Koi - Knowledge

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Naturally, koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that. Some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom, so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food. Koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times. They can be trained to take food from one's hand. In the winter, their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt, and they eat very little, perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom. Feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F). Care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation, pH stabilization, and off-gassing occur over the winter in small ponds. Their appetites do not come back until the water becomes warm in the spring.

1207: 1533:, a group that leads the breeding and dissemination of koi in Japan, there are more than 100 varieties of koi created through breeding, and each variety is classified into 16 groups. Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream. Metallic shades of gold and platinum in the scales have also been developed through selective breeding. Although the possible colors are virtually limitless, breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories. The most notable category is 522:

sp.), as well as the East Asian ancient lineage of wild common carp (C. carpio), previously proposed on the basis of fossil data. However, it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to Japan. In addition, a possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within the ‘Eurasian’ clade. Moreover, the oldest record of the introduction of non-native fish in Japan is that of goldfish from China (1502 or 1602), and there is no record of carp (including colored carp) until the introduction of the

700: 2807: 662:, as is the case with today's koi, but rather a mutation-induced color change. In ancient times, carp was farmed primarily for food. Mutational color variation in carp is relatively common in nature, but is not suitable for development alongside farming for food in poor rural communities; color inheritance is unstable and selection to maintain color variation is costly. For example, in current-day farming of koi as ornamental fish, the percentage of superior colored fish to the number of spawn is less than 1%. 1514: 49: 2766: 80: 1135: 270: 1197: 990: 1126:

particular, since the 21st century, some wealthy Chinese have imported large quantities of koi from Niigata in Japan, and the price of high-quality carp has soared. In 2018, one carp was bought by a Chinese collector for about $ 2 million, the highest price ever. There are also cases in which purchased carp are bred in China and sold to foreign countries, and many breeds are spreading all over the world.

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length of the fish (along both sides). The third type is the same as the second, with the addition of a line of (often quite large) scales running along the lateral line (along the side) of the fish, also referred to as "mirror koi". The fourth (and rarest) type is referred to as "armor koi" and is completely (or nearly) covered with very large scales that resemble plates of armor. It also is called

2705: 2490: 2474: 2426: 2548: 955: 2450: 2462: 2438: 2414: 1310:. This classification has not received much attention until recently, and it was thought that only one species of carp existed in Japan. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA has revealed that there are at least two species of carp in Japan: native carp and carp from Eurasia. Currently, the Japanese native carp is assumed to be 2606:

are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them. A well-designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires

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was held, the "Koi Exhibit Association" was formed mainly by koi breeders in Higashiyama and Takezawa villages, and koi were exhibited. At the time, they were still called "colored carp" or "patterned carp," and they were described as "the first of their kind ever seen in the Tokyo area." And the koi

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Around 1875, colored koi became popular and the number of breeders increased, and some expensive koi were produced, but Niigata Prefecture banned the aquaculture of ornamental koi because it was considered a speculative business, and the business suffered a major blow for a time. However, the ban was

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The Amur carp is a hardy fish, and koi retain that durability. Koi are coldwater fish, but benefit from being kept in the 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) range, and do not react well to long, cold, winter temperatures; their immune systems are very weak below 10 °C (50 °F). Koi ponds usually

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era (1615–1624). In the Nijūmuragō area, carp were also farmed in terraced ponds near terraced rice paddies by 1781 at the latest, but the ponds ran dry due to a severe drought that occurred around that time, and the carp escaped the disaster by taking refuge in ponds on the grounds of Senryu Shrine

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Like most fish, koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them. Nurturing the resulting offspring (referred to as "fry") is a tricky and tedious job, usually done only by professionals. Although a koi breeder may carefully select the

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There are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites, as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth. Specifically, not only adult carp but also juvenile carp (less than 150 mm in length) have been found at the Yayoi site. This difference is thought to

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When koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons. The male will start following the female, swimming right behind her and nudging her. After the female koi releases her eggs they sink to the bottom of the pond and stay there. A sticky outer shell around the

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of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate. This makes waterways unattractive, reduces the abundance of aquatic plants, and can render the water unsuitable for swimming or drinking, even by livestock. In some countries, koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast

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The semi-randomized result of the koi's reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder. While it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants, it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few

2786:(they have no interesting colors) or may even be genetically defective. These unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder's expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques. Culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish (mostly used for feeding 2401:

scale patterns exist. The most common type (referred to above) has a row of scales beginning at the front of the dorsal fin and ending at the end of the dorsal fin (along both sides of the fin). The second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire

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Several varieties are recognized by Japanese breeders and owners, distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, orange, yellow, blue, brown and cream, besides metallic shades like gold and silver-white ('platinum') scales. The most popular

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revealed a significant evolutionary divergence (phylogenetic split) within common carp Cyprinus carpio between the native wild form found in Lake Biwa and the Eurasian wild form, along with domesticated varieties. This supports the idea of the ancient origin of the native Japanese form (Cyprinus

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Koi are an omnivorous fish. They eat a wide variety of foods, including peas, lettuce, and watermelon. Koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced, but also to float so as to encourage them to come to the surface. When they are eating, koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers.

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The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. They are sold in many pet aquarium shops, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers. Collecting koi has become a social hobby. Passionate hobbyists join clubs, share their knowledge and help each other with their koi. In

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have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer, whereas in areas that have harsher winters, ponds generally have a minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft). Specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show-quality koi.

254: 2520:(960–1279), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century. On the other hand, most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from Amur carp ( 2240:, "tea-colored", this koi can range in color from pale olive-drab green or brown to copper or bronze and more recently, darker, subdued orange shades. Famous for its docile, friendly personality and large size, it is considered a sign of good luck among koi keepers. 805:), or hidden rice fields in the mountains, unknown to the lord, which allowed the farmers to avoid taxes and become relatively wealthy. Breeding of koi was promoted as a hobby of farmers who could afford it, and high-quality individuals came to be bought and sold. 1504:

carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern, with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to the Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily the Chinese.

2524:) bred in Japan in the first half of the 19th century. Koi are domesticated Amur carp that are selected or culled for color; they are not a different species, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely. 2539:, have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi, and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature. Goldfish and koi can interbreed; however, as they were developed from different species of carp, their offspring are sterile. 2670:

and produced by Kovax, to immunise fish against KHV. Israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the KHV. The vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old, and is accentuated by using an

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Higuchi, Masahito (23 August 2023). "ミトコンドリア DNA 調節領域の塩基配列からみたニシキゴイの遺伝的変異とその起源" [Genetic variability and ancient origin of the Japanese ornamental carp (koi) using the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region].

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at the end of the Early Jomon Period (11,500 – 7,000 years ago). In addition, pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the Cyprinidae family living in Japan today, including carp (Cyprinus), have been found at the Awazu lakebed site

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or spotted carp. The leather carp is a low scaled variety bred in 1782 in Austria, and was sent to Japan from Munich, Germany in 1904, along with the mirror carp, which also has few scales. In Japan, these two varieties are called

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Nakajima, Tsuneo (31 January 2011). "コイ科魚類咽頭歯遺存体から見える先史時代の漁撈と稲作との関係に関する一考察" [A Speculation on Relationships between Freshwater Fishing and Rice Cultivation in Prehistoric Ages from a Viewpoint of Tooth Remains of Carps].

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Koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning. However, unlike cattle, purebred dogs, or more relevantly, goldfish, the large majority of these offspring, even from the best champion-grade koi, are not acceptable as

943:(1843), mentions that in addition to Asagi, purple, red, and white carp, there are "spotted carp (also known as Bekko carp)." This probably refers to two- or three-colored carp caused by mutation, and is a valuable record of 1478:

found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter. Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that the ancestral species of the koi is

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eras (1804 – 1830), people in the Nijūmuragō area bred red and white koi in addition to black koi, and crossed them to produce red and white colored koi. After that, they further crossed them and perfected them.

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have been released into lakes and rivers throughout Japan, causing genetic contamination with native carp and making research on the origin of the Japanese carp difficult. Koi is thought to be primarily of this

260: 2691:, and required complete depopulation of the ponds and a lengthy quarantine period. For a while after this, some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks. 792:, etc. From this original handful of koi varieties, all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single-colored, metallic koi), which was developed relatively recently. 3911: 2058:

is a "catch-all" term for koi that cannot be put into one of the other categories. This is a competition category, and many new varieties of koi compete in this one category. It is also known as

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Grossa, Riho; Klaus Kohlmannb & Petra Kerstenb (2002). "PCR–RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ND-3/4 and ND-5/6 gene polymorphisms in the European and East Asian subspecies of common carp (

258: 645:) as Japanese names corresponding to the above Chinese names, suggesting that carp of these colors existed in China and Japan in those days. In addition, Hitomi Hitsudai's drug dictionary 2998: 1905:

koi is light blue above and usually red below, but also occasionally pale yellow or cream, generally below the lateral line and on the cheeks. The Japanese name means pale greenish-blue,

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versions of almost all other varieties of koi occur, and they are fashionable. Their sparkling, glittering scales contrast to the smooth, even, metallic skin and scales seen in the

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Thai, B.T.; Burridge, C.P.; Pham, T.A.; Austin, C.M. (2005). "Using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences to investigate diversity and genealogical relationships within common carp (

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light. The vaccine has a 90% success rate and when immunized, the fish cannot succumb to a KHV outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass KHV onto other fish in a pond. Only

1470:(mtDNA) was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions), others based on mtDNA, 795:

Koi breeding flourished in the Nijūmuragō area for two reasons: 1) the custom of raising koi in fallow fields for emergency food during the winter, and 2) the existence of many

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Koi is an informal name for the colored variants of carp kept for ornamental purposes. There are many varieties of ornamental koi, originating from breeding that began in

5126: 4975: 433:, and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed the domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations, including Japan. 2286:-scaled fish with curling white markings. The patterns are thought to be reminiscent of Japanese ink paintings of dragons. They famously change color with the seasons. 3476: 3353: 4691: 4372: 3480: 3357: 3192:"Discovery of an ancient lineage of Cyprinus carpio from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi" 2774:

egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around. Although the female can produce many spawns, many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others.

2374:) is a hybrid of koi and Asian carp with long flowing fins. Various colorations depend on the koi stock used to cross. It also is considered by some to not be 514:

be due to the fact that the Jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers, while the Yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies.

4535: 2947:, has been increasing. In addition, there are increasing numbers of Japanese koi bred in China that are sold domestically and exported to foreign countries. 2174:

is a koi with metallic (glittering, metal-flake-appearing) scales. The name translates into English as "gold and silver scales"; it is often abbreviated to

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infections. Water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed. Two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the

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of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock. In 2002, spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in

757: 4783: 4644: 257: 1573:(also known as longfin koi, or dragon carp), also developed in the 1980s, are notable for their long and flowing fins. They are hybrids of koi with 5186: 2630:

of one of the koi's scales reported that Hanako was 226 years old. Some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years.

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Yabumoto, Yoshitaka (2010). "Ikiculter chojabaruensis, a New Genus and Species of Cyprinid Fish from the Miocene of Iki Island, Nagasaki, Japan".

2995: 4943: 5036: 5275: 5252: 5229: 4759: 4685: 4434: 4263: 3905: 5059: 4814: 4725: 4614: 3819: 1114: 1945:. The fish has no scales, except for a single line of large mirror scales dorsally, extending from head to tail. The most common type of 5148: 4483: 2790:

due to the belief that it will enhance its color), while older culls, within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long (also called

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Illustration of a three-colored carp in Ritsurin Garden, 1900. This is the oldest illustration of koi. It has the kanji characters for

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The words "koi" and "nishikigoi" come from the Japanese words 鯉 (carp), and 錦鯉 (brocaded carp), respectively. In Japanese, "koi" is a

1525:, Japan, is the only museum in the world that exhibits both varieties of living koi and data that show the history of their breeding. 4592: 4068: 2752: 2341:

pattern developed by Mr. Seiki Igarashi of Ojiya City. At least six different genetic subvarieties of this general variety are seen.

1953:/gray color above the lateral line and red or orange (and very, very rarely bright yellow) below the lateral line and on the cheeks. 3872: 3304: 2778:

parents they wish based on their desired characteristics, the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality.

600:). In China in those days, carp were called horses because they were believed to be the vehicles of hermits and to run in the sky. 212: 2638:

Koi are very hardy. With proper care, they resist many of the parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species, such as

4513: 2827:. They quickly revert to the natural coloration of an Amur carp within a few generations. In many areas, they are considered an 655:, Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia, 1697) states that red, yellow, and white carp of the three colors were in Japan at that time. 5118: 4964: 4333: 3953: 3760: 3683:

Toyama, Kametaro (June 1910). "金銀目の猫と源平咲別の花" [Cat with gold and silver eyes and blooming flowers of two mixed colors].

2666:(SVC). No treatment is known for either disease. Some koi farms in Israel use the KV3 vaccine, developed by M. Kotler from the 2627: 2397:(generally, fish with only a single line of scales along each side of the dorsal fin). Also written as 独逸鯉, four main types of 1037: 4858: 1188:, which was the original name for the popular Taishō Sanshoku variety, gradually became the term used for all ornamental koi. 978:, and the price was over 1,000 yen per fish, which was a high price for that time. The three-colored carp had a red belly and 517:

It was previously thought that all Japanese carp were introduced from China in prehistoric times. However, recent analysis of

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Koi: everything about selection, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, pond design and maintenance, and popular aquatic plants

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category and the Japanese name means "gold". The variety was created by Sawata Aoki in 1946 from wild carp he caught in 1921.

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is a variety of which the whole body is one color and the body is shiny, and it is called differently depending on the color.

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received much attention, winning a silver medal. After the exposition closed, they presented eight koi to the Crown Prince (

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Nakajima, T.; Nakajima, M.; Yamazaki, T. (2010). "Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi Period in western Japan".

1751:. The Japanese name means "tortoise shell", and is commonly written as 鼈甲. The white, red, and yellow varieties are called 5314: 4364: 747:) in Japan. In Niigata Prefecture, Amur carp were farmed for food in Musubu Shinden, Kanbara County (present Akiba Ward, 3936: 2688: 2650: 1056:

is said to have been given by Kei Abe, who was the chief fisheries officer of the Niigata Prefectural Government in the

1025:, Tokyo, was 100 to 150 yen per fish, which was "extremely expensive" at the time. Therefore, even at that time, mutant 4919: 4557: 4403: 2931:

favorite, symbolizing abundance as well as perseverance and strength, and has a mythical potential to transform into a

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New koi varieties are still being actively developed. Ghost koi developed in the 1980s have become very popular in the

3334:]. Vol. 2. Japan Society for the Publication of Complete Works of Classical Japanese Literature. p. 19. 2973: 5089: 2349: 2106:

pattern over reticulated (fishnet pattern) scales. The base color can range from nearly black to very pale, sky blue.

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from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia, leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species,

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from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi".

2329:(金輝黒竜, literally "gold sparkle black dragon" or "gold glitter black dragon") is a metallic-skinned version of the 5299: 3033: 2913: 1289: 79: 3968: 2895: 2715: 1164:(模様鯉) meaning patterned carp. There are various theories as to how these words came to be disused, in favor of 4453: 2806: 1113:(by Shigekichi Hoshino) was fixed as a breed, and in 1939, koi were exhibited at the Japanese pavilion at the 2950:

Koi are also popular in many countries in the equatorial region, where outdoor water gardens are popular. In

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for 恋, another word that means "affection" or "love", so koi are symbols of love and friendship in Japan.

192: 2259:光者). The most commonly encountered colors are gold, platinum, and orange. Cream specimens are very rare. 5178: 4704:... and there are reports of fish that have achieved ages of 100–200 years (Purdom 1993; Billard 1999). 3191: 2943:

are found in Chinese communities around the world, and the number of people who keep koi imported from

2626:" was owned by several individuals, the last of whom was Komei Koshihara. In July 1974, a study of the 5267: 2005:, except each of the scales within the red patches has a blue or black edge to it. Less common is the 699: 4144: 4105: 3204: 2818: 2726: 2513: 1435: 707:

The systematic breeding of ornamental Amur carp began in the 1820s in an area known as "Nijūmuragō" (

667: 489: 165: 31: 1286:), which was previously thought to have been introduced to Japan from Eurasia in prehistoric times. 1081:), which was created by Tokyo-based goldfish breeder Kichigoro Akiyama in 1906 by crossing a female 1029:

were known to some fish breeders and hobbyists in Tokyo, but artificial breeds such as Nijūmuragō's

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means to print (the black markings are reminiscent of ink stains). Genetically, it is the same as

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between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, has muddled the historical

4806: 4717: 4622: 3470: 3347: 3063: 2875: 2871: 2473: 2367: 1522: 1495: 1045:). This exhibition triggered an expansion of sales channels, and the market value of koi soared. 761: 740: 736: 659: 605: 221: 74: 3523: 2313:-style) pattern, reminiscent of autumn leaves on water. The Japanese name means "fallen leaves". 1220:

The koi are a group of breeds produced by artificial selection primarily from black carp called

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by Elizaburo Hoshino, an early 20th-century koi breeder. The red and white versions are called

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lifted soon after, thanks to the petition of the villagers. At that time, colored koi included

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amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them, largely unsuccessfully.

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The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned

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color pattern. The oldest attested form is the yellow form, called "black and yellow markings"

1643: 1467: 1399: 1134: 982:(light blue) back with black spots, and is thought to have been a mutation similar to today's 975: 518: 343: 317: 4675: 4479: 4004: 2425: 1013:(variant carp), and said that even skilled fish breeders did not know how they could produce 4999: 4292: 4226: 4189: 4152: 4113: 4092:

Mabuchi, K.; Senou, H.; Suzuki, T.; Nishida, M. (2005). "Discovery of an ancient lineage of

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Koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except

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is a white-skinned koi, with large red markings on the top. The name means "red and white";

1566: 1423: 1381: 545: 462: 295: 4835: 3971:[Elucidation of the Roots of Japanese Carp and Scenarios for Conservation]. KAKEN. 3846: 5010: 4947: 4893: 4862: 4842: 4747: 4341: 3002: 2840: 2832: 2603: 2528: 2319:(輝黒竜, literally "sparkle" or "glitter black dragon") is a metallic-skinned version of the 1359: 1355: 1022: 967: 932: 672: 553: 483: 4584: 1606:

was one of the first ornamental varieties to be established in Japan (late 19th century).

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Koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100–200 years. One famous scarlet koi named "

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originated by crossbreeding numerous different established varieties with "scaleless"

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because they were not suitable for the social situation of war. Another theory is that

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Apart from the koi of Niigata Prefecture's Nijūmuragō area, there is a variety called

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However, it is believed that these single-colored carp were not a variety created by

549: 422: 131: 3752: 3500: 3160: 3067: 2449: 989: 570:(4th century A.D.) in China, carp of the following colors are described: red horse ( 4855: 2936: 2920: 2866: 2855: 2684: 2517: 2022:

overlay that gives it the appearance of bunches of grapes. Very rarely seen is the

1906: 1661: 1427: 1169: 1082: 470: 393: 364: 4845:. KoVax Ltd. – Specializes in Aqua culture vaccines development and Manufacturing. 3812:商工省監理局 (1941). Supervisory Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (ed.). 3399: 2954:, interior courtyards most often have one or several fish ponds dedicated to koi. 2461: 5060:"The Men of Koiyama: Keeping the Gion Festival Tradition for the Next Generation" 3823:]. Supervisory Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. p. 122. 2413: 1411:(Amur carp) lineage, but it also carries some genes of the native Japanese carp. 1278:), which inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers in Japan. The black carp refers to the 1068:(by Kunizo Hiroi), which had first been produced in the 1880s, was also assured. 3954:

The reason why wealthy Chinese started to buy a lot of Japanese "nishikigoi" 3/3

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The reason why wealthy Chinese started to buy a lot of Japanese "nishikigoi" 1/3

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varieties. Recently, these characteristics have been combined to create the new

1942: 1475: 1415: 688: 540: 523: 5094:(in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 3059: 2902:

and are closely associated with the country's national identity. The custom of

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is a koi with colored markings over a metallic base or in two metallic colors.

1574: 1443: 1377: 948: 679:. Amur carp were previously identified as a subspecies of the common carp (as 454: 446: 418: 141: 3714:]. Tokyo Taisho Exposition Memorial Book Publishing Society. p. 63. 3423: 3224: 333: 4911: 4886: 4561: 4395: 3415: 2951: 2928: 2904: 2847: 2644: 2552: 2536: 1451: 1402:. These carp were famous for their delicious taste. Since the Meiji period, 1321: 1146: 971: 676: 500: 91: 5292:

Feature article on treating sick fish, especially koi, "Surgery to Scale,"

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of the Netherlands, who stayed in Japan during the Edo period, reported in

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of wild carp and Ogon koi and are distinguished by their metallic scales.

954: 17: 4077: 3602:新潟県水産試験場 (1931). Niigata Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station (ed.). 3296: 2940: 2612: 2556: 2501: 2094:

pattern. The Japanese name means "five colors". It appears similar to an

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In many areas of North America, koi are introduced into the artificial "

683:), but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name 2583: 2494: 442: 348: 3102: 691:

as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century BC in China.

3828: 3798: 3755:[Increasingly popular every year! Attraction of Nishikigoi]. 3692: 3642: 3615: 3462: 3384: 3339: 3263: 2932: 2924: 1910: 772: 744: 101: 4231: 4210: 3719: 3669: 3588: 3558: 3129: 2356:

and wild carp with metallic scales, is considered by some to be not

2205:

is any koi with a solitary red patch on its head. The fish may be a

1976:

pattern. This variety first arose in the 1950s as a cross between a

1577:. Butterfly koi and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true 4506:"Koi Fish vs Goldfish: 10 Differences to Help You Distinguish Them" 1414:

In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the

473:

period sites. For example, pharyngeal teeth of the extinct species

284: 3712:

Overview of the Judging of Exhibits at the Tokyo Taisho Exposition

2912:(1603–1867), is still practiced today and displayed in gardens on 2865: 2805: 2764: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2546: 2509: 2488: 1810: 1512: 1205: 1195: 1133: 1017:, but only waited for them to be produced by chance. The price of 988: 953: 768: 752: 698: 466: 426: 268: 252: 3285:]. Fisheries Agency, Research Department, Resources Division. 1708:近代昭和), to the point that it can be difficult to distinguish from 812:(brocaded carp) did not exist until the 1910s. Before that time, 3759:. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. August 2023. 3379:]. Vol. 7. Hirano Uji Denzaemon, Hiranoya Katsuzaemon. 2891: 2883: 2608: 2591: 1484: 1139: 414: 406: 3610:]. Vol. 1. Niigata Agricultural Society. p. 100. 3326:深江, 輔仁, 平安中期; 与謝野, 寛, 1873-1935 (1927). Fukae, Sukehito (ed.). 510:) dating from the Middle Jomon Period (5500 – 4400 years ago). 2698: 2599: 2595: 304: 3189:

Mabuchi, K.; Senou, H.; Suzuki, T.; Nishida, M. (June 2005).

2935:. Since the late 20th century, the keeping of koi in outdoor 2810:

Various colors of koi feeding in a pond in Qingxiu Mountain,

2043:

pattern is such a dark burgundy that it appears nearly black.

1972:-style pattern with blue or black-edged scales only over the 1738:

is a white-, red-, or yellow-skinned koi with black markings

2996:

Japanese Ornamental Koi Carp: Origin, Variation and Genetics

1298:(1833–1850) that there were three species of carp in Japan: 4674:

Felicity Huntingford; Malcolm Jobling; Sunil Kadri (2012).

4429:. Neptune City, New Jersey: TFH Publications. p. 191. 4211:"Genome sequence and genetic diversity of the common carp, 4585:"Instructions for training koi fish to eat from your hand" 3184: 3182: 2898:

in the face of adversity. Ornamental koi are symbolic of

2309:

is a light blue/gray koi with copper, bronze, or yellow (

1809:

is a black koi with white, red, or yellow markings, in a

1629:, except for the addition of small black markings called 1168:(錦鯉), which is used today. One theory holds that, during 566:, Annotations on the Ancient and Modern Period) from the 3791:

Attraction of Nishikigoi : To raise swimming jewels

1354:

have been famous since the Edo period as farmed carp in

1314:, and a new scientific name for it is being considered. 556:) in the fourth year of his reign (74 AD). In Cui Bao's 493:) have been excavated from the Akanoi Bay lakebed site ( 4448: 4446: 2570:

is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond.

273:

A school of koi containing multiple different varieties

703:

Terraced rice paddies in Yamakoshi, Niigata Prefecture

359:

sp.) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor

5179:"The detail: koi fish pond, Sri Lanka | The Voyageur" 5029:"An Inked Guide to Symbolism Within Japanese Tattoos" 4454:"19 Features of Koi Fish: from Symbolism to Serenity" 1052:(by Eizaburo Hoshino) was fixed as a breed. The name 301: 3449:川本, 信之, 1898-1985 (1967). Kawamoto, Nobuyuki (ed.). 3283:

Progress of introduction of new foreign fish species

2939:

has become popular among the more affluent Chinese.

2794:), are often sold as lower-grade, pond-quality koi. 1490:) or at least an East Asian carp species instead of 1446:

of the common carp, often under the scientific name

548:

released carp in a pond for viewing when he visited

5119:"What's with China's internet users and this fish?" 3583:]. Vol. 2. Tokyo Prefecture. p. 861. 3404:

Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association

3091:

Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History

298: 265:

Several koi swim around in a pond in Japan. (video)

5149:"Japan's Koi fish gaining popularity around world" 3410:(1). Japan Veterinary Medical Association: 20–24. 3258:]. Vol. 1. Kokusho Kan-kai. p. 265. 3190: 603:Japan's oldest drug dictionary, Fukane Sukehito's 1180:(which can have sexual meanings) were changed to 993:Odd-eyed cat and Spotted carp, from the magazine 4175:"Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp 2843:in Australia, they are considered noxious fish. 2282:' （literally "nine tattooed dragons" is a black 4363:Scientist, Atsushi Hoshino (22 December 2023). 3706:東京大正博覧会 (1914). Tokyo Taisho Exposition (ed.). 3402:[Basic Fish Pathology (Nishikigoi) 1]. 1822: 1692:was exhibited in 1927, during the reign of the 1152:Colored ornamental carp were originally called 1064:when he first saw it. In 1917, the fixation of 544:(Chronicles of Japan, 720), it is written that 4043:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166052A1108337.en 3494: 3492: 3490: 3097:. National Museum of Japanese History: 49–63. 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2386: 2302: 2275: 2248: 2233: 2198: 2167: 2144: 2129: 2114: 2079: 2064: 2051: 2028: 2011: 1994: 1961: 1922: 1898: 1870:(piebald color morph), respectively. The word 1863: 1850: 1837: 1816: 1802: 1783: 1770: 1757: 1744: 1731: 1673: 1635: 1618: 1595: 1539: 1389: 1371: 1329: 1255: 1227: 1076: 905: 877: 849: 821: 800: 708: 650: 640: 634: 628: 622: 616: 610: 505: 494: 481:) in addition to the modern species of carp ( 429:, where they were used as food fish. Carp are 409:are a large group of fish originally found in 331: 282: 4168: 4166: 3143:Jordan, David Starr; Fowler, Henry W (1903). 2919:In Chinese culture, the koi represents fame, 2607:above the surface. A pond usually includes a 595: 589: 583: 577: 571: 561: 8: 4754:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 201. 3475:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3352:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2497:on the lip that are not visible in goldfish. 1790:, respectively. It may be confused with the 3687:. No. 82. Jijishinposha. p. 143. 3524:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6181A12559362.en 3145:"A review of the cyprinoid fishes of Japan" 3013: 3011: 2733:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1335: 1261: 1233: 1085:imported from Germany with a male Japanese 966:In 1900, there was a three-colored carp in 911: 883: 855: 827: 714: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3929: 3581:Tokyo Taisho Exposition Examination Report 3479:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3356:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3029: 3027: 3025: 1033:were still unknown to the general public. 47: 38: 4965:"Freshwater pest fish in New South Wales" 4856:ISRAELI KOI ...and the battle against KHV 4805:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (18 December 2023). 4583:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (18 December 2023). 4536:"The difference between koi and goldfish" 4394:Informer (Abi), Pond (13 February 2022). 4369:Zen Koi Garden Biological Research Center 4365:"Research campaign on butterfly koi fish" 4316: 4314: 4230: 4193: 4041: 3780: 3778: 3570: 3568: 3522: 3118:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2753:Learn how and when to remove this message 2225:), which also has a red spot on its head. 1933:was created in 1910 by Yoshigoro Akiyama（ 1324:of Eurasian origin, traditionally called 4910:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (5 December 2023). 4425:Tamadachi M apter=Koi varieties (1990). 4173:Chistiakov, D.A.; Voronova, N.V (2009). 4005:10.34394/aquaticanimals.2023.0_AA2023-18 1138:Koi in an artificial pond at a hotel in 1001:The magazine "Shonen" (1910) introduced 4680:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 12–. 4480:"Background information about goldfish" 3457:]. Koseisha Koseikaku. p. 59. 3250:国書刊行会 (1915). Kokusho Kanko-kai (ed.). 2985: 2409: 5159:from the original on 28 September 2020 4786:from the original on 27 September 2011 3818:Report of the Government Visit to the 3608:Farmers' Sideline Fish Farming Methods 3468: 3430:from the original on 27 September 2023 3345: 2991: 2989: 743:(located on the northeastern coast of 5129:from the original on 16 November 2022 5039:from the original on 28 November 2020 4807:"Research On Khv Disease In Koi Fish" 4516:from the original on 3 September 2021 4486:from the original on 15 December 2011 4406:from the original on 7 September 2022 3999:. 2023.0_AA2023-18. Aquos Institute. 3741:]. Dai Nippon Tosho. p. 319. 3664:]. Mataoma Yasujiro. p. 79. 2908:(carp streamers), which began in the 2527:Some goldfish varieties, such as the 2255:is a metallic koi of one color only ( 671:) is a member of the cyprinid family 342: 316: 7: 5070:from the original on 26 January 2021 5027:Staff, Inked Mag (9 November 2020). 4972:NSW Department of Primary Industries 4375:from the original on 7 February 2024 3820:Golden Gate International Exposition 3637:]. Yoshimi Shoten. p. 311. 3575:東京府 (1916). Tokyo Prefecture (ed.). 3231:from the original on 10 October 2023 2731:adding citations to reliable sources 2406:(鏡鯉、カガミゴイ), or mirror carp (ミラーカープ). 1115:Golden Gate International Exposition 5117:Pinghui, Zhuang (4 November 2018). 4460:from the original on 15 August 2023 4182:Central European Journal of Biology 4029:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3763:from the original on 7 October 2023 3545:Fujita, Masakatsu (November 1906). 3510:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3307:from the original on 2 October 2023 2679:measures such as prompt detection, 1584:The major named varieties include: 3940:, Gendai Business. 29 March 2019. 3785:徳間書店 (1966). Tokuma Shoten (ed.). 3499:Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). 3167:from the original on 14 March 2023 2543:Health, maintenance, and longevity 2512:more than a thousand years ago by 1878:, but lacking either red pigment ( 1362:). Other carp of the same type as 1060:(1912–1926), after he admired the 25: 4981:from the original on 19 June 2022 4776:"AnAge entry for Cyprinus carpio" 4728:from the original on 24 June 2018 3957:, Gendai Business. 29 March 2019. 3894:Fletcher, Nick (1 January 1999). 3875:from the original on 13 June 2010 3553:]. Suisan Shoin. p. 18. 3034:The History of Nishikigoi 錦鯉とその起源 2882:In Japan, the koi is a symbol of 1831:in the 19th century, but renamed 962:on its back and red on its belly. 353:, are colored varieties of carp ( 5189:from the original on 2 July 2018 5058:Azuma, Mariko (21 August 2020). 5033:Tattoo Ideas, Artists and Models 4922:from the original on 16 May 2024 4817:from the original on 16 May 2024 4694:from the original on 16 May 2024 4595:from the original on 16 May 2024 4297:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01215.x 4258:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 297. 4118:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x 3975:from the original on 16 May 2024 3914:from the original on 16 May 2024 3398:Nakajima, Kenji (January 1976). 3217:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x 2703: 2615:system to keep the water clear. 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2018:, which has a darker (burgundy) 1984:. The most commonly encountered 1098:and its lineage are also called 294: 237:Cyprinus carpio ssp. rubrofuscus 78: 4877:. Impact Worksheet•17 July 2002 4854:Reynolds, Paula (October 2011) 4716:Barton, Laura (12 April 2007). 4645:"Temperatures to feed koi fish" 4560:. Aquatic-oasis. Archived from 3629:Abe, Masanobu (February 1977). 3277:Maruyama, Tamezo (March 1987). 3161:10.5479/si.00963801.26-1334.811 3018:Ojiya Nishikigoi no Sato Museum 2217:. It is named for the Japanese 1704:has increased in modern times ( 4916:Zen Koi Garden research center 4811:Zen Koi Garden Research Center 4589:Zen Koi Garden Research Center 3969:"日本産コイ(コイ目コイ科)のルーツ解明と保全へのシナリオ" 3635:Suruga Miscellaneous Records 2 3377:Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia 2668:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1160:(花鯉) meaning floral carp, and 27:Colored varieties of Amur carp 1: 4396:"Complete Guide to Ghost Koi" 4157:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00836-5 3843:"MPKS Ray Jordan Koi History" 2102:below the lateral line and a 538:In the Japanese history book 461:. In addition, numerous carp 245:Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 243:Cyprinus carpio haematopterus 5262:Nicholas Saint-Erne (2010). 4912:"Research On Tosai Koi Fish" 4887:"Blackwater Creek Koi Farms" 4256:Freshwater Fisheries Ecology 4209:Xu, P.; et al. (2014). 3845:. Ray Jordan. Archived from 3708:東京大正博覧会出品審査概況 : 附・受賞人名簿 3662:Goldfish Question and Answer 3455:Introduction to Fish Farming 2689:Kernersville, North Carolina 2651:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 1716:, 三色, may be read as either 1650:, 三色, may be read as either 374:in the early 19th century. 5222:Barron's Educational Series 5212:George C. Blasiola (1995). 4321:The Varieties of Nishikigoi 2974:Japanese white crucian carp 1823: 1658:(from its earlier name 三毛). 1320:is thought to refer to the 1156:(色鯉) meaning colored carp, 453:) have been excavated from 5346: 3060:10.2517/1342-8144-14.4.277 2816: 2516:colored varieties; by the 2001:, which is colored like a 1929:means "autumn green"; the 1546:, which is made up of the 1450:. However, they differ in 615:, 918) mentions red carp ( 382:, which is made up of the 29: 5330:National symbols of Japan 4836:"KV3 Vaccine against KHV" 4195:10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2 3656:Miyoshi, Otojiro (1903). 3371:Hitomi, Hitsudai (1697). 2870:61st Nagaoka Koi Show at 2846:Koi greatly increase the 2769:Feeding of a large school 2485:Differences from goldfish 2387: 2303: 2276: 2249: 2234: 2199: 2168: 2145: 2130: 2115: 2080: 2065: 2052: 2029: 2012: 1995: 1962: 1923: 1899: 1864: 1851: 1838: 1817: 1803: 1784: 1771: 1758: 1745: 1732: 1680:is a black koi with red ( 1674: 1636: 1619: 1596: 1540: 1466:). Although one study of 1390: 1372: 1330: 1290:Philipp Franz von Siebold 1256: 1228: 1077: 906: 878: 850: 822: 801: 709: 651: 641: 635: 629: 623: 617: 611: 596: 590: 584: 578: 572: 562: 506: 495: 465:have been excavated from 332: 283: 227: 220: 198: 191: 75:Scientific classification 73: 64: 55: 46: 41: 5123:South China Morning Post 5090: 4677:Aquaculture and Behavior 4558:"Aquatic-oasis articles" 4334:"Guide to Koi Varieties" 4081:. November 2016 version. 4067:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3787:錦鯉の魅力 : 泳ぐ宝石を育てるために 3733:Tanaka, Shigeho (1936). 3256:Miscellaneous Art Series 3048:Paleontological Research 3001:20 December 2020 at the 2874:Branch Office, Nagaoka, 2086:is a dark koi with red ( 1688:白地) markings. The first 594:), and yellow pheasant ( 530:(German carp), in 1904. 4780:genomics.senescence.inf 4540:Living the Country Life 4098:Journal of Fish Biology 3551:Fish Farming Management 3416:10.12935/jvma1951.29.20 3197:Journal of Fish Biology 2664:spring viraemia of carp 1968:is a white fish with a 1937:, by crossing Japanese 1625:is very similar to the 1448:C. carpio haematopterus 1430:of the common carp and 1345:carp of Yamato Province 1117:held in San Francisco. 1038:Tokyo Taishō Exposition 931:A geographical book on 762:Higashitakezawa Village 378:category of koi is the 323:, or more specifically 4875:Spring Viremia of Carp 4018:Huckstorf, V. (2012). 3967:Seno, Hiroshi (2010). 3793:]. Tokuma Shoten. 2879: 2814: 2770: 2559: 2498: 2035:, which is similar to 1526: 1318:Cyprinus haematopterus 1300:Cyprinus haematopterus 1217: 1203: 1201:Cyprinus haematopterus 1142: 998: 963: 751:) from the end of the 704: 687:. Amur carp have been 274: 266: 5300:Koi in the NIWA Atlas 4946:28 March 2015 at the 4892:21 March 2015 at the 4861:23 March 2014 at the 4036:: e.T166052A1108337. 2869: 2809: 2768: 2662:carpio, which causes 2550: 2492: 1516: 1209: 1199: 1137: 992: 957: 702: 344:[ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi] 272: 264: 5315:Domesticated animals 5239:David Twigg (2001). 4841:29 June 2017 at the 4546:on 18 November 2019. 4254:Craig, J.F. (2015). 4071:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 4022:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 3517:: e.T6181A12559362. 3149:Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus 2819:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 2727:improve this section 2522:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 2514:selectively breeding 2508:) were developed in 2098:, with little or no 1882:) or white pigment ( 1442:) were considered a 1308:Cyprinus conirostris 1215:Cyprinus conirostris 668:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 660:artificial selection 639:), and yellow carp ( 490:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 419:Various carp species 202:Cyprinus rubrofuscus 32:Koi (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 5218:Hauppauge, New York 5009:10 May 2009 at the 4615:"Koi Feeding Guide" 4427:The Cult of the Koi 4323:Zen Nippon Airinkai 4149:2002Aquac.204..507G 4110:2005JFBio..66.1516M 3297:"古今注 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 3209:2005JFBio..66.1516M 3036:Zen Nippon Airinkai 2969:Japanese aesthetics 2835:. In the states of 2493:Koi have prominent 2151:is a cross between 1531:Zen Nippon Airinkai 1488:C. c. haematopterus 1460:C. c. haematopterus 1094:(German carp), and 937:Shizuoka Prefecture 760:and Juni Shrine in 758:Higashiyama Village 681:C. c. haematopterus 568:Western Jin Dynasty 459:Nagasaki Prefecture 166:C. rubrofuscus 58:Conservation status 5098:on 4 February 2023 4625:on 27 January 2021 4456:. 11 August 2023. 3814:紐育金門万国博覧会政府参同事務報告書 2880: 2876:Niigata Prefecture 2815: 2771: 2560: 2499: 1527: 1523:Niigata Prefecture 1521:no Sato Museum in 1312:Cyprinus melanotus 1304:Cyprinus melanotus 1218: 1211:Cyprinus melanotus 1204: 1143: 1036:In 1914, when the 1021:at a fish show in 1009:(spotted carp) or 1005:under the name of 999: 964: 939:), Abe Masanobu's 741:Niigata Prefecture 705: 275: 267: 5277:978-1-59247-400-4 5264:Advanced Koi Care 5254:978-0-7645-6242-6 5245:Howell Book House 5231:978-0-8120-3568-1 4918:(in Vietnamese). 4813:(in Vietnamese). 4761:978-1-4027-5623-8 4687:978-1-4051-3089-9 4591:(in Vietnamese). 4436:978-0-86622-085-9 4371:(in Vietnamese). 4265:978-1-118-39442-7 4225:(11): 1212–1219. 3907:978-1-86054-146-9 3753:"年々、人気上昇中！錦鯉の魅力" 3301:zh.wikisource.org 3155:(1334): 811–862. 3103:10.15024/00001857 2862:In common culture 2763: 2762: 2755: 2506:Carassius auratus 2219:red-crowned crane 2140:Hikari-utsurimono 1468:mitochondrial DNA 1434:. Traditionally, 1400:Nagano Prefecture 976:Kagawa Prefecture 519:mitochondrial DNA 262: 251: 250: 206:koi or nishikigoi 184:koi or nishikigoi 68: 16:(Redirected from 5337: 5281: 5268:Erne Enterprises 5266:. Glendale, AZ: 5258: 5235: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5024: 5018: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4907: 4901: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4865:. mitchkoi.co.uk 4852: 4846: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4748:Carwardine, Mark 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4655:on 13 April 2014 4651:. Archived from 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4621:. Archived from 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4542:. Archived from 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4512:. 5 April 2019. 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4344:on 12 April 2014 4340:. Archived from 4330: 4324: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4234: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4143:(3–4): 507–516. 4128: 4122: 4121: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3964: 3958: 3950: 3941: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3897:The Ultimate Koi 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3829:10.11501/1716726 3809: 3803: 3802: 3799:10.11501/2510714 3782: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3693:10.11501/1793889 3680: 3674: 3673: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3643:10.11501/9537491 3626: 3620: 3619: 3616:10.11501/1226542 3599: 3593: 3592: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3496: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3466: 3463:10.11501/2513721 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3385:10.11501/2569419 3368: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3343: 3340:10.11501/1111774 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3264:10.11501/1869566 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3203:(6): 1516–1528. 3194: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3085: 3072: 3071: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3020: 3015: 3006: 2993: 2964:Culture of Japan 2900:Japanese culture 2829:invasive species 2758: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2707: 2699: 2656:koi herpes virus 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2110:Hikari-mujiimono 2085: 2083: 2082: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1494:. Regardless, a 1393: 1392: 1375: 1374: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1080: 1079: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 909: 908: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 881: 880: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 853: 852: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 825: 824: 804: 803: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 712: 711: 654: 653: 644: 643: 638: 637: 632: 631: 626: 625: 620: 619: 614: 613: 599: 598: 593: 592: 588:), white horse ( 587: 586: 582:), black horse ( 581: 580: 575: 574: 565: 564: 509: 508: 498: 497: 463:pharyngeal teeth 421:were originally 352: 346: 341: 337: 336: 322: 320: 315: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 300: 293: 288: 287: 263: 208: 83: 82: 67: 51: 39: 21: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5305: 5304: 5294:Cosmos Magazine 5288: 5278: 5261: 5255: 5241:How to Keep Koi 5238: 5232: 5211: 5208: 5206:Further reading 5203: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5183:thevoyageur.net 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011:Wayback Machine 5002:Cyprinus carpio 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4974:. August 2014. 4967: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4952:daff.qld.gov.au 4948:Wayback Machine 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894:Wayback Machine 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4863:Wayback Machine 4853: 4849: 4843:Wayback Machine 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4564:on 22 June 2010 4556: 4555: 4551: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4510:Fish Tank World 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4312: 4281:Cyprinus carpio 4278: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4232:10.1038/ng.3098 4219:Nature Genetics 4213:Cyprinus carpio 4208: 4207: 4203: 4177:Cyprinus carpio 4172: 4171: 4164: 4133:Cyprinus carpio 4130: 4129: 4125: 4094:Cyprinus carpio 4091: 4090: 4086: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3997:Aquatic Animals 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3944: 3934: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3908: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3871:. Netpets.org. 3869:"Early Records" 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3849:on 23 July 2009 3841: 3840: 3836: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3720:10.11501/951452 3705: 3704: 3700: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3670:10.11501/904129 3655: 3654: 3650: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3589:10.11501/954707 3574: 3573: 3566: 3559:10.11501/802628 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3503:Cyprinus carpio 3498: 3497: 3488: 3467: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3400:"魚病学基礎講座(錦鯉篇)1" 3397: 3396: 3392: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3344: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3130:10.1002/oa.1005 3115: 3114: 3110: 3087: 3086: 3075: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3003:Wayback Machine 2994: 2987: 2982: 2960: 2864: 2841:New South Wales 2821: 2804: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2724: 2708: 2697: 2636: 2545: 2529:common goldfish 2487: 2480: 2477: 2468: 2465: 2456: 2453: 2444: 2441: 2432: 2429: 2420: 2417: 2384: 2352:), a hybrid of 2300: 2290:compete in the 2273: 2263:compete in the 2246: 2231: 2223:Grus japonensis 2196: 2165: 2142: 2127: 2125:Hikari-moyomono 2112: 2077: 2062: 2049: 2026: 2009: 1992: 1959: 1920: 1896: 1861: 1848: 1835: 1814: 1800: 1781: 1768: 1755: 1742: 1729: 1671: 1633: 1616: 1610:Taishō Sanshoku 1593: 1552:Taishō Sanshoku 1537: 1511: 1420:Cyprinus carpio 1360:Nara Prefecture 1356:Yamato Province 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1284:Cyprinus carpio 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1194: 1132: 1123: 1062:Taishō Sanshoku 1050:Taishō Sanshoku 968:Ritsurin Garden 951:(1603 – 1868). 933:Suruga Province 925: 922: 919: 916: 897: 894: 891: 888: 869: 866: 863: 860: 841: 838: 835: 832: 728: 726:twenty villages 725: 722: 719: 697: 673:species complex 665:The Amur carp ( 633:), white carp ( 627:), black carp ( 576:), blue horse ( 554:Gifu Prefecture 536: 484:Cyprinus carpio 445:fossils of the 439: 404: 390:Taishō Sanshoku 339: 329: 313: 297: 291: 290: 280: 253: 231:Cyprinus carpio 216: 210: 200: 187: 169: 77: 69: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5286:External links 5284: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5259: 5253: 5236: 5230: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5170: 5140: 5109: 5081: 5050: 5019: 5004:) – FactSheet" 5000:"Common Carp ( 4992: 4956: 4933: 4902: 4879: 4867: 4847: 4828: 4797: 4767: 4760: 4752:Animal Records 4739: 4718:"The Guardian" 4708: 4686: 4666: 4649:mitchkoi.co.uk 4636: 4606: 4575: 4549: 4527: 4497: 4471: 4442: 4435: 4417: 4386: 4355: 4338:mitchkoi.co.uk 4325: 4310: 4271: 4264: 4246: 4201: 4188:(3): 304–312. 4162: 4123: 4084: 4065:Froese, Rainer 4056: 4010: 3986: 3959: 3942: 3925: 3906: 3886: 3860: 3834: 3804: 3774: 3744: 3725: 3698: 3675: 3648: 3621: 3594: 3564: 3537: 3486: 3441: 3390: 3363: 3318: 3288: 3269: 3242: 3178: 3135: 3124:(2): 127–134. 3108: 3073: 3054:(4): 277–292. 3038: 3021: 3007: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2921:family harmony 2914:Children's Day 2894:, and also of 2863: 2860: 2812:Nanning, China 2803: 2800: 2761: 2760: 2711: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2635: 2632: 2544: 2541: 2533:comet goldfish 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2379: 2361: 2342: 2324: 2314: 2295: 2268: 2241: 2226: 2215:Tanchō Goshiki 2191: 2160: 2137: 2122: 2107: 2072: 2044: 1954: 1914: 1891: 1825:Kuro ki madara 1795: 1724: 1684:緋) and white ( 1663:Shōwa Sanshoku 1659: 1644:Taishō Emperor 1607: 1563:United Kingdom 1556:Shōwa Sanshoku 1510: 1507: 1481:C. rubrofuscus 1472:microsatellite 1464:junior synonym 1456:C. rubrofuscus 1440:C. rubrofuscus 1295:Fauna Japonica 1193: 1190: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1111:Shōwa Sanshoku 941:Sunkoku Zasshi 928:), and so on. 923:patterned carp 731:) which spans 696: 693: 685:C. rubrofuscus 647:Honchō Shokkan 621:), blue carp ( 535: 532: 438: 435: 431:coldwater fish 411:Central Europe 403: 400: 395:Shōwa Sanshoku 372:Niigata, Japan 318:[koꜜi] 249: 248: 247: 246: 240: 239:Lacepède, 1803 234: 233:Linnaeus, 1758 225: 224: 218: 217: 211: 196: 195: 193:Trinomial name 189: 188: 177: 175: 171: 170: 163: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 122:Actinopterygii 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5342: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Fish of Japan 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5064:JAPAN Forward 5061: 5054: 5051: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5003: 4996: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4934: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4667: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4619:lagunakoi.com 4616: 4610: 4607: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4418: 4405: 4401: 4400:Pond Informer 4397: 4390: 4387: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3739:Fish of Japan 3736: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937:water gardens 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2856:water hazards 2852: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2798:generations. 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2712:This section 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2479:Gin Rin Shōwa 2475: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Butterfly koi 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:Kin-Kikokuryū 2325: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2245: 2242: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2141: 2138: 2126: 2123: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2076: 2073: 2061: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2021: 2008: 2004: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1860: 1847: 1834: 1827: 1826: 1812: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1780: 1767: 1754: 1741: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:Shōwa Emperor 1691: 1687: 1683: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1632: 1628: 1615: 1614:Taishō Sanke) 1611: 1608: 1605: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Butterfly koi 1568: 1565:; they are a 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1536: 1532: 1529:According to 1524: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:its relatives 1429: 1425: 1424:hybridization 1422:). Extensive 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394:, introduced 1387: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1366:are known as 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1280:Eurasian carp 1264: 1253: 1236: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048:In 1917, the 1046: 1044: 1043:Emperor Showa 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 996: 991: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935:(present-day 934: 929: 914: 903: 886: 875: 858: 847: 830: 819: 815: 811: 806: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 777: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 717: 701: 695:Modern period 694: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669: 663: 661: 656: 648: 608: 607: 601: 569: 559: 555: 551: 550:Mino Province 547: 546:Emperor Keikō 543: 542: 533: 531: 529: 525: 520: 515: 511: 502: 492: 491: 486: 485: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 436: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 401: 399: 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 381: 375: 373: 368: 366: 365:water gardens 362: 358: 357: 350: 347:, literally " 345: 335: 328: 327: 319: 309: 286: 279: 271: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 226: 223: 219: 214: 209: 207: 203: 197: 194: 190: 186: 185: 181: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132:Cypriniformes 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 81: 76: 72: 66:Domesticated 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5293: 5263: 5243:. New York: 5240: 5213: 5191:. Retrieved 5182: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5152: 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5122: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5096:the original 5091:五月人形と鯉のぼりの由来 5084: 5072:. Retrieved 5063: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5032: 5022: 5014: 5001: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4971: 4959: 4951: 4936: 4924:. Retrieved 4915: 4905: 4897: 4882: 4870: 4850: 4831: 4819:. Retrieved 4810: 4800: 4788:. Retrieved 4779: 4770: 4751: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4722:The Guardian 4721: 4711: 4703: 4696:. Retrieved 4676: 4669: 4657:. Retrieved 4653:the original 4648: 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4623:the original 4618: 4609: 4597:. Retrieved 4588: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4562:the original 4552: 4544:the original 4539: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4509: 4500: 4488:. Retrieved 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4426: 4420: 4408:. Retrieved 4399: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4368: 4358: 4346:. 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Genet 4137:Aquaculture 4104:(6): 1516. 4049:11 November 3577:東京大正博覧会審査報告 3530:11 November 3332:Honzō Wamyō 3279:外国産新魚種の導入経過 2802:In the wild 2677:biosecurity 2673:ultraviolet 2660:rhabdovirus 2576:kingfishers 2443:Shōwa Sanke 2395:German carp 2344:Ghost koi ( 2188:ginrin Ogon 2155:series and 2037:Budō-Goromo 2024:Sumi-Goromo 2007:Budō-Goromo 1943:mirror carp 1753:Shiro Bekkō 1702:Shōwa Sanke 1690:Shōwa Sanke 1667:Shōwa Sanke 1558:varieties. 1476:genomic DNA 1416:common carp 1380:carp) from 767:During the 606:Honzō Wamyō 541:Nihon Shoki 534:Middle Ages 524:mirror carp 447:carp family 398:varieties. 5309:Categories 5102:4 February 4926:9 February 4821:9 February 4790:24 October 4724:. London. 4698:3 November 4599:9 February 4568:2 February 4379:8 February 3918:18 October 2980:References 2927:. It is a 2910:Edo period 2888:prosperity 2837:Queensland 2825:Antarctica 2817:See also: 2784:nishikigoi 2658:(KHV) and 2641:Trichodina 2613:filtration 2404:Kagami-goi 2382:Doitsu-goi 2376:nishikigoi 2358:nishikigoi 2292:Kawarimono 2265:Kawarimono 2257:hikarimono 2213:, or even 2190:varieties. 2153:utsurimono 2047:Kawarimono 2039:, but the 1909:color, or 1798:Utsurimono 1579:nishikigoi 1575:Asian carp 1498:review of 1444:subspecies 1386:Shinshūgoi 1378:Yodo River 1186:Nishikigoi 1182:Nishikigoi 1166:Nishikigoi 1058:Taisho era 1054:Nishikigoi 1031:Nishikigoi 1027:Nishikigoi 1019:Nishikigoi 1015:Nishikigoi 1003:Nishikigoi 949:Edo period 945:Nishikigoi 814:Nishikigoi 810:Nishikigoi 675:native to 455:Iki Island 451:Cyprinidae 441:In Japan, 437:Prehistory 326:nishikigoi 180:C. r. 142:Cyprinidae 18:Nishikigoi 5193:1 January 4629:2 October 4464:15 August 3979:8 October 3767:7 October 3604:農家の副業的養魚法 3471:cite book 3434:3 October 3424:0446-6454 3348:cite book 3311:3 October 3235:3 October 3225:0022-1112 3171:4 January 2952:Sri Lanka 2941:Koi ponds 2929:feng shui 2916:, 5 May. 2905:koinobori 2872:Yamakoshi 2848:turbidity 2714:does not 2681:isolation 2645:Epistylis 2553:Yu Garden 2537:shubunkin 2372:ひれながにしきごい 2317:Kikokuryū 2294:category. 2288:Kumonryu 2163:Kinginrin 2104:Kōhaku Hi 2060:kawarigoi 1990:Ai Goromo 1888:Ki Utsuri 1884:Hi Utsuri 1846:Hi Utsuri 1833:Ki Utsuri 1766:Aka Bekkō 1509:Varieties 1496:taxonomic 1492:C. carpio 1452:meristics 1436:Amur carp 1409:Yamatogoi 1404:Yamatogoi 1364:Yamatogoi 1352:Yamatogoi 1326:Yamatogoi 1322:Amur carp 1273:true carp 1245:wild carp 1147:homophone 1130:Etymology 1109:In 1927, 1104:Doitsugoi 1092:Doitsugoi 1011:Kawarigoi 1007:Madaragoi 972:Takamatsu 846:Kawarigoi 818:Madaragoi 808:The name 790:Ki Utsuri 737:Yamakoshi 677:East Asia 552:(present 528:Doitsugoi 526:, called 501:Lake Biwa 475:Jōmon Koi 361:koi ponds 340:Japanese: 314:Japanese: 292:English: 174:Variety: 160:Species: 98:Kingdom: 92:Eukaryota 42:Koi fish 5187:Archived 5157:Archived 5153:ANI News 5127:Archived 5068:Archived 5037:Archived 5015:usgs.gov 5007:Archived 4976:Archived 4944:Archived 4920:Archived 4890:Archived 4859:Archived 4839:Archived 4815:Archived 4784:Archived 4750:(2008). 4732:11 April 4726:Archived 4692:Archived 4593:Archived 4514:Archived 4484:Archived 4458:Archived 4404:Archived 4373:Archived 4348:12 April 4305:15670127 4241:25240282 4078:FishBase 3973:Archived 3912:Archived 3879:11 April 3873:Archived 3853:26 April 3761:Archived 3428:Archived 3305:Archived 3229:Archived 3165:Archived 3068:85972532 3005:May 2015 2999:Archived 2958:See also 2695:Breeding 2584:raccoons 2557:Shanghai 2502:Goldfish 2331:Kumonryu 2321:Kumonryu 2271:Kumonryū 1951:sky-blue 1779:Ki Bekkō 1718:sanshoku 1652:sanshoku 1501:Cyprinus 1474:DNA and 1462:being a 1192:Taxonomy 1106:in koi. 1023:Fukagawa 558:Gǔjīnzhù 496:赤野井湾湖底遺跡 356:Cyprinus 349:brocaded 222:Synonyms 213:Lacépède 153:Cyprinus 138:Family: 112:Chordata 108:Phylum: 102:Animalia 88:Domain: 5155:. 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