original culture had been lost. Other Nipmuc individuals appeared at town pageants and fairs, including the 1938 appearance at the
1166:
and Bloody Brook, all in Massachusetts, and the tribe prepared thoroughly for conflict by forming alliances, and the group even had "an experienced gunsmith, a lame man, who kept their weapons in good working order." The siege of Lancaster also lead to the capture of
498:
tribes. The situation was fluid since these Native groups were decentralized, and individuals unhappy with their chiefs freely joined other groups. In addition, shifting alliances were made based on kinship, military, and tributary relationships with other tribes.
1205:, the remaining reserve lands were overseen by colony- and later state-appointed guardians that were to act on the Native Americans' behalf. However, the Hassanamisco guardian Stephen Maynard, appointed in 1776, embezzled the funds and was never prosecuted.
1513:, acculturation, and the destruction of economic and community support from enfranchisement in the region, certain Indian families were able to maintain a distinct Indian identity and cultural identity. The turn of the century also saw active cultural and
2057:
Comments of the state of connecticut and the northeastern connecticut council of governments on the proposed findings on the petitions for tribal acknowledgement of the nipmuc nation and the webster/dudley band of the chaubunagungamaug nipmuck
1690:
Martin, A. M. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Final determination against federal acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation (fr25jn04-110). Retrieved from Federal Register Online via GPO Access website:
1333:
of some were seen to delegitimize their Indian identity. By the 19th century, only a handful of pure-blood Native Americans remained, and Native Americans vanish from state and federal census records but are listed as 'Black',
767:' that increased their need to acquire more land. Since the colonists had conflicting colonial and royal grants, the settlers depended on having Indian names on land deeds to mark legitimacy. This process had serious flaws, as
1129:. The Nipmuc were also informed that any unimproved lands were fair game for incorporation into the growing colony. These draconian measures and the increasing amount of land lost to the settlers led many Nipmuc to join the
2045:
Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development, Commission on Indian Affairs. (n.d.). Tuition waiver guidelines. Retrieved from Commonwealth of Massachusetts website: www.mass.gov/hed/docs/dhcd/ia/tuitionwaiver.doc.
2472:
Artman, C. J. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2007). In re federal acknowledgment of Webster/Dudley band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuc Indians (IBIA 04-154-A). Retrieved from BIA Press website:
1250:
The upheaval of the Indian Wars and growing mistrust of the Native Americans by the colonists lead to a steady trickle, and sometimes whole villages, that fled to increasingly mixed-tribe bands either northward to the
256:, he converted numerous Native Americans to Christianity and published a Bible translated in Massachusett and a Massachusett grammar. Backed by the colonial government, he established several "Indian plantations" or
1171:, who was placed in captivity until ransomed for £20 and would later write a memoir of her captivity. The Native Americans lost the war, and survivors were hunted down, murdered, sold into slavery in the
1213:
New England rapidly became swept up in a series of wars between the French and British and their respective Indian allies. Many of the Native Americans of New England who had left the region joined the
729:
also afflicted the Native Americans throughout the period. In 2010 researchers developed a new hypothesis on epidemics between 1616 and 1619 as being from leptospirosis complicated by Weil syndrome.
1447:
Bakeman, Beaumont, Belden, Cady, Corbin, Daley, Dorus, Esau, Fiske, Freeman, Henry, Hull, Humphrey, Jaha, Kyle, Nichols, Oliver, Pegan, Robinson, Shelley, Sprague, White, Willard and Williard.
630:
in Boston Harbor where many graves were desecrated by its construction, and annually hold a remembrance service for members of the tribe lost over the winter during their internment during
1342:' or 'miscellaneous' depending on their appearance.In 1902 it was reported that the Last of John Eliot Praying Indians was living in Massachusetts a Mrs Patience Fidelia Clifton age70 of
799:
The royal charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony of 1629 called for the conversion of Native Americans to Christianity. The colonists did not begin this work in earnest until after the
1317:), and Native Americans began in early colonial times. Africans and Native Americans shared a complementary gender imbalance as slave-traders imported few female enslaved Africans into
471:
language. The language is undergoing revival within the communities. There are several second-language speakers. Ohketeau is one local organization working on language revitalization.
2229:
Mandell, D. R. (2010). King philip's war: Colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of indian sovereignty. (pp. 60-75). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkinds University Press.
1588:, believed to contain the remains of the praying village were under agreement for development for more than 100 homes. This property has significant cultural importance to the
2537:
1329:
were accepted into the tribe as Native Americans, due to the matrilineal focus of Nipmuc culture, but to the eyes of their sceptical White neighbours, the increasingly Black
2463:
Harkin, M. E. (2004). Reassessing revitalization movements: Perspectives from North America and the pacific islands. (p. 265-267). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
1283:, although not all the Native Americans dispersed. Those Nipmuc that fled eventually assimilated into either the predominant host tribe or the conglomerate that developed.
1218:, who were allied to the French; however, local Native Americans were often conscripted as guides or scouts for the colonists. Wars occupied much of the century, including
1460:
Some of the tribes' ancestors were recorded as 'colored' including individuals of the Brown, Cisco, Freeman, Gigger, Hemenway, Hull, Humphrey, Walker and Willard families.
1321:
and many of Indian men died in war or joined the whaling industry. Many Native American women married African men. Intermarriage with whites was uncommon, due to colonial
1569:
was also achieved by the end of the same decade, re-establishing the Nipmuc people's relationship with the state and providing limited social services. The Nipmuc sought
1517:
research by James L. Cisco and his daughter Sara Cisco Sullivan from the Grafton homestead, and worked closely with the remnants of other closely related tribes, such as
2280:
Massachusetts Historical Society (1823). Collections of the Massachusetts historical society. Chronological Table, X(II), 218. New York, NY: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
1187:
and were able to maintain a certain amount of autonomy using the remaining lands to farm or sell timber. The population of the tribe was reduced as several outbreaks of
1901:
764:
2685:
2552:
1704:
The Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs. (2004). Martin issues final determination to decline federal acknowledgment of the nipmuc nation. Retrieved from website:
1154:
suspect, but the Praying towns were also attacked by the 'wild' Native Americans that joined Metacomet's struggle. The Nipmuc were major participants in the siege of
2690:
187:
2660:
2680:
2112:
Nipmuc Nation. (1994). Remembering deer island: A cause worth of nipmuc support. Nipmucspohke, I(2), 2-3. Retrieved from nipmucspohke.homestead.com/Vol.I_Is.2.pdf
1557:
By the 1970s, the Nipmuc had made many strides. Many local members of the tribe were called upon to help with the development of the Native American exhibit at
2454:
Mandell, D. R. (2011). Tribe, race, history: Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880. (pp. 227–30). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2289:
Mandell, D. R. (2011). Tribe, race, history: Native americans in southern new england, 1780–1880. (pp. 20-21). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1566:
622:. The tribe also works closely with the state to undergo various archaeological excavations and preservation campaigns. The tribe, in conjunction with the
2506:
506:
dissolved some tribal divisions, as members of different tribes settled together. Four groups that are associated with the Nipmuc peoples survive today.
1581:
split the tribe in the mid-1990s. Divisions were caused by the frustrations with the slow pace of recognition as well as disagreements about gambling.
1510:
1872:
2586:
2565:
1652:
1609:
properties will provide numerous recreational benefits to the public as well as play a role in protecting the water quality of local watersheds.
811:
2434:
Minardi, M(2010). Making slavery history, abolitionism and the politics of memory in massachusetts. New York, NY: Oxford Univ Pr US. pp 60-63.
2475:
663:
623:
214:
1751:
41:
1708:
1573:
in the 1980s. Tension between the Nipmuc Nation, which included the Hassanamisco and many descendants of the Chaubunagungamaug, based in
1430:
Belden, Bowman, Daly, Freeman, Hall, Humphrey, Jaha, Kile (Kyle), Newton, Nichols, Pichens (Pegan), Robins, Shelby, Sprague and Willard.
217:. The first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1630, when John Acquittamaug (Nipmuc) took maize to sell to the starving colonists of
2670:
709:
in 1620. These early seafarers introduced several infectious diseases to which the Native Americans had no prior exposure, resulting in
1490:
1326:
2217:
1957:
450:
2553:
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2001/10/08/nipmucs-regroup-locals-applaud-as-mccaleb-denies-recognition-86803
683:
468:
1788:
1376:
been well-integrated into other racial communities and due to the constant movement of Native Americans from place to place.
428:
490:(1612–1687), Superintendent to the Native Americans and assistant of Eliot, was careful to distinguish the Nipmuc (proper),
2675:
779:
2665:
1662:
1466:
Some individuals were recorded as 'mixed' including individuals in the Bakeman, Belden, Brown, Kyle and Hector families.
191:
1537:
firmly taking root in the 1920s with Indian gatherings such as the Algonquin Indian Council of New England that met in
1570:
1150:
659:
627:
320:
234:
413:
1121:
passed numerous legislation against Indian culture and religion. New laws were passed to limit the influence of the
2635:
1239:
1202:
979:
261:
2443:
550:. The tribe's reservation spans 3.2 acres and this parcel has never been out of the hands of the Nipmuc People. {}
432:
417:
1605:
1593:
1551:
1159:
1106:
1011:
688:
525:. The tribe's reservation spans 2.5 acres in Thompson, CT, where its office is located, and across the border in
1453:
Arnold, Brown, Cisco, Gigger, Hazard, Hector, Hemenway, Howard, Johnson, Murdock, Stebbins, Walker and Wheeler.
1629:
1538:
1155:
1118:
933:
881:
536:
50:
479:
237:
in Boston Harbor and died of disease and malnutrition, while others were executed or sold into slavery in the
1125:, or 'shamans', and restricted the ability of non-converted Native Americans to enter colonial towns on the
1082:
1062:
822:. In addition, colonial authorities supported settlement of the Native Americans on 'Indian plantations' or
807:
784:
694:
424:
245:
2061:
2055:
Blumenthal, R. Connecticut Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Indian Affairs. (2002).
1667:
1585:
1578:
1558:
1347:
1302:
1193:
1163:
1046:
862:
842:
547:
518:
610:
issued Executive Order #126 in 1976, which proclaimed that 'State agencies shall deal directly with ...
2421:
Mandell, D. R. 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England.'
2366:
Mandell, D. R. "The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England."
2175:
Nipmuc placenames of new england. (1995). . (Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut ), Retrieved from
1574:
1498:
1343:
1298:
1235:
1066:
1030:
995:
956:
917:
897:
846:
788:
565:
526:
522:
249:
132:
1219:
971:
Okommakamesitt, Agoganquameset, Ockoocangansett, Ogkoonhquonkames, Ognonikongquamesit, or Okkomkonimset
1625:
1613:
1518:
1359:
1231:
1138:
1110:
631:
619:
230:
2606:
2482:
1657:
1589:
1530:
1223:
702:
611:
378:
369:. Colonists and the Native Americans themselves used this term extensively after the growth of the
272:
162:
1483:
1322:
1272:
1268:
894:'Place of departure,' 'place of marvelling,' 'island of rushes,' or 'island where reeds grow.'(?)
46:
642:
233:, in 1675, though they were unable to defeat the colonists. Many of the Nipmuc were interned on
1705:
2500:
1841:
1747:
1372:
1126:
655:
2547:
Adams, J. (2001, October 08). Nipmucs regroup, locals applaud as McCaleb denies recognition.
2406:
2073:
2176:
1831:
1823:
1505:
with many Native Americans in feathered headdresses paying respects to Uncas, Sachem of the
1368:
1364:
717:
killed many of the Native Americans from 1617–1619, 1633, 1648 to 1649, and 1666. Similarly
268:
124:
2339:
King philip's war, colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of indian sovereignty
2163:
2695:
2189:
Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630-1750, an historical geography.
1974:
Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630–1750, An Historical Geography.
1928:
Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630-1750, an Historical Geography.
1712:
1494:
1168:
733:
706:
705:. The first permanent settlements in the region did not begin until after the settling of
607:
260:, where Native Americans were coerced to settle and be instructed in European customs and
1811:
1592:
because it contains the meetinghouse and the center of the old praying village. However,
1227:
771:
deeded off many lands to the colonists to curry favor, many of which were not even his.
198:. Their historic territory Nippenet, meaning 'the freshwater pond place', is in central
1836:
1506:
568:
do not retain any of their original lands. The Natick are primarily descended from the
170:
2300:
Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650-1790
2148:
829:
Following is a list of Indian Plantations (Praying towns) associated with the Nipmuc:
2654:
2201:
1812:"New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619"
1601:
1597:
1562:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1184:
1146:
823:
741:
647:
503:
487:
464:
370:
284:
257:
199:
195:
128:
85:
79:
839:'The boundary fishing place,' 'fishing place at the boundary,' or 'at the boundary.'
1514:
1502:
1043:'Mats for covering a lodge,' 'place of white stones,' or 'mats to cover the house.'
1019:
963:
792:
569:
291:, 'people of the freshwater pond', due to their inland location. This derives from
207:
149:
109:
103:
1692:
1038:
Wabaquasset, Wabaquassit, Wabaquassuck, Wabasquassuck, Wabquisset or Wahbuquoshish
914:'Where the road lies,' 'where we gather,' 'near the path,' or 'place of meekness.'
40:
2630:
2313:
Behind the frontier: Native Americans in eighteenth-century eastern massachusetts
2243:
1741:
572:
in addition to having Nipmuc ancestry. They qualify for state services as Nipmuc.
1672:
1639:
1635:
1318:
1280:
1172:
1142:
870:
819:
768:
698:
587:
402:
253:
238:
203:
97:
91:
2370:. ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. (pp. 72-83). New York: New York University Press.
2405:
Holley, C. T. (2001). "Nipmuc History." Nipmuc Nation Website. Retrieved from
2393:
2006:
1463:
Some individuals of the Gigger family are labelled as 'miscellaneous Indians.'
1330:
992:'At the turning place,' 'bends,' 'bare mountain place, or 'treeless mountain.'
800:
658:, landowner of Hassanamessit, submitted a letter of intention to petition for
491:
803:
proved their military superiority, and they gained official backing in 1644.
755:, and the Native Americans rapidly began to trade their foodstuffs, furs and
751:
The colonists initially depended on the Native Americans for survival in the
1276:
1252:
1134:
1130:
1089:
940:
752:
718:
710:
226:
1845:
1827:
1478:
1201:
numbers and landholdings, Indian autonomy was worn away by the time of the
213:
The Nipmuc had contact with traders and fishermen from Europe prior to the
1554:
bicentennial fair of many ancestors of today's Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck.
64:
Contemporary people claiming Nipmuc descent: 354 Chaubunagungamaug, (2002)
1902:"Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation"
1469:
Some individuals of the Hall, Hector and Hemenway families have no label.
1188:
906:
815:
714:
495:
222:
166:
2425:. ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. New York, NY: New York Univ Pr. pp. 72-83.
2136:
Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts
1796:. Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
1727:
1101:
331:, 'people of the freshwater fishing place,' and also appears spelled as
2640:
2355:
After King Philip's war, presence and persistence in Indian New England
2326:
After king philip's war, presence and persistence in indian new england
2269:
After King Philip's War, presence and persistence in indian new england
2062:
http://www.ct.gov/ag/lib/ag/press_releases/2002/indian/nipmuc_brief.pdf
1533:. Together, various tribal members began sharing cultural memory, with
1339:
1335:
1264:
1256:
1215:
1122:
760:
745:
726:
382:
145:
17:
2200:
Book of the General Lavves and Libertyes. Indians, §9 Retrieved from
1542:
1526:
1260:
1145:
from 1675 to 1676. The Native Americans that had already settled the
756:
737:
722:
218:
2625:
2532:
Green, R. (28, September 28). Finding dims nipmuc casino prospects.
2162:
Shannon, T. J. (2005). Puritan conversion attempts. Retrieved from
878:'Place of great trees,' 'granted place,' or 'place that is a gift.'
517:
Descendants of the Praying town of Chaunbunagungamaug, now part of
2103:
Massachusetts Session Laws. 181st General Court, 2005, Chapter 25.
1642:(before 1640 — ca. 1686), Nipmuc peace office and spiritual leader
1477:
1197:
1100:
873:, Makunkokoag, Magunkahquog, Magunkook, Maggukaquog or Mawonkkomuk
778:
682:
641:
478:
2645:
283:
The tribe is first mentioned in a 1631 letter by Deputy Governor
1726:
Sultzman, L. (2008, October 29). Nipmuc history. Retrieved from
859:'Place where there is gravel,' or 'at a place of small stones.'
2620:
2240:
The Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England, ...
1628:, historian, museum director, and Sonksq (female chief) of the
1238:(1754–1760). Many Native Americans also died in service of the
1054:
Wacuntuc, Wacantuck, Wacumtaug, Wacumtung, Waentg, or Wayunkeke
759:
for the copper kettles, arms and metal tools of the colonists.
626:
were against the construction of the sewage treatment plant on
2611:
2423:
Sex, love, race: crossing boundaries in north american history
2368:
Sex, love, race: crossing boundaries in north american history
2094:
Massachusetts General Laws, pt. I, Title II, Chapter 7, § 38A.
2085:
Massachusetts General Laws, pt. I, Title II, Chapter 6A, § 8A.
2031:
1482:
Kristen Wyman, member of the Natick Nipmuc Indian Council, an
1022:, Quanatusset, Quantiske, Quantisset, or Quatiske, Quattissick
546:
Descendants of the Praying town of Hassanamessit, now part of
396:
373:. The French referred to most New England Native Americans as
2444:
Genealogy of the Descendents of John Eliot p.301 pdf page 329
2392:
Prindle, T. (1994). "Nipmuc Splint Basketry." Retrieved from
1775:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1743:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
2383:. (p. 20). Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.
1706:
http://www.doi.gov/archive/news/04_News_Releases/nipmuc.html
987:
Packachoag, Packachoog, Packachaug, Pakachog, or Packachooge
854:
Hassanamesit, Hassannamessit, Hassanameset, or Hassanemasset
835:, Chabanakongkomuk, Chaubunakongkomun, or Chaubunakongamaug
810:, who had learned the Massachusett from tribe interpreters,
590:. The Nipmuc of Connecticut are not recognized by the state.
1992:(Vol. III, p. 74). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
814:
and a grammar of the language. It was well understood from
586:
Descendants of various Nipmuc who survived or relocated to
2615:
2607:
Commonwealth of Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs
2407:
http://nipmucnation.homestead.com/files/nipmuc_history.txt
1436:
Arnold, Cisco, Gimba (Gimby), Heeter (Hector) and Walker.
646:
Congressman John Olver meets with a representative of the
634:
and protest against the destruction of Indian gravesites.
2302:. (pp. 6, 45). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2177:
http://www.nativetech.org/Nipmuc/placenames/mainmass.html
2138:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996, p. 151
1862:(Vol. I, p. 59). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1275:, the latter of which eventually migrated as far west as
2521:
Native america: A state-by-state historical encyclopedia
2164:
http://public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/hist106web/Indian
1954:
In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays.
2256:
Colonial Women: 23 Europeans Who Helped Build a Nation.
1371:; and the 1859 'Earle Report', written by Commissioner
889:
Manchaug, Manchauge, Mauchage, Mauchaug, or Mônuhchogok
763:
settlers arrived in large numbers from 1620–1640, the '
377:, meaning 'Wolf '. But Nipmuc refugees who had fled to
27:
Indigenous people in Massachusetts and adjoining states
2341:. (pp. 136-138). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ Pr.
2315:. (p. 151). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
2214:
King philip's war: Civil war in new england, 1675-1676
1612:
In July 2013, the Hassanamisco band selected a chief,
2158:
2156:
2147:
Charter of Massachusetts Bay (1629). Retrieved from
2566:"Hassanamesitt Woods Protection Moves Forward (MA)"
2149:
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass03.asp
2125:. (pp. 255-256). New York, NY: Infobase Publishing.
1952:Day, G. M., Foster, M. K., & Cowan, W. (1998).
1596:, the town of Grafton, the Grafton Land Trust, the
697:sailors, fishermen, and adventurers began visiting
483:
General location of the Nipmuc(k) and other tribes.
156:
138:
118:
72:
58:
2417:
2415:
2202:https://archive.org/details/coloniallawsofma00mass
2191:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 41, 90-120.
1984:
1982:
1860:History of Windham County, Connecticut: 1600-1760.
1577:, and the rest of the Chaubunagungamaug, based in
687:American Indian baskets at the Danforth Museum in
2041:
2039:
1943:. (Vol. II). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. p. 74.
2357:. (pp. 40-45). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
1746:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 442.
1722:
1720:
1616:to succeed Walter Vickers upon his resignation.
1137:in his war against colonial expansion, known as
1805:
1803:
1693:http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2004/04-14394.htm
1584:Land, 190 acres, in the Hassanamessit Woods in
1565:built in the heart of former Nipmuc territory.
188:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
2244:https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0786450118
1968:
1966:
1777:(p. 442). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
248:arrived in Boston in 1631. After learning the
1990:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.
1941:Handbook of American Indians, North of Mexico
1930:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 7 - 8.
1493:culture and history changed as antiquarians,
8:
1976:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 8–10.
976:'Plowed field place' or 'at the plantation.'
713:with mortality rates as high as 90 percent.
229:'s war against colonial expansion, known as
33:
2394:http://www.nativetech.org/weave/nipmucbask/
2328:. (p. 7). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
2271:. (p. 2). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
1879:. National Conference of State Legislatures
1367:and Cyrus Weekes and presented to Governor
1350:formerly Indian community of Hassanamesitt
1279:. This further dwindled Indian presence in
1069:sold by Nipmuck as "Squnshepauk" Plantation
1008:'Red pond,' 'bloody pond' or 'pond before.'
791:, site of the first Praying Plantation, or
431:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
806:Although many answered the call, the Rev.
221:. The colonists carried diseases, such as
39:
32:
1835:
1313:Intermarriage between Whites, Blacks (or
1183:The Nipmuc regrouped around their former
510:Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Dudley Indians
451:Learn how and when to remove this message
389:, meaning the 'beaver tail-hill people'.
252:, which was widely understood throughout
2626:Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut
2616:Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indian Council
2523:. (p. 543). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
2000:
1998:
1896:
1894:
1873:"State-Recognized Tribes: Massachusetts"
1545:such as those at Hassanamessit in 1924.
1378:
930:'The place between' or 'between waters.'
2686:Native American tribes in Massachusetts
1810:Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010).
1683:
1653:Native American tribes in Massachusetts
650:during its bid for federal recognition.
564:The descendants of the Praying town of
275:while the federal government does not.
2691:Native American tribes in Rhode Island
2631:Nipmucspohke, Nipmuc Nation Newsletter
2505:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2498:
2379:Goddard, I. & Bragdon, K. (1998).
2681:Native American tribes in Connecticut
2581:
2579:
2349:
2347:
2123:Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence
1908:. Indian Affairs Bureau. 25 June 2004
1728:http://www.dickshovel.com/nipmuc.html
1267:at increasingly mixed settlements of
1259:who were under the protection of the
624:National Congress of American Indians
7:
2258:Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishers.
1027:'Long brook' or 'little long river.'
429:adding citations to reliable sources
73:Regions with significant populations
1877:Federal and State Recognized Tribes
1509:. Despite nearly four centuries of
521:, on lands returned by the town of
1501:as well as the 1907 appearance of
557:Natick Massachusett, Natick Nipmuc
25:
2661:African–Native American relations
2218:University of Massachusetts Press
1988:Hodge, F. W. (1910). "Nipmuc" in
1958:University of Massachusetts Press
1790:A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language
1787:Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000).
1521:and the Fielding families of the
2076:Dukakis 65th Governorship, 1976.
401:
108:
96:
84:
2381:Native writings in Massachusett
1529:, and William L. Wilcox of the
1383:Massachusetts 'Indian Censuses'
469:Southern New England Algonquian
66:526 Hassanamisco Nipmuc (2004).
2216:. (pp. 101-105). Amherst, MA:
2005:Bixby, Lyn (20 January 2001).
295:and includes variants such as
1:
1663:Chaubunagungamaug Reservation
1175:or forced to leave the area.
748:tribes that raided the area.
463:The Nipmuc most likely spoke
1816:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1525:, Atwood L. Williams of the
732:As shown by the writings of
215:colonization of the Americas
190:, who historically spoke an
2353:Calloway, C. G. C. (1997).
2324:Calloway, C. G. C. (1997).
2267:Calloway, C. G. C. (1997).
2074:Mass. Executive Order #126.
2032:https://www.nipmucband.org/
638:Federal recognition efforts
267:The state of Massachusetts
192:Eastern Algonquian language
68:Possible total 1,400 (2008)
2712:
2671:Eastern Algonquian peoples
2621:Hassanamisco Indian Museum
2166:Converts/the_puritans3.htm
2007:"Victory for Indian Group"
1105:Depiction of the siege of
1003:Quabaug, Quaboag, Squaboag
980:Marlborough, Massachusetts
385:referred to themselves as
323:recorded the tribe as the
2591:The Trust for Public Land
2570:The Trust for Public Land
1606:The Trust for Public Land
1594:The Trust for Public Land
1552:Sturbridge, Massachusetts
1107:Brookfield, Massachusetts
1012:Brookfield, Massachusetts
689:Framingham, Massachusetts
262:converted to Christianity
161:
143:
123:
77:
63:
38:
2519:Murphree, D. S. (2012).
1740:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
1630:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band
1539:Providence, Rhode Island
1497:, institutions like the
1489:Local attitudes towards
1263:or westward to join the
1119:Massachusetts Bay Colony
934:Littleton, Massachusetts
882:Hopkinton, Massachusetts
812:compiled an Indian Bible
537:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band
51:Worcester, Massachusetts
2298:O'Brien, J. M. (1997).
2254:Waldrup, C. C. (1999).
2187:Connole, D. A. (2007).
2013:. Hartford, Connecticut
1972:Connole, D. A. (2007).
1926:Connole, D. A. (2007).
1773:Pritzker, B. M. (2000)
1474:20th and 21st centuries
1327:children of such unions
1083:Sterling, Massachusetts
1063:Uxbridge, Massachusetts
606:Massachusetts Governor
144:Traditionally Animism (
2646:Nipmuc Language - Home
1858:Larnad, E. D. (1874).
1828:10.3201/eid1602.090276
1668:Lake Chaubunagungamaug
1579:Webster, Massachusetts
1559:Old Sturbridge Village
1486:
1348:Grafton, Massachusetts
1303:Webster, Massachusetts
1194:Grafton, Massachusetts
1114:
1059:'A bend in the river.'
1047:Woodstock, Connecticut
863:Grafton, Massachusetts
843:Webster, Massachusetts
796:
691:
651:
548:Grafton, Massachusetts
484:
381:and settled among the
379:French Colonial Canada
49:, a Nipmuc woman from
2587:"Hassanamesitt Woods"
2212:Drake, J. D. (1999).
1939:Hodge, R. W. (2006).
1632:from 2013 to present.
1620:Notable Nipmuc people
1575:Sutton, Massachusetts
1481:
1299:Massachusett language
1236:French and Indian War
1141:, which would ravage
1104:
1079:'Surface of the sea.'
1067:Mendon, Massachusetts
1031:Thompson, Connecticut
996:Auburn, Massachusetts
957:Natick, Massachusetts
918:Thompson, Connecticut
898:Sutton, Massachusetts
845:(on lands ceded from
782:
686:
645:
566:Natick, Massachusetts
527:Thompson, Connecticut
523:Dudley, Massachusetts
502:The formation of the
482:
327:, which derives from
250:Massachusett language
244:Christian missionary
219:Boston, Massachusetts
157:Related ethnic groups
2666:Algonquian ethnonyms
2337:Mandell, D. (2011).
2121:Kohn, G. C. (2010).
1626:Cheryll Toney Holley
1614:Cheryll Toney Holley
1519:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
1424:1849, Briggs Report
1409:1848, Denney Report
1360:Massachusetts Senate
1234:(1744–1748) and the
1088:Also settled by the
1074:Washacum or Washakim
962:Also settled by the
939:Also settled by the
674:Colonial-era history
425:improve this section
365:, as well as modern
202:and nearby parts of
2238:Dennis A. Connole,
1658:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
1590:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
1571:federal recognition
1441:1861, Earle Report
1325:laws in place. The
1096:
795:, in Massachusetts.
703:early modern period
660:federal recognition
654:On April 22, 1980,
612:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
273:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
35:
1711:2012-09-21 at the
1487:
1484:unrecognized tribe
1323:anti-miscegenation
1220:King William's War
1115:
797:
775:Indian plantations
692:
652:
579:Connecticut Nipmuc
485:
127:, likely formerly
47:Hepsibeth Hemenway
2676:King Philip's War
2551:. Retrieved from
2536:. Retrieved from
2060:. Retrieved from
1600:and the state of
1567:State recognition
1561:, a 19th-century
1503:Buffalo Bill Cody
1457:
1456:
1373:John Milton Earle
1240:Revolutionary War
1232:King George's War
1203:Revolutionary War
1149:were interned on
1139:King Philip's War
1111:King Philip's War
1097:King Philip's War
953:'Place of hills.'
833:Chaubunagungamaug
656:Zara Cisco Brough
632:King Philip's War
620:King Philip's War
602:State recognition
539:, Grafton Indians
461:
460:
453:
231:King Philip's War
176:
175:
102:), and northwest
16:(Redirected from
2703:
2595:
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2534:Hartford Courant
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2481:. Archived from
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2242:(2003), pg. 178
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2018:
2011:Hartford Courant
2002:
1993:
1986:
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1970:
1961:
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1937:
1931:
1924:
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1906:Federal Register
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1762:
1760:
1753:978-0-1951-38771
1737:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1638:, also known as
1403:Grafton Surnames
1379:
1369:George N. Briggs
1365:Whiting Griswold
1224:Queen Anne's War
475:Tribal divisions
456:
449:
445:
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405:
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113:
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89:
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59:Total population
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2651:
2650:
2641:Project Mishoon
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2476:"Archived copy"
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2311:Mandell, D. R.
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2134:Mandell, D. R.
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2004:
2003:
1996:
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1734:
1725:
1718:
1713:Wayback Machine
1703:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1649:
1622:
1495:anthropologists
1491:Native American
1476:
1398:Grafton Indians
1393:Dudley Surnames
1356:
1311:
1294:
1289:
1248:
1222:, (1689–1699),
1211:
1181:
1169:Mary Rowlandson
1099:
777:
765:Great Migration
734:Increase Mather
707:Plymouth Colony
681:
676:
664:Native American
640:
608:Michael Dukakis
604:
599:
494:, Quaboag, and
477:
457:
446:
440:
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281:
194:, probably the
171:Niantic peoples
107:
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2663:
2653:
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2649:
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2643:
2638:
2636:Nipmuc History
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2601:External links
2599:
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2575:
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2549:Indian Country
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1822:(2): 281–286.
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1388:Dudley Indians
1385:
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1344:Brigham's Hill
1310:
1307:
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1288:
1287:Modern history
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387:ȣmiskanȣakȣiak
321:Roger Williams
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186:people are an
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2488:on 2014-06-09
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30:Ethnic group
1673:Tantiusques
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1319:New England
1281:New England
1273:Stockbridge
1269:Schagticoke
1173:West Indies
1151:Deer Island
1143:New England
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871:Magunkaquog
820:Connecticut
769:John Wompas
701:during the
699:New England
628:Deer Island
588:Connecticut
319:. In 1637,
254:New England
239:West Indies
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204:Connecticut
92:Connecticut
2655:Categories
2492:2014-01-22
2017:6 November
1679:References
1499:Boy Scouts
1331:phenotypes
1246:Emigration
1160:Brookfield
808:John Eliot
801:Pequot War
785:John Eliot
492:Wabquasset
441:April 2023
269:recognizes
246:John Eliot
169:, Eastern
1277:Wisconsin
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1156:Lancaster
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1131:Wampanoag
1090:Pennacook
941:Pennacook
905:Manexit,
787:in South
753:New World
719:influenza
711:epidemics
412:does not
367:Nipmuc(k)
341:Nippimook
227:Metacomet
119:Languages
2501:cite web
1960:, p. 181
1846:20113559
1709:Archived
1647:See also
1354:Censuses
1315:Chikitis
1192:town of
1189:smallpox
907:Maanexit
816:Cape Ann
715:Smallpox
695:European
496:Nashaway
393:Language
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352:Neepemut
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333:Neetmock
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223:smallpox
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139:Religion
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2058:indians
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1543:powwows
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1340:colored
1336:mulatto
1265:Mahican
1257:Abenaki
1216:Abenaki
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1127:Sabbath
1123:powwows
1109:during
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761:Puritan
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727:measles
666:tribe.
519:Webster
433:removed
418:sources
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